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618 Disease Essay Topics & Examples

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🏆 Best Disease Essay Topics & Examples

👍 good disease topics to write about, ✅ easy diseases to write about, 💡 most interesting disease topics to write about, 📌 writing prompts about disease, 🔍 good research topics about disease, ❓ research questions about diseases.

After the Covid-19 pandemic, students are regularly assigned to explore health issues and precautions. Whether you’re interested in writing about risk factors, chronic illnesses, or lifestyles, we can help! Check our disease essay topics and get a perfect title for your paper.

Control of Communicable Diseases Hence, there is a need to prioritize the control and prevention levels for these diseases upon the occurrence of the calamities.
Living With a Chronic Disease: Diabetes and Asthma This paper will look at the main effects of chronic diseases in the lifestyle of the individuals and analyze the causes and the preventive measures of diabetes as a chronic disease.
Hypertension. Disease Analysis The successful detection of genes that leads to the development of hypertension enables health experts to develop the appropriate strategies to mitigate the impact of the said disease.
Cell Organelles, Their Functions, and Disease Mitochondria-associated membrane, a specialized sub-group of the ER has specific lipid and protein composition and is involved in cross-communication with mitochondria.
Health, Disease and Social Problems As AIDS is relevant to the end of the last century, and the beginning of the millennium, there were questions, on whether the new disease is connected to the cultural changes that occurred in the […]
Managing Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease The PICOT question is “In the care of Alzheimer’s and dementia patients, does integrated community-based care as compared to being in a long-term care facility improve outcome throughout the remainder of their lives”.
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention and Management Strategies Since its founding in 1884, Montefiore Medical Center has worked tirelessly to improve the health and well-being of the people of New York City.
Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Timely intervention and the search for appropriate treatment can help to reduce the impact of the ailment on the human body, and the use of various methods to combat the disease can be effective in […]
The Case Study of Patient With Late-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease In the majority of cases of Alzheimer’s, it has been shown that patients are unable to make decisions on their own and are also unable to communicate their assent verbally.
AIDS/HIV: Description of the Disease This is the very reason why many who have acquired HIV or AIDS result to an eventual death because of the lack of immune system that protects them from acquiring other forms of illnesses.
The Role of Man in Environment Degradation and Diseases The link between environmental degradation and human beings explains the consequences of the same in relation to the emergence of modern-age diseases.
Family Trend Change and Disease Factor The hastening of our customs and the organization of the family as the leading structure has led to a new family trend.
Infectious and Lifestyle Diseases Negative impacts include a plethora of serious diseases, and not the least dangerous of them are infectious. In conclusion, a person’s body can be affected by a plethora of conditions that stem from outside intrusions […]
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease The study will discuss the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease, such as risk factors, cellular involvement, genetic influences, and the interventions of the available therapy’s pharmacological Interventions.
Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors and Prevention Alcohol use is a significant preventable risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver, certain types of cancer and cardiovascular disease, and injury from violence and road clashes and collisions.
Poverty and Diseases A usual line of reasoning would be that low income is the main cause of health-related problems among vulnerable individuals. Such results that the relationship between mental health and poverty is, in fact, straightforward.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Community Teaching Plan Based on the study by Hailu, Mergal, Nishimwe, Samson, and Santos, the majority of adolescents receive no advice from parents concerning the unwanted consequences of sexual relationships, including STDs. Since 2013, in people aged 15-24, […]
Family Nursing Care Plan – Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Therefore, it is critical to consider a holistic approach to take care of the family and improve the quality of their lifestyle.
Meningitis Disease: Symptoms and Treatment The various transmission paths are detailed below: Mother to child-During delivery, some of the bacteria and viruses that cause meningitis can be transmitted from the mother to the baby.
Health Behaviors That Impact Risk Factors for Diseases High BMI characterizing overweight and obesity is a risk factor for According to Key et al, healthy eating is second to lack of smoking in the prevention of cancers.
The Pathophysiology of Hashimoto’s Disease The antibodies that bind and block the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor are a potential cause of the impairment of the functionality of the thyroid gland.
Coronary Artery Disease The inner walls of the arteries contain a lot of plaques, which leads to the restriction of the blood flow to the heart since arteries have abnormal function and tone.
Aspects of Childhood Diseases In my opinion, to some factors that may be contributing to an increased incidence of childhood allergies and asthma belong the state of the environment and people’s lack of responsibility for the health of others.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Disease’ Biology Autoimmune diseases include a range of common conditions that affect the health of people in the United States, and according to the statistics, being a female is an important risk factor in the majority of […]
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Treatment The proton pump inhibitor is in the class of drugs that permanently block gastric proton pump which is essential for the secretion of the gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention and Treatment A transplant surgery does not cure CKD. Therefore, recipients need to continue with other disease management strategies such as medications, diet, or dialysis.
Chronic Kidney Disease Etiology and Management The statistics show the percentage of the population having CKD and the relation between demographic factors and the risk of developing this disease.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) This paper assesses the magnitude of CKD, develops a program, and sets objectives on how the program can be used to achieve the aim of the Healthy People 2020 in relation to CKD.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Crohn’s Disease The research was primarily conducted to report the causes of crohn’s disease and the people who can be infected by the disease.
Social Determinants of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Inequalities in the UK Consequently, social determinants are one of the key factors determining people’s health in the UK. Social determinants significantly impact people’s health, particularly the emergence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the UK.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lifestyle Secondary inhalation increases the total burden of the gases taken into the lungs leading to COPD and respiratory symptoms. In summary, COPD obstructs the flow of air from an individual’s lungs.
Analysis of Coronary Heart Disease In such a manner, the delivery of blood with oxygen and nutrients to the whole body is timely and undisrupted, which guarantees the healthy functioning of the whole physiological system.
Vesicoureteral Reflux Disease and Nursing Intervention The main cause of the disease is the dysfunction of the bladder as a result of nerve or muscle failure and blockage of the processes that control bladder emptying nursing care plans, 2019).
Poliomyelitis: Disease Overview The international agencies in health courses will help in the comprehension of the various health agencies in the world. This will help me in choosing the correct agency to work for so that it will […]
Policy Proposal in Regards to Sex Workers as a Site of Disease Spread Sex workers generally refer to those who work in the sex industry and provide sexual services. According to the International Union of Sex Workers, the term encompasses all those who work in the industry whether […]
Gallstone Disease Pathology and Treatment She further claims that the pain rotates around the chest and on the lower side of the inferior angle of the scapula.
Cardiovascular Disease and Caffeine Effects There have been conflicting ideas about the effects of caffeine on the body especially in relation to the development of cardiovascular diseases. The increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is mainly due to the changes in […]
Mercury Toxicity: Description of Disease These different forms of mercury produce different levels of toxicity; however, all of them are toxic depending on the route of exposure, the period of such and the dose involved.
Addiction: Is It a Disease or Moral Failing? According to the journal article of clinical and research news, a disease can be defined as a complicated relationship existing between the environment of an individual and the general genetic makeup that combines together resulting […]
Typhoid Fever as a Global Infectious Disease A detailed description of a place where the disease is located allows one to understand its geography and focus on a particular area for the study to estimate the probability of contamination of different communities.
Community Teaching Work Plan: Diseases Prevention Topic: The topic of the teaching work plan proposal hereof is Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Miami, Florida. Since the number of the affected is on the rise in Miami, preventive teaching is required.
Genitourinary System Diseases Diagnostics Current medical problem: 28-year-old female presents to the clinic with a 2-day history of frequency, burning, and pain upon urination; increased lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge over the past week.
Renal Failure and Dialysis: A Comprehensive Overview This implies that they have to comply with the advice of their health care providers, stick to their treatment sessions, and follow a healthy lifestyle.
Efficacy of Subantimicrobial Dose Doxycycline in Periodontitis Management A total of 266 participants met the inclusion criteria and were then randomized to either the SDD-40 group or to the placebo group. For those participants in the SDD-40 arm, intent to treat analysis of […]
Cardiovascular Disease: Acute Coronary Syndrome in Women The aim of this essay is to critically study a case of a female case of acute coronary syndrome, the path of discussion will focus on risk factors, pathogenesis and the role of emergency and […]
Environmental Health Burdens and Non-Communicable Disease The access to low-cost sanitation in Nepal may be expanded due to the involvement of the public and private sectors or such organizations as NGOs.
Workplace Accidents, Diseases and Safety Policies This report explores the negative effects of accidents and diseases on the wellbeing of for-profit organizations in a bid to understand why such organizations choose to invest in workplace health and safety.
Cardiovascular Disease Risks and Preventive Education First of all, tobacco use is considered to be one of the main risk factors that may lead to many health-related issues, including CVD.
Understanding Ebola: Symptoms, Transmission, and Prevention Measures Ebola is a viral disease that attacks all the cells of the body in a systematic process starting with the white blood cells.
Microbes and Human Health: Benefits, Disease, and Policies Microbes are capable of causing diseases to enter the body through different channels, including the digestive and respiratory tracts and damaged skin. Various policies are in place at the local, state, and federal levels to […]
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Disease The primary measure in case of MRSA appearance is the activation of search-and-destroy protocols against its further dissemination, while settings that are affected by this pathogen are also prompted to utilize MRSA guidelines for personal […]
Parkinson’s Disease: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Treatments The purpose of Parkinson’s disease research is to better understand the causes, mechanisms, and progression of the disease and to develop new treatments and management strategies to improve the lives of people living with Parkinson’s […]
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Concept Map The goal of the study is to examine the issue in light of the patient’s other illnesses. Overall, Beryl’s past medical history and current symptoms can be explained by the pathological processes that occur in […]
Parkinson’s Disease: Overall Information Various demographic and environmental factors may be involved in the genesis of Parkinson’s disease and influence the severity of the condition, which widens the perspective on the topic.
Aspects of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease This is an infection of the upper parts of the female genital organs, and inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs usually occur in sexually active women.
Infectious Disease and Public Health A comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the disease, including its overall description, strategies to address it, and current research on the disease, allows the government to develop more practical and effective strategies to address the […]
Worst Infectious Disease Outbreaks in History: Plague The type of specimen to be studied may also include separable ulcers or punctate from the carbuncle in the cutaneous form of plague and material from the pharynx taken with a swab, and sputum in […]
Managing Crohn’s Disease: A Comprehensive Approach A diet low in fiber and residue is also recommended to minimize the likelihood of intestinal blockage brought on by a constricted stricture.
Chronic Diseases as a Public Health Issue A low level of education is related to the escalated risk of the chronic condition, and the illness poses a barrier to achieving higher educational levels.
Mitochondrial Diseases Treatment Through Genetic Engineering Any disorders and abnormalities in the development of mitochondrial genetic information can lead to the dysfunction of these organelles, which in turn affects the efficiency of intracellular ATP production during the process of cellular respiration.
The Gap in Quality Care of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease While nowadays, numerous efforts are made to address the gap in the quality of treatment of patients with COPD, the problem of poor communication between diverse services is rooted in history.
Telemedicine for Chronic Diseases: PICOT (Research) Question Hypertension is a diagnosis related to diseases of the heart and blood vessels associated with high blood pressure for a long time. Doing this is virtually more convenient for both the doctor and the patient.
The Urinary Disease and the Use of Diuretics Moreover, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of how diuretics, which are prescribed for other diseases of the body, act on the functioning of the nephron.
The Use of Telemedicine in Chronic Diseases Effective management of chronic diseases is essential for improving patient outcomes, reducing healthcare costs, and decreasing the burden on healthcare systems. A specific opportunity in this area is the use of telemedicine for the management […]
How Spirituality Affects Disease Development The appearance of various diseases can be considered from the point of view of religion as a consequence of this fall and means the punishment of a person.
Mental Health Diseases in the Middle Ages and Today In the Middle Ages, the manner in which the conditions were addressed varied depending on the philosophical and religious beliefs of the patient as well as the caregiver.
Diseases of the Past and Their Modern Names Although studying the history of diseases and epidemics of the past is valuable for identification, one must be aware of the risks of arriving at speculative conclusions due to a limited understanding of the contextual […]
Heart Diseases in Florida: Cardiology The Centers for Disease Control in Florida encourages the management of heart ailments and dementia in all the regions and Districts of Florida.
Healthcare Cost Depending on Chronic Disease Management of Diabetes and Hypertension A sufficient level of process optimization and the presence of a professional treating staff in the necessary number will be able to help improve the indicators.
Cholera Disease: Diagnostics and Treatment Cholera may quickly become critical because in most serious cases, the swift loss of a large number of electrolytes and fluids in the body may contribute to death in a few hours.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Discussion Therefore, the reason why HIV is so hard to cure is that it resides in the nucleus, which is a stable reservoir where it goes undetected by the immune system and the medication administered. Chlamydia […]
Ebola Disease, Its Nature and Treatment The virus takes its name from the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it was first reported.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Curable and Incurable However, if an individual with the disease fails to get treatment and does not take care of themselves by not sharing needles or not wearing a condom, then they could spread the disease.
Coronary Heart Disease Caused by Stress It is essential to study the degree of influence of stress on the development of coronary heart disease since, in this way, it will be possible to prevent it more successfully.
Tests and Screenings: Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease The test is offered to patients regardless of gender, while the age category is usually above 45 years. CDC1 recommends doing the test regardless of gender and is conducted once or twice to check the […]
Neurobiology of Disease: Article Summary Additionally, the study has demonstrated that activation of Akt by Ca2+ signaling, which is mediated by the AMPA receptor, controls glioblastoma cell growth and motility.
Immunization: Vaccines for Infectious Diseases Vaccines induce active immune defense against a dangerous substance A vaccine is a portion of a microbial pathogen Vaccination evolved from homeopathic perspectives By the 11th century of the use of variola scabs in the […]
Autoimmune Diseases: Types, Epidemiology, Symptoms & More The other type is a grave disease that alters the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, causing one to have weight loss. The existence of autoimmune diseases means a balance discrepancy between the regulator of […]
Chronic Kidney Disease and Phosphorus Management The expected outcome is improved staff knowledge that will lead to better patient education and may raise the bar in the care of patients with CKD.
Periodontal Disease: Patient-Focused Explanation Infections and inflammatory responses of the gums and jawbone that support the teeth are the primary causes of periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is caused by inflammation around a tooth because bacteria in the mouth infect […]
Infectious Disease Assignment: Herpes Zoster Regarding agent factors, the presence of the varicella-zoster virus in the body after the recovery from chickenpox predisposes the host to develop HZ even if the virus remains dormant for years. HZ’s progression is linked […]
Neurological and Musculoskeletal Systems and Diseases The role of trigger phenomena in the musculoskeletal system, as well as the participation of the peripheral component in the occurrence of headaches, is considered indisputable.
Chronic Disease Cost Calculator (Diabetes) This paper aims at a thorough, detailed, and exhaustive explanation of such a chronic disease as diabetes in terms of the prevalence and cost of treatment in the United States and Maryland.
Cardiovascular Disease in Minorities The disease in question is left ventricular dysfunction, which is caused by social determinants of health, as she is a minority.
Lyme Disease and Its Clinical Spectrum However, the possibility of infection is not excluded by contact with the feces of the tick on the skin, with subsequent absorption by scratching. With effective therapy and recovery, the level of antibodies is normalized.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Vulnerable Settings In vulnerable settings, COPD becomes a challenge for healthcare facilities due to a combination of factors contributing to the prevalence of the condition, especially in rural areas.
Anorexia as Social and Psychological Disease Many who were used to his weight knew, though Bob is not the most handsome, but a charming person, kind and friendly.
Infectious and Chronic Diseases: Causes & Prevention These include poor nutrition, which leads to the emergence of vulnerabilities due to the failure to supply the necessary amount of nutrients and vitamins to the patient’s body, which leads to a drop in the […]
Parkinson’s Disease: Symptoms and Predictors The hypothesis was: “differences in the genotype and gender of rats affect the predicates of motor activity deficit as a symptom of Parkinson’s disease, namely anxiety and ultrasonic vocalization”.
Pollution and Respiratory Disease in Louisiana The United States of America is an industrial powerhouse, a powerful nation that devoted much of its time to the growth and development of the petrochemical industry.
Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis and Intervention The accumulation of plaques and tangles in the brain is a hallmark of the disease, resulting in the death of neurons and a decline in mental capacity.
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Children There is an increase in the number of confirmed cases, and the curve has a steep slope. The incubation period is the time from exposure to the onset of symptoms.
Peripheral Arterial Disease: Symptoms, Treatment, and Complications Thus, the authors point to the need for a more thorough and thoughtful study of the disease and how it can affect the development of other abnormalities in the human body.
Antioxidants: The Role in Preventing Cancer and Heart Disease Some of antioxidants are more widely known as vitamins E, C, and carotenoids, and have a reputation of preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Assessment and Intervention The caregiver is recommended to install safety locks and alarms on all doors and windows to prevent the patient from leaving the apartment without supervision.
Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease As shown in Table 1, the researchers have collected data about the rate of obesity and CHD in the chosen group.
Colorectal Cancer Screening and Its Effect on Disease Incidence The purpose of this quantitative quasi-experimental quality improvement project was to determine if or to what degree the implementation of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s System Approach to Tracking and Increasing Screening for […]
The End-Stage Renal Disease Program According to Benjamin and Lappin, the condition directly adds to the global incidence of death and morbidity by raising cardiovascular risk globally.
Ascites as Gastrointestinal Disease Process Ascites is a condition characterized by the pathological accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. The condition worsens the quality of life and can lead to complications such as kidney failure, increased risk of infections, […]
Analysis of Communicable Disease: Influenza Droplets landing on the mouth or nose can promote transmission of the virus, which can also happen from touching infected surfaces and transferring into the mouth.
COPD, Valvular Disease, and CHF: Risk of Heart Disease Under these conditions, it is possible to analyze the case regarding the high risks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, valvular disease, and congestive heart failure.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Emerging Diseases In the United States, the people affected by the disorder are children at the age of 13 or younger, gay and bisexual men. HIV can be discovered by assessing the number of CD4 and the […]
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Factors Thus, the pathogenesis of NAFLD is linked to the accumulation of fat in the liver and the subsequent development of insulin resistance.
Tetanus Infection, Disease and Treatment The disease interferes with breathing due to spasms in the ribs and the diaphragm muscles and rigidity in the abdominal and back muscles.
Measuring Motor Functions in Parkinson’s Disease The main idea of the Hoehn and Yahr scale is to measure the progress of symptoms and the level of disability in PD patients.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Choline Theory The purpose of the paper lies in showing how ineffective conventional techniques have been to the masses and how the idea of choline supplements might be the key to mitigating NAFLD.
Morbidity and Mortality Factors of Disease Management It is worth noting that it is necessary to take into account not only the number of deaths from a particular disease but also the total number, as well as the severity of tolerance.
Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Older Adults The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides a standard curriculum for adults that helps with understanding the types of STDs and how to avoid them.
Pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer It is also evident that the illness acts fast due to the continuous multiplication of the cancer cells leading to breathing disruptions and eventual death. This sustained weight loss is primarily essential to the advancement […]
Sickle Cell Disease and Its Hereditary Factor Given that SCD affects over 100,000 Americans, I do not support the practice of testing African Americans for the sickle-cell trait.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Analysis Since the topic is sensitive and it might even be uncomfortable for the audience, the teacher will have to set the tone of the lesson to be serious and devoid of humor.
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Given the number and effect of barriers, CDC is committed to reducing their impact and helping the public to provide equal opportunities and improve the quality of life.
Disease Management for Diabetes Mellitus The selection of the appropriate philosophical and theoretical basis for the lesson is essential as it allows for the use of an evidence-based method for learning about a particular disease.
Infectious Diseases Affect the International Health Community Infectious diseases present a severe issue for the global health situation due to the transition ways and risk of a potential epidemic.
The Effect of Vitamin E on Cardiovascular Diseases In conclusion, the apparent difference is linked with the bias during the selection of participants for each study, as observational studies tend to be less objective.
Bilinguals’ Cognitive-Linguistic Abilities and Alzheimer’s Disease This irregularity is reflected in the preserved linguistic abilities, including code-switching and semantic fluency, and the declined functions in translation, picture naming, and phonemic fluency, calling for improved therapy and testing practices.
Epidemiology of Heart Disease Among Canadians At the end of the study, the connection between heart disease epidemiological evidence, community strategies, and internal and external impacts will be revealed to contribute to a better application of knowledge.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Prevalence The studies discussed to provide an in-depth analysis of the risk factors of COPD, the relation that the environment and other respiratory conditions have on the development of the condition, and the burden it has […]
Chronic and Communicable Diseases Prevention The weakness faced by each agency in relation to its mission may be the lack of research of the groups they work with.
Cushing Disease and Endocrine Control In turn, ACTH stimulates the production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal glands. In general, it is possible to say that a 24-hour urine test may be regarded as a highly accessible […]
America’s Growing Clean Water Crisis and the Resulting Diseases The current water crisis in Flint, Michigan, has focused a lot of attention on the state of water infrastructure. Lastly, there will be a not adequate amount of water to help in dissolving the nutrients […]
An Overview of Ebola Virus Disease: Pathogen, Symptoms, and Treatment First recognized as an emerging disease in 1977, this pathogen belongs to the genus Ebolavirus and is characterized by virulence, with up to 80% mortality rate among the infected.
Air Pollution and Lung Disease To design a study in order to explore the link between lung disease and air pollution, it would be possible to follow a four-step process started by identifying the level or unit of analysis.
Occupational Skin Disease Development In order to control the risk of developing OSD, it is necessary to use various preventive measures and changes in the process of performing official duties at the enterprise.
Communicable Diseases: Hepatitis C The disease poses a threat to the public health of global populations and health security due to the increase in the number of international travel and the economic growth of countries.
Ebola Viral Disease Impact Analysis The Ebola Virus Disease can be caused by various viruses, including the Tai Forest virus, Bundibugyo virus, the Zaire Ebola virus, and the Sudan virus.
Vitamin E for Prevention of Heart Diseases As experiments on the benefits of vitamin E show, ‘swimming’ is not always the key to a completely healthy life, in which the risk of a heart attack is reduced to a minimum.
Emergency Preparedness: Disease Control and Prevention Prevention, vaccination, vital capacity, and others matter. Risk factors, prevention, and treatment are essential.
Obesity and Related Inflammatory Diseases in the Cardiovascular System The hypothesis is to prove the decrease of TNF- concentration after ghrelin implementation on adipose cells. The study is quantitative with the measurement of the concentration of the pro-inflammatory molecule before and after adding the […]
Types of Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are illnesses associated with the violation of the normal functioning of the human respiratory apparatus. The first health problem is characterized by the inflammation of the bronchi and is accompanied by […]
Obesity and Inflammatory Diseases in the Cardiovascular System One of the largest risks connected to obesity is the damage to the proper functioning of the cardiovascular system. However, when a part of this system is impaired due to obesity, the delivery process becomes […]
Center for Disease Control Wonder Database Telehealth clinical, or the administration, monitoring, and synchronization of nursing support, the Prevention Guidelines Database delivered using digital techniques to expand coverage to sufferers within the United States.
Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Respiratory: The patient is diagnosed with COPD and continues to smoke up to two packs a day. Psychosocial: The patient is conscious and able to communicate with the staff, informing them of his state of […]
Preventing Readmission: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease To reduce the possibility of Marcia’s readmission, authorities should provide her with social interaction and communities that would support her case and issue. In addition, Marcia should stop smoking and develop a healthy routine to […]
Plan for Management of Patient with Schizophrenia and Heart Disease About 1% of the world’s population suffers from schizophrenia About 0. 7% of the UK population suffers from schizophrenia Schizophrenia can manifest any time from early adulthood onwards, but rarely when a person is below […]
Family Nurse Practitioner Case Study: Infectious Diseases Second, the nurse practitioner should ask about any medications that the patient has used to treat the pain and the time when the cough is more pronounced.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) For instance, cardiovascular problem such as chest pain or angina due to the lack of oxygen can cause a burning pain in the epigastric areas. The excessive consumption of alcohol can cause inflammation and bleeding […]
Pfizer Vaccine: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The researcher adds that the MHRA claims that people with severe allergic reactions to the components of the vaccines should not receive the medicine.
Aspects of Chronic Disease Management The main difference between the treatment of chronic and acute ailments is that the indicators used to analyze the effectiveness of the treatment of acute diseases are usually associated with the recovery time of the […]
Hospitalization Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Prevention Plan Since Albuterol Oral Inhalation did not work best for Marcia, her care providers had to alter the medications that she used in managing the COPD to acquire effectiveness and keep her away from the hospitals […]
Alzheimer’s Disease: Definition, Stages, Diagnosis Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia, and it is a condition in which the brain stops appropriately performing its functions.
Acromegaly: Assessment and Disease Research Cushing’s disease is caused not by medications but by the presence of a benign tumor in the pituitary gland and adrenocorticotropic hormone production.
Health Maintenance Plan For Coronary Artery Disease In the initial stages of the atheroma, the transfer of SMCs from tunica-based media towards the intima seems to be a vital outcome of the ongoing inflammatory fermentation.
Climate Change and Disease-Carrying Insects In order to prevent the spreading of the viruses through insects, the governments should implement policies against the emissions which contribute to the growth of the insects’ populations.
The History of Human Disease: COVID-19 The symptoms, severity of the disease, and duration of the illness vary greatly based on numerous factors, such as the immunity of a person, strain of the virus, and others.
Systemic Links to Periodontal Diseases Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that damages the tooth-supporting apparatus that is, its soft tissue and bone which, if untreated, will lead to tooth loss.
Nursing Care for End-Stage Renal Disease These issues are worsened by the fact that the patient has edema, the signs of which are swelling under the skin in the legs and arms produced by a buildup of fluid in one body’s […]
Avian Influenza as Viral Disease It is spread by influenza type A, and some of the strains can bypass the species barrier and cause infections to others, such as pigs and humans.
Minors Seeking Treatment for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Without Parental Consent Due to the severity of sexually transmitted diseases, it is very important for doctors to provide minors with the necessary care.
Parkinson’s Disease: Neurological and Musculoskeletal Pathophysiologic Processes The condition results from the deficiency of dopamine in the brain that interferes with the functions of the motor movements like body movement.
The Kidney Disease Blog Analysis The second essential element of this blog is the opportunity to get to the latest research in my field and see what rehabilitation methods promise the best results.
Epidemiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease The effects of air pollution on human health are primarily dependent on the pollutants, their components, and the sources of the pollution.
Aspects of Chronic Disease and Obesity Obesity is a complex condition that enhances the risk of other diseases’ development and complications. Chronic inflammation in the body that obesity causes leads to pain, in particular the development of arthritis.
Nutrition in Relation to Heart Diseases in African Americans While the causes of such an occurrence are varied, dietary and nutrition-based difficulties are one of the factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases among African Americans.
Alzheimer’s Disease in an Iranian Patient The patient in the company of his son returns to the clinic after four weeks. Since the patient shows no side effects of the disease and an increase in Exelon to 6 mg orally BID […]
Growing Burden of Chronic Disease in Australia It an important intervention to reduce the burden of chronic diseases because individuals will not depend entirely on healthcare providers in the management of the conditions2.
Features of Treatment and Diagnosis of Severe Diseases The main topic of the previous module was pneumonia and the methods of its treatment. The amount and intensity of the drug should match the weight of the patient and the type of pathogen.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Bacterial Bronchitis In chronic bronchitis, bronchial inflammation causes bronchia edema and an increase in the number and size of the goblet cells and mucus glands in the epithelium. The incidence and prevalence of COPD in the US […]
Diabetes Disease of the First and Second Types It is a decrease in the biological response of cells to one or more effects of insulin at its average concentration in the blood. During the first type of diabetes, insulin Degludec is required together […]
How the Eczema Disease Affects Epithelial Tissues Because of the wide coverage of epithelial tissues in the body, there are many types of diseases affecting the tissue, and it is essential to know them to understand how the disease affects epithelial tissues. […]
Benefits of Bicycling for Persons With Parkinson’s Disease: Analysis
Diets to Prevent Heart Disease, Cancer, and Diabetes
Disease Pandemics in the Situations of Typhoid Mary and Novak Djokovic
The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Improving the Patients’ Services
Chronic Renal Failure Disease: Causes, the Population Affected, and Prognosis
Genetic Disease in a Pregnant Woman and Fetus
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Bowel Resection
Aspects of Parkinson’s Disease
Diagnoses and Medication of Bowel Disease
Treatment and Diagnosis of Crohn’s Disease
Reducing Risks of Heart Diseases
Critiquing Research: Fatigue in the Presence of Coronary Heart Disease
J.P.’s Case Assessment: Patient With Sickle Cell Disease
Malaria Disease Control and Prevention
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Female Patient
The Infectious Diseases Policy Process
Examination of Albinism Genetic Disease
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Naegleria Fowleri Disease
Gout Disease: Variations and Treatments
Parkinson’s Disease: The Main Aspects
Epidemiology: Eye Diseases and COVID-19
Mr. Akkad and Alzheimer’s Disease: Case Study
Social Marketing in Reducing Cardiovascular Disease
Discussion of Neurofibromatosis Disease
Analysis of Sources for COVID-19 and Eye Diseases
Ethical Challenges in Healthcare and Nursing Practice: Obesity-Related Diseases
Hyperphosphatemia and Chronic Kidney Disease Link
Gonorrhea Disease Transmission and Treatment
Dietary Approaches to Heart Disease and Hypertension
Threat Factors of Coronary Artery Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease: History, Mechanisms and Treatment
American Heart Association on Coronary Artery Disease
Obesity and Kidney Disease Treatment and Rehabilitation
Stroke: The Human Disease Project
Helicase and Deficiencies-Related Diseases
Disease Surveillance Program: Hepatitis A Awareness
Cardiovascular Disease Drugs: Amiodarone, Flecainide, Hydrochlorothiazide
Epidemics and Diseases of the Past and Microbiomes
Quality of Life and Chronic Pain: Musculoskeletal Diseases
The Coronavirus Disease 2019: Health Services for Non-Communicable Diseases
Strategies to Control the Incidence of Diseases
How Outbreaks of Respiratory Disease Affect the Way Mass Events Are Held Indoors
Do Mental Diseases Cause Obesity?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Role in Influenza Preparedness
How Is Globalization Affecting Rates of Disease
Coronavirus Disease 2019: Statistical Analysis
Nutrients: Food and Nutrients in Disease Management
Medicare in Case of End-Stage Renal Disease
Blood Transfusions in the Management of Hematological Diseases
Coronary Artery Disease Causes and Related Hypotheses
Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases Acquisition
Public Health. Burden of Disease in Nigeria
Governmental Challenges of Disease Surveillance
Self-Management and Prevention of Diseases
Heart Disease: Population Affected- Brooklyn
Grave’s Disease: Symptoms and Treatment
Crohn’s Disease: Treatment Plan and Prognosis
Effects of Age and Aging on the Immune Response to Diseases Such as COVID-19
Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes and Treatment
Distribution of Funds for Subsequent Management of Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology, Health Promotion, and Disease Prevention
Chronic Disease Aggravation in Joint Surgery
Pregnant Women With Type I Diabetes: COVID-19 Disease Management
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Overview
Lecithin, Trimethylamine Oxide, and Heart Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Implications
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Soybean: Physiological Traits, Management, Main Disease
Diabetes Insipidus: Disease Process With Implications for Healthcare Professionals
Chlamydia Sexually Transmitted Disease
Cardiovascular Disease Research in the Arab World
Lyme Disease Diagnostics: Culturing and Staining Procedures
The Parkinson’s Disease Analysis
Chronic Disease Prevention With Physical Activity
Center for Disease Control, National Archives Catalog Photo
Michael J Fox: Parkinson’s Disease Case Study
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Hypertension, and Heart Failure: The Case Study
Social Stigma of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in North America
Approaches to Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Covid-19: Serious Disease in Comparison to Flu
Cardiac Diseases in Pregnancy
Frontotemporal Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s Disease in a Patient
Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease Comparison
Kidney Function Tests: Chemical Methods Used to Diagnose Kidney Disease
Global Health Issue: The Coronavirus Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease: Diagnostic and Treatment
Communicable Disease Health Education Tool: HIV, AIDS
Parkinson’s Disease Case Study Analysis
Heart Disease Among Hispanic and Latino Population
Pharmacologic Treatment for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Werner Syndrome: Disease Process and Nursing Management
Business Intelligence Systems: Coronavirus Disease
Frail Elderly: Geriatric Chronic Disease
Communicable Diseases: Rubeola and Pertussis
Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)
Cardiovascular Disease Profile in Female Patient
The Types of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
The Effect of Music on People With Alzheimer’s Disease
Nutrition Importance in Preventing Future Diseases
Detection of Newborn Disease by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
The Global Burden of Disease
Zoonotic Diseases: Leishmaniasis
Allergic Diseases and the Hygiene Hypothesis
The Relationship Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Asthma Disease in Children
Public Health and Chronic Disease – Obesity
Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs)
Chronic Kidney Disease Analysis
Asthma: Culture and Disease Analysis
Cardiovascular Diseases and Health Promotion in Women
Creutzfeldt – Jakob Disease: Diagnosis, Control, Treatment
HIV and AIDS as a Chronic Disease: The Unique Contributions of Nursing Through Philosophical, Theoretical, and Historical Perspectives
Sickle Cell Disease Complications and Management
End-Stage Renal Disease: Creating Awareness Among Patients
Health Disparities & Chronic Kidney Disease
Epidemiological, Trends and Patterns of Norovirus Disease
Cardiology: Women and Heart Diseases
Disease Control and Prevention: The Evaluation Process
Swine Flu Disease in Australia
Researching Chlamydia Trachomatis Disease
Parkinson’s Disease: Aetiology, Risk Factors, and Symptoms
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: 80-Year-Old Female Patient
The Diagnosis and Prevention of Chronic Diseases
Heart Disease and Stroke in Sarasota County
Rabies in South Africa: Tropical Disease Control
Community Health: Alzheimer’s Disease
Tasmanian Devil’s Facial Tumor Disease
Coronary Heart Disease: Review
End Stage Renal Disease Prevalence in African American
Hypoparathyroid Disease: Review
Celiac Disease Description and Treatment
End-Stage Renal Disease and Hemodialysis
Risk Factors Involving People with Ischaemic Heart Disease: In-Depth Interview
Osteoarthritis Disease and Its Risk Factors
Disease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services
Emerging Infectious Disease: Epidemiology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses
Food Borne Diseases Associated With Chilled Ready to Eat Food
Inherited Mutant Gene Leading to Pompes Disease
Blood Disorder: Disease Analysis
Challenges of Living With Alzheimer Disease
The Burden of Alzheimer’s Disease
Congestive Heart Failure – One of the Most Devastating Diseases
Critical Analysis on Neurodegenerative Diseases
Nutrition: Preventing Food Born Diseases
The Impact of Chronic Disease in the Community
Progeria: Disease Etiology, Symptoms, and Prognosis
Childhood Development and Cardiovascular Disease
Depressive Symptoms and HIV Disease Relationship
Lyme Disease: What Is the Mystery Behind It?
Lyme Disease and the Mystery Behind It
Identifying Lyme Disease Host Species
Genetic Counseling – Tay Sachs Disease
Meningococcal Disease: Causes, Phases, Prevention
Coronary Heart Disease Aggravated by Type 2 Diabetes and Age
Osteomyelitis and the Differential Diagnosis of the Disease
Chronic Care For Alzheimer’s Disease
Coronary Artery Disease: Normal Physiology and Pathology
Legionnaires’ Disease: Causative Agents, Methods of Reproduction
Heart Disease in New York State
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Physiology
Viral Skin Diseases: Plantar Warts and Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
Cardiovascular Diseases and Associated Risk Factors
Disease Control Prevention & Epidemiology Concepts
Psychiatric Genetics. Epigenetics and Disease Pathology
Communicable Disease Control Strategies for AIDS
The Problems Associated With Cardiovascular Disease
Heart Disease and Low Carbohydrate Diets
Heart Disease: Cell Death During Myocardial Infarction
The Mechanisms That Auto Infectious Parasites Use in the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
Intervention of Heart Diseases in Children
Identification and Assessment of Heart Disease
Multiple Sclerosis. Disease Analysis
Epidemiology Discussions: Childhood Obesity Disease
Researching Cystic Fibrosis Disease
Hypertension Disease Causation
Heart Disease Among Hispanic & Latino Population
Synopsis of Research Studies of Individuals Afflicted by Mild Alzheimer’s Disease
Oral Disease Prevention: Past and Present Practices
Diet Therapy & Cardiovascular Disease
The Function of Kinase Inhibitor Staurosporine in Healthy and Disease States
Communicable Diseases: Tuberous Sclerosis-1
Communicable Diseases and Precautionary Measures
Alzheimer’s Disease and Naturopathic Medicine
Genetic Diseases: Sickle Cell Anemia
Biological Basis of Asthma and Allergic Disease
Managing Sickle Cell Disease
Brain Reduction and Presence of Alzheimer’s Disease
Heart Failure: Prevention of the Disease
Prevention of Heart Disease and Stroke in Collier County
Public Health Problems and Neglected Diseases
Maple Syrup Urine Disease Pathogenesis
Pediatrics: Kawasaki Disease
Acute Tonsillitis: Disease Analysis
Arthritis: Disease Analysis
Acne: Disease Analysis
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Coronary Heart Disease
Chronic Inflammation: Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease
Pathophysiology of Crohn’s Disease
Renewed Focus on Non-Communicable Diseases
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): Overview
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Community
Communicable Disease Control
Saturated Fatty Acids and Coronary or Cardiovascular Disease
The Nature and Control of Non-Communicable Disease – Asthma
Quality of Life in African Americans With the End-Stage Renal Disease
Genetically Identical Twins and Different Disease Risk
Dietary Calcium Intake and Mortality From Cardiovascular Diseases
Understanding Emerging Diseases
Researching the Giardiasis Disease
Bacterial Diseases of Marine Organisms
Epilepsy Disease Discussion
Current Challenges in Infectious Diseases
Social, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Causes of Diseases: Type 2 Diabetes
Causes & Preventing Proliferation of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Disease Surveillance and Monitoring
Cardiovascular Disease Among Disorders of the Heart
Leishmaniasis: Disease of the New World
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Thirty Years of a Disease
Addison’s Disease: A Long-Term Endocrine Disorder
Parkinson’s Disease and Its Nursing Management
Human Diseases: Exploring Malaria
Effects of Whole Body Vibration in People With Parkinson Disease
Human Disorders: Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
Chronic Disease: Survey on Beliefs and Feelings
Screening for Diseases as Caution Against Potential Infections
Environmental Interview on a Patient With Alzheimer Disease
Resistant Salmonella: Analysis and Cause of the Disease
Consumption of Caffeine Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Parkinson’s Disease
Periodontal and Cardiovascular Diseases: Research Development Project
Demographic Paper – Parkinson’s Disease
Experimental Studies on Williams Syndrome Disease
Cholera: A Waterborne Disease
Technostress: An Emerging Man-Made Modern-Day Disease
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Managing Partners
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
The Cystic Fibrosis Disease Analysis
Disease Causing Organism: Salmonella Enterica Typhi
Pain, Disease and Health Relationship
Alzheimer’s Disease Article and Clinical Trial
Center for Disease Control and Prevention Program for Tanzania
Periodontal Disease and Contribution of Bacteria
Osteoporosis and Periodontal Disease Relationship
Therapeutic Properties of Fish Oil: Reduction of Heart Diseases
Swine Flu H1N1: Populations Affected, Course of the Disease, Intervention
Chronic Disease Management Framework
Concepts of the Ankylosis Disease
Concepts of Pneumonia Disease
Anemia Disease: Types and Causes, Treatment
Melanocyte Disease and Its Treatment
Thalassemia – Inherited Autosomal Recessive Blood Disease
Graves Disease: Medical Case Assessment
Alzheimer’s Disease: Regarding Physiology
Huntington’s Disease Analysis
Infectious Diseases Overview and Analysis
Social Determinants of the Heart Disease
World Health Organization, US Center of Disease Control and Individual Countries
Kawasaki Disease Analysis
Race-Based Medicine: Diseases in Different Groups of the Population
Application of Healthcare IT in Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases
Concepts of Culture and Disease Paper: AIDS
AIDS and Its Trends: An Infectious Disease That Causes the Vulnerability of the Human Internal System
Periodontal Disease and the Gram Negative Bacteria
Periodontal Disease: Medical Analysis
My Path of Dealing With Limes Disease
Mapping the Neurofibrillary Degeneration From Alzheimer’s Disease Patient
The Role of Bacteria in Human Health and Disease Giving Specific Examples
The Status of Hand Hygiene Practices and a Cause in Disease Outbreaks
Bleeding on Probing: Progression of Periodontal Disease
Disease Specific Program: Disease Management
Motor Neuron Disease: Types, Diagnostics, and Treatment
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases
Crohn’s Disease and Perianal Manifestations
Crohn’s Perianal Disease: A Comprehensive Review
Infectious Disease Control in Different Scenarios
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: Description of Disease
Menkes Disease: Disorder of Copper Metabolism
Infectious Diseases and Their Impact on History
Diabetes Mellitus Effects on Periodontal Disease
Lifestyle Diseases and Reduce Productivity
Diabetes Type II Disease in the Community
Pathophysiology of Disease: High BP and NIDDM
Climate Change and the Occurrence of Infectious Diseases
Huntington’s Disease, Huntingtin Protein (Mhtt)
Important Information of Parkinson’s Disease
Clearing the Air: An Examination of Modes of Disease Transmission on Airlines
Organ Transplants and Communicable Diseases
Health Promotion Program: Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Decrease
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor -1 and Cardiovascular Diseases: The Connection
Nervous System: Parkinson’s Disease
Parthenogenesis of Celiac Disease
Kinds and Methods of Treatment of Prion Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Infections Education
Bacteria Infectious Diseases: Strep Throat
Coronary Artery Disease, Parathyroid Adenoma, and 99mTc-SestaMIBI
Connection Between Nutrition and Cardiovascular Diseases
Nursing Legacy. Elderly Care Problems and Age-Related Health Diseases
Strawberry Pest and Diseases Management
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treatment Protocols
Basic Information of Huntington’s Disease
COVID-19: Epidemiology of the Disease
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Heart Diseases
Typhoid Disease: Risk Factors, Symptoms and Prevention
The Evaluation of the Website for the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association
More People Die by Guillain-Barre Disease Than by Swine Flu
Dementia: Disease Analysis and Treatment Strategies
Parasitic Wedge and COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease)
Corona Virus Disease: Proposed Policy and Results
A Proband for the Pedigree: Hypertension as Hereditary Disease
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Review
Ebola Virus Disease Analysis
Fatty Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract Disease in Dogs
Opioid Disease Prevention: Levels of Disease Prevention
Alcoholism as a Disease
Tuberculosis: History and Current State of a Disease
The Problem of Food Safety and the Spread of Various Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Statistics in the New Jersey
Global Health Issue Analysis: HIV – A Relatively New Disease
Emerging Infectious Disease Preparedness and Response
Ongoing Gingivitis With Periodontal Disease: Symptoms and Prevention
Hepatitis A: A Fatal Infectious Disease That Affects the Liver
“Field Epidemiology” by Gregg and “Infectious Diseases” by Tamarack
Disease Testing and Phenotype
Genomics, Prevention, and Control of Common Chronic Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Website Tools
Culture & Disease: Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa
Cardiovascular Diseases and Saudi Male Patients Aged 40 – 65 Years
“Disease of the Skin and Disease of the Heart”: China History
Molecular Techniques Used in Hirschsprung Disease Study
Anatomy Diagnosis: Cardiovascular Disease
Non-invasive Ventilation in Non-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Respiratory Failure
Anthropology. Diseases and Their Impact on Humans
Endocrine System and Diseases
Gout Disease: Prevention and Treatment
Communicable Diseases: Tuberculosis
Measles Disease Pathophysiology and Its Vaccination
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Causes and Treatment
Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Disease
Role of Alzheimer’s Disease Advanced in Our Understanding of the Aging Process
Disease in the News: “Bird Flu: If or When?” by Sellwood
A Boxing Legend Muhammad Ali: Parkinson’s Disease
The Mad Cow Disease in Britain
Effect of Disease on Native Americans
World Health Organisation (WHO) And Infectious Diseases
Heart Diseases: History, Risks and Prevention
Culture and Disease: Tuberculosis and African Americans
Parkinson Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
Nutrition for People With Hearth Disease
Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Disease
Neuropsychological Assessment of Patients With Parkinson Disease
The Effect of Disease on Modern America
Empirical Project: Social Networks and Lyme Disease
Alcoholism: The Disease Is Often Progressive and Fatal
The Hot Zone: Making of A Global Disease
Disorder of Movements: Parkinson’s Disease
Recent Advances in Respiratory Care For Neuromuscular Disease
Parkinson’s Disease Etiology
Insects and Civilization: Vector-Borne Diseases
Biology. Coral Reef Disease as an Emerging Issue
Biology: Coral Reef and Its Diseases
Genetics of Parkinson Disease-Associated PARK2 Gene
Disease Risk Measures in Public Health
Diabetes: Encapsulation to Treat a Disease
Phenylketonurea, Galactosemia, Tay-Sachs Disease
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Medical Issues
Clinical Heath Psychology and Cardiovascular Disease
Chronic Disease That Affects Minority Populations
Depression and Alzheimer’s Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Male Adult
Center for Disease Control and HIV Prevention Goals
Congestive Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease
World AIDS Day Celebration: Increasing the Awareness of the People About the Disease
Neuroscience. Huntington’s Disease Epidemiology
Diabetes: Discussion of the Disease
Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Diseases
Conventional Angiography for Coronary Artery Diseases
Congenital Diseases and Disorders
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Medical Issues.
Celiac Disease: Medical Analysis
Alzheimer’s Disease: Medical Analysis
Sex and Gender-Related Differences in Infectious Disease
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the Mediterranean Region in the 15th-16th Century
Comparing Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease: Neuroscience of Aging
Infectious Diseases Analysis and Review
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Teaching Plan
Schizophrenia as a Common Mental Disorder
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Initiatives
Cardiovascular Diseases: Statistics, Factors, Diets
Cigar Smoking and Relation to Disease
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Laws
Beta Thalassemia: Disease Description
Alzheimer’s Disease and Long Term Care
Skeletal System. Osteoporosis and Paget’s Disease
Integumentary System Diseases. Skin Cancer and Eczema
Cirrhosis: Non- and Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Baclofen (Lioresal) and Cerebral Diseases
AIDS: Emergence Factors of Infectious Disease
Infectious Diseases Caused by Insects
Radiation as a Diseases Cause
Polluted Water and Human Diseases
Lyme Disease: On Its History and Prevention
AIDS and Its Impact on Humankind: The Leading Killer Disease in the World
The Effects of Alzheimer’s Disease on Family Members
Environmental Factors and Autoimmune Diseases Review
Adherence to Cardiac Therapy for Men with Coronary Artery Disease
Multiple Sclerosis as a Neurological Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treatment
Kerataconus: Disease Development and Modern Treatment
Heart Diseases and Their Pathophysiology
Chronic Diseases: Heart Failure and Cancer
Women’s Health. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Medical Nutritional Therapy for Celiac Disease Patients
Heart and Lung Diseases: Health History and Assessment
Examining Pathophysiological Processes: Heart Failure & Chronic Kidney Disease
Combating Heart Disease in the African American Community of Kings County, NY
How Is Disease Beautified in the Modern Society Under the Guise of Beauty?
Implementation of Clinical Decision Support Systems for Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular Disease in African American Women: Reasons
Beautifying Diseases in Modern Society
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease’s Treatment
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Medication Treatment
Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Middle East
Disease Diagnosis & Treatment in Historical Contexts
Huntington’s Disease: Diagnosis and Prevention
“COMT Val158Met Polymorphism Modulates Huntington’s Disease Progression” by de Diego-Balaguer et al.
Ebola Virus Disease: Global Health at a Glance
Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease
Are Hypometric Anticipatory Postural Adjustments Contributing to Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease?
Why Is Coronary Heart Disease an Important Health Concern?
What Types of Heart Disease Are Caused by Stress?
Does Cannabis Intake Protect Against Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?
What Is the Deadliest Disease in Human History?
How Does Cardiovascular Disease Affect the Lungs?
What Diseases Are Caused by Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest?
How Can Genetic Technologies Be Used to Treat Specific Diseases?
Why Does Mediterranean Diet Reduce Heart Disease?
How Does Alzheimer’s Disease Affect the Entire Human Lifestyle?
Can Emotional Stress Cause Cardiovascular Disease?
What Were the Common Diseases Found in London During the 19th Century?
How Can Lifestyle Changes Help With the Management of the Diseases?
What Diseases Can Be Prevented by Vaccination?
How Is Coronary Heart Disease Affecting the World?
Does Diet Protect Against Parkinson’s Disease?
How Does Chronic Kidney Disease Affect the Body System?
What Lifestyle Factors Influence the Development of Coronary Heart Disease?
Is Smoking the Leading Cause of Disease?
How Does Flossing Prevent Periodontal Disease?
What Disease Was Killing Hundreds of People in London During 1854?
Does Heart Disease Cause Lung Infection?
What Are the Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease Dialysis?
How Does Heart Disease Affect Women Differently From Men?
What Are the Modern Ways of Genetic Diseases Treatment?
How Can Epigenetics Be Used to Treat Diseases?
Does Human Behavior Influence the Occurrence of Diseases?
What Is the Pathophysiology of Kawasaki Disease?
How Far Can Countries Be Prepared for Serious Outbreak of Disease?
What Is the Role of Probiotics in Preventing Allergic Disease?
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Why Choose Our Disease Research Topics?

Educators want you to convince them that you have taken the time to think about your topic and research it extensively. What’s more, your research should make a meaningful contribution to your study field. Therefore, select a good topic and research it extensively before you start writing. Analyze your information to determine what will make it to your research paper. Here is a list of 100 disease research paper topics worth considering for your paper or essay.

Infectious Disease Topics for Research Papers

Are you interested in infectious disease research topics? If yes, you will find this list interesting. This category comprises hot topics in infectious disease fields. Consider some of these ideas for your research paper.

The virology, epidemiology, and prevention of COVID-19
The diagnosis of COVID-19
Prevention vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 infection
Questions people ask about COVID-19
Clinical features of COVID-19
COVID-19 management in a hospital setting
Infection control for COVID-19 in homes and healthcare settings
Skin abscess and cellulitis in adults
Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and epidemiology of yellow fever
Transmission and epidemiology of measles
Role of untreated inflammation of genital tract in HIV transmission
Racial inequities of COVID-19 and HIV in black communities
Community-acquired pneumonia overview in adults
The use of procalcitonin in the infections of lower respiratory tract
Herpes simplex virus prevention and treatment
Uncomplicated Neisseria gonorrhea treatment
Society guidelines for COVID-19
Why public education is crucial in fighting COVID-19
Overview of Ebola over the last two decades
Investigations into the use of monoclonal antibody in treating Ebola

This category also has some of the best infectious disease presentation topics. Nevertheless, learners should prepare to research extensively before writing academic papers on these topics.

Interesting Disease Topics

Maybe you want to research and write a research paper on a topic that most people find interesting. In that case, consider these disease topics for research paper.

Discuss bulimia as a common eating disorder
Why are so many young people suffering from anorexia?
What causes most eating disorders
How serious are sleep disorders
Discuss rabies treatment- The Milwaukee protocol
Is assisted suicide a way to treat terminal diseases?
What are the effects of brain injuries?
What are professional diseases?
Is autism a norm variant or a disease?
The history of pandemics and epidemics
The role of antibiotics in treating diseases
What causes insomnia?
What are the effects of insomnia?
How to cope with insomnia
Can sleeping pills cure insomnia?
Explain what causes long-term insomnia
Using traditional medicine to fight insomnia
How to deal with bulimia and nervosa
How eating disorders affect self-harm behavior
How feminism affect anorexic women phenomenon

This is a list of easy disease topics for papers. What’s more, most people will find these research paper disease topics interesting to read about. Nevertheless, students should take time to research their preferred topics to come up with brilliant papers on any of these human disease research paper topics.

Cardiovascular Disease Research Topics

Maybe you’re interested in topic ideas on heart disease. Perhaps, you want to write about an illness of the respiratory system. In that case, consider these heart disease research topics.

An investigation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A research of the causes of coronary artery disease
Antithrombotic therapy in surgical valve and prosthetic heart valve repair
Intervention choice for severe cases of calcific aortic stenosis
Prognosis and treatment of heart failure using preserved fraction of injection
Infective endocarditis management in adults
Risk assessment for cardiovascular disease for primary prevention
Prognosis and treatment of acute pericarditis
Treatment of reflex syncope in adolescents and adults
Anticoagulant therapy for preventing thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation
Cardiac manifestations of COVID-19 in adults
Acute decompensated heart failure treatment
What is hypertriglyceridemia?
How to manage elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in cardiovascular disease
Management and evaluation of cardiac disease
Conduction system and arrhythmias disease and COVID-19
Myocardial infarction in COVID-19
Can somebody inherit a cardiac disease?
How effective are treatments for irregular heartbeat?
How to determine the risk for a sudden cardiac death

This list comprises some of the best special disease topics. That’s because most people reading about these topics might not have heard about them before. Nevertheless, this category also has interesting research topics for disease control that may help individuals that want to avoid or manage some illnesses.

Research Topics for Chronic Disease

You probably know somebody living with a chronic illness. Unlike controversial topics in infectious disease, people don’t talk much about chronic illnesses. And for this reason, some people don’t know about these illnesses. When writing about non-communicable illnesses, you can settle for human genetic disease topics or even research topics for sickle cell disease. Here are some of the topics about non-communicable diseases that you can write about.

The risk of breast cancer after childbirth
Postpartum PTSD- Effective preventative measures
Experiences of females suffering from cardiac disease during pregnancy- A systematic review
Husbands attendance and knowledge of wives’ postpartum care in rural areas
Postpartum depression screening by perinatal nurses in hospitals
Gestational diabetes mellitus screening from the rural perspective
Maternal mortality- How to help cardiac and pregnant patients
Sex differences in cardio metabolic disorders and major depression- Effect of immune exposures and prenatal stress
Determinants and prevalence of anxiety and antepartum depressive symptoms in fathers and expectant mothers- Outcomes from perinatal psychiatric morbidity
Evaluating the effect of community health workers on non-communicable diseases, tuberculosis, malnutrition, antenatal care, and family planning
History of women with postpartum affective disorder and the risk of future pregnancies recurrence
New self-care guide package and its effect on neonatal and maternal results in gestational diabetes
Depressive symptoms and life events in pregnant women- Moderating the resilience role and social support
Gestational diabetes and ethnic disparities
Pregnancy and diabetes- Opportunities and risks
Cardiovascular disease maternal death reduction- A pragmatic investigation
Meta-analysis and systematic review of gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis with a two-step or one-step associations and approaches with negative pregnancy outcomes
Gestational diabetes mellitus treatment in women- A Cochrane systematic overview
Research in non-communicable diseases in Africa- A strategic investment
How to finance the national response to non-communicable diseases

Whether you opt to write about research paper topics in Huntington’s disease or non-communicable liver disease topics, you have to engage in extensive research to come up with a brilliant paper. We have more health research topics for you, so don’t hesitate to check them. Therefore, select an idea you will be comfortable researching and writing about. That way, you will avoid enduring a boring process of investing your topic and writing the paper. If you want to hire someone to help you with your assignment, just c ontact us with a “ do my research paper now ” request and we’ll get your papers done.

555 Disease Research Topics & Disease Project Ideas

Are you tired of disease essay topics lists simply enumerating common illnesses? Then this article is exactly what you need! Here, you will find an outstanding list of interesting diseases to write a report on or make a presentation about.

🏆 Best Disease Topics for Project

✍️ disease essay topics for college, 👍 good disease research topics & essay examples, 🌶️ hot disease project ideas, 🎓 interesting diseases to write a report on, 📌 easy disease essay topics, 💡 simple disease essay ideas, ❓ disease research questions.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Role of a Nurse
Research Proposal: Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease
“The Bear Came Over the Mountain”: True Love and Alzheimer’s Disease
Chickenpox: Disease Control and Prevention
Diabetes: Causes and Effects of Disease
Obesity as a Disease: Arguments For and Against
Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Peru – Globalization, Environment, Crime and Disease The paper synthesizes a number of legitimate sources to focus on globalization and its effects on Peru with special relation to environmental issues, crime, and diseases.
Infectious Disease and Public Health Focus Infectious disease may be defined as the clinically manifest infection, resulting from the sickness caused by pathogens.
Drug Addiction: A Choice or a Medical Disease? This article examines two opposing points of view on the problem of drug addiction – does a person have a choice to be a drug addict or is drug addiction a medical disease?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease One of the most recognizable symptoms of GERD is regular heartburn, resulting in a burning, painful sensation in the chest.
Levels of Disease Prevention A healthy population is more beneficial for development since it is employable, and there is no need for state help.
Dealing with the Disease Outbreak A disease is a condition of the body in which some abnormality occurs, which may, in turn, cause pain, distress, or discomfort.
Prevention of Chronic Disease in the Modern Society The impact of the problem of chronic diseases is considered at the national level since many patients are at risk regularly.
Parkinson’s Disease: Categories, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment The nerve cells (or the neurons) are located in the substantia nigra of the brain which is pigmented part of the brain that secrete a chemical substance known as dopamine.
Alzheimer’s Disease: A Literature Review This paper focuses on the definition of Alzheimer’s disease, including the diagnosis, symptoms, prevalence, participating factors, and a description of more vulnerable groups.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patient Case Study A patient arrived at the ER with severe shortness of breath, persistent coughing, wheezing, and complaining of overwhelming fatigue.
ADHD: The Center’s for Disease Control and Prevention Webpage The Center’s for Disease Control and Prevention webpage on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder sufficiently employs ethos, pathos, and logos rhetoric allures.
Cardiovascular Disease: General Information This paper focuses on cardiovascular diseases, drawing from evidence-based studies and scientific data to understand the causes and develop recommendations for lowering CVD prevalence.
Common Lung Diseases Overview The human lung is a respiratory organ made up of secondary lobules and Broncho vascular bundles, alveoli and blood vessels, and an interstitial.
Disease Management and Effects Regulation Disease management entails excellent healthcare interventions that aim at regulating the effects of a disease.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Disease Diabetic ketoacidosis is a condition that can appear in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and, in most severe cases, may turn out to be fatal if not addressed in due time.
Healthy People 2030: Addressing Cardiovascular Diseases Healthy People 2030 develop programs and interventions to address the cardiovascular diseases issue from different angles simultaneously.
Real-Life Story of Post-traumatic Stress Disease Philips’s case is an actual representation of the manifestation and intervention of PTSD, a piece of evidence the condition is treatable.
Risk Factors for Hypokinetic Disease This study gives a short definition of the diagnosed health condition of two family members including information on risk factors for hypokinetic disease.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The CDC can contribute to the enhancement of public health and safety, the promotion of equal opportunities, and the improvement of the quality of life.
Nursing Assessment of Patient With Respiratory Disease As the patient has a history of COPD diagnosis, it is vital to consider the pathophysiology of his disease process through the prism of potential exacerbations of COPD.
Final Care Coordination Plan: Alzheimer’s Disease Facts Care coordination serves as an essential practice in patient-centered care, targeting patients’ needs, preferences, and values and ensuring access to care and holistic treatment.
Cholera Infectious Disease. Disease Spread Pattern Cholera is an infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium. The disease is transmitted through the consumption of food or water that is contaminated with fecal material.
Heart Disease and Stroke: Project Proposal and Budgeting This paper is a project proposal for the management of heart disease and stroke in Minnesota, outlines a leadership and strategic plan for addressing the high incidences.
Tarui’s Disease Due To Phosphofructokinase 1 Deficiency Tarui’s disease is a metabolic ailment that arises from the deficiency of the enzyme phosphofructokinase. The glycolytic pathway does not go to completion in the muscles.
Type II Diabetes: Disease Analysis Diabetes is one of the diseases that can cause several complications on patients. Evidence has revealed that diabetic complication range from stroke, heart disease or death.
Disease Research: Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a multifactorial, complex illness that demands proper clinical understanding and a multidisciplinary way to determine diagnosis and treatment.
The Ebola Virus and Disease Prevention The Ebola virus belongs to the filioviridae family in the order of mononegaviruses. The virus is single-stranded and exhibits a distinct heterogenous threadlike structure.
Caregiver Burden for Adult Children Whose Parent Has Alzheimer’s Disease The purpose of the proposed study is to critically explore the relationship between caregiver burden and social stigma for adult children whose parents have AD.
Health Belief Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Health Belief Model is important in prevention of illness and promotion of health. As a result, the nurse should apply it to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Oral Hygiene in Hospital Patients: Preventing Infectious Diseases Having an effective oral care program is a must for every hospital in order to protect patients from contracting infectious diseases.
Dementia – The Disease of the Older Generation The research paper explores the ways in which the quality of life of patients with dementia could be improved.
Understanding Ebola: Epidemiology of Virus Disease This paper describes the epidemiology of Ebola, related determinants of health, the epidemiologic triangle, the role of community health nurse in containing outbreaks and a global implication of this disease.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Community Teaching Plan This paper is a summary and reflection of my personal teaching experience for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Heart Disease: Post-interventional Practice and Monitoring Patient education plays a key role, as the man must be aware of physical conditions characterized by negative dynamics.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Impacts STD is an infectious disease transmitted through unprotected sexual activities such as anal sex, vaginal penetration, intravenous drug use or IV.
Cardiovascular Diseases: Causes and Risk Factors The main causes of cardiovascular diseases are lifestyle choices such as smoking and obesity coupled with physical inabilities.
The Sexually Transmitted Diseases Screening, vaccinations, and awareness are required because of sexually transmitted diseases’ rising trends, negative effects on the public’s health, and escalating costs.
Using Mobile Health to Manage Chronic Diseases and Empower Patients The utilization of m-health and electronic health information in CDM ensures more active and knowledgeable patients in the move towards a patient-centered healthcare delivery paradigm
The Coronary Artery Disease: Nursing Intervention Nursing intervention has often been cited as a valuable component in preventing coronary artery disease through patient interaction and education.
Theories in Epidemiology. Stress and Heart Disease The impact of stress on heart diseases is highly controversial among scientists. Various studies support the hypothesis that stress is highly associated with heart disease.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Awareness Campaigns Even though new problems have emerged, toning down the gravity of the HIV- and STD-related ones, there is still the necessity to educate young people about the threat of STD.
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Reduced intake of trans fats. This involves the banning of all industrial trans fats through a legislature, just like Denmark did.
Sickle Cell Disease Analysis Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) also referred to as Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) is an autosomal blood disorder that occurs in individuals who possess a pair of recessive Sickle Cell genes.
An Algorithm for Coronary Artery Disease Coronary heart disease can be dangerous if not treated at the right time. This paper provided a general formula that can be used to treat and manage coronary artery disease.
The Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors The three main risk factors for cardiovascular disease include hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. They are modifiable since they are treatable and we can change them.
Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention Representatives of the philosophical and sociological direction in medicine and prevention consider a healthy lifestyle as a global social problem.
Pathophysiology of Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease With new variants of Creutzfield-Jakob disease being discovered, it becomes one of the significant public health issues to properly establish the true causes of the disease.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Rates in Prince George’s County This paper focuses on the rate of sexually transmitted diseases in county of Prince George, in Maryland. More specifically the community diagnosed is that of Upper Marlboro City.
Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases: Tuberculosis Although tuberculosis has gained massive notoriety within the first several months of its premiere, a lot of people remain unaware of the effects that the disease produces.
Nutrition, Disease, and Malnutrition The paper remarks on the essence of nutrition as a critical component of an individual’s overall health, and stresses the malnutrition outcomes.
Human Disease Course Importance for Nursing Students For a nursing student, the information obtained during the Human Disease course provides a framework on top of which one may build further knowledge, skills, and competencies.
Single Children Caregivers vs. Married Couple Caregivers: Alzheimer’s Disease The purpose of this topic is to expand research on Dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease from the standpoint of the caregiver perspective.
Female Patient With Hypotension and Alzheimer’s Disease The paper presents the case study analysis of a female patient with hypotension and Alzheimer’s disease who recently suffered a fall.
Discussion: Disease and Homeostasis Not all diseases can be cured, but some can be managed through treatments that help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
Drug Addiction: A Disease or a Choice? Drug addiction remains a serious health concern for contemporary society. The problem of whether drug addiction can be viewed as a disease or a choice remains topical.
Effect of Bananas and Other Compounds on Lyme Disease Bananas contain many bioactive compounds that are beneficial for health. Antioxidants such as Vitamin C are present in bananas as well.
Stereotyping Related to Parkinson’s Disease The current paper will focus on analyzing the stereotypes relating to Parkinson’s disease. Specifically, the patient group which will be the subject of the study is older men.
Dementia Disease and Its Physiological Effects The rarest manifestations for people with dementia are euphoria and hallucinations. The significant clinical presentations of this condition are depression, apathy, and anxiety.
Gerontology Assignment: Aging and Chronic Diseases Most people on the planet long to have a long life, and many people make preparations on how to live their sunset years gracefully.
Improving Performance in Disease-Specific Indicators Despite following the recommendations of the Medicare Hospital, the hospital performances for pneumonia, acute myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure vary.
Health Profile Assessment: Coronary Heart Disease Health Profile Assessment is a way of understanding the health conditions of individuals and families. It aids individuals to make decisions relating to their health.
DNP: Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention The goal of this paper is to introduce a self-assessment that represents my skills and proves my readiness to work on the DNP project to prevent STD in elderly male patients.
Congenital Heart Disease in Children Little remains known about the causes, effects, and remedies to congenital heart disease. The study provides the literature review that explores congenital heart disease in detail.
The Spread of Preventable Diseases One of the most impressive examples of the disease, which is widespread due to the willingness of part of the population to make vaccines, is measles.
Crohn’s Disease Pathophysiology and Treatment The following paper will discuss the etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, treatment, and prevention of Crohn’s disease.
Sickle Cell Disease: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention The current report is aimed at producing an approximate plan of action for a definite patient who has been diagnosed with sickle cell anemia at birth.
Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects of Diet and Exercise In this research paper, the effects of exercise and diet on human hearts were discussed through the prism of the analysis of cardiovascular diseases, its types, and risk factors.
Cell Organelles in Health and Diseases Organelles are structures in a cell that have specific functions such as energy production and controlling growth.
Health Promotion Theory for Chronic Kidney Disease Effective prevention of chronic kidney disease (CKD), clearly, requires different approaches to lessen the number of deaths in the world.
Genetic Diseases: Hemophilia This article focuses on a genetic disorder such as hemophilia: causes, symptoms, history, diagnosis, and treatment.
An Outbreak of the Irrational: Refusion from Measles Disease Vaccination Today people do not face measles disease and its consequences, and for this reason, they are not afraid of it enough. The paper discusses the reasons for refuse from vaccination.
The Impact of Climate Change on Inflectional Diseases This paper will examine the increasing spread of infectious diseases as one of the effects of climate change, as well as current and possible measures to overcome it.
A Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is defined as “an infection-induced inflammation of the female upper reproductive tract predominantly caused by sexually-transmitted pathogens
Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia Description As time goes by, people are more likely to encounter memory problems. This can be both a natural sign of aging or illness.
Project and Study Design of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Teeneagers The HBM will be used to gain a better understanding of the adolescents’ health behaviors and possible reasons for non-compliance with any recommended health actions.
Epidemiology: Waterborne Diseases Development The article highlights the problem of water-borne diseases, the author also explains the reasons for the increase in the number of these diseases.
Communicable Disease Control. Medical Issues. Communicable diseases are those diseases that are easily spread from person to person by way of contact, food, water, contaminated objects or even through the air.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Nursing Activities Public health nurses play a critical role in the prevention of STDs and HIV by providing specialized care and creating interventions aimed at educating the population.
The Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Community Teaching Plan The present paper will offer a reflection on a lesson with a focus on the evaluation of related teaching experience, community response, and the aspects that could be improved.
Physiology of Parkinson’s Disease The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease manifest themselves as a result of decreased activity of cells secreting dopamine.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease This paper includes educational lessons targeted at teaching how to overcome the burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
Alzheimer’s Disease in the “Away From Her” Movie This paper analyzes the movie “Away from Her” that presents an accurate portrayal of the lives of people with Alzheimer’s disease.
Differences Between Illness and Disease If people do not realize they have it, the illness will not affect them, but someone may pass away from it. In a perfect world, the sickness is healed, and the ailment goes away.
Microbe-Human Interaction in Health and Disease One of the most critical topics in microbe-human interaction concerns microbial reservoirs since they inform one about the various places pathogens can be found.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Transmission Involving Drug Use Preventive techniques need to target drug addicts and sex workers to combat the STD epidemic and offer interventions to reduce risky sexual behaviors and drug use.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Osteopathic interventions appear to be beneficial in decreasing GERD symptoms in the long term. OMT may be an additional or alternative treatment.
Guillain-Barré Disease and Therapy Options Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an uncommon condition in which the immune system targets the nerves in the body leading to muscle weakness, tingling in the extremities, etc.
Researching the Disease Prevention Along with the development of new technologies and methods of patient care, modern medicine is characterized by progress in the field of prevention.
Cardiac Health and Disease Prevention The prevalence of cardiovascular conditions in today’s environment has become a pressing concern. Millions of people suffer from them.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pathophysiology Pelvic inflammatory disease is a disease of pelvic organs in women. It is defined as “an infection of the upper genital tract occurring predominantly in young women”.
The Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease The paper states that the incidence of end-stage renal disease has declined since the 2010s, but it is still the highest in the world.
Health Promotion Among Australian Aborigines with Respiratory Diseases The high prevalence rate of respiratory diseases among the Aborigines in Australia has prompted an urgency to carry out a need analysis for its causal factors.
Distribution of Oral Diseases The paper discusses how dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancer are distributed nationally and globally.
Lyme Disease: Causes and Treatment The purpose of this article is to consider Lyme Disease: pathogen, transmission routes, course of the disease, and treatment.
Living With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnosis and Management Plan This study focuses on issues surrounding the diagnosis and management of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Heart Disease Risk Factors and Assessment Approach The discussion focuses on three risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Three factors associated with heart disease have been chosen for review.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Epidemiology Principals This paper considers the development of the disease in the modern society and focuses on the epidemiology principals applied currently to the chronic kidney disease.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment Chronic Pulmonary Obstructive Disease symptoms are normally occasioned by either chronic bronchitis or emphysema.
Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention This paper includes a brief analysis of the impact the CDC agency has on healthcare quality and community development.
Alzheimer’s Disease Through the Lens of a Relationship In this story, “The Mysteries of My Father’s Mind” by Rebecca Rotert, a whole complex of topics is raised related to the experiences of Alzheimer’s.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Preventive Measures There are many ways of helping patients with chronic kidney disease to manage their chronic condition and avoid worsening of the illness.
Heart Disease and Stroke (HDS): Pathophysiology and Treatment Heart disease and stroke (HDS) can affect people of all ages, but the risk of developing HDS is increasing with age.
Myasthenia Gravis: An Autoimmune Disease Myasthenia Gravis is a neuromuscular autoimmune disease that causes varying degrees of muscle weakness. This paper seeks to review two articles done on the topic of MG.
Delirium Disease and Older Adult Patients Older adults are one of the most vulnerable groups in hospital settings as their bodies and minds are subject to a wide range of disorders, conditions, and illnesses.
Communicable Diseases: Measles and Its Impact on the Population Among the variety of communicable diseases, there are those that are typical for certain population groups. One of the problems of modern medicine is measles, mostly a child’s ailment.
Acute Pancreatitis as a Life-Threatening Disease Acute pancreatitis is hereditary for some people since gene mutations determining the patient’s disposition for the disease have been discovered.
Transition in Terms of Chronic Diseases Chronic diseases have become rather widespread. It is acknowledged that chronic diseases might start at any time in life, be it the childhood or elderly age.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Its Prevention Various sources often contravene each other on the efficacy of this or that particular preventive measure in relation to pelvic inflammatory disease.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Treatment This paper discusses the questions related to pelvic inflammatory disease, its symptoms and manage, teaching, and follow-up, by analyzing a particular case.
Heart Disease Patients’ Education and Barriers Relevant academic literature has been reviewed to identify major themes and important findings in the area of patient education among heart disease patients.
Chronic Kidney Disease Patient Nursing Care Plan Patients with renal failure are the target population the needs of which will be addressed in the course of the study.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Adolescents Sexually transmitted diseases can be spread by vaginal, anal, and oral intercourses and may not cause symptoms but be passed on to others unnoticed.
Self-Management Skills in Chronic Disease Management If a patient does not know how to manage his or her condition and engage in effective self-care, negative health outcomes can be expected.
Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention Strategies The purpose of this analysis is to identify the most efficacious policy strategies that can help prevent heart diseases and strokes.
Sickle Cell Disease and Healthcare Decisions The paper analyzes sickle cell disease, investigates the involvement of the family in making healthcare decisions and determines the role of grants and FDA regulations.
Miami-Dade County’s Communicable Diseases The monthly report on epidemic diseases in Miami-Dade County, FL, focuses on communicable diseases in all ages of the population.
Patient Teaching Plan: Hypertension as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Kidney Disease The patient has been diagnosed with renal failure. The present assignment shall focus on hypertension as a modifiable risk factor for kidney disease.
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention The research of the work is focused on finding the roots of the development of common adult diseases and addressing these roots at the early stages.
Quality Long-Term Care for Patients With Chronic Diseases The provision of quality long-term care for patients with chronic diseases can increase their life expectancy and improve its quality, although not cure the disease.
Kidney Stones Disease: Causes and Treatment The renal calculi, also known as kidney stones, is caused by an imbalance between the precipitation and solubility of the salts in the urinary bladder and the kidneys.
Family Planning: Human Reproductive Diseases Regular follow-up involves assessing satisfaction with the contraceptive method, changes in lifestyle and diet, or changes in medications.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Autoimmune Disease The paper states that rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease caused by inflammation in the body. It occurs when the body’s immunity targets healthy cells.
Heart Disease Risk Profiles and Gender Differences There are gender differences in heart disease risk profiles and associated chronic conditions, despite the similarity of the classical risk factors.
Shifting Disease Burden and Age Discrimination The disease burden is exacerbated by social and economic disparities affecting healthcare access. Age discrimination and challenges caused by multimorbidity should be addressed.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Genetic Risk and Ethical Considerations Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that causes brain shrinkage and the death of brain cells. It is the most prevalent form of dementia.
Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease While Alzheimer’s disease can be found in every state, Texas’ statistics indicate the special prevalence of the condition, making dementia a permeating public health issue.
Feeding Patients With Dementia or Alzheimer’s Disease The effectiveness of probes in feeding persons with dementia/Alzheimer’s disease remains high. However, because of the risks, other less invasive methods are recommended.
Chronic Diseases’ Effects on Emotional & Social States Many people are diagnosed with various illnesses, and often those conditions are chronic. A significant number of people across the US face long-standing diseases.
Policy Changes to Control Disease Better Concerns and inquiries about the most effective ways to prevent and control viruses are raised by the increasing trend of disease transmission.
The COVID-19 Infectious Disease Analysis Talking about infectious diseases, modern people should remember the threat of COVID-19 and the necessity of taking certain precautionary steps.
Heart Disease in the Elderly: Risks, Pathological Changes, and Solutions Heart conditions or cardiovascular diseases are highly prevalent among elderly individuals and are considered a leading cause of mortality among individuals over 65 years.
Diabetes Disease, Its Prevention and Treatment This paper states that the critical element of achieving success in the precluding of diabetes and its complications appears to be the prevention of diabetes.
A Critical Review of Psychological and Behavioral Responses to Coronavirus Disease 2019 The critical review examines the psychological and behavioral responses of individuals to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the influence of personality traits.
Akan Adults with Hypertension: Self-Disease Management This essay discusses the necessary change models applicable for the Akan adult population in West Africa living with hypertension.
The Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in Nigeria Ebola is a highly infectious disease with elevated mortality and spread rates. The paper examines the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria.
Analysis of Ebola Virus Disease This paper discusses the Ebola virus disease, including its transmission mode, symptoms, and prevention mechanism deeply.
Cholera as a Water-Related Disease This paper explores the relationship between water and global health problems, focusing on cholera as a specific water-related disease.
Tuberculosis: Family Medicine and Disease Prevention This essay focuses on tuberculosis infection, prevention and control, surveillance, epidemiology, and significant events.
Aspects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD is the main nursing diagnosis. It is a chronic ailment that needs to be treated. Long-acting bronchodilators and steroid inhalation can be used to treat it.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease poses a serious threat to public well-being. The population must be informed about the early symptoms of the disease.
Drug Addiction: The Brain Disease Drug addiction acts similarly to neurological diseases. Substances directly affected the brain, with addiction being the most acute phase of substance use disorder.
Graves’ Disease Symptoms and Treatment The purpose of this paper is to explore the symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment, and possible prognosis of Graves’ disease.
Genetics in Diagnosis of Diseases Medical genetics aims to study the role of genetic factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of various human diseases.
Cancer: Disease Specifics and RNA-Based Detection The paper presents the analysis of cancer as one of the most common causes of death. It shows that there are many types of this disease.
The Syphilis Bacterial Infection and Disease By engaging in sexual activity with an infected person, an individual can contract the bacterial infection syphilis. This paper aims to analyze syphilis infectious disease.
The E-Cigarettes Impact on Respiratory Diseases Scientific studies prove that e-cigarettes impede the smoker’s immune system leading to increased levels of pneumonia and respiratory disease.
Heart Disease and Its Causes: Stroke Statistics According to a study published in the American Journal of Nursing, the leading cause of heart disease is lifestyle choices.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes and Symptoms Alzheimer’s disease is considered to be one of the most common causes of the development of dementia. Currently, there is no treatment that can cure the disorder.
Heart Diseases in the United States Cardiovascular diseases lead as causes of death worldwide, and they are credited with 10% of overall deaths, with 85% of these occurring in low-income countries.
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Disease This paper discusses the most common type of lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which affects the lymphatic system and can cause tumors in various parts of the body.
The Causes of the Spread of Disease in Hinckley Water contamination with hexavalent chlorine spread in local reservoirs due to unwise PG&E activities to protect gas pipes from corrosion.
Sex Chromosomes’ Impact on Metabolic Diseases Sex chromosomes should not only be associated with genetic illnesses because their impact is more profound, and metabolic diseases are responsible for a high percentage of deaths.
Care Services for Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease The growing number of Alzheimer’s cases requires the addition of new updated requirements to nursing care centers.
Epidemiology of Deadliest Diseases in History Deadly diseases continue to affect whole communities to this day. Such diseases as AIDS still do not have an effective cure, and some countries have many cases.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Mitochondrial Dysfunction Alzheimer’s is a mitochondrial dysfunction that affects the nervous system and the rest of the body. The disorder slowly and steadily destroys thinking and memory skills.
The Impact of Alzheimer’s Disease on Relationships “Understanding how your relationship may change” provides a clear picture of the potential impact of Alzheimer’s disease on family and personal relationships.
Alzheimer’s Disease: The Challenges Imposed on Family Members Specific strategies can be implemented to reduce the negative impact of Alzheimer’s dementia on families and relatives.
Patient Navigation Initiative in Care Coordination for Chronic Diseases The Patient Navigator Outreach and Chronic Disease Prevention Act of 2005 is legislation that curbs variability in the quality of healthcare delivery affecting vulnerable groups.
Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis as Treatment for End Stage Renal Diseases Recent studies in the field of the pathogenesis of chronic renal failure show that there is a wide multitude of factors influencing the outcomes of the treatment.
Parkinson’s Disease: Description, Causes, and Symptoms Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prominent neurodegenerative complications, primarily affecting the individual’s motor system.
Lewy Body Disease in Aging Patients With Dementia
Heart Failure as Dangerous Heart Disease
Tuberculosis as an Infectious Disease
Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative
Vitamin 12 and Its Deficiency and Excess Diseases
Chronic Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Rural America
Acromegaly: Disease Prognosis and Treatment
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Tasks and Aims
Sickle Cell Disease: Background, Issues & Effects
Aspects of Glycogen Storage Diseases
Association Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Small Vessel Disease
Obesity and How It Can Cause Chronic Diseases
Physical Wellness to Prevent Obesity Heart Diseases
Sickle Cell Anemia as a Gene Mutation Disease
Literature Review: COVID-19 and Eye Diseases
Ethical Dilemma of Patient’s Disease Awareness
Lymphedema as a Lymphatic System Disease
Mobile Health Technologies for Diagnosing Diseases and Their Treatment
Career Burnout in Nurses Serving Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Effect of Weight on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Each BMI Range
Organelles Disease and Its Consequences on Human Health
Infectious Disease Prevention in the Orlando, FL
Cardiovascular Disease: Study Analysis
Osteoporosis: The Metabolic Bone Disease
Thyroid Disease as Chronic Complex Endocrine Condition
Strategies to Control Disease Incidence
Screening Tools for Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
Marketing to Promote Parkinson’s Disease Studies
Traveling With Congestive Heart Failure Disease
Disease in Vaccinated Populations
Nutritional Therapy and the Management of Cardiovascular Disease
Measures of Disease Frequency: Zika Virus
The Treatment of the Patient with Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Epidemiologic Methods in Infectious Diseases Study
Multiple Myeloma. Disease Analysis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Recovery Plan
Overview of African Americans’ Genetic Diseases
Child Health and Communicable Disease
Genes and Epigenetic Regulation of Learning and Memory, Addiction, and Parkinson’s Disease
Diseases and Their Risk Factors
Women and Heart Disease: Knowledge, Worry, and Motivation
Schizophrenia as Dangerous Mental Disease
Tuberculosis: Control of Non-Endemic Communicable Diseases
HIV Disease’s and Kaposi Sarcoma’s Relationship
Communication Between Sadness and Disease in the Elderly
Public Health Nursing: Alzheimer’s Disease
Epidemiologic Methods in the Study of Infectious Diseases
Disease Outbreaks: Toxicity of Fatty Acid Profiles
An Analysis of the Health Conditions of the Patient with Alzheimer’s Disease
Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Self-Management Behaviors
Disease Emergence in Multi-Patch Stochastic Epidemic Models
Evaluating Electronic Disease Surveillance Systems
Epistemology of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
Cardiovascular Disease Etiology and Prevention
Cocaine Addiction and Parkinson Disease
Disease and Circulatory System Correlation Analysis
Epidemiology and Prevention Policy for Non-Communicable Diseases
Covid-19 as an Emerging Infectious Disease
Heart Disease Is a Silent Killer
Role of Nurses in Preventing the Spread of Diseases and COVID-19
Analyzing Disease Frequency What Impact on Mortality
Hispanic or Latino Populations of the USA: Health Status and Promotion and Disease Prevention
Sexually Transmitted Disease: Chlamydia Trachomatis
Lysosomes and Krabbe Disease: Overview
Effects of Parkinson’s Disease on Victims and Family
Sickle Cell Disease: Symptoms
Cardiac Disease During Pregnancy
Management and Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Change of Lifestyle
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Review
Autoimmune Disease: Sarcoidosis
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Seasonal Influenza Program
Heart Disease: An Epidemiological Problem in the U.S.
Peritonitis: Description of the Disease and Treatment
Analysis of a Preventing Chronic Disease
Addison’s Disease: Symptoms and Effects
The Spectrum of Infectious Diseases
A Preliminary Care Coordination Plan: Alzheimer’s Disease
Preventing Iodine Deficiency Disease in China
Communicable Disease Control in Emergencies
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overview: Diagnosis, Treatment, Care, and Condition
Life Stories of Older Adults With Sickle Cell Disease
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Strategies for Access to Care
Lyme Disease in Children. The Lyme Disease Bacterium
Managing Communicable Disease in the Complexities of a Humanitarian Emergency
Mental Health Diseases: Diagnostic Assessment
Disease Management and Its Relevance to the Managed Care System
Parkinson’s Disease and Toxoplasma Gondii Correlation
Sexually Transmitted Disease: Public Health Campaign
Alzheimer’s Disease as a Neurological Disease
Genetics and Public Health: Disease Control and Prevention
Leprosy (Hansen’s) Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
Identification, Control and Prevention of Mesothelioma Disease in the UK
The Prevalence and Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases Among Hispanics
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Key Points
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism in Terms of Disease Prevention
Infectious Disease: The CDC’s Malaria Program
Disease Processes. Traumatic Brain Injury
Effectiveness of Pharmacotherapeutics for Patients With Psychosocial Diseases
Specific Disease Condition of Women Life Span
Brain Disease: Bipolar Disorder
Predicting Disease Occurrence With Statistical Model
Improving Disease Surveillance in Developing Countries
Integrated Concepts of Disease Management
Child’s Auto Immunological Diseases
Reproductive Diseases and Disorders
Degenerative Diseases: Alzheimer’s Disease – Causes and Treatment
Alzheimer’s Disease: Overview and Analysis
Sexually Transmitted Disease Overview
The Importance of Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease
Mental Diseases and Violent Offenders
Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease: Correlation
Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence in South Florida
Researching the Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes and Symptoms
Gene Modification: Means of Disease Prevention
Chronic Kidney Disease: Medical Analysis
Quality Metrics for Chronic Disease Management
Alzheimer Disease: Causes and Treatment
Health Promotion Project for Chronic Diabetic Kidney Disease
The Link Between Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease
Public Health Campaign on Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Teenagers
The Cardiovascular Disease: Crucial Issues
Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluating Intervention Plan
Alzheimer’s Disease: Study Instruments
Universal Healthcare for Chronic Respiratory Diseases from Economic Perspective
Heart Disease: Types, Risk Factors, Symptoms and Treatment
Fever, Cold, or Pfeiffer’s Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease: Conditions
Heart Disease’s Fundamental Pathophysiologic Mechanism
Economics of End-Stage Renal Disease
Effects of Nutrition on Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Control
Chronic Kidney Disease: Causes and Treatment
Defining The Harm of Alcoholism Disease
Universal Healthcare for Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Barriers and Supports
Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Blood Sickle Cell Disease: Etiology and Treatment
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Symptoms, Treatment
Cesarean Section and Immune Function Disease
Chronic Disease Prevention: Program’s Effectiveness
Crohn’s Disease: Symptoms and Treatment
Coronary Artery Disease: Prevalence of Risk Factors in African American Society
Alzheimer’s Disease – Diagnostic Picture and Treatment
Arteriosclerosis in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases
The Herniated Disk Disease: Causes and Treatment
Limitations and Solutions Related to Diseases
Vitamins E and C in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Men
The Prevalence of Fiber-Implicated Diseases
Lupus Disease: The Causes, Symptoms, and Types
Cholera: Overview of the Affected Population and Description of the Disease
Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease: Symptoms and Treatment
Radiation Effect and Human Disease Correlation
Huntington’s Chorea Disease: Genetics, Symptoms, and Treatment
A List of Blood Diseases and Their Overview
Chronic Kidney Disease: Program Planning Project
Epidemiology. Tuberculosis as Communicable Disease
Registries as the Tools in Improving Disease Treatment: An Overview
A Connection Between Chronic Degenerative Diseases
Alzheimer’s Disease and Recent Study Findings
Transcranial Doppler in Sickle Cell Disease
Genetics: Gaucher Disease Type 1
Chronic Disease: Occupational Health Promotion Interventions for Individuals at Risk
New Technology in Diagnosing Respiratory Diseases
Measles Disease Among Children Comprehensive Study
Analysis of Disease and Caring for the Nguyens
Methamphetamine, the Root Cause of Trauma Disease
Medical History Patient With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Healthcare IT in Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases
Chronic Kidney Disease: the Evaluation Plan
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Symptoms and Causes
About International Classification of Diseases
Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostics: Mr. M.’s Case Evaluation
The Alzheimer’s Disease: Key Issues
The Use of Medical Marijuana in the Fight Against Various Diseases
The Alzheimer’s Disease: Basic Facts
Aspects of Sickle Cell Disease
The Disease of Breast Cancer: Definition and Treatment
Risk of Heart Disease in Obese Individuals
Health Promotion: Disease Control and Prevention
Binge Drinking May Cause Alzheimer’s Disease
The Disease of Seborrheic Dermatitis
Overview of Alzheimer’s Disease Patient Education
Epidemiology. Disease Burden in Miami-Dade County
Chronic Renal Disease: Treatment and Management
Crohn’s Disease: A Patient Education Plan
Health Promotion: Coronary Heart Disease Prevention
The Parkinson’s Disease Process of Diagnosis
Survey on Non-Infectious and Blood-Borne Diseases
Stigma Associated With Disease
Universal Healthcare: Chronic Respiratory Diseases Management
Researching the Issue of Tuberculosis Disease in the World
Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Heart Disease
Multifactorial Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
Disease Management: Therapeutic Education Research
Encouraging Alternative Medicinal Solutions to Diseases Before Attempting Conventional Treatments
On the Influence of the Disease on the Personality
Alzheimer’s Disease: Symptoms, Prevalence, Treatment
Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Discussion Board Post on the Huntington’s Disease
Assignment on Cardiovascular Disease
Mental Disorders in the US: Alzheimer’s Disease
Cardiovascular Disease and Framingham Global Risk Model
Disease Pathology, Management, and Pharmacological Impact for Tularemia and Hantavirus
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StudyCorgi . "555 Disease Research Topics & Disease Project Ideas." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/disease-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "555 Disease Research Topics & Disease Project Ideas." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/disease-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Disease were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 8, 2024 .

Epidemiology Research Essay: A Guide with Steps, Insights, & Tips

As a nursing student, one of the best pieces of advice you will get is to learn how to write an epidemiology essay. Although not so challenging, an epidemiology class can easily fall within challenging nursing school classes . We are here to change that narrative. Epidemiology is the scientific study of the distribution and determinants of disease and health-related events in a specific population. While these essays or research papers seem challenging at first, you will be on your way to getting a top grade on your paper once you get the hang of it. The following guide will exhaustively explore all the steps you need to write a high-quality paper.

Steps for Writing an Epidemiology Essay

In nursing or med school, you will be assigned to write an essay about a specific disease either of your choice or one that your professor or instructor specifies. Instead of panicking, weâ€™ve compiled this step-by-step guide to writing an epidemiology research essay to help you write a paper that meets the rubric requirements. Our epidemiology essay writers find the entire process thrilling and rewarding, albeit tiresome. Having gone through the process endless times, we have mastered all it takes to write a perfect epidemiology research essay, and here are the steps:

1. Pick a Topic (Disease)

Sometimes professors will ask students to choose a topic for their epidemiology paper. While this is exciting, it can become challenging because there are tons of epidemiology topics available, and you may need help to pick the right one. To make things easier, you must be clear about the topic.

First, you need to understand what epidemiology entails. Consider any topic that covers health risks for people due to genetics and environmental conditions. Make sure you pick an interesting topic that can lead to powerful results.

2. Conduct the Research

You must have all the suitable material to write a compelling epidemiology essay. If your instructor still needs to give you materials for your research, start by doing the work yourself. The best places to start include organizations such as the CDC , WHO , PubMed , NIH , NHS , etc. You need to gather as much information as possible so that all the information flows well when you start writing.

3. Come Up with an Outline for Your Essay

To write a well-structured essay, you need to have a relevant outline. An outline will help organize your thoughts, which helps in creating a well-balanced paper. An example of an outline for an epidemiology essay would be like this:

Introduction

Disease Description
Social Determinants of Health
Epidemiologic Triangle
Community Health Nurse
National Agency or Organization Helping Out
Global Implication

Related Reading: Get over the embarrassment when you repeat a class .

This section introduces your topic, background data, and research details. If you are writing a paper about a disease like HIV/AIDS, share how it has affected people worldwide and briefly state how it is spread. Then show the aim of your essay. For instance, you can say: â€œ The following paper will provide a compelling overview of what HIV/AIDS is, including the social determinants leading to its progression.

Simultaneously, the essay will provide the epidemiological triangle showing how the disease is spread, the actions taken by the community health nurse, and the contribution made by the different government agenciesâ€¦etc.â€

Describe the Chosen Disease

Now that you have decided which disease to write about, it is time to describe it. The definition of the disease should be as straightforward as possible. Also, please provide what you think are the possible causes, common symptoms, how it is transmitted, complications, and treatment.

Moreover, include a demographic of interest (incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality). Incidence refers to the measure of disease that makes it possible to determine the probability of a person being diagnosed with a particular disease in a given period. For instance, if five women are diagnosed with HIV from a group of 200 women (HIV-free) for a year, then the incidence of HIV will be 0.025.

Prevalence is the measure of a disease that makes it easy to determine a person's likelihood of getting a disease. In other words, prevalence is the total number of disease cases in a given population.

Morbidity is simply another name for a disease. A patient can have several morbidities. These can range from heart disease to cancer and so much more. Mortality is also referred to as death. The mortality rate is the number of deaths caused by a disease.

Still, in this section, say whether the disease is reportable. If it is, provide details such as when it is reported and to whom.

Write Down the Social Determinants of the Disease

Social determinants are non-medical causes that influence the outcome of a disease. These conditions influence health outcomes, including stigma, poverty, lack of education, access to quality healthcare, etc. As you list them, show how they lead to the development of a disease.

This section is crucial, as it will help understand where the disease is coming from and those likely to be impacted. For instance, if you are writing about infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, you can say that poor people or those with proper education are the most likely to get the disease. Some can be lured to engage in sexual activities with promises of money, food, and shelter.

Discuss the Epidemiology Triangle Related to the Disease

As an epidemiologist, it is imperative to understand the process by which a disease spreads is essential. They use a tool to help them understand how this process occurs. This tool is referred to as an epidemiology triangle . In other words, an epidemiology triangle is a simple tool for explaining the organisms that cause disease and the conditions that allow this to happen.

You should be aware that diseases such as HIV/AIDS spread from one person to another. An epidemiology triangle can guide people to understand how disease spreads from one person in a given situation.

This triangle consists of the following:

Causative Agent
Environment

In the same example of HIV/AIDS, the causal agent is HIV. The host is the organism carrying the virus and transmitting it to another person. The environment is the social and economic factors that influence the rate at which the disease spreads.

You should also note whether any considerations are given to schools, communities, or the public. If so, please list them down. Also, mention if these regions are responsible for the spread of the disease through inappropriate behavior or practices. Show how all these people can benefit from measures that will keep them safe. These measures could be things like education, posters, and pamphlets.

Discuss the Role of Community Health Nurses

A community health nurse is responsible for encouraging healthy living, preventing diseases, and providing medical treatment. Research their role in case finding, reporting, data collection, data analysis, and follow-ups, and include them in your essay.

Additionally, say why the demographic data is essential. Demographic data encompasses all aspects of a population. This data helps in providing greater accountability and treatment measures. When done correctly, this data can help treat people of different ethnic backgrounds, gender, and age difference. These people can be treated with the correct data by considering specific demographic factors.

Point Out the Organization that Organization Helping Out

If an organization (s) addresses the disease you are discussing, please mention it. Also, mention the measures they have in place to resolve or combat the impact of the disease.

For instance, say how governments are actively involved in helping to find solutions to a particular disease. Include measures put in place by governments to support these organizations and society in general. You can list government-funded institutions that conduct studies to solve health problems.

What are the Global Implications?

List down the implications for the disease in question. What is the mortality rate? Have there been any economic damages or social or psychological impacts? How do different countries address these impacts? Has it affected different cultures? Is the particular disease endemic? All these questions are essential and must be addressed in the paper. For instance, if you are writing epidemiology of HIV, you can say the implications are;

HIV affects people in every country, thus resulting in governments and healthcare institutions prioritizing it. Researchers in every country have been engaged internationally to study and find ideas to help manage the disease.

In this section, write down the summary of your paper. Say what the epidemiology has discovered about the disease in question. Also, add what government agencies and international communities should do to solve the health problem.

Remember that this is a concluding paragraph and should be a summary of what you have written. Refrain from introducing any new points or ideas.

This section provides detailed information about all the materials you used in your epidemiology paper. Write this section in a separate paper and ensure you follow the same formatting style.

How to Format Your Epidemiology Paper

When writing your epidemiology essay, your paper should have the following sections: title page, introduction, body, conclusion, and references when writing in APA format

Title of 10-12 words reflecting the content of your essay, formatted in APA, AMA, or Harvard referencing styles.
Write and double-space the title, your name, and the name of the college
Create a page header and include the running head, which should be in capital letters.
The topic of the essay.

The purpose of an introduction paragraph is to provide the reader with a clear picture of what the body will be about.

A good introduction should summarize, incorporate and evaluate the collected data in a way that will set the stage for the body of the essay. It should also have the thesis statement of your paper, which is the main idea or argument in your entire paper.

If you want the readers drawn to reading your epidemiology paper, ensure that you have a catchy or thought-provoking hook statement or attention grabber.

Ensure there is also a logical flow of ideas to avoid confusing your readers. You can also signpost ideas so that the readers have a clear roadmap of the paper right from the start.

Related: Tips for writing an outstanding nursing class essay.

This is the longest and most important part of your essay. It contains all the main ideas and points you are trying to convey. This is where you guide the reader through all ideas, arguments, and points supporting your research topics. You must explain all of them in detail.

Related: How to formulate a PICOT Question or statement .

Use the insert page breaker feature in Microsoft Word to begin a new page when setting up your reference paper. Remember that the header and margins are similar to that of the body, and the pagination will continue from the body of your essay. The header and page number will also appear correctly in the reference section if the paper is set correctly.

To format your entries, include the following:

Author(s) name
The year and date(where applicable)
The source's full title
If it is a book, write the city where it was published.
If it is articles or essays, write down the name of the books where they appear.
Write the volume, issue number, and the page where you sourced the article.
Write the URL of the source if it is from the Web.

Other rules to keep in mind for APA format:

Your assignment must be printed on 8Â½-by-11-inch
Leave a 1-inch margin on each side
Make sure there are page numbers

Tips for Writing a Compelling Epidemiology Essay

Nursing epidemiology essays, just like other academic writing, must meet specific criteria to be A+ level. Follow these tips to avoid mistakes that could cost you a higher grade.

Avoid using Colloquialisms; this is an academic paper and needs to be written with some level of professionalism.
Make sure you revise the essay. Revising entails paying attention to the little things you missed while writing the essay. It involves checking the word choice to ensure clarity. Try to avoid the use of passive voice and use active voice instead. In addition, use online tools to edit your work.
This is the final polishing technique after revisions. It involves checking formatting issues, misspellings, punctuation, and any other mistakes you might have missed.
Read your work aloud to pick out any errors you might have missed. Remove all unnecessary words and repetition.
Make sure your work is precise and to the point. Consider checking that every sentence, word, or phrase makes sense.
Even when grammatically correct, long sentences can muddle the intended meaning, so avoid them.
If you are asked to make a concept map for your epidemiology paper, ensure that you develop a well-labeled, refined, and illustrative nursing concept map .

Writing an epidemiology essay as a nursing student can be challenging at first. However, once you have all the correct information and steps with you, it will be a smooth ride. Ensure you understand the topic and have all the right data before writing. With this in place, you can follow the above steps to perfect your paper. Also, revise and proofread your work to meet the required standards.

Related Reading: The cost of getting your paper done at NurseMyGrade .

Are you stuck with an epidemiology essay or paper? Do you need someone to pay to do your epidemiology essay? We can help. Our established nursing and medical writers at NurseMyGrade have a wealth of knowledge in writing epidemiology papers. It does not matter whether it is tough or challenging; they always get it right. The good thing, they use scholarly peer-reviewed nursing journals that are country specific. So, if you are an Australian nursing or med student, they will only use relevant Australian-based peer-reviewed journals. The same applies to our clients from Canada, the USA, or the UK.

We write 100% original, non-AI generated, and well-polished papers that can serve as excellent references for inspiration when writing your future nursing or med school papers. Trust us today and get top-quality papers. We also handle online classes for nursing students at an affordable fee. Just tell us, â€œ do my online nursing class ,â€ and we will reach out to you and figure out a personalized approach for mutual benefit.

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Spartanburg Community College Library
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RES 111 - Disease Report

7. Write Your Paper

Write Your Paper/Project

Getting started.

Writing Fundamentals from Writer's Reference Center This has links to articles on writing any document, paraphrasing, quotations, writing a thesis statement, outline, body paragraphs, conclusion, and writing about themes, characters, form, symbols, etc.
Choosing a Research Topic and Creating a Thesis This guide from the SCC Library provides students information on how to choose a research topic for an assignment including what makes a good research topic, concept mapping, background research, and narrowing a topic and most importantly information about creating a thesis.
Choosing a Topic (Tutorial) This SCC Library tutorial will walk you through how to choose an appropriate topic for a research assignment and help you turn your research topic into a thesis statement.

APA Formatting for Papers

If you're using MLA Format for your paper - see our MLA Guide

Formatting Your Title Page and Paper-APA This guide from SCC Library provides you instructions in MS Word on how to format the title page and paper in APA for student papers.
Formatting Your Reference Page-APA This guide from SCC Library provides you instructions in MS Word for formatting references page correctly including proper font and hanging in-dent.
Sample Paper in APA Format This sample paper shows how an APA paper should look.

Incorporating Sources into a Research Project & Avoiding Plagiarism

Organizing Your Research This guide from the SCC Library provides information on creating research note cards, source tables, and research outlines to help organize your sources so that you can incorporate them into your paper.
Incorporating Sources into a Research Project This guide from the SCC Library provides resources on how to properly include sources in a research project without plagiarism, whether through good note-taking, following the research process, or using direct quotations, paraphrasing, or summarizing, etc.
How to Paraphrase: Avoid Plagiarism in Research Papers with Paraphrases & Quotations (3 min. video) This video explains how to paraphrase information correctly to avoid plagiarism.
English Composition I: The Writer's Circle, Lesson 9, Part 4, Integrating Research (Video) This video talk about citing sources to avoid plagiarizing. (1 min)

Additional Resources

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) This site contains resources for writing, research, grammar, mechanics, and style guides (MLA & APA).

The Learning Center (TLC)

Free live online tutoring and writing help, available 24/7 - TutorMe (accessed through D2L).
Visit the TLC in-person at Giles or other campuses. Visit the TLC Portal Page (SCC Log in Required) for hours and English and Computer tutor availability.
Email your paper/project to them at [email protected] . They offer a 48 hour turn-around on papers (excluding weekends and holidays), and ask that you send a copy of the assignment as well. The paper needs to be Microsoft Word format (don't share a copy of your OneDrive/cloud account), and please include your due date and SCC college ID number in the email.

Visit the The Learning Center located in the P. Dan Hull Building, rooms E2, E5, E6. See TLC Portal Page (SCC log in required) for additional locations. Contact The Learning Center for more information .

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Andrei V. Alexandrov; How to Write a Research Paper. Cerebrovasc Dis 1 August 2004; 18 (2): 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1159/000079266

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Background: Busy strokologists often find little time for scientific writing. They sometimes develop a mental condition equivalent to that known by neurologists as writer’s cramp. It may result in permanent damage to academic career. This paper provides advice how to prevent or treat this condition. Methods: Prepare your manuscript following the IMRaD principle (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion), with every part supporting the key message. When writing, be concise. Clearly state your methods here, while data belong to Results. Successful submissions combine quality new data or new thinking with lucid presentation. Results: Provide data that answer the research question. Describe here most important numeric data and statistics, keeping in mind that the shorter you can present them, the better. The scientific community screens abstracts to decide which full text papers to read. Make your point with data, not arguments. Conclusions: Conclusions have to be based on the present study findings. The time of lengthy and unfounded speculations is over. A simple message in a clearly written manuscript will get noticed and may advance our understanding of stroke.

By now you probably wrote an abstract and submitted it to a stroke conference. Your mentor reminds you several times to start drafting a paper, and you have no idea where to start. As a simple trick, copy and paste your abstract so that Background becomes your introduction. For the rest, follow the IMRaD principle: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion [ 1, 2, 3 ]. Think what ‘take home message’ you’d like to deliver and to whom. The title sells the paper.

‘Busy strokologists often find little time ... to treat this condition’: this introduction concisely describes the study hypothesis, rationale, purpose, and objectives. A three-paragraph introduction is plenty for most topics. Expand with facts from papers previously published by others, among whom you may occasionally find your mentor. Do a thorough literature search for earlier sources dealing with your subject [ 4, 5, 6 ]. Tell here what is known in the field. You do not need to refer to every paper ever written on this topic. Select key references and remember that for publishing purposes, less is better than more. Consult your mentor as often as possible – he is the senior author after all.

The third paragraph should state the research question [ 7 ]. You may take an original paper already published in Cerebrovascular Diseases to use as a template. Formulate the research question clearly since data presentation should provide equally clear answers.

The first author drafts the manuscript and determines co-authors [ 8 ]. Although general guidelines are available [ 8 ], the reality often demands seeking advice from your mentor. Inappropriate inclusion of authors will decrease the likelihood of manuscript acceptance.

Describe subject selection criteria and data collection tools. Make this description detailed enough so that if someone wants to repeat the study, it will be possible. If new imaging technology was used, tell how and by whom these tests were validated. Avoid presenting actual data in this section: ‘Study subjects were recruited from 1,215 patients admitted to our stroke unit from August 1999 through August 2002’. Instead say: ‘Study subjects were recruited from consecutive patients admitted to our stroke unit. Inclusion criteria were ...’. Methods may disclose power calculations, estimated sample size, and stopping rules.

Provide additional evidence that would increase confidence in the reliability of your methods. Control for biases, validation of research tools, ‘blinding’ of observers – all of these facts, if established before the study initiation, will strengthen the manuscript. Describe in detail the outcome models or dependent variables. For clinical outcomes or surrogate markers, reference a pivotal trial or study that established their relevance.

Documentation of protection of research subjects is essential. Clearly state if a local ethics committee approved your study. This ensures patients or animal rights protection, particularly if experiments were performed. The author also needs to disclose funding sources and potential for commercial bias such as connections with the pharmaceutical industry. Data safety monitoring, independent data acquisition and analysis during clinical trials and appropriate overseeing committees should be mentioned if applicable.

Major scientific journals currently accept less than 25% of submitted manuscripts. If rejected, it does not necessarily mean your manuscript is poor. Rejection means that reviewers did not give it a high enough priority. You should not be too disappointed because, after all, you got very good advice how to improve your manuscript. Follow reviewers’ suggestions and you increase the likelihood that another esteemed journal will accept it. The most important factors for publication are the quality, novelty, reliability and scientific or clinical importance of your work. A manuscript should disclose new information or a new way of thinking about old information. If not, it will not be published – regardless of how well it is written. Avoid redundant or duplicate publications since these should not be published. Scientific publishing is extremely competitive, and chances are that by the time you conceived the project, 10 other groups were already doing it and 5 others have already published it. Stay on top of current literature and know the limitations of research done by others.

The last paragraph of this section should describe tools of statistical analysis appropriate to study design. Consult a statistician before embarking on a project, work with a statistician to analyze and interpret the data, and have a statistician reviewing the whole manuscript for clarity of statistical analysis and data presentation.

Your results are the most important part of the manuscript. Present them clearly by avoiding long and confusing sentences. The shorter you can present your data in tables and figures, the better. Remain focused and disciplined. The flurry of numbers and ‘p’ values should follow simple logics. Start by describing your study subjects, use actual numbers for study demographics. Avoid opening sentences like: ‘Table 1 summarizes our findings in sub-group C’. This makes reviewers frustrated since they have to flip back and forth through pages to understand what was done to study subjects.

Make data presentation so clear and simple that a tired person riding late on an airplane can take your manuscript and get the message at first reading. Very few people can write a perfect manuscript on the first draft. Return to the draft, read it, change cumbersome parts, read other papers and change the draft again, and again, and again. I still do it before I give the manuscript to my co-authors. But do not hold it for too long. Remember, ‘10 other groups ...’.

Present results to colleagues since they would likely ask for more data or analyses. Most likely the reviewers of any esteemed journal would do the same, so include data in the first draft of your manuscript. The internal review is helpful to determine sufficient data to answer the research question.

Most importantly, provide data relevant to the research question. Observations beyond the primary research question can be included in the manuscript, if they strengthen your case. Remember to stay in focus. If you get lost from the aim of the study, so will be reviewers. Prestigious journals have a strict word limit for papers they accept. You need all this space to deliver the key message, so do not mess around but concentrate on the essential. Packing manuscript with data is better than splitting the paper into separate small ones.

Mention a statistical test that generated specific ‘p’ values or coefficients. Show absolute numbers as well as percentages so that reviewers can judge the significance of your observations. Remember that statistical difference does not necessarily translate into clinical significance.

Make your point with data, not arguments.

This section should start with: ‘Our study showed ...’ to lucidly summarize your study findings. Discussion is often the weakest part of the manuscript. Do not repeat the introduction. Do not present any new data that were not shown in the results section and avoid repeating data presentation. There is no reason to underline how terrific your results are – let them speak for themselves.

The second paragraph may describe the novelty of your findings or if they parallel previous research. Remember, only the beginners try to refer to all published papers in the field. No esteemed journal can afford the space needed for this. A skillful selection of the most pertinent references demonstrates a command of the relevant literature. Confirmatory research makes passing the review process more difficult. Arbitrarily, the ratio of abstracts to original papers in curriculum vitae should be less than 3 to 1. If there are too many abstracts, you either have writer’s cramp or the quality of your research is insufficient for publication.

The third paragraph may describe how your study contradicts previous research or established dogmas. If there was disagreement about study interpretation by co-authors, mention different conclusions drawn from your results or other studies [ 9, 10 ]. Avoid general statements that are not founded in data. Do not provide your opinion how to solve a problem that was not directly evaluated in your study. Do not write a review of all possible mechanisms that you have not accounted for in your study. You can write a short but to-the-point Discussion.

The fourth paragraph should describe study limitations. If you do not discuss study weaknesses, the reviewers will. Study limitations may be contrasted with study strengths. This part may also mention unresolved questions and direction of future research.

The concluding paragraph can summarize the potential significance of your findings and what changes to research or clinical practice your data may support. This is a critical part since it is easy to overestimate the significance of your research. Avoid broad claims and strong statements. Remember that even pioneer break-through studies require independent confirmation. Publication in a peer-reviewed journal means completion of your project and dissemination of research results [ 11, 12 ].

Clinicians need to develop skills in scientific writing. If you make a significant observation, a proper and fast scientific communication is required [ 12 ]. Improving your scientific writing is a life-long process. If and when your papers are rejected, remember that most manuscripts face the same fate. Avoid choosing an inappropriate journal for your manuscript submission. Common reasons for rejection include inappropriate or incomplete statistics; over-interpretation of results; inappropriate or sub-optimal instrumentation; a sample too small or biased; difficult-to-follow writing; insufficient problem statement; inaccuracy or inconsistency of the data reported; incomplete, inaccurate, or outdated review of the literature; insufficient data presented, and defective tables or figures [ 13, 14, 15 ]. When reading criticism, learn from your mistakes or the advice given to you. While wrestling with reviewers, you will become a better scientific writer but also a better, more critical scientist. In the long run this will make a major difference to your academic career, and probably will also improve your patient care. Most likely, your way of writing will become more evidence based.

An anonymous and probably frustrated academician once said: ‘Publish or perish!’. This brutally honest statement should motivate you to learn yet another set of useful skills. Good luck!

The author is not a native English speaker. I am indebted to John Norris, MD, FRCP, for – among many things during fellowship training – his patience with my ‘a’s and ‘the’s, and the first lessons in study design, analysis, and presentation. The infamous ‘Norris Rules’ that he taught his fellows are partly reflected in this paper.

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Research Papers

How to Write a Medical Research Paper

Last Updated: February 5, 2024 Approved

This article was co-authored by Chris M. Matsko, MD . Dr. Chris M. Matsko is a retired physician based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. With over 25 years of medical research experience, Dr. Matsko was awarded the Pittsburgh Cornell University Leadership Award for Excellence. He holds a BS in Nutritional Science from Cornell University and an MD from the Temple University School of Medicine in 2007. Dr. Matsko earned a Research Writing Certification from the American Medical Writers Association (AMWA) in 2016 and a Medical Writing & Editing Certification from the University of Chicago in 2017. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. In this case, 89% of readers who voted found the article helpful, earning it our reader-approved status. This article has been viewed 202,721 times.

Writing a medical research paper is similar to writing other research papers in that you want to use reliable sources, write in a clear and organized style, and offer a strong argument for all conclusions you present. In some cases the research you discuss will be data you have actually collected to answer your research questions. Understanding proper formatting, citations, and style will help you write and informative and respected paper.

Researching Your Paper

Pick something that really interests you to make the research more fun.
Choose a topic that has unanswered questions and propose solutions.

Step 2 Determine what kind of research paper you are going to write.

Quantitative studies consist of original research performed by the writer. These research papers will need to include sections like Hypothesis (or Research Question), Previous Findings, Method, Limitations, Results, Discussion, and Application.
Synthesis papers review the research already published and analyze it. They find weaknesses and strengths in the research, apply it to a specific situation, and then indicate a direction for future research.

Keep track of your sources. Write down all publication information necessary for citation: author, title of article, title of book or journal, publisher, edition, date published, volume number, issue number, page number, and anything else pertaining to your source. A program like Endnote can help you keep track of your sources.
Take detailed notes as you read. Paraphrase information in your own words or if you copy directly from the article or book, indicate that these are direct quotes by using quotation marks to prevent plagiarism.
Be sure to keep all of your notes with the correct source.
Your professor and librarians can also help you find good resources.

Keep all of your notes in a physical folder or in a digitized form on the computer.
Start to form the basic outline of your paper using the notes you have collected.

Writing Your Paper

Start with bullet points and then add in notes you've taken from references that support your ideas. [1] X Trustworthy Source PubMed Central Journal archive from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Go to source
A common way to format research papers is to follow the IMRAD format. This dictates the structure of your paper in the following order: I ntroduction, M ethods, R esults, a nd D iscussion. [2] X Research source
The outline is just the basic structure of your paper. Don't worry if you have to rearrange a few times to get it right.
Ask others to look over your outline and get feedback on the organization.
Know the audience you are writing for and adjust your style accordingly. [3] X Research source

Use a standard font type and size, such as Times New Roman 12 point font.
Double-space your paper.
If necessary, create a cover page. Most schools require a cover page of some sort. Include your main title, running title (often a shortened version of your main title), author's name, course name, and semester.

Break up information into sections and subsections and address one main point per section.
Include any figures or data tables that support your main ideas.
For a quantitative study, state the methods used to obtain results.

Step 4 Write the conclusion and discussion.

Clearly state and summarize the main points of your research paper.
Discuss how this research contributes to the field and why it is important. [4] X Research source
Highlight potential applications of the theory if appropriate.
Propose future directions that build upon the research you have presented. [5] X Research source
Keep the introduction and discussion short, and spend more time explaining the methods and results.

State why the problem is important to address.
Discuss what is currently known and what is lacking in the field.
State the objective of your paper.
Keep the introduction short.

Highlight the purpose of the paper and the main conclusions.
State why your conclusions are important.
Be concise in your summary of the paper.
Show that you have a solid study design and a high-quality data set.
Abstracts are usually one paragraph and between 250 – 500 words.

Unless otherwise directed, use the American Medical Association (AMA) style guide to properly format citations.
Add citations at end of a sentence to indicate that you are using someone else's idea. Use these throughout your research paper as needed. They include the author's last name, year of publication, and page number.
Compile your reference list and add it to the end of your paper.
Use a citation program if you have access to one to simplify the process.

Continually revise your paper to make sure it is structured in a logical way.
Proofread your paper for spelling and grammatical errors.
Make sure you are following the proper formatting guidelines provided for the paper.
Have others read your paper to proofread and check for clarity. Revise as needed.

Expert Q&A

Ask your professor for help if you are stuck or confused about any part of your research paper. They are familiar with the style and structure of papers and can provide you with more resources. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
Refer to your professor's specific guidelines. Some instructors modify parts of a research paper to better fit their assignment. Others may request supplementary details, such as a synopsis for your research project . Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
Set aside blocks of time specifically for writing each day. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

Do not plagiarize. Plagiarism is using someone else's work, words, or ideas and presenting them as your own. It is important to cite all sources in your research paper, both through internal citations and on your reference page. Thanks Helpful 4 Not Helpful 2

↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178846/
↑ http://owl.excelsior.edu/research-and-citations/outlining/outlining-imrad/
↑ http://china.elsevier.com/ElsevierDNN/Portals/7/How%20to%20write%20a%20world-class%20paper.pdf
↑ http://intqhc.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/3/191
↑ http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/tools/report/reportform.html#form

About This Article

To write a medical research paper, research your topic thoroughly and compile your data. Next, organize your notes and create a strong outline that breaks up the information into sections and subsections, addressing one main point per section. Write the results and discussion sections first to go over your findings, then write the introduction to state your objective and provide background information. Finally, write the abstract, which concisely summarizes the article by highlighting the main points. For tips on formatting and using citations, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How To Write A Research Paper

Step-By-Step Tutorial With Examples + FREE Template

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewer: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | March 2024

For many students, crafting a strong research paper from scratch can feel like a daunting task – and rightly so! In this post, we’ll unpack what a research paper is, what it needs to do , and how to write one – in three easy steps. 🙂

Overview: Writing A Research Paper

What (exactly) is a research paper.

How to write a research paper
Stage 1 : Topic & literature search
Stage 2 : Structure & outline
Stage 3 : Iterative writing
Key takeaways

Let’s start by asking the most important question, “ What is a research paper? ”.

Simply put, a research paper is a scholarly written work where the writer (that’s you!) answers a specific question (this is called a research question ) through evidence-based arguments . Evidence-based is the keyword here. In other words, a research paper is different from an essay or other writing assignments that draw from the writer’s personal opinions or experiences. With a research paper, it’s all about building your arguments based on evidence (we’ll talk more about that evidence a little later).

Now, it’s worth noting that there are many different types of research papers , including analytical papers (the type I just described), argumentative papers, and interpretative papers. Here, we’ll focus on analytical papers , as these are some of the most common – but if you’re keen to learn about other types of research papers, be sure to check out the rest of the blog .

With that basic foundation laid, let’s get down to business and look at how to write a research paper .

Overview: The 3-Stage Process

While there are, of course, many potential approaches you can take to write a research paper, there are typically three stages to the writing process. So, in this tutorial, we’ll present a straightforward three-step process that we use when working with students at Grad Coach.

These three steps are:

Finding a research topic and reviewing the existing literature
Developing a provisional structure and outline for your paper, and
Writing up your initial draft and then refining it iteratively

Let’s dig into each of these.

Need a helping hand?

Step 1: Find a topic and review the literature

As we mentioned earlier, in a research paper, you, as the researcher, will try to answer a question . More specifically, that’s called a research question , and it sets the direction of your entire paper. What’s important to understand though is that you’ll need to answer that research question with the help of high-quality sources – for example, journal articles, government reports, case studies, and so on. We’ll circle back to this in a minute.

The first stage of the research process is deciding on what your research question will be and then reviewing the existing literature (in other words, past studies and papers) to see what they say about that specific research question. In some cases, your professor may provide you with a predetermined research question (or set of questions). However, in many cases, you’ll need to find your own research question within a certain topic area.

Finding a strong research question hinges on identifying a meaningful research gap – in other words, an area that’s lacking in existing research. There’s a lot to unpack here, so if you wanna learn more, check out the plain-language explainer video below.

Once you’ve figured out which question (or questions) you’ll attempt to answer in your research paper, you’ll need to do a deep dive into the existing literature – this is called a “ literature search ”. Again, there are many ways to go about this, but your most likely starting point will be Google Scholar .

If you’re new to Google Scholar, think of it as Google for the academic world. You can start by simply entering a few different keywords that are relevant to your research question and it will then present a host of articles for you to review. What you want to pay close attention to here is the number of citations for each paper – the more citations a paper has, the more credible it is (generally speaking – there are some exceptions, of course).

Ideally, what you’re looking for are well-cited papers that are highly relevant to your topic. That said, keep in mind that citations are a cumulative metric , so older papers will often have more citations than newer papers – just because they’ve been around for longer. So, don’t fixate on this metric in isolation – relevance and recency are also very important.

Beyond Google Scholar, you’ll also definitely want to check out academic databases and aggregators such as Science Direct, PubMed, JStor and so on. These will often overlap with the results that you find in Google Scholar, but they can also reveal some hidden gems – so, be sure to check them out.

Once you’ve worked your way through all the literature, you’ll want to catalogue all this information in some sort of spreadsheet so that you can easily recall who said what, when and within what context. If you’d like, we’ve got a free literature spreadsheet that helps you do exactly that.

Don’t fixate on an article’s citation count in isolation - relevance (to your research question) and recency are also very important.

Step 2: Develop a structure and outline

With your research question pinned down and your literature digested and catalogued, it’s time to move on to planning your actual research paper .

It might sound obvious, but it’s really important to have some sort of rough outline in place before you start writing your paper. So often, we see students eagerly rushing into the writing phase, only to land up with a disjointed research paper that rambles on in multiple

Now, the secret here is to not get caught up in the fine details . Realistically, all you need at this stage is a bullet-point list that describes (in broad strokes) what you’ll discuss and in what order. It’s also useful to remember that you’re not glued to this outline – in all likelihood, you’ll chop and change some sections once you start writing, and that’s perfectly okay. What’s important is that you have some sort of roadmap in place from the start.

You need to have a rough outline in place before you start writing your paper - or you’ll end up with a disjointed research paper that rambles on.

At this stage you might be wondering, “ But how should I structure my research paper? ”. Well, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution here, but in general, a research paper will consist of a few relatively standardised components:

Introduction
Literature review
Methodology

Let’s take a look at each of these.

First up is the introduction section . As the name suggests, the purpose of the introduction is to set the scene for your research paper. There are usually (at least) four ingredients that go into this section – these are the background to the topic, the research problem and resultant research question , and the justification or rationale. If you’re interested, the video below unpacks the introduction section in more detail.

The next section of your research paper will typically be your literature review . Remember all that literature you worked through earlier? Well, this is where you’ll present your interpretation of all that content . You’ll do this by writing about recent trends, developments, and arguments within the literature – but more specifically, those that are relevant to your research question . The literature review can oftentimes seem a little daunting, even to seasoned researchers, so be sure to check out our extensive collection of literature review content here .

With the introduction and lit review out of the way, the next section of your paper is the research methodology . In a nutshell, the methodology section should describe to your reader what you did (beyond just reviewing the existing literature) to answer your research question. For example, what data did you collect, how did you collect that data, how did you analyse that data and so on? For each choice, you’ll also need to justify why you chose to do it that way, and what the strengths and weaknesses of your approach were.

Now, it’s worth mentioning that for some research papers, this aspect of the project may be a lot simpler . For example, you may only need to draw on secondary sources (in other words, existing data sets). In some cases, you may just be asked to draw your conclusions from the literature search itself (in other words, there may be no data analysis at all). But, if you are required to collect and analyse data, you’ll need to pay a lot of attention to the methodology section. The video below provides an example of what the methodology section might look like.

By this stage of your paper, you will have explained what your research question is, what the existing literature has to say about that question, and how you analysed additional data to try to answer your question. So, the natural next step is to present your analysis of that data . This section is usually called the “results” or “analysis” section and this is where you’ll showcase your findings.

Depending on your school’s requirements, you may need to present and interpret the data in one section – or you might split the presentation and the interpretation into two sections. In the latter case, your “results” section will just describe the data, and the “discussion” is where you’ll interpret that data and explicitly link your analysis back to your research question. If you’re not sure which approach to take, check in with your professor or take a look at past papers to see what the norms are for your programme.

Alright – once you’ve presented and discussed your results, it’s time to wrap it up . This usually takes the form of the “ conclusion ” section. In the conclusion, you’ll need to highlight the key takeaways from your study and close the loop by explicitly answering your research question. Again, the exact requirements here will vary depending on your programme (and you may not even need a conclusion section at all) – so be sure to check with your professor if you’re unsure.

Step 3: Write and refine

Finally, it’s time to get writing. All too often though, students hit a brick wall right about here… So, how do you avoid this happening to you?

Well, there’s a lot to be said when it comes to writing a research paper (or any sort of academic piece), but we’ll share three practical tips to help you get started.

First and foremost , it’s essential to approach your writing as an iterative process. In other words, you need to start with a really messy first draft and then polish it over multiple rounds of editing. Don’t waste your time trying to write a perfect research paper in one go. Instead, take the pressure off yourself by adopting an iterative approach.

Secondly , it’s important to always lean towards critical writing , rather than descriptive writing. What does this mean? Well, at the simplest level, descriptive writing focuses on the “ what ”, while critical writing digs into the “ so what ” – in other words, the implications . If you’re not familiar with these two types of writing, don’t worry! You can find a plain-language explanation here.

Last but not least, you’ll need to get your referencing right. Specifically, you’ll need to provide credible, correctly formatted citations for the statements you make. We see students making referencing mistakes all the time and it costs them dearly. The good news is that you can easily avoid this by using a simple reference manager . If you don’t have one, check out our video about Mendeley, an easy (and free) reference management tool that you can start using today.

Recap: Key Takeaways

We’ve covered a lot of ground here. To recap, the three steps to writing a high-quality research paper are:

To choose a research question and review the literature
To plan your paper structure and draft an outline
To take an iterative approach to writing, focusing on critical writing and strong referencing

Remember, this is just a b ig-picture overview of the research paper development process and there’s a lot more nuance to unpack. So, be sure to grab a copy of our free research paper template to learn more about how to write a research paper.

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Disease Research Paper

View sample disease research paper. Browse research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a health research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates.

Disease is a phenomenon that appears to have struck people globally at all times. However, the conceptions of what disease is have varied with time and place. This research paper gives an overview over various conceptions of disease and highlights what is at stake in the debates on the concept of disease. The core questions for the article are: what is disease and what are the ethical issues entangled in this question?

Academic Writing, Editing, Proofreading, And Problem Solving Services

Get 10% off with 24start discount code, introduction.

Disease is a phenomenon experienced by most people during their lifetime, and it is something most people fear. Disease is a core concept in the health sciences, in philosophy, and in bioethics, but it is difﬁcult to deﬁne. Broadly speaking there are three types of deﬁnitions of disease: descriptivist, normativity, and hybrid deﬁnitions of disease, claiming that disease is given by phenomena described in nature, by human norms, or both nature and human norms, respectively.

The concept of disease is ethically important as it sets standards and limits, e.g., to what a health-care system is supposed to do and who deserves access to certain goods. It also inﬂuences people’s self-conception, their relations to others, their social roles, and their social status. Disease also raises a series of ethical issues, especially related to overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis, undertreatment and overtreatment, medicalization, and just distribution of healthcare resources. This makes disease an important concept with far-reaching implications for individuals, health professionals, health insurers, health policy makers, bioethicists, and politicians.

History And Development

From the interest of understanding and helping people, a wide range of theories and conceptions of disease have emerged. Such theories have altered with time and place. Table 1 gives a brief outline of some theories of disease.

This eagerness to understand disease can make us wonder, why is it so important to understand what disease is? Why is the concept of disease needed? There appear to be many reasons why the concept of disease is important:

Disease implies a right to attention and care, as disease is related to suffering.
Disease (in many countries) implies a right to treatment and is thus of great importance to individuals, health professionals, health-care institutions, health insurers, and health policy makers.
Disease (in many countries) implies exemptions from duties, such as the duty to work or to take care of others (e.g., relatives or friends).
Disease (in many countries) implies a right to economic compensation (e.g., during sick leave) and therefore is important to individuals, employers, insurers, and health policy makers.
Disease may exempt from accountability and moral responsibility (in cases of crime).
Disease is important for individuals to understand their own situation: “I cannot do or be as I would like, because I am diseased.”
Disease is important for individuals to explain situation to themselves and others.
Disease has been important to delimit the tasks of health care from other social tasks and topics.
Disease has been important to classify and organize the tasks of health care, e.g., in taxonomies and hospital departments.
Disease has been important to delineate the subject matter of health-related sciences.

Table 1 . Brief overview of some influential theories of disease throughout the history of medicine

Hence, disease is an important concept with far-reaching implications for individuals, health professionals, health insurers, health policy makers, bioethicists, and politicians. It sets standards, e.g., for how health professionals are educated and how health insurance is regulated, and it sets limits, e.g., who deserves access to certain goods. It also inﬂuences people’s self-conception, their relations to others, their social roles, and their social status (see below).

Conceptual Clarification/Definition

There have been many deﬁnitions of disease, all trying to highlight or clarify the various important aspects of disease given in the list above (Reznek 1987; Humber and Almeder 1997; Caplan et al. 1981; Cooper 2002; Murphy 2008; Ereshefsky 2009). At present, there is little agreement on how to deﬁne disease. The various deﬁnitions can be classiﬁed in descriptivist, normativist, and hybrid deﬁnitions.

Descriptivist positions deﬁne disease in terms of biological or mental phenomena which can be described in nature (Davies 2003). Hence, such deﬁnitions are often also called naturalist deﬁnitions. According to the most referred descriptivist deﬁnition, disease is an internal condition disturbing natural functioning. Hence, if a bodily or mental function is reduced below what is statistically normal, then there is disease. This deﬁnition is oftentimes called “the biostatistical theory of disease,” and it takes into account differences due to gender, age, and species, so that functional differences in such factors do not become diseases (Boorse 1975). That is, a person is not diseased although the person’s heart has reduced functioning at the age of 100 years old compared to the total population. Diseases are kinds that occur in nature, i.e., natural kinds, and they can be classiﬁed on the basis of characteristics that can be described in nature.

According to normativist deﬁnitions, disease is a social convention. Disease is the judgment that someone is harmed in a way that (is decided that) can be explained in terms of bodily or mental conditions or processes. Hence, human norms of harm decide what disease is and not biological or mental phenomena, therefore the name normativist. Accordingly, diseases are not natural kinds, although they may be classiﬁed according to phenomena which are considered to occur in nature. The reason is that the phenomena that is studied and classiﬁed in nature are so classiﬁed because they serve human interests, e.g., helping people. The electrical signals in the heart (measured by ECG) are of relevance for medicine because professionals think that they relate to something harmful that can be avoided. When the troponin level in the blood appears to be better in order to characterize, treat, or prevent disease, e.g., myocardial infarction, professionals (and subsequently laypersons) will pay attention to troponin. Correspondingly, it is because blood pressure is related to something harmful that hypertension is of interest in medicine. According to a normativist conception of disease, the phenomena that are measured and manipulated in medicine are relevant to medicine due to human interests (to understand and to help).

Table 2 . Three levels apparent in reflections on disease

Hybrid deﬁnitions of disease can be placed between descriptivist and normativist deﬁnitions of disease, as they combine elements from both. For example, disease has been deﬁned as harmful dysfunction, where dysfunction is a description of phenomena in nature, while the issue whether it is harmful is a value judgment. Only those deviations from normal functioning that are harmful can be termed disease (Wakeﬁeld 1992).

The debates on the concept of disease are sometimes complex and confusing. One reason for this can be that it is not always clear what is discussed, e.g., because the three levels described in Table 2 are confused.

There are also a wide range of terms related to disease, which sometimes are used synonymously, such as malady, illness, sickness, injury, wound, lesion, defect, deformity, disorder, disability, impairment, deﬁcit, etc. (Culver and Gert 1982). This research paper will not address all these terms but will try to clarify the relationship between some of them below, i.e., disease, illness, and sickness.

The Ethical Dimension Of Disease

Inherent in the debates on the concept of disease, there are a series of ethical issues, such as disease’s inherent imperative to help, over diagnosis, overtreatment, medicalization, and justice. These will be brieﬂy discussed in the following.

The Imperative To Help

The most obvious ethical aspect of disease is the imperative to help persons who suffer from disease. The term disease indicates that there is something that may be eased. Hence, disease calls us to help persons who are diseased in the best possible manner, either from duty (deontology), in order to maximize the total well-being (consequentialism); from the character of the professional (virtue ethics); or from the calling in the sufferer’s face (proximity ethics).

Who Decides What Disease Is?

In clinical practice as well in public debates, there are controversies on whether speciﬁc conditions count as disease. Previously, drapetomania (slaves running away), homosexuality, and dissidence have been counted as disease. Today it is discussed whether obesity, sorrow, baldness, freckles, and caffeine-induced insomnia count as disease. Speciﬁc interest groups may argue that something is a disease, while professionals may be hesitant, or conversely professionals may measure certain biological conditions that are not experienced by persons at all (and may be never will). Correspondingly, society may consider something to be a disease, while persons and professionals disagree. Attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be but one example. Hence, who decides? This is a moral question that relates to the debate between descriptivists and normativists.

Descriptivists tend to claim that nature decides. It is given by nature whether something is a disease or not, i.e., by abnormal functioning of some organ or process. But where to set the limits between normal and pathological? Does nature tell us the limit of glycated hemoglobin (A1C) in the blood for having diabetes type 1? Although hard core descriptivists claim that nature does, critiques argue that such limits are deﬁned from human interests of trying to help people in the best possible manner. If they are right, there are normative aspects at the core of the descriptivists’ conception of disease. Normativists on the other hand are clear that disease is based on human interests and values. However, it is not clear how values and interests are to be balanced. Is it the patients’, the professionals’, relatives, or society’s values and interests that will decide what disease is?

In order to try to clarify some of the conceptual and normative issues, it has been suggested to differentiate between various perspectives of disease, as indicated in Table 3.

Table 3 . Characteristics of three perspectives of human ailment: disease, illness, and sickness

The three perspectives can explain some of the conceptual controversies, as it may be difﬁcult to cover all perspectives of human ailment by one concept. Moreover, the perspectives may also clarify some of the normative issues in terms of conﬂict of interest between persons, professionals, and society (Hofmann 2002). Impotence (at the age of 70) may not be considered to be a disease from a medical perspective or a sickness from a social perspective, but it deﬁnitely may be perceived to be an illness, i.e., it is illness, but not disease and sickness. If all perspectives cohere, there is little controversy. If the perspectives diverge, there may be conceptual and ethical challenges.

Figure 1 indicates the relationship between the concepts of illness, sickness, and disease. Other perspectives, such as existential and risk-related perspectives, may be added.

Figure 1 . The relationship between the concepts of illness, sickness, and disease

As can be seen from vast and vivid debates on speciﬁc diseases, such as obesity, ADHD, and myalgic encephalomyelitis, there is no general agreement on whose perspective is prevailing. While descriptivist deﬁnitions of disease will favor the professional perspective, normativist deﬁnitions will have a higher afﬁnity to social perspectives. Several positions in bioethics will favor the personal perspective on human ailment, i.e., illness (Toombs 1990; Carel 2008).

Underdiagnosis And Overdiagnosis, Undertreatment And Overtreatment

The concept of disease delimits diseased from non-diseased, and where this limit is set is of ethical signiﬁcance. If the limit is set so that suffering persons who could have been helped are excluded, this is morally wrong. They are underdiagnosed, may be undertreated, and may experience unnecessary uncertainty, anxiety, pain, and death. Conversely, if the limits are too low, it is morally wrong as well. Then healthy persons are diagnosed as having a disease. They may become anxious from being diagnosed and they may be treated unnecessarily and have side effects from unnecessary treatment. While underdiagnosed persons oftentimes gain attention in the media (“could have been saved”), over diagnosed persons get little attention. They do not know that they are over diagnosed but are actually happy that “they found something and saved my life.” Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) may be one example, as it can result in invasive breast cancers, but it does not always do so. When found, DCIS are oftentimes treated as breast cancer, although one does not know whether they would actually have caused symptoms, suffering, or death.

Making Risk A Disease

Another ethical issue related to the concept of disease is the predictive aspirations in modern medicine. A wide range of tests are able to predict diseases. The ethical drive for this is to detect disease before it becomes noticeable and, by prevention or early treatment, to avoid disease or diminish its consequences. However, very few tests are perfect. The outcomes of tests are uncertain and so are the outcomes of subsequent treatment. Hence, the test provides a risk, or a range of risks, for a certain disease. For example, 55–65 % of women who inherit a BRCA1 mutation will develop breast cancer by age 70 years, while about 12 % of women in the general population will develop breast cancer sometime during their lives. Hence, testing positive for the BRCA1 mutation signiﬁcantly increases the risk of breast cancer but does not mean that the person will have breast cancer. It is a risk estimate. Such risk estimates do not only give people important opportunities to save their lives and reduce suffering; it also gives them difﬁcult choices, as it is uncertain whether they will become diseased, e.g., should a woman prophylactically remove her breasts? Hence, handling risk factors as disease poses ethical challenges to health policy makers, health professionals, and, last but not least, to individual persons. This also connects to ethical challenges with the right to know and the right not to know. The issue of making risk a disease relates to another ethical issue in modern medicine: medicalization.

Medicalization

It has been widely argued that the conception of disease has become too wide and inclusive, e.g., that it has come to include conditions that are considered to be part of ordinary life, such as sorrow (Horwitz and Wakeﬁeld 2007), stress, unhappiness, and various kinds of social behavior. It may be ethically challenging when the conceptions of disease make ordinary life conditions or behaviors subject to medical attention. Hence, the critique of medicalization is closely connected to the (unreﬂective) expansion of the concept of disease.

Disease As An Existential Threat

As disease traditionally has been life threatening and because most people die from a disease, disease is an existential issue. Hence, getting the message of having a disease may be disturbing and challenging, meriting attention and care, beyond handling the disease. Moreover, some diseases have symbolic attributes. Cancer has been considered to be a death sentence and has been a stigma. While the existential aspects of disease have been were at the core in the hospital tradition and still are in many parts of the world, they have gained less attention in modern Western medicine.

Social Prestige And Stigma

Disease is normally considered to be something negative. However, it may also have some positive aspects, such as increased attention, right to treatment, economic compensation, and freedom from duties (work), as pointed out before. Speciﬁc disease labels may give identity and strong relations between persons with the same disease. Conversely, not being labeled diseased may make people feel deserted, in despair, and guilty. Hence, disease labeling may inﬂuence people’s self-conception and self-esteem.

Moreover, professionals appear to have a relatively stable prestige hierarchy for disease entities (Album and Westin 2008). Organ speciﬁc diseases have higher prestige than vague diseases. Diseases related to organs placed in the upper part of the body, such as brain and heart, have higher prestige than those related to organs in lower body parts. Acute diseases prevail over chronic diseases. Hi-tech diseases trump low-tech or no-tech diseases. Such prestige hierarchies of disease tend also to be present in laypeople and patients as well. When disease hierarchies inﬂuence how patients are handled or how resources are allocated or prioritized, it becomes ethically challenging.

Conceptions of disease also raise ethical concerns beyond prestige hierarchies. The 90–10 gap is ethically relevant, as 90 % of research resources go to diseases relevant for 10 % of the global population. Correspondingly, it may also be argued that the disease concepts used in the economically richer part of the world is of little relevance to the poorer part of the world. It appears to be ethically important to increase the attention to disease entities that prevail in poorer populations, as well as avoiding a general disease concept that is biased toward afﬂuent populations.

Disease is a phenomenon experienced by most people during life. It is something most people fear, and it is a core concept in the health sciences, in philosophy, and in bioethics. Descriptivists tend to deﬁne disease as the malfunctioning of some organ or process and argue that diseases are natural kinds. Normativists, on the other hand, argue that disease is not discovered in nature but is the judgment that someone is harmed in a way that can be explained in terms of bodily or mental conditions or processes. Hybrid conceptions of disease claim that disease is both descriptive and normative, e.g., as harmful dysfunction.

The concept of disease sets standards and limits, e.g., to what a health-care system is supposed to do and who deserves access to certain goods. It also inﬂuences people’s self-conception, their relations to others, their social roles, and their social status. Hence, disease is an important concept with far-reaching implications for individuals, health professionals, health insurers, health policy makers, bioethicists, and politicians. It also raises a series of ethical issues, especially related to over diagnosis and underdiagnoses, under treatment and overtreatment, medicalization, and just distribution of health-care resources.

Bibliography :

Album, D., & Westin, S. (2008). Do diseases have a prestige hierarchy? A survey among physicians and medical students. Social Science and Medicine, 66(1), 182–188.
Boorse, C. (1975). On the distinction between disease and illness. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 5, 49–68.
Caplan, A., Englehardt, H., Jr., & McCartney, J. (Eds.). (1981). Concepts of health and disease: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Carel, H. (2008). Illness: The cry of the ﬂesh. Dublin: Acumen.
Cooper, R. (2002). Disease. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology & the Biomedical Sciences, 33, 263–282.
Culver, C. M., & Gert, B. (1982). Philosophy in medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
Davies, P. S. (2003). Norms of nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Ereshefsky, M. (2009). Deﬁning ‘health’ and ‘disease’. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 40(3), 221–227.
Hofmann, B. (2002). On the triad disease, illness and sickness. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 27(6), 651–674.
Horwitz, A. V., & Wakeﬁeld, J. C. (2007). The loss of sadness. New York: Oxford University Press.
Humber, J. M., & Almeder, R. F. (Eds.). (1997). What is disease? Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Murphy, D. (2008). Health and disease. In A. Plutynski & S. Sarkar (Eds.), The blackwell companion to the philosophy of biology (pp. 287–298). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Reznek, L. (1987). The nature of disease. New York: Routledge.
Toombs, K. (1990). The meaning of illness: A phenomenological account of the different perspectives of physician and patient. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Wakeﬁeld, J. (1992). The concept of mental disorder: On the boundary between biological facts and social values. American Psychologist, 47, 373–388.
Mukherjee, S. (2011). The emperor of all maladies. A biography of cancer. New York: Scribner.
Sigerist, H. A. (1961). History of Medicine. Vol. II: Early Greek, Hindu, and Persian Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sontag, S. (1978). Illness as metaphor. New York: Farrar. Strays and Giroux.
Taylor, F. K. (1979). The concepts of illness, disease and morbus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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How to Write a Research Paper

Use the links below to jump directly to any section of this guide:

Research Paper Fundamentals

How to choose a topic or question, how to create a working hypothesis or thesis, common research paper methodologies, how to gather and organize evidence , how to write an outline for your research paper, how to write a rough draft, how to revise your draft, how to produce a final draft, resources for teachers .

It is not fair to say that no one writes anymore. Just about everyone writes text messages, brief emails, or social media posts every single day. Yet, most people don't have a lot of practice with the formal, organized writing required for a good academic research paper. This guide contains links to a variety of resources that can help demystify the process. Some of these resources are intended for teachers; they contain exercises, activities, and teaching strategies. Other resources are intended for direct use by students who are struggling to write papers, or are looking for tips to make the process go more smoothly.

The resources in this section are designed to help students understand the different types of research papers, the general research process, and how to manage their time. Below, you'll find links from university writing centers, the trusted Purdue Online Writing Lab, and more.

What is an Academic Research Paper?

"Genre and the Research Paper" (Purdue OWL)

There are different types of research papers. Different types of scholarly questions will lend themselves to one format or another. This is a brief introduction to the two main genres of research paper: analytic and argumentative.

"7 Most Popular Types of Research Papers" (Personal-writer.com)

This resource discusses formats that high school students commonly encounter, such as the compare and contrast essay and the definitional essay. Please note that the inclusion of this link is not an endorsement of this company's paid service.

How to Prepare and Plan Out Writing a Research Paper

Teachers can give their students a step-by-step guide like these to help them understand the different steps of the research paper process. These guides can be combined with the time management tools in the next subsection to help students come up with customized calendars for completing their papers.

"Ten Steps for Writing Research Papers" (American University)

This resource from American University is a comprehensive guide to the research paper writing process, and includes examples of proper research questions and thesis topics.

"Steps in Writing a Research Paper" (SUNY Empire State College)

This guide breaks the research paper process into 11 steps. Each "step" links to a separate page, which describes the work entailed in completing it.

How to Manage Time Effectively

The links below will help students determine how much time is necessary to complete a paper. If your sources are not available online or at your local library, you'll need to leave extra time for the Interlibrary Loan process. Remember that, even if you do not need to consult secondary sources, you'll still need to leave yourself ample time to organize your thoughts.

"Research Paper Planner: Timeline" (Baylor University)

This interactive resource from Baylor University creates a suggested writing schedule based on how much time a student has to work on the assignment.

"Research Paper Planner" (UCLA)

UCLA's library offers this step-by-step guide to the research paper writing process, which also includes a suggested planning calendar.

There's a reason teachers spend a long time talking about choosing a good topic. Without a good topic and a well-formulated research question, it is almost impossible to write a clear and organized paper. The resources below will help you generate ideas and formulate precise questions.

"How to Select a Research Topic" (Univ. of Michigan-Flint)

This resource is designed for college students who are struggling to come up with an appropriate topic. A student who uses this resource and still feels unsure about his or her topic should consult the course instructor for further personalized assistance.

"25 Interesting Research Paper Topics to Get You Started" (Kibin)

This resource, which is probably most appropriate for high school students, provides a list of specific topics to help get students started. It is broken into subsections, such as "paper topics on local issues."

"Writing a Good Research Question" (Grand Canyon University)

This introduction to research questions includes some embedded videos, as well as links to scholarly articles on research questions. This resource would be most appropriate for teachers who are planning lessons on research paper fundamentals.

"How to Write a Research Question the Right Way" (Kibin)

This student-focused resource provides more detail on writing research questions. The language is accessible, and there are embedded videos and examples of good and bad questions.

It is important to have a rough hypothesis or thesis in mind at the beginning of the research process. People who have a sense of what they want to say will have an easier time sorting through scholarly sources and other information. The key, of course, is not to become too wedded to the draft hypothesis or thesis. Just about every working thesis gets changed during the research process.

CrashCourse Video: "Sociology Research Methods" (YouTube)

Although this video is tailored to sociology students, it is applicable to students in a variety of social science disciplines. This video does a good job demonstrating the connection between the brainstorming that goes into selecting a research question and the formulation of a working hypothesis.

"How to Write a Thesis Statement for an Analytical Essay" (YouTube)

Students writing analytical essays will not develop the same type of working hypothesis as students who are writing research papers in other disciplines. For these students, developing the working thesis may happen as a part of the rough draft (see the relevant section below).

"Research Hypothesis" (Oakland Univ.)

This resource provides some examples of hypotheses in social science disciplines like Political Science and Criminal Justice. These sample hypotheses may also be useful for students in other soft social sciences and humanities disciplines like History.

When grading a research paper, instructors look for a consistent methodology. This section will help you understand different methodological approaches used in research papers. Students will get the most out of these resources if they use them to help prepare for conversations with teachers or discussions in class.

"Types of Research Designs" (USC)

A "research design," used for complex papers, is related to the paper's method. This resource contains introductions to a variety of popular research designs in the social sciences. Although it is not the most intuitive site to read, the information here is very valuable.

"Major Research Methods" (YouTube)

Although this video is a bit on the dry side, it provides a comprehensive overview of the major research methodologies in a format that might be more accessible to students who have struggled with textbooks or other written resources.

"Humanities Research Strategies" (USC)

This is a portal where students can learn about four methodological approaches for humanities papers: Historical Methodologies, Textual Criticism, Conceptual Analysis, and the Synoptic method.

"Selected Major Social Science Research Methods: Overview" (National Academies Press)

This appendix from the book Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy , printed by National Academies Press, introduces some methods used in social science papers.

"Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: 6. The Methodology" (USC)

This resource from the University of Southern California's library contains tips for writing a methodology section in a research paper.

How to Determine the Best Methodology for You

Anyone who is new to writing research papers should be sure to select a method in consultation with their instructor. These resources can be used to help prepare for that discussion. They may also be used on their own by more advanced students.

"Choosing Appropriate Research Methodologies" (Palgrave Study Skills)

This friendly and approachable resource from Palgrave Macmillan can be used by students who are just starting to think about appropriate methodologies.

"How to Choose Your Research Methods" (NFER (UK))

This is another approachable resource students can use to help narrow down the most appropriate methods for their research projects.

The resources in this section introduce the process of gathering scholarly sources and collecting evidence. You'll find a range of material here, from introductory guides to advanced explications best suited to college students. Please consult the LitCharts How to Do Academic Research guide for a more comprehensive list of resources devoted to finding scholarly literature.

Google Scholar

Students who have access to library websites with detailed research guides should start there, but people who do not have access to those resources can begin their search for secondary literature here.

"Gathering Appropriate Information" (Texas Gateway)

This resource from the Texas Gateway for online resources introduces students to the research process, and contains interactive exercises. The level of complexity is suitable for middle school, high school, and introductory college classrooms.

"An Overview of Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection Methods" (NSF)

This PDF from the National Science Foundation goes into detail about best practices and pitfalls in data collection across multiple types of methodologies.

"Social Science Methods for Data Collection and Analysis" (Swiss FIT)

This resource is appropriate for advanced undergraduates or teachers looking to create lessons on research design and data collection. It covers techniques for gathering data via interviews, observations, and other methods.

"Collecting Data by In-depth Interviewing" (Leeds Univ.)

This resource contains enough information about conducting interviews to make it useful for teachers who want to create a lesson plan, but is also accessible enough for college juniors or seniors to make use of it on their own.

There is no "one size fits all" outlining technique. Some students might devote all their energy and attention to the outline in order to avoid the paper. Other students may benefit from being made to sit down and organize their thoughts into a lengthy sentence outline. The resources in this section include strategies and templates for multiple types of outlines.

"Topic vs. Sentence Outlines" (UC Berkeley)

This resource introduces two basic approaches to outlining: the shorter topic-based approach, and the longer, more detailed sentence-based approach. This resource also contains videos on how to develop paper paragraphs from the sentence-based outline.

"Types of Outlines and Samples" (Purdue OWL)

The Purdue Online Writing Lab's guide is a slightly less detailed discussion of different types of outlines. It contains several sample outlines.

"Writing An Outline" (Austin C.C.)

This resource from a community college contains sample outlines from an American history class that students can use as models.

"How to Structure an Outline for a College Paper" (YouTube)

This brief (sub-2 minute) video from the ExpertVillage YouTube channel provides a model of outline writing for students who are struggling with the idea.

"Outlining" (Harvard)

This is a good resource to consult after completing a draft outline. It offers suggestions for making sure your outline avoids things like unnecessary repetition.

As with outlines, rough drafts can take on many different forms. These resources introduce teachers and students to the various approaches to writing a rough draft. This section also includes resources that will help you cite your sources appropriately according to the MLA, Chicago, and APA style manuals.

"Creating a Rough Draft for a Research Paper" (Univ. of Minnesota)

This resource is useful for teachers in particular, as it provides some suggested exercises to help students with writing a basic rough draft.

Rough Draft Assignment (Duke of Definition)

This sample assignment, with a brief list of tips, was developed by a high school teacher who runs a very successful and well-reviewed page of educational resources.

"Creating the First Draft of Your Research Paper" (Concordia Univ.)

This resource will be helpful for perfectionists or procrastinators, as it opens by discussing the problem of avoiding writing. It also provides a short list of suggestions meant to get students writing.

Using Proper Citations

There is no such thing as a rough draft of a scholarly citation. These links to the three major citation guides will ensure that your citations follow the correct format. Please consult the LitCharts How to Cite Your Sources guide for more resources.

Chicago Manual of Style Citation Guide

Some call The Chicago Manual of Style , which was first published in 1906, "the editors' Bible." The manual is now in its 17th edition, and is popular in the social sciences, historical journals, and some other fields in the humanities.

APA Citation Guide

According to the American Psychological Association, this guide was developed to aid reading comprehension, clarity of communication, and to reduce bias in language in the social and behavioral sciences. Its first full edition was published in 1952, and it is now in its sixth edition.

MLA Citation Guide

The Modern Language Association style is used most commonly within the liberal arts and humanities. The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing was first published in 1985 and (as of 2008) is in its third edition.

Any professional scholar will tell you that the best research papers are made in the revision stage. No matter how strong your research question or working thesis, it is not possible to write a truly outstanding paper without devoting energy to revision. These resources provide examples of revision exercises for the classroom, as well as tips for students working independently.

"The Art of Revision" (Univ. of Arizona)

This resource provides a wealth of information and suggestions for both students and teachers. There is a list of suggested exercises that teachers might use in class, along with a revision checklist that is useful for teachers and students alike.

"Script for Workshop on Revision" (Vanderbilt University)

Vanderbilt's guide for leading a 50-minute revision workshop can serve as a model for teachers who wish to guide students through the revision process during classtime.

"Revising Your Paper" (Univ. of Washington)

This detailed handout was designed for students who are beginning the revision process. It discusses different approaches and methods for revision, and also includes a detailed list of things students should look for while they revise.

"Revising Drafts" (UNC Writing Center)

This resource is designed for students and suggests things to look for during the revision process. It provides steps for the process and has a FAQ for students who have questions about why it is important to revise.

Conferencing with Writing Tutors and Instructors

No writer is so good that he or she can't benefit from meeting with instructors or peer tutors. These resources from university writing, learning, and communication centers provide suggestions for how to get the most out of these one-on-one meetings.

"Getting Feedback" (UNC Writing Center)

This very helpful resource talks about how to ask for feedback during the entire writing process. It contains possible questions that students might ask when developing an outline, during the revision process, and after the final draft has been graded.

"Prepare for Your Tutoring Session" (Otis College of Art and Design)

This guide from a university's student learning center contains a lot of helpful tips for getting the most out of working with a writing tutor.

"The Importance of Asking Your Professor" (Univ. of Waterloo)

This article from the university's Writing and Communication Centre's blog contains some suggestions for how and when to get help from professors and Teaching Assistants.

Once you've revised your first draft, you're well on your way to handing in a polished paper. These resources—each of them produced by writing professionals at colleges and universities—outline the steps required in order to produce a final draft. You'll find proofreading tips and checklists in text and video form.

"Developing a Final Draft of a Research Paper" (Univ. of Minnesota)

While this resource contains suggestions for revision, it also features a couple of helpful checklists for the last stages of completing a final draft.

Basic Final Draft Tips and Checklist (Univ. of Maryland-University College)

This short and accessible resource, part of UMUC's very thorough online guide to writing and research, contains a very basic checklist for students who are getting ready to turn in their final drafts.

Final Draft Checklist (Everett C.C.)

This is another accessible final draft checklist, appropriate for both high school and college students. It suggests reading your essay aloud at least once.

"How to Proofread Your Final Draft" (YouTube)

This video (approximately 5 minutes), produced by Eastern Washington University, gives students tips on proofreading final drafts.

"Proofreading Tips" (Georgia Southern-Armstrong)

This guide will help students learn how to spot common errors in their papers. It suggests focusing on content and editing for grammar and mechanics.

This final set of resources is intended specifically for high school and college instructors. It provides links to unit plans and classroom exercises that can help improve students' research and writing skills. You'll find resources that give an overview of the process, along with activities that focus on how to begin and how to carry out research.

"Research Paper Complete Resources Pack" (Teachers Pay Teachers)

This packet of assignments, rubrics, and other resources is designed for high school students. The resources in this packet are aligned to Common Core standards.

"Research Paper—Complete Unit" (Teachers Pay Teachers)

This packet of assignments, notes, PowerPoints, and other resources has a 4/4 rating with over 700 ratings. It is designed for high school teachers, but might also be useful to college instructors who work with freshmen.

"Teaching Students to Write Good Papers" (Yale)

This resource from Yale's Center for Teaching and Learning is designed for college instructors, and it includes links to appropriate activities and exercises.

"Research Paper Writing: An Overview" (CUNY Brooklyn)

CUNY Brooklyn offers this complete lesson plan for introducing students to research papers. It includes an accompanying set of PowerPoint slides.

"Lesson Plan: How to Begin Writing a Research Paper" (San Jose State Univ.)

This lesson plan is designed for students in the health sciences, so teachers will have to modify it for their own needs. It includes a breakdown of the brainstorming, topic selection, and research question process.

"Quantitative Techniques for Social Science Research" (Univ. of Pittsburgh)

This is a set of PowerPoint slides that can be used to introduce students to a variety of quantitative methods used in the social sciences.

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Scientific writing

Outbreak reporting guide.

Outbreak reports describe an outbreak once it is complete. They summarize how the outbreak was detected, the investigations that were conducted, the interventions that were carried out to control it, provide descriptive epidemiology and outcomes. They are useful to identify emerging risks and to describe new investigations or intervention techniques. Outbreak reports are typically 2,000-2,500 words in length - excluding the abstract, tables and references.

The Canada Communicable Disease Report (CCDR) has adapted the Outbreak Reports and Intervention studies Of Nosocomial infection (ORION) reporting guideline ( 1 ) for community-based outbreaks.

Table 1 provides an outbreak report checklist and Figure 1 illustrates an example of an epidemic curve, or histogram in which the number of new cases of a disease is plotted against an interval of time to describe a specific outbreak.

1 N o : Number

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Example of an epidemic curve for a measles outbreak ( 2 )

As with all submissions, check CCDR’s Information for authors (typically published in January every year with the first issue of each new volume) for general manuscript preparation and submission requirements.

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Published: 06 May 2024

APOE4 homozygozity represents a distinct genetic form of Alzheimer’s disease

Juan Fortea ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1340-638X 1 , 2 , 3 na1 ,
Jordi Pegueroles ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3554-2446 1 , 2 ,
Daniel Alcolea ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-3245 1 , 2 ,
Olivia Belbin ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6109-6371 1 , 2 ,
Oriol Dols-Icardo ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2656-8748 1 , 2 ,
Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar 1 , 4 ,
Laura Videla ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-8465 1 , 2 , 3 ,
Juan Domingo Gispert 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ,
Marc Suárez-Calvet ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2993-569X 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ,
Sterling C. Johnson ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8501-545X 10 ,
Reisa Sperling ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1535-6133 11 ,
Alexandre Bejanin ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9958-0951 1 , 2 ,
Alberto Lleó ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-5478 1 , 2 &
Víctor Montal ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5714-9282 1 , 2 , 12 na1

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Alzheimer's disease
Predictive markers

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of APOE4 homozygosity on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by examining its clinical, pathological and biomarker changes to see whether APOE4 homozygotes constitute a distinct, genetically determined form of AD. Data from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center and five large cohorts with AD biomarkers were analyzed. The analysis included 3,297 individuals for the pathological study and 10,039 for the clinical study. Findings revealed that almost all APOE4 homozygotes exhibited AD pathology and had significantly higher levels of AD biomarkers from age 55 compared to APOE3 homozygotes. By age 65, nearly all had abnormal amyloid levels in cerebrospinal fluid, and 75% had positive amyloid scans, with the prevalence of these markers increasing with age, indicating near-full penetrance of AD biology in APOE4 homozygotes. The age of symptom onset was earlier in APOE4 homozygotes at 65.1, with a narrower 95% prediction interval than APOE3 homozygotes. The predictability of symptom onset and the sequence of biomarker changes in APOE4 homozygotes mirrored those in autosomal dominant AD and Down syndrome. However, in the dementia stage, there were no differences in amyloid or tau positron emission tomography across haplotypes, despite earlier clinical and biomarker changes. The study concludes that APOE4 homozygotes represent a genetic form of AD, suggesting the need for individualized prevention strategies, clinical trials and treatments.

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Alzheimer’s disease risk reduction in clinical practice: a priority in the emerging field of preventive neurology

APOE4/4 is linked to damaging lipid droplets in Alzheimer’s disease microglia

Dynamics of cognitive variability with age and its genetic underpinning in NIHR BioResource Genes and Cognition cohort participants

Data availability.

Access to tabular data from ADNI ( https://adni.loni.usc.edu/ ), OASIS ( https://oasis-brains.org/ ), A4 ( https://ida.loni.usc.edu/collaboration/access/appLicense.jsp ) and NACC ( https://naccdata.org/ ) can be requested online, as publicly available databases. All requests will be reviewed by each studyʼs scientific board. Concrete inquiries to access the WRAP ( https://wrap.wisc.edu/data-requests-2/ ) and ALFA + ( https://www.barcelonabeta.org/en/alfa-study/about-the-alfa-study ) cohort data can be directed to each study team for concept approval and feasibility consultation. Requests will be reviewed to verify whether the request is subject to any intellectual property.

Code availability

All statistical analyses and raw figures were generated using R (v.4.2.2). We used the open-sourced R packages of ggplot2 (v.3.4.3), dplyr (v.1.1.3), ggstream (v.0.1.0), ggpubr (v.0.6), ggstatsplot (v.0.12), Rmisc (v.1.5.1), survival (v.3.5), survminer (v.0.4.9), gtsummary (v.1.7), epitools (v.0.5) and statsExpression (v.1.5.1). Rscripts to replicate our findings can be found at https://gitlab.com/vmontalb/apoe4-asdad (ref. 32 ). For neuroimaging analyses, we used Free Surfer (v.6.0) and ANTs (v.2.4.0).

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the contributions of several consortia that provided data for this study. We extend our appreciation to the NACC, the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, The A4 Study, the ALFA Study, the Wisconsin Register for Alzheimer’s Prevention and the OASIS3 Project. Without their dedication to advancing Alzheimer’s disease research and their commitment to data sharing, this study would not have been possible. We also thank all the participants and investigators involved in these consortia for their tireless efforts and invaluable contributions to the field. We also thank the institutions that funded this study, the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitario, Carlos III Health Institute, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas and the Generalitat de Catalunya and La Caixa Foundation, as well as the NIH, Horizon 2020 and the Alzheimer’s Association, which was crucial for this research. Funding: National Institute on Aging. This study was supported by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitario, Carlos III Health Institute (INT21/00073, PI20/01473 and PI23/01786 to J.F., CP20/00038, PI22/00307 to A.B., PI22/00456 to M.S.-C., PI18/00435 to D.A., PI20/01330 to A.L.) and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas Program 1, partly jointly funded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Unión Europea, Una Manera de Hacer Europa. This work was also supported by the National Institutes of Health grants (R01 AG056850; R21 AG056974, R01 AG061566, R01 AG081394 and R61AG066543 to J.F., S10 OD025245, P30 AG062715, U54 HD090256, UL1 TR002373, P01 AG036694 and P50 AG005134 to R.S.; R01 AG027161, R01 AG021155, R01 AG037639, R01 AG054059; P50 AG033514 and P30 AG062715 to S.J.) and ADNI (U01 AG024904), the Department de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Pla Estratègic de Recerca I Innovació en Salut (SLT006/17/00119 to J.F.; SLT002/16/00408 to A.L.) and the A4 Study (R01 AG063689, U24 AG057437 to R.A.S). It was also supported by Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno (IIBSP-DOW-2020-151 o J.F.) and Horizon 2020–Research and Innovation Framework Programme from the European Union (H2020-SC1-BHC-2018-2020 to J.F.; 948677 and 847648 to M.S.-C.). La Caixa Foundation (LCF/PR/GN17/50300004 to M.S.-C.) and EIT Digital (Grant 2021 to J.D.G.) also supported this work. The Alzheimer Association also participated in the funding of this work (AARG-22-923680 to A.B.) and A4/LEARN Study AA15-338729 to R.A.S.). O.D.-I. receives funding from the Alzheimer’s Association (AARF-22-924456) and the Jerome Lejeune Foundation postdoctoral fellowship.

Author information

These authors contributed equally: Juan Fortea, Víctor Montal.

Authors and Affiliations

Sant Pau Memory Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain

Juan Fortea, Jordi Pegueroles, Daniel Alcolea, Olivia Belbin, Oriol Dols-Icardo, Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar, Laura Videla, Alexandre Bejanin, Alberto Lleó & Víctor Montal

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas. CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain

Juan Fortea, Jordi Pegueroles, Daniel Alcolea, Olivia Belbin, Oriol Dols-Icardo, Laura Videla, Alexandre Bejanin, Alberto Lleó & Víctor Montal

Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain

Juan Fortea & Laura Videla

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar

Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain

Juan Domingo Gispert & Marc Suárez-Calvet

Neurosciences Programme, IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain

Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina. Instituto de Salud carlos III, Madrid, Spain

Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain

Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA

Sterling C. Johnson

Brigham and Women’s Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Reisa Sperling

Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain

Víctor Montal

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Contributions

J.F. and V.M. conceptualized the research project and drafted the initial manuscript. V.M., J.P. and J.F. conducted data analysis, interpreted statistical findings and created visual representations of the data. O.B. and O.D.-I. provided valuable insights into the genetics of APOE. L.V., A.B. and L.V.-A. meticulously reviewed and edited the manuscript for clarity, accuracy and coherence. J.D.G., M.S.-C., S.J. and R.S. played pivotal roles in data acquisition and securing funding. A.L. and D.A. contributed to the study design, offering guidance and feedback on statistical analyses, and provided critical review of the paper. All authors carefully reviewed the manuscript, offering pertinent feedback that enhanced the study’s quality, and ultimately approved the final version.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Juan Fortea or Víctor Montal .

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Competing interests.

S.C.J. has served at scientific advisory boards for ALZPath, Enigma and Roche Diagnostics. M.S.-C. has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Almirall, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics and Roche Farma, received consultancy fees (paid to the institution) from Roche Diagnostics and served on advisory boards of Roche Diagnostics and Grifols. He was granted a project and is a site investigator of a clinical trial (funded to the institution) by Roche Diagnostics. In-kind support for research (to the institution) was received from ADx Neurosciences, Alamar Biosciences, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Janssen Research & Development and Roche Diagnostics. J.D.G. has served as consultant for Roche Diagnostics, receives research funding from Hoffmann–La Roche, Roche Diagnostics and GE Healthcare, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Biogen, Philips Nederlands, Esteve and Life Molecular Imaging and serves on an advisory board for Prothena Biosciences. R.S. has received personal consulting fees from Abbvie, AC Immune, Acumen, Alector, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Genentech, Ionis and Vaxxinity outside the submitted work. O.B. reported receiving personal fees from Adx NeuroSciences outside the submitted work. D.A. reported receiving personal fees for advisory board services and/or speaker honoraria from Fujirebio-Europe, Roche, Nutricia, Krka Farmacéutica and Esteve, outside the submitted work. A.L. has served as a consultant or on advisory boards for Almirall, Fujirebio-Europe, Grifols, Eisai, Lilly, Novartis, Roche, Biogen and Nutricia, outside the submitted work. J.F. reported receiving personal fees for service on the advisory boards, adjudication committees or speaker honoraria from AC Immune, Adamed, Alzheon, Biogen, Eisai, Esteve, Fujirebio, Ionis, Laboratorios Carnot, Life Molecular Imaging, Lilly, Lundbeck, Perha, Roche and outside the submitted work. O.B., D.A., A.L. and J.F. report holding a patent for markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative disease (licensed to Adx, EPI8382175.0). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

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Nature Medicine thanks Naoyuki Sato, Yadong Huang and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editor: Jerome Staal, in collaboration with the Nature Medicine team.

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Fortea, J., Pegueroles, J., Alcolea, D. et al. APOE4 homozygozity represents a distinct genetic form of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Med (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02931-w

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10 Easiest Genetic Disorders to Research for a Paper

Published on september 18, 2017 at 2:40 am by madison morgan in lists.

In college, I hated getting assigned a research paper. While it’s interesting to learn about a new, random topic, research papers are typically very lengthy and can range from ten pages to sixty or more, depending on the level of degree you are pursuing. If I recall correctly, my longest research paper requirement was somewhere between twelve and fifteen pages which isn’t so bad, I guess. As a journalism majority, most of my papers focused on journalism and communications, but I can’t imagine having to write a science-related paper. To be honest, I really don’t even know the protocol for writing a science-related research paper.

10 Easiest Genetic Disorders to Research for a Paper

If you’re pursuing medicine or most other science-related fields, it’s probably inevitable that you will one day be finding yourself searching “research paper topics genetics” to do your own paper. The study of genetics is constant and there is still much more to learn. In simplest terms, genetics is the study of genes and how they are inherited. There are a number of genetics topics of interest, and under that umbrella there’s the study of chromosomes, DNA, gene mutations and much more. So if you’re looking for genetic topics for presentation, you’re sure to find something to keep the group interested, whether you discuss how bacteria affect genes or how you can cross genes of species to make an animal that glows (weird, we know). For those of you who are researching because you’re pursuing a career in medicine, we have another great article – 10 Most in Demand Medical Specialties in America .

To begin a good research paper, you will first want to start with learning about some recent research topics in genetics and find some that you would consider interesting genetic topics. If you don’t find a topic you think of it as interesting, chances are, you won’t write the paper well, and it will be a pain to get through. The most popular and currently discussed (not to mention, interesting) topics include stem cell research, the Human Genome Project and DNA barcoding. You might even want to take a look at a genetics research paper example to get you off on the right foot to write your own. You should have no problem finding examples on a site like Google Scholar . Once you go through these steps, you should be well on your way to writing your own paper. While it doesn’t sound like there is any easy topic to write about when it comes to genetics, unless that stuff comes to you naturally, we tried to come up with a list of at least some less complicated and easier to digest topics.

The categories of genetic disorders are monogenetic disorders, multifactorial inheritance disorders, and chromosome disorders. The ones that we have on our list are common and fall mostly on the monogenetic disorders category. These different categories explain the factors as to why genetic disorders occur, for example, monogenetic represents a mutation that affects one gene. Multiple genes mutation happens when the disorder is categorized as the multifactorial inheritance disorder, and the one that affects the chromosomes is, of course, the chromosome disorders. Yahoo Answers , Nemours , National Human Genome Research Institute , and Learn Genetics: Genetic Science Learning Center were the best sources for coming up with our current list. These DNA abnormalities are subjects of continuous study, but a wide range of research is available for each. Since there is not a quantitative way to say which disorders are “easier” to research than others, considering it’s easy to find information on all of the topics, we did not make a ranking of the disorders on our list.

Get your pencil and paper ready for our list of the easiest genetic disorders to research for a paper.

10. Celiac Disease

A hereditary gluten intolerance which attacks the small intestine is Celiac disease. Since it is hereditary, this means it runs in the family and passed down from generation to generation. If this Celiac disease is not spotted at the first sign of symptoms and treated, this could lead to dehydration and malnutrition. It has become so common that there is now a Celiac Disease Foundation where you can find a wealth of information.

Pixabay/Public Domain

9. Hemochromatosis

Does your body load too much iron? This is not just a simple metabolism malfunction, but it is a metabolism disorder called Hemochromatosis. If not treated correctly, the results of this disorder could be fatal.

8. Autism Spectrum Disorder

We are continuing our list with Autism Spectrum Disorder or ASD affects multiple functions of the body. The level of this disability can affect your skills as well as socialization, and a person with this genetic disorder may have difficulties socializing with others. There is no cure, but there are treatments and services that can help improve a person with ASD.

hidesy/Shutterstock.com

7. Marfan Syndrome

A serious aortic enlargement could be a sign of Marfan Syndrome. Marfan syndrome can be inherited but there are instances where this occurs for the first time in a family. This syndrome affects the connective tissue of the body, so it can affect a variety of different body parts. About 1 in 5,000 people have Marfan Syndrome, so it is more common than you think.

ibreakstock/Shutterstock.com

6. Albinism

Another hereditary genetic disorder is Albinism. This genetic disorder is a condition where melanin production is reduced or slowed down. Many don’t realize that Albinism could also affect vision and it is not correctable by eyeglasses.

5. Dwarfism

Coming in halfway through our list of easiest genetic disorders to research for a paper, we have dwarfism. The two types of dwarfism are proportionate short stature where the growth of limbs and trunks are in proportion and disproportionate short stature where limbs are not in proportion with the other parts of the body. There is a treatment that can help it, but it cannot be cured.

F. JIMENEZ MECA/Shutterstock.com

4. Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle Cell Anemia affects the red blood cells in a person’s body and causes them to breakdown. The cause of this genetic disorder could be an inheritance of abnormal hemoglobin from each parent. Sickle-shaped blood cells can block the flow of blood through the body, which is obviously not a good thing.

RAJ CREATIONZS / shutterstock.com

3. Down’s Syndrome

Third among ten easiest genetic disorders to research for a paper is Down’s Syndrome that is not uncommon and there is currently no cure for it. An extra chromosome 21 is the cause of this genetic disorder and it can cause intellectual and genetic disorders. This can be detected even before birth when a child is screened for Down’s syndrome.

2. Huntington’s Disorder

Mood swings and depression are symptoms that could lead to a diagnosis of Huntington’s disorder, a disease where a rapid breakdown of nerve cells occurs in the brain. Since the target is the brain, it affects the physical and mental abilities of the person who has Huntington’s.

1. Cystic Fibrosis

To close out our list of easiest genetic disorders to research for a paper , you can’t go wrong selecting Cystic Fibrosis as a topic. While Huntington’s disease hits the brain, cystic fibrosis hits the lungs. The mucus buildup blocks the airways, which makes it hard for a person to breath. Not only does the mucus buildup occur in the lungs, but it also occurs in the pancreas and other organs as well.

Slideshow List XFinance Albinism research topic Dwarfism research topic interesting genetic topics genetics topics of interest Celiac Disease research topic Marfan Syndrome research topic Hemochromatosis research topic Cystic Fibrosis research topic Down's Syndrome research topic research paper topics genetics genetic topics for presentation genetics research paper example How common is genetic disorder? How is genetic disorder caused? Sickle Cell Anemia research topic recent research topics in genetics How is genetic disorder inherited? When does a genetic disorder occur? Huntington's Disorder research topic genetic disorder caused by a mutation Autism Spectrum Disorder research topic genetic disorder with an extra chromosome 10 Most In demand Medical Specialties in America 10 easiest genetic disorders to research for a paper Show more... Show less

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Study Suggests Genetics as a Cause, Not Just a Risk, for Some Alzheimer’s

People with two copies of the gene variant APOE4 are almost certain to get Alzheimer’s, say researchers, who proposed a framework under which such patients could be diagnosed years before symptoms.

A colorized C.T. scan showing a cross-section of a person's brain with Alzheimer's disease. The colors are red, green and yellow.

By Pam Belluck

Scientists are proposing a new way of understanding the genetics of Alzheimer’s that would mean that up to a fifth of patients would be considered to have a genetically caused form of the disease.

Currently, the vast majority of Alzheimer’s cases do not have a clearly identified cause. The new designation, proposed in a study published Monday, could broaden the scope of efforts to develop treatments, including gene therapy, and affect the design of clinical trials.

It could also mean that hundreds of thousands of people in the United States alone could, if they chose, receive a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s before developing any symptoms of cognitive decline, although there currently are no treatments for people at that stage.

The new classification would make this type of Alzheimer’s one of the most common genetic disorders in the world, medical experts said.

“This reconceptualization that we’re proposing affects not a small minority of people,” said Dr. Juan Fortea, an author of the study and the director of the Sant Pau Memory Unit in Barcelona, Spain. “Sometimes we say that we don’t know the cause of Alzheimer’s disease,” but, he said, this would mean that about 15 to 20 percent of cases “can be tracked back to a cause, and the cause is in the genes.”

The idea involves a gene variant called APOE4. Scientists have long known that inheriting one copy of the variant increases the risk of developing Alzheimer’s, and that people with two copies, inherited from each parent, have vastly increased risk.

The new study , published in the journal Nature Medicine, analyzed data from over 500 people with two copies of APOE4, a significantly larger pool than in previous studies. The researchers found that almost all of those patients developed the biological pathology of Alzheimer’s, and the authors say that two copies of APOE4 should now be considered a cause of Alzheimer’s — not simply a risk factor.

The patients also developed Alzheimer’s pathology relatively young, the study found. By age 55, over 95 percent had biological markers associated with the disease. By 65, almost all had abnormal levels of a protein called amyloid that forms plaques in the brain, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s. And many started developing symptoms of cognitive decline at age 65, younger than most people without the APOE4 variant.

“The critical thing is that these individuals are often symptomatic 10 years earlier than other forms of Alzheimer’s disease,” said Dr. Reisa Sperling, a neurologist at Mass General Brigham in Boston and an author of the study.

She added, “By the time they are picked up and clinically diagnosed, because they’re often younger, they have more pathology.”

People with two copies, known as APOE4 homozygotes, make up 2 to 3 percent of the general population, but are an estimated 15 to 20 percent of people with Alzheimer’s dementia, experts said. People with one copy make up about 15 to 25 percent of the general population, and about 50 percent of Alzheimer’s dementia patients.

The most common variant is called APOE3, which seems to have a neutral effect on Alzheimer’s risk. About 75 percent of the general population has one copy of APOE3, and more than half of the general population has two copies.

Alzheimer’s experts not involved in the study said classifying the two-copy condition as genetically determined Alzheimer’s could have significant implications, including encouraging drug development beyond the field’s recent major focus on treatments that target and reduce amyloid.

Dr. Samuel Gandy, an Alzheimer’s researcher at Mount Sinai in New York, who was not involved in the study, said that patients with two copies of APOE4 faced much higher safety risks from anti-amyloid drugs.

When the Food and Drug Administration approved the anti-amyloid drug Leqembi last year, it required a black-box warning on the label saying that the medication can cause “serious and life-threatening events” such as swelling and bleeding in the brain, especially for people with two copies of APOE4. Some treatment centers decided not to offer Leqembi, an intravenous infusion, to such patients.

Dr. Gandy and other experts said that classifying these patients as having a distinct genetic form of Alzheimer’s would galvanize interest in developing drugs that are safe and effective for them and add urgency to current efforts to prevent cognitive decline in people who do not yet have symptoms.

“Rather than say we have nothing for you, let’s look for a trial,” Dr. Gandy said, adding that such patients should be included in trials at younger ages, given how early their pathology starts.

Besides trying to develop drugs, some researchers are exploring gene editing to transform APOE4 into a variant called APOE2, which appears to protect against Alzheimer’s. Another gene-therapy approach being studied involves injecting APOE2 into patients’ brains.

The new study had some limitations, including a lack of diversity that might make the findings less generalizable. Most patients in the study had European ancestry. While two copies of APOE4 also greatly increase Alzheimer’s risk in other ethnicities, the risk levels differ, said Dr. Michael Greicius, a neurologist at Stanford University School of Medicine who was not involved in the research.

“One important argument against their interpretation is that the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in APOE4 homozygotes varies substantially across different genetic ancestries,” said Dr. Greicius, who cowrote a study that found that white people with two copies of APOE4 had 13 times the risk of white people with two copies of APOE3, while Black people with two copies of APOE4 had 6.5 times the risk of Black people with two copies of APOE3.

“This has critical implications when counseling patients about their ancestry-informed genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease,” he said, “and it also speaks to some yet-to-be-discovered genetics and biology that presumably drive this massive difference in risk.”

Under the current genetic understanding of Alzheimer’s, less than 2 percent of cases are considered genetically caused. Some of those patients inherited a mutation in one of three genes and can develop symptoms as early as their 30s or 40s. Others are people with Down syndrome, who have three copies of a chromosome containing a protein that often leads to what is called Down syndrome-associated Alzheimer’s disease .

Dr. Sperling said the genetic alterations in those cases are believed to fuel buildup of amyloid, while APOE4 is believed to interfere with clearing amyloid buildup.

Under the researchers’ proposal, having one copy of APOE4 would continue to be considered a risk factor, not enough to cause Alzheimer’s, Dr. Fortea said. It is unusual for diseases to follow that genetic pattern, called “semidominance,” with two copies of a variant causing the disease, but one copy only increasing risk, experts said.

The new recommendation will prompt questions about whether people should get tested to determine if they have the APOE4 variant.

Dr. Greicius said that until there were treatments for people with two copies of APOE4 or trials of therapies to prevent them from developing dementia, “My recommendation is if you don’t have symptoms, you should definitely not figure out your APOE status.”

He added, “It will only cause grief at this point.”

Finding ways to help these patients cannot come soon enough, Dr. Sperling said, adding, “These individuals are desperate, they’ve seen it in both of their parents often and really need therapies.”

Pam Belluck is a health and science reporter, covering a range of subjects, including reproductive health, long Covid, brain science, neurological disorders, mental health and genetics. More about Pam Belluck

The Fight Against Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia, but much remains unknown about this daunting disease..

How is Alzheimer’s diagnosed? What causes Alzheimer’s? We answered some common questions .

A study suggests that genetics can be a cause of Alzheimer’s , not just a risk, raising the prospect of diagnosis years before symptoms appear.

Determining whether someone has Alzheimer’s usually requires an extended diagnostic process . But new criteria could lead to a diagnosis on the basis of a simple blood test .

The F.D.A. has given full approval to the Alzheimer’s drug Leqembi. Here is what to know about i t.

Alzheimer’s can make communicating difficult. We asked experts for tips on how to talk to someone with the disease .

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Chronic diseases are the leading cause of illness, disability, and death in America.
Most chronic diseases are caused by a short list of risk factors: smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use.
Some groups are more affected than others because of factors that limit their ability to make healthy choices.

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Chronic diseases in America

Definition‎.

Chronic diseases such as  heart disease ,  cancer , and  diabetes  are the leading causes of death and disability in the United States. They are also leading drivers of the nation's $4.5 trillion in annual health care costs . 1 2 3

Many preventable chronic diseases are caused by a short list of risk behaviors: smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use.

Risk factors

Cigarette smoking  causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States, and over 16 million Americans are living with a disease caused by smoking. Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Poor nutrition and physical inactivity

Poor nutrition  and  physical inactivity  are significant risk factors for obesity and other chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, certain cancers, and depression.

Excessive alcohol use

Over time,  excessive alcohol use  can lead to serious problems, including alcohol use disorder and problems with learning, memory, and mental health. Chronic health conditions linked to excessive alcohol use include high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, and some kinds of cancer.

Who is at risk

Some groups are at higher risk of chronic diseases because of conditions where they are born, live, work, and age. These nonmedical factors, called social determinants of health, can be positive or negative. When they are negative, they limit the opportunities to make healthy choices and get good medical care.

For example, some communities lack safe spaces like parks for people to be active, or grocery stores that sell fresh fruits and vegetables. In some rural areas, it's hard to get medical care because of doctor shortages, hospital closures, or long distances to care. This makes it challenging to get preventive screenings or specialist follow-up care.

What CDC is doing

CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion supports state, local, tribal, and territorial public health organizations to reduce chronic disease risk factors. Funded programs like REACH and Getting Further Faster focus on addressing the social determinants of health, so that everyone can have the same opportunity to live their healthiest life.

National health expenditure data: historical. Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Updated December 13, 2023. Accessed February 6, 2024.  https://www.cms.gov/data-research/statistics-trends-and-reports/national-health-expenditure-data/historical
Buttorff C, Ruder T, Bauman M. Multiple Chronic Conditions in the United States . Rand Corp.; 2017.
Leading causes of death. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated January 23, 2023. Accessed November 7, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm
Chronic disease definition: US Department of Health and Human Services. Multiple Chronic Conditions: A Strategic Framework; 2010.

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New treatment could reverse hair loss caused by an autoimmune skin disease

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Researchers at MIT, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School have developed a potential new treatment for alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that causes hair loss and affects people of all ages, including children.

For most patients with this type of hair loss, there is no effective treatment. The team developed a microneedle patch that can be painlessly applied to the scalp and releases drugs that help to rebalance the immune response at the site, halting the autoimmune attack.

In a study of mice, the researchers found that this treatment allowed hair to regrow and dramatically reduced inflammation at the treatment site, while avoiding systemic immune effects elsewhere in the body. This strategy could also be adapted to treat other autoimmune skin diseases such as vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis, the researchers say.

“This innovative approach marks a paradigm shift. Rather than suppressing the immune system, we’re now focusing on regulating it precisely at the site of antigen encounter to generate immune tolerance,” says Natalie Artzi, a principal research scientist in MIT’s Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and an associate faculty member at the Wyss Institute of Harvard University.

Artzi and Jamil R. Azzi, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, are the senior authors of the new study , which appears in the journal Advanced Materials . Nour Younis, a Brigham and Women’s postdoc, and Nuria Puigmal, a Brigham and Women’s postdoc and former MIT research affiliate, are the lead authors of the paper.

The researchers are now working on launching a company to further develop the technology, led by Puigmal, who was recently awarded a Harvard Business School Blavatnik Fellowship.

Direct delivery

Alopecia areata, which affects more than 6 million Americans, occurs when the body’s own T cells attack hair follicles, leading the hair to fall out. The only treatment available to most patients — injections of immunosuppressant steroids into the scalp — is painful and patients often can’t tolerate it.

Some patients with alopecia areata and other autoimmune skin diseases can also be treated with immunosuppressant drugs that are given orally, but these drugs lead to widespread suppression of the immune system, which can have adverse side effects.

“This approach silences the entire immune system, offering relief from inflammation symptoms but leading to frequent recurrences. Moreover, it increases susceptibility to infections, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer,” Artzi says.

A few years ago, at a working group meeting in Washington, Artzi happened to be seated next to Azzi (the seating was alphabetical), an immunologist and transplant physican who was seeking new ways to deliver drugs directly to the skin to treat skin-related diseases.

Their conversation led to a new collaboration, and the two labs joined forces to work on a microneedle patch to deliver drugs to the skin. In 2021, they reported that such a patch can be used to prevent rejection following skin transplant. In the new study, they began applying this approach to autoimmune skin disorders.

“The skin is the only organ in our body that we can see and touch, and yet when it comes to drug delivery to the skin, we revert to systemic administration. We saw great potential in utilizing the microneedle patch to reprogram the immune system locally,” Azzi says.

The microneedle patches used in this study are made from hyaluronic acid crosslinked with polyethylene glycol (PEG), both of which are biocompatible and commonly used in medical applications. With this delivery method, drugs can pass through the tough outer layer of the epidermis, which can’t be penetrated by creams applied to the skin.

“This polymer formulation allows us to create highly durable needles capable of effectively penetrating the skin. Additionally, it gives us the flexibility to incorporate any desired drug,” Artzi says. For this study, the researchers loaded the patches with a combination of the cytokines IL-2 and CCL-22. Together, these immune molecules help to recruit regulatory T cells, which proliferate and help to tamp down inflammation. These cells also help the immune system learn to recognize that hair follicles are not foreign antigens, so that it will stop attacking them.

Hair regrowth

The researchers found that mice treated with this patch every other day for three weeks had many more regulatory T cells present at the site, along with a reduction in inflammation. Hair was able to regrow at those sites, and this growth was maintained for several weeks after the treatment ended. In these mice, there were no changes in the levels of regulatory T cells in the spleen or lymph nodes, suggesting that the treatment affected only the site where the patch was applied.

In another set of experiments, the researchers grafted human skin onto mice with a humanized immune system. In these mice, the microneedle treatment also induced proliferation of regulatory T cells and a reduction in inflammation.

The researchers designed the microneedle patches so that after releasing their drug payload, they can also collect samples that could be used to monitor the progress of the treatment. Hyaluronic acid causes the needles to swell about tenfold after entering the skin, which allows them to absorb interstitial fluid containing biomolecules and immune cells from the skin.

Following patch removal, researchers can analyze samples to measure levels of regulatory T cells and inflammation markers. This could prove valuable for monitoring future patients who may undergo this treatment.

The researchers now plan to further develop this approach for treating alopecia, and to expand into other autoimmune skin diseases.

The research was funded by the Ignite Fund and Shark Tank Fund awards from the Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital.

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MIT researchers have developed microneedle patches that are capable of restoring hair growth in alopecia areata patients, reports Ernie Mundell for HealthDay . The team’s approach includes a, “patch containing myriad microneedles that is applied to the scalp,” writes Mundell. “It releases drugs to reset the immune system so it stops attacking follicles.”

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A sprayable gel could make minimally invasive surgeries simpler and safer

Researchers at MIT are developing an adhesive patch that can stick to a tumor site, either before or after surgery. The patch delivers a triple-combination of drug, gene, and photo (light-based) therapy via specially designed nanospheres and nanorods, shown here attacking a tumor cell.

Patch that delivers drug, gene, and light-based therapy to tumor sites shows promising results

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Why writing by hand beats typing for thinking and learning

Jonathan Lambert

A close-up of a woman's hand writing in a notebook.

If you're like many digitally savvy Americans, it has likely been a while since you've spent much time writing by hand.

The laborious process of tracing out our thoughts, letter by letter, on the page is becoming a relic of the past in our screen-dominated world, where text messages and thumb-typed grocery lists have replaced handwritten letters and sticky notes. Electronic keyboards offer obvious efficiency benefits that have undoubtedly boosted our productivity — imagine having to write all your emails longhand.

To keep up, many schools are introducing computers as early as preschool, meaning some kids may learn the basics of typing before writing by hand.

But giving up this slower, more tactile way of expressing ourselves may come at a significant cost, according to a growing body of research that's uncovering the surprising cognitive benefits of taking pen to paper, or even stylus to iPad — for both children and adults.

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In kids, studies show that tracing out ABCs, as opposed to typing them, leads to better and longer-lasting recognition and understanding of letters. Writing by hand also improves memory and recall of words, laying down the foundations of literacy and learning. In adults, taking notes by hand during a lecture, instead of typing, can lead to better conceptual understanding of material.

"There's actually some very important things going on during the embodied experience of writing by hand," says Ramesh Balasubramaniam , a neuroscientist at the University of California, Merced. "It has important cognitive benefits."

While those benefits have long been recognized by some (for instance, many authors, including Jennifer Egan and Neil Gaiman , draft their stories by hand to stoke creativity), scientists have only recently started investigating why writing by hand has these effects.

A slew of recent brain imaging research suggests handwriting's power stems from the relative complexity of the process and how it forces different brain systems to work together to reproduce the shapes of letters in our heads onto the page.

Your brain on handwriting

Both handwriting and typing involve moving our hands and fingers to create words on a page. But handwriting, it turns out, requires a lot more fine-tuned coordination between the motor and visual systems. This seems to more deeply engage the brain in ways that support learning.

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"Handwriting is probably among the most complex motor skills that the brain is capable of," says Marieke Longcamp , a cognitive neuroscientist at Aix-Marseille Université.

Gripping a pen nimbly enough to write is a complicated task, as it requires your brain to continuously monitor the pressure that each finger exerts on the pen. Then, your motor system has to delicately modify that pressure to re-create each letter of the words in your head on the page.

"Your fingers have to each do something different to produce a recognizable letter," says Sophia Vinci-Booher , an educational neuroscientist at Vanderbilt University. Adding to the complexity, your visual system must continuously process that letter as it's formed. With each stroke, your brain compares the unfolding script with mental models of the letters and words, making adjustments to fingers in real time to create the letters' shapes, says Vinci-Booher.

That's not true for typing.

To type "tap" your fingers don't have to trace out the form of the letters — they just make three relatively simple and uniform movements. In comparison, it takes a lot more brainpower, as well as cross-talk between brain areas, to write than type.

Recent brain imaging studies bolster this idea. A study published in January found that when students write by hand, brain areas involved in motor and visual information processing " sync up " with areas crucial to memory formation, firing at frequencies associated with learning.

"We don't see that [synchronized activity] in typewriting at all," says Audrey van der Meer , a psychologist and study co-author at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. She suggests that writing by hand is a neurobiologically richer process and that this richness may confer some cognitive benefits.

Other experts agree. "There seems to be something fundamental about engaging your body to produce these shapes," says Robert Wiley , a cognitive psychologist at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro. "It lets you make associations between your body and what you're seeing and hearing," he says, which might give the mind more footholds for accessing a given concept or idea.

Those extra footholds are especially important for learning in kids, but they may give adults a leg up too. Wiley and others worry that ditching handwriting for typing could have serious consequences for how we all learn and think.

What might be lost as handwriting wanes

The clearest consequence of screens and keyboards replacing pen and paper might be on kids' ability to learn the building blocks of literacy — letters.

"Letter recognition in early childhood is actually one of the best predictors of later reading and math attainment," says Vinci-Booher. Her work suggests the process of learning to write letters by hand is crucial for learning to read them.

"When kids write letters, they're just messy," she says. As kids practice writing "A," each iteration is different, and that variability helps solidify their conceptual understanding of the letter.

Research suggests kids learn to recognize letters better when seeing variable handwritten examples, compared with uniform typed examples.

This helps develop areas of the brain used during reading in older children and adults, Vinci-Booher found.

"This could be one of the ways that early experiences actually translate to long-term life outcomes," she says. "These visually demanding, fine motor actions bake in neural communication patterns that are really important for learning later on."

Ditching handwriting instruction could mean that those skills don't get developed as well, which could impair kids' ability to learn down the road.

"If young children are not receiving any handwriting training, which is very good brain stimulation, then their brains simply won't reach their full potential," says van der Meer. "It's scary to think of the potential consequences."

Many states are trying to avoid these risks by mandating cursive instruction. This year, California started requiring elementary school students to learn cursive , and similar bills are moving through state legislatures in several states, including Indiana, Kentucky, South Carolina and Wisconsin. (So far, evidence suggests that it's the writing by hand that matters, not whether it's print or cursive.)

Slowing down and processing information

For adults, one of the main benefits of writing by hand is that it simply forces us to slow down.

During a meeting or lecture, it's possible to type what you're hearing verbatim. But often, "you're not actually processing that information — you're just typing in the blind," says van der Meer. "If you take notes by hand, you can't write everything down," she says.

The relative slowness of the medium forces you to process the information, writing key words or phrases and using drawing or arrows to work through ideas, she says. "You make the information your own," she says, which helps it stick in the brain.

Such connections and integration are still possible when typing, but they need to be made more intentionally. And sometimes, efficiency wins out. "When you're writing a long essay, it's obviously much more practical to use a keyboard," says van der Meer.

Still, given our long history of using our hands to mark meaning in the world, some scientists worry about the more diffuse consequences of offloading our thinking to computers.

"We're foisting a lot of our knowledge, extending our cognition, to other devices, so it's only natural that we've started using these other agents to do our writing for us," says Balasubramaniam.

It's possible that this might free up our minds to do other kinds of hard thinking, he says. Or we might be sacrificing a fundamental process that's crucial for the kinds of immersive cognitive experiences that enable us to learn and think at our full potential.

Balasubramaniam stresses, however, that we don't have to ditch digital tools to harness the power of handwriting. So far, research suggests that scribbling with a stylus on a screen activates the same brain pathways as etching ink on paper. It's the movement that counts, he says, not its final form.

Jonathan Lambert is a Washington, D.C.-based freelance journalist who covers science, health and policy.

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As schools reconsider cursive, research homes in on handwriting's ...
As schools reconsider cursive, research homes in on handwriting's brain benefits : ... "When you're writing a long essay, it's obviously much more practical to use a keyboard," says van der Meer.

618 Disease Essay Topics & Examples

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Top 100 Disease Research Topics For Paper Writing

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555 Disease Research Topics & Disease Project Ideas

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Epidemiology Research Essay: A Guide with Steps, Insights, & Tips

Steps for Writing an Epidemiology Essay

1. Pick a Topic (Disease)

2. Conduct the Research

3. Come Up with an Outline for Your Essay

Introduction

Describe the Chosen Disease

Write Down the Social Determinants of the Disease

Discuss the Epidemiology Triangle Related to the Disease

Discuss the Role of Community Health Nurses

Point Out the Organization that Organization Helping Out

What are the Global Implications?

How to Format Your Epidemiology Paper

Tips for Writing a Compelling Epidemiology Essay

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How To Write A Research Paper

Overview: Writing A Research Paper

Overview: The 3-Stage Process

Need a helping hand?

Step 1: Find a topic and review the literature

Step 2: Develop a structure and outline

Step 3: Write and refine

Recap: Key Takeaways

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Infectious Disease Topics A-Z

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Disease Research Paper

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History And Development

Conceptual Clarification/Definition

The Ethical Dimension Of Disease

The Imperative To Help

Who Decides What Disease Is?

Underdiagnosis And Overdiagnosis, Undertreatment And Overtreatment

Making Risk A Disease

Medicalization

Disease As An Existential Threat

Social Prestige And Stigma

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