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Veterinarians in Research

By PhD candidate Andrea Minella, DVM

Veterinarians have long been the keepers of animal health and indirect supporters of human health, treating and caring for pets and maintaining the health of livestock. However, a less popular career path for veterinarians also is a very exciting one: scientific research.

Though we often picture scientists bent over a laboratory bench pouring bright liquids into shiny flasks, today’s research scientist can look any number of ways. They can be scientists in a lab studying things like chemical interactions or DNA. They can be someone in scrubs performing exams and diagnostics on animals to gain information about diseases and treatments. They even can be out in the field exploring ecosystems and disease transmission. What’s exciting for me is that as a veterinarian, I can fulfill roles in any of these types of settings.

Given the comparative nature of our training, veterinarians make excellent translational researchers because of our strength in extrapolating data from one species to another. As such, vets play an integral role in disease research. We study disease mechanisms, how diseases transmit and spread across populations and between species, and we fervently work toward developing new treatments. We often look at these factors in animals, sometimes rodents, but also in other species and patients. This allows us to gain knowledge relevant to our veterinary patients, as well as provide deeper understandings of diseases in people and work toward developing treatments for all, people and animals alike.

Veterinarians also have a uniquely fine-tuned expertise in animal care, assessment of comfort, pain management, health, and wellbeing. Veterinarians play a role that cannot be replaced by any other profession in this regard. We are necessary for optimal studies and serve this role as laboratory animal veterinarians or research scientists with interests in the welfare of our animals.

Vets in the field also are imperative to a broad range of research topics. Field veterinary researchers may study endangered species to help us better prevent the extinction of our precious fauna. Field vets may study ecosystems and how different factors affect those ecosystems to help us preserve them under the increasing pressures of modern society. Veterinary researchers also work in the field in the increasingly important and growing fight against zoonoses, diseases that spread from animals to people. As society continues to encroach on animal habitats, monitoring and learning about zoonoses and developing treatments against them will become ever more integral to our survival and healthy interactions with other species.

Veterinarians can serve a wide variety of roles in our modern society. They are the keepers of animal health, ranging from our pets to our food supply. They are the sentinels of conservation, researching ecosystems, species distributions, and health to enact positive environmental changes. They are the scientists at the bench-top next to the cage, or in the field making discoveries that will impact the health of all species as animals and people continue to share share ecosystems and diseases.

Aims and scope

BMC Veterinary Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of veterinary science and medicine, including the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of medical conditions of domestic, companion, farm and wild animals, as well as the biomedical processes that underlie their health.

BMC Veterinary Research does not make editorial decisions on the basis of the interest of a study or its likely impact. Studies must be scientifically valid; for research articles this includes a scientifically sound research question, the use of suitable methods and analysis, and following community-agreed standards (e.g. ARRIVE) relevant to the research field. Specific criteria for other article types can be found in the submission guidelines .

The journal considers manuscripts in the following broad subject-specific sections of veterinary medicine:

Animal ethics and welfare

Animal ethics, policy and research integrity

Epidemiology and public health

Epidemiology and modelling

Veterinary clinical services

Anesthesiology and pain management
Animal behavior and psychology
Dermatology
Gastroenterology, nutrition and metabolism
(ENT) Head and neck disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders and orthopaedics
Nephrology and urology
Neurology and neuroscience
Ophthalmology
Pharmacology, toxicology and therapeutics
Pulmonology and respiratory disorders
Soft tissue surgery
Theriogenology

Veterinary education and training

Veterinary education

Genetics, cell biology and clinical pathology

Animal genetics
Cell biology and stem cell research
Clinical pathology, physiology and immunology

Microbiology and parasitology

Bacteriology and mycology
Parasitology

Zoological medicine

Zoological and wildlife medicine

Open access

All articles published by BMC Veterinary Research are made freely and permanently accessible online immediately upon publication, without subscription charges or registration barriers. Further information about open access can be found here .

As authors of articles published in BMC Veterinary Research you are the copyright holders of your article and have granted to any third party, in advance and in perpetuity, the right to use, reproduce or disseminate your article, according to the BMC license agreement .

For those of you who are US government employees or are prevented from being copyright holders for similar reasons, BMC can accommodate non-standard copyright lines. Please contact us if further information is needed.

Data availability policy

BMC Veterinary Research follows the policies of the BMC journals , unless otherwise noted below and are designed to support our commitment to open data sharing.

Availability of datasets Where a widely established research community expectation for data archiving in public repositories exists, submission to a community-endorsed, public repository is mandatory. A list of data where deposition is required, can be found on the Editorial Policies Page .

BMC Veterinary Research strongly encourages that all datasets on which the conclusions of the paper rely should be available to readers. We encourage authors to ensure that their datasets are either deposited in publicly available repositories (where available and appropriate) or presented in the main manuscript or additional supporting files whenever possible. If a dataset is not able to be deposited in any of the above repositories due to legal guidelines or ethical reasons, this must be clearly stated in the “Availability of Data and Materials” section.

Data citation BMC endorses the Force 11 Data Citation Principles and requires that all publicly available datasets be fully referenced in the reference list with an accession number or unique identifier such as a digital object identifier (DOI).

Authors are required to formally cite any datasets stored in external repositories that are mentioned within their manuscript, including the main datasets that are the focus of the submission, as well as any other datasets that have been used in the work. For previously published datasets, we ask authors to cite both the related research articles and the datasets themselves. All methods, software, and code developed for the manuscript should include a citation on the reference list.

All Springer Nature journals, including BMC Veterinary Research , are participants in the Initiative for Open Citations . As such, data citations are included in full in the formal reference list, exported to Crossref and are openly available.

An author list and title for the dataset should be included in the data citation, and should reflect the author(s) and dataset title recorded at the repository. If author or title is not recorded by the repository, these should not be included in the data citation. The name of the data-hosting repository, URL to the dataset and year the data were made available are required for all data citations. For DOI-based (e.g. figshare or Dryad) repositories the DOI URL should be used. For repositories using accessions (e.g. SRA or GEO) an identifiers.org URL should be used where available. Please refer to the following examples of data citation for guidance:

Zhang, Q-L., Chen, J-Y., Lin, L-B., Wang, F., Guo, J., Deng, X-Y. Characterization of ladybird Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata transcriptomes across various life stages. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4064768.v3 (2018).
NCBI Sequence Read Archive https://identifiers.org/ncbi/insdc.sra:SRP121625 (2017).
Barbosa, P., Usie, A. and Ramos, A. M. Quercus suber isolate HL8, whole genome shotgun sequencing project. GenBank https://identifiers.org/ncbi/insdc:PKMF00000000 (2018).
DNA Data Bank of Japan https://trace.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/DRASearch/submission?acc=DRA004814 (2016).

Availability of computer code and software Authors must make available upon request, to editors and reviewers, any previously unreported custom computer code or algorithm used to generate the data presented in the manuscript. If published, the software application/tool should be readily available to any scientist wishing to use it for non-commercial purposes, without restrictions (such as the need for a material transfer agreement). If the implementation is not made freely available, then the manuscript should focus clearly on the development of the underlying method and not discuss the tool in any detail.

A statement describing how software or custom code can be accessed must be included in the Declaration section “Availability of Data and Materials". License information for the software or method should also be stated clearly in the “Availability of Data and Materials section” and on the repository site.

This section should include a link to the most recent version of your software or code (e.g. GitHub or Sourceforge or Code Ocean) as well as a link to the archived version referenced in the manuscript. The software or code should be archived in an appropriate repository with a DOI or other unique identifier. For software in GitHub, we recommend using Zenodo .

Code with an assigned DOI must be formally cited and listed in the References section of the manuscript.

Availability of research materials BMC Veterinary Research follows the BMC editorial policies for the sharing of research materials.

Submission of a manuscript to a BMC journal implies that materials described in the manuscript, including all relevant raw data, will be freely available to any scientist wishing to use them for non-commercial purposes. It is acceptable to request reasonable payment to cover costs of distribution and reagents may be made available via commercial or non-commercial third party providers. Any restrictions on materials availability, including if materials are to be distributed by a for-profit company, must be clearly stated in the paper. As per our policy on authorship responsibilities, it is expected that the corresponding author (or relevant designated authors) will be responsible for materials availability unless otherwise stated.

Study pre-registration BMC Veterinary Research encourages study pre-registration and pre-registration of analysis plans in public repositories; details of pre-registration should be provided in the manuscript.

Replication studies BMC Veterinary Research welcomes submission of replication studies that provide new insights into previously published results and will evaluate these submissions with the same editorial standards we apply to other submissions.

Standards of reporting BMC Veterinary Research advocates complete and transparent reporting of research and follows the BMC editorial policies on standards of reporting. Additional information is available through the journal’s submission guidelines .

Helpful resources for sharing your research data We are committed to supporting researchers in sharing their research data, and getting the credit they deserve. Here are some useful resources to help:

Get free advice from our research data help desk
Find a recommended repository for your data
Publish your data in BMC Genomic Data (genomic, transcriptomic and high-throughput genotype data) or in BMC Research Notes (data from across all natural and clinical sciences)

Article processing charges (APC)

Authors who publish open access in BMC Veterinary Research are required to pay an article processing charge (APC). The APC price will be determined from the date on which the article is accepted for publication.

The current APC, subject to VAT or local taxes where applicable, is: £2290.00/$3090.00/€2690.00*

*This journal is part of Springer Nature’s country-tiered APC pricing pilot. Find out more about the APC applicable to your country.

Visit our open access support portal and our Journal Pricing FAQs for further information.

Open access funding

Visit Springer Nature’s open access funding & support services for information about research funders and institutions that provide funding for APCs.

Springer Nature offers agreements that enable institutions to cover open access publishing costs. Learn more about our open access agreements to check your eligibility and discover whether this journal is included.

Requests for APC waivers and discounts from authors will be considered on a case-by-case basis, and may be granted in cases of financial need (see our open access policies for journals for more information). All applications for discretionary APC waivers and discounts should be made at the point of manuscript submission; requests made during the review process or after acceptance are unable to be considered.

Indexing services

All articles published in BMC Veterinary Research are included in:

Current contents
PubMed Central
Science Citation Index Expanded

The full text of all articles is deposited in digital archives around the world to guarantee long-term digital preservation. You can also access all articles published by BioMed Central on SpringerLink .

Peer-review policy

Peer-review is the system used to assess the quality of a manuscript before it is published. Independent researchers in the relevant research area assess submitted manuscripts for originality, validity and significance to help editors determine whether the manuscript should be published in their journal. You can read more about the peer-review process here .

In cases where the journal is unable to find sufficient peer reviewers, the services of a publishing partner, Research Square, may be used to identify suitable reviewers and provide reports to avoid further delays for authors. Reviewers recruited by Research Square are paid a small honorarium for completing the review within a specified timeframe. Honoraria are paid regardless of the reviewer recommendation. With Research Square, a double-anonymous peer review system is in operation.

In cases where reports have been obtained by Research Square, the peer review reports will be unsigned unless the reviewer opts in to sign the report.

BMC Veterinary Research operates a transparent peer-review system, where, if the article is published, the reviewer reports are published online alongside the article under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 but the reviewer is not named. In addition, the authors’ response to the reviewers’ comments are also published.

The benefit of transparent peer review is that it increases transparency. In addition, published reports can serve an educational purpose in helping facilitate training and research into peer review.

Manuscripts submitted to BMC Veterinary Research are assessed by our Editors and/or peer reviewers. Editor(s) are expected to obtain a minimum of two peer reviewers for manuscripts reporting primary research or secondary analysis of primary research. It is recognized that in some exceptional circumstances, particularly in niche and emerging fields, it may not be possible to obtain two independent peer reviewers. In such cases, Editor(s) may wish to make a decision to publish based on one peer review report. When making a decision based on one report, Editor(s) are expected to only do so if the peer review report meets the standards set out in the Springer Nature Code of Conduct (section Peer-Review). Overall editorial responsibility for the journal is with the Editor. Senior Editorial Board Members of BMC Veterinary Research handle manuscripts in a broad range of topics within their general areas of expertise, in addition to advising on editorial board and journal development. The Senior Editorial Board is selected based on exceptional contributions to the journal. The Editorial Board Members manage the peer review process and make final decisions on whether papers should be accepted.

BMC Veterinary Research is part of the BMC series which publishes subject-specific journals focused on the needs of individual research communities across all areas of biology and medicine. We do not make editorial decisions on the basis of the interest of a study or its likely impact. Studies must be scientifically valid; for research articles this includes a scientifically sound research question, the use of suitable methods and analysis, and following community-agreed standards relevant to the research field.

Specific criteria for other article types can be found in the submission guidelines.

BMC series - open, inclusive and trusted .

Collections and Special issues

All articles submitted to Collections and Special issues are peer reviewed in line with the journal’s standard peer review policy and are subject to all of the journal’s standard editorial and publishing policies. This includes the journal’s policy on competing interests. The Editors declare no competing interests with the submissions which they have handled through the peer review process. The peer review of any submissions for which the Editors have competing interests is handled by another Editor who has no competing interests.

Editorial policies

All manuscripts submitted to BMC Veterinary Research should adhere to BioMed Central's editorial policies .

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appeals and complaints

Authors who wish to appeal a rejection or make a complaint should follow the procedure outlined in the BMC Editorial Policies.

Citing articles in

Articles in BMC Veterinary Research should be cited in the same way as articles in a traditional journal. Because articles are not printed, they do not have page numbers; instead, they are given a unique article number.

Article citations follow this format:

Authors: Title. BMC Vet Res [year], [volume number]:[article number].

e.g. Roberts LD, Hassall DG, Winegar DA, Haselden JN, Nicholls AW, Griffin JL: Increased hepatic oxidative metabolism distinguishes the action of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor delta from Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma in the Ob/Ob mouse. BMC Vet Res 2009, 1 :115.

refers to article 115 from Volume 1 of the journal.

Benefits of publishing with BMC

High visibility.

BMC Veterinary Research 's open access policy allows maximum visibility of articles published in the journal as they are available to a wide, global audience.

Speed of publication

BMC Veterinary Research offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review; all articles must be submitted online, and peer review is managed fully electronically (articles are distributed in PDF form, which is automatically generated from the submitted files). Articles will be published with their final citation after acceptance, in both fully browsable web form, and as a formatted PDF.

Flexibility

Online publication in BMC Veterinary Research gives you the opportunity to publish large datasets, large numbers of color illustrations and moving pictures, to display data in a form that can be read directly by other software packages so as to allow readers to manipulate the data for themselves, and to create all relevant links (for example, to PubMed , to sequence and other databases, and to other articles).

Promotion and press coverage

Articles published in BMC Veterinary Research are included in article alerts and regular email updates. Some may be highlighted on BMC Veterinary Research ’s pages and on the BMC homepage.

In addition, articles published in BMC Veterinary Research may be promoted by press releases to the general or scientific press. These activities increase the exposure and number of accesses for articles published in BMC Veterinary Research . A list of articles recently press-released by journals published by BMC is available here .

As an author of an article published in BMC Veterinary Research you retain the copyright of your article and you are free to reproduce and disseminate your work (for further details, see the BMC license agreement ).

For further information about the advantages of publishing in a journal from BMC, please click here .

Important information

Editorial board

For authors

For editorial board members

For reviewers

Manuscript editing services

Annual Journal Metrics

2022 Citation Impact 2.6 - 2-year Impact Factor 2.9 - 5-year Impact Factor 1.091 - SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) 0.668 - SJR (SCImago Journal Rank)

2023 Speed 46 days submission to first editorial decision for all manuscripts (Median) 224 days submission to accept (Median)

2023 Usage 2,869,703 downloads 1,231 Altmetric mentions

BMC Veterinary Research

ISSN: 1746-6148

General enquiries: [email protected]

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Let NIH Help You in Your Research Career Goal toward Becoming aVeterinarian-Scientist

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Individual fellowships provide research training for graduate students and DVM-VMD/PhD students in many fields. Consider preparing an application to support your research and training goals. F30 F31

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To learn more about a career as a physician-scientist, visit the Association of American Medical Colleges ( AAMC ) , veterinary, dental scientist. Many schools offer research programs that may be pursued with a professional degree.

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Institutional research training programs for veterinarians offer research experience that can lead to the Ph.D. Learn more T32

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Two years mentored postdoctoral training followed by 3-5 years of research, to facilitate transition of dual degree veterinarian scientist to independent faculty position. Learn more K99/R00

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The NIH offers research opportunities in comparative oncology. Learn More

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NIH offers health professionals in eligible research activities awards to repay qualified educational debt. Learn more

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Institutions with a KL2 program offer up to five years’ support for mentored research training and career development to scholars with a professional degree to develop independent research programs. Learn more

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Institutions nationwide receive NIH-K12 support for mentored career development awards to prepare newly-trained clinicians who have made a commitment to independent research careers, and to facilitate their transition to more advanced support mechanisms. Learn more

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Aims and scope

Veterinary Research is an open access journal that publishes high quality and novel research and review articles focusing on all aspects of infectious diseases and host-pathogen interaction in animals. Food animals, companion animals, equines, wild animals (if the infections are of zoonotic interest and/or in relation with domestic animals), laboratory animals and animal models of human infections are considered. Studies on zoonotic and emerging infections are highly appreciated.

Topics published by the journal include:

New knowledge on pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, fungi and prions) and on host-pathogen interactions. Papers elucidating molecular mechanisms of interactions between hosts and microbes are highly appreciated.
Immunity to pathogenic micro-organisms and systemic and mucosal immunology of infected organisms. This topic encompasses fundamental studies on the immune system of animals. The development and evaluation of new vaccines against pathogens will be considered.
Epidemiological papers should provide new knowledge on pathogen-host interactions and/or host-population interactions related to infectious diseases. Manuscripts dealing with spread and/or transmission dynamics of infectious diseases will be favoured. Studies using mathematical modelling and developing or applying new epidemiological methods will be welcome if based on a biological application. It is important that manuscripts are of general interest, have a general applicability, and are not solely policy-oriented. Descriptive epidemiological studies, meta-analyses and studies providing information of geographically limited interest will not be considered.

The journal welcomes review articles focusing on analyses of the mechanisms of host-microbe interactions including epidemiological studies. The articles should present comprehensive, critical summaries of current knowledge in the field and should not be limited to a discussion of the author's work. Thematic issues composed of solicited review articles are also published.Specific aspects of treatment of diseases, pathological and clinical studies, diagnosis tests and technical reports, do not fall within the scope of the journal. Studies that are preliminary, of weak originality as well as negative results, are also not appropriate to the journal. Merely descriptive and correlative studies are not a priority.

The journal is aimed at scientists working in research institutes, universities, governmental institutions or non-governmental organisations, private firms and the pharmaceutical industry.

Why publish your article in Veterinary Research ?

We are an official journal of the world-leading French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE)
Published for over 50 years, our journal has an international reputation for high quality research on infectious diseases in animals.
Our expert editorial team provides thorough and constructive peer review, and as an open access journal we ensure that your work is immediately accessible and highly discoverable.
We deliver high levels of author satisfaction , with 91% of our published authors reporting that they would definitely or probably publish with us again .

Open access

All articles published by Veterinary Research are made freely and permanently accessible online immediately upon publication, without subscription charges or registration barriers. Further information about open access can be found here .

As authors of articles published in Veterinary Research you are the copyright holders of your article and have granted to any third party, in advance and in perpetuity, the right to use, reproduce or disseminate your article, according to the BMC license agreement .

Article processing charges (APC)

Authors who publish open access in Veterinary Research are required to pay an article processing charge (APC). The APC price will be determined from the date on which the article is accepted for publication.

The current APC, subject to VAT or local taxes where applicable, is: £1590.00/$2290.00/€1810.00

Visit our open access support portal and our Journal Pricing FAQs for further information.

Open access funding

Visit Springer Nature’s open access funding & support services for information about research funders and institutions that provide funding for APCs.

Springer Nature offers APC waivers and discounts for articles published in our fully open access journals whose corresponding authors are based in the world’s lowest income countries (see our APC waivers and discounts policy for further information). Requests for APC waivers and discounts from other authors will be considered on a case-by-case basis, and may be granted in cases of financial need (see our open access policies for journals for more information). All applications for discretionary APC waivers and discounts should be made at the point of manuscript submission; requests made during the review process or after acceptance are unable to be considered.

Indexing services

All articles published in Veterinary Research are included in:

CAB Abstracts
Google Scholar
PubMed Central
Science Citation Index Expanded
UGC-CARE List (India)

Peer-review policy

Veterinary Research operates a single-blind peer-review system, where the reviewers are aware of the names and affiliations of the authors, but the reviewer reports provided to authors are anonymous. The benefit of single-blind peer review is that it is the traditional model of peer review that many reviewers are comfortable with, and it facilitates a dispassionate critique of a manuscript.

Before being sent to reviewers, manuscripts are pre-screened by the editorial office to check that they agree with the criteria for publishing in Veterinary Research : accordance with the aims and scope of the journal, nature of the study, originality of the results, quantity and quality of data, general conclusions, and presentation of the work with a good quality of English language. If the paper does not fulfill these criteria, it may be rejected at this stage without review.

Manuscripts deemed suitable for review will be sent to a minimum of two experts chosen by the Editors-in-Chief, and possibly a statistical reviewer if necessary, to determine originality, scientific merit, and significance to the field. Reviewers are asked to declare any competing interests they may have in reviewing a manuscript. Only papers of high quality and novelty and of general significance are published. If minor revisions are recommended by the reviewers, authors are expected to make the appropriate revisions within one month. For manuscripts requiring major revisions, the revised version must be sent to the Editorial Office within two months (four months if additional data are needed). Revised manuscripts may be reviewed a second time. Revised manuscripts that are received after the deadline will not be considered.

The journal aims for a first decision to be made within eight weeks of receipt of the submission and the Editors-in-Chief make the final decision on publication.

Veterinary Research is now a PCI Animal Science Friendly Journal

Veterinary Research is happy to announce their new partnership as a PCI Animal Science friendly journal. While the journal retains the right to further review manuscripts, they are happy to consider the existing reviews when papers are submitted from PCI Animal Science.

Editorial policies

All manuscripts submitted to Veterinary Research should adhere to BioMed Central's editorial policies .

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Citing articles in Veterinary Research

Articles in Veterinary Research should be cited in the same way as articles in a traditional journal. Because articles are not printed, they do not have page numbers; instead, they are given a unique article number.

Article citations follow this format:

Authors: Title. Vet Res [year], [volume number]:[article number].

refers to article 115 from Volume 1 of the journal.

Appeals and complaints

Authors who wish to appeal a rejection or make a complaint should follow the procedure outlined in the BMC Editorial Policies .

Benefits of publishing with BMC

High visibility.

Veterinary Research 's open access policy allows maximum visibility of articles published in the journal as they are available to a wide, global audience.

Speed of publication

Veterinary Research offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review; all articles must be submitted online, and peer review is managed fully electronically (articles are distributed in PDF form, which is automatically generated from the submitted files). Articles will be published with their final citation after acceptance, in both fully browsable web form, and as a formatted PDF.

Flexibility

Online publication in Veterinary Research gives you the opportunity to publish large datasets, large numbers of color illustrations and moving pictures, to display data in a form that can be read directly by other software packages so as to allow readers to manipulate the data for themselves, and to create all relevant links (for example, to PubMed , to sequence and other databases, and to other articles).

Promotion and press coverage

Articles published in Veterinary Research are included in article alerts and regular email updates. Some may be highlighted on Veterinary Research ’s pages and on the BMC homepage.

In addition, articles published in Veterinary Research may be promoted by press releases to the general or scientific press. These activities increase the exposure and number of accesses for articles published in Veterinary Research . A list of articles recently press-released by journals published by BMC is available here .

As an author of an article published in Veterinary Research you retain the copyright of your article and you are free to reproduce and disseminate your work (for further details, see the BMC license agreement ).

For further information about the advantages of publishing in a journal from BMC, please click here .

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Annual Journal Metrics

2022 Citation Impact 4.4 - 2-year Impact Factor 4.3 - 5-year Impact Factor 1.687 - SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) 0.869 - SJR (SCImago Journal Rank)

2023 Speed 8 days submission to first editorial decision for all manuscripts (Median) 111 days submission to accept (Median)

2023 Usage 988,732 downloads 522 Altmetric mentions

More about our metrics

Veterinary Research

ISSN: 1297-9716

Submission enquiries: [email protected]
General enquiries: [email protected]

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Veterinarians: Protecting the health of animals and people

Today's veterinarians are the only doctors educated to protect the health of both animals and people. They work hard to address the health and welfare needs of every species of animal. Veterinarians also play critical roles in environmental protection, research, food safety, and public health.

Protecting the health of animals and society

Employment opportunities for veterinarians include such diverse areas as clinical practice, teaching and research, regulatory medicine, public health, and the uniformed services.

Private or corporate clinical practice

In the United States, approximately two-thirds of veterinarians work in private or corporate clinical practice, providing veterinary care for a wide range of species. Many treat only traditional or exotic pets such as dogs, cats, birds, small mammals (e.g., hamsters, guinea pigs), reptiles, and fish. Some veterinarians exclusively treat horses. Others treat a combination of species. Some veterinarians limit their practice to the care of farm/ranch animals and advise owners on production medicine and protecting our nation's food supply from farm to fork.

Teaching and research

Veterinarians in academia instruct veterinary students, veterinary technology students, other medical professionals, and scientists. Veterinary college faculty members conduct research, teach, provide care for animals in the veterinary teaching hospital, and develop continuing education programs to help practicing veterinarians acquire new knowledge and skills.

Research veterinarians employed at universities, colleges, governmental agencies, or in industry are finding new ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent animal and human health disorders. These veterinarians have made many important contributions to human health. For example, veterinarians made discoveries that helped control malaria and yellow fever, solved the mystery of botulism, produced an anticoagulant used to treat some people with heart disease, and identified the cause of West Nile virus infection. They also developed and refined techniques such as permanent artificial limbs and new treatments for joint disease and broken bones.

Veterinarians in pharmaceutical and biomedical research firms develop, test, and supervise the production of drugs and biological products for human and animal use. In addition to a veterinary degree, these veterinarians usually have specialized education in fields such as pharmacology, toxicology, virology, bacteriology, laboratory animal medicine, or pathology.

Veterinarians also work in management, regulatory affairs, technical sales and services, agribusinesses, pet food companies, and pharmaceutical companies. They are in demand in the agricultural chemical industry, private testing laboratories, and the feed, livestock, and poultry industries.

Regulatory medicine

To prevent the introduction of foreign diseases into the United States, veterinarians are employed by state and federal regulatory agencies to quarantine and inspect animals brought into the country. They supervise international and interstate shipments of animals; test for diseases that could threaten animal and human health or our food supply; and manage campaigns to prevent and eradicate diseases, such as tuberculosis and rabies, that pose threats to animal and human health.

Veterinarians at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) or a state department of agriculture ensure that only healthy animals enter our food supply. They see that our meat, poultry and egg products are safe for consumption through carefully monitored inspection programs.

Veterinarians in the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) monitor the development and testing of new vaccines for safety and effectiveness. USDA-APHIS veterinarians are also responsible for enforcing humane laws for the treatment of animals, protecting the health of our nation's agriculture through disease surveillance, and preventing foreign animal diseases from entering the country and endangering the nation's food supply. Other branches of the USDA, such as the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) employ veterinarians in research, research administration, and animal care.

Public health

Veterinarians serve as epidemiologists in city, county, state, and federal agencies investigating animal and human disease outbreaks such as food-borne illnesses, influenza and rabies. They help ensure the safety of food processing plants, restaurants, and water supplies. Many serve in the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.

Veterinarians working in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) study the effects of pesticides, industrial pollutants, and other contaminants on animals and people. At the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), veterinarians evaluate the safety and efficacy of medicines, medical products, pet foods and food additives. Veterinarians also work at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and its National Library of Medicine.

More than 100 veterinarians are employed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to protect public health by investigating zoonotic diseases and other diseases affecting the

health of animals and people. CDC veterinarians are involved in investigating disease outbreaks throughout the world and developing programs to prevent the spread of diseases such as malaria, Ebola and avian influenza.

Veterinarians in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) also protect the health and safety of animals and people through their work in developing disease surveillance and antiterrorism procedures and protocols.

Manmade and natural disasters pose significant risks to animals and humans, and veterinarians play vital roles in helping communities prepare for and recover from disasters.

Uniformed services

Veterinarians in the U.S. Army Veterinary Corps are protecting the United States against bioterrorism. They are responsible for food safety, veterinary care of government-owned animals, and biomedical research and development. Officers with special education in laboratory animal medicine, pathology, microbiology, or related disciplines conduct research in the uniformed services and other governmental positions.

In the U.S. Air Force, veterinarians serve in the Biomedical Science Corps as public health officers. They manage occupational illness, food borne disease, and communicable disease control programs at Air Force bases around the world. These veterinarians promote public health through surveillance of disease trends, food safety practices, and facility sanitation.

In the uniformed services, veterinarians play a vital role rebuilding and improving animal care systems in underdeveloped and war-damaged countries. Many societies are heavily dependent upon animal agriculture, and improving the health of their animals improves the quality of life for the human community.

Other professional activities

Veterinarians are also employed in animal welfare, zoologic medicine, aquatic animal medicine, aerospace medicine (shuttle astronauts), animal shelter medicine, sports medicine, animal-assisted activity and therapy programs, and wildlife medicine. There are veterinarians involved in local, state and federal governments, working with legislators to shape laws that protect the health, welfare and well-being of animals and people.

The road to becoming a veterinarian

Students should perform well in general science and biology in junior high school and pursue a strong science, mathematics, and biology program in high school to prepare for pre-veterinary

coursework at a college or university. Before applying to veterinary college/school, students must successfully complete university level undergraduate prerequisites. Each college or school of veterinary medicine establishes its own pre-veterinary requirements, but typically these include demonstrating basic language and communication skills, and completion of courses in the social sciences, humanities, mathematics, biology, chemistry, and physics.

Admission to veterinary school is highly competitive, with the number of qualified applicants admitted varying from year to year. Applicants may be required to take a standardized test (for example, the Graduate Record Examination or GRE).

Most veterinary schools require applications through the Veterinary Medical College Application Service (VMCAS). For information about application requirements, applicant data statistics, and other admissions resources, visit www.aavmc.org/vmcas/vmcas.htm

After completing the required veterinary medical curriculum and earning a veterinary degree, some graduates choose to pursue additional education in one of more than 20 AVMA-recognized veterinary specialties such as surgery, internal medicine, animal behavior, dentistry, ophthalmology, pathology or preventive medicine.

Is veterinary medicine right for you?

Today's veterinarians are extremely dedicated to protecting the health and well-being of animals and humans. Veterinarians are animal lovers and understand the value of animals in our families and society. Other personal attributes that contribute to a successful career in veterinary medicine are:

A scientific mind A student interested in veterinary medicine should have an inquiring mind and keen powers of observation. Aptitude and interest in the biological sciences are important.
Good communication skills Veterinarians must meet, talk, and work well with a variety of people. Compassion is an essential attribute for success, especially for veterinarians working with owners who form strong bonds with their animals.
Leadership experience Many environments (e.g., clinical practice, governmental agencies, public health programs) require that veterinarians manage employees and businesses. Having basic managerial and leadership skills contribute to greater success in these work environments.

What does a veterinarian do?

Would you make a good veterinarian? Take our career test and find your match with over 800 careers.

What is a Veterinarian?

A veterinarian specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illnesses and injuries in animals. Veterinarians provide medical care to a wide range of animals, including pets, livestock, zoo animals, and wildlife. They perform physical examinations, conduct diagnostic tests such as bloodwork and imaging, prescribe medications, administer vaccines, and perform surgical procedures to treat injuries or illnesses. Veterinarians also offer preventive care services, such as vaccinations, parasite control, and dental care, to help animals maintain optimal health and well-being.

In addition to clinical practice, veterinarians may also work in research, academia, public health, or regulatory agencies, contributing to advancements in veterinary medicine, animal welfare, and public health initiatives.

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What does a Veterinarian do?

Duties and Responsibilities The duties and responsibilities of a veterinarian encompass a wide range of tasks related to the care and treatment of animals. Some common responsibilities include:

Medical Diagnosis and Treatment: Veterinarians are responsible for diagnosing and treating illnesses, injuries, and health conditions in animals. They perform physical examinations, order diagnostic tests such as bloodwork, urinalysis, and imaging studies, and prescribe medications or treatments to address medical issues.
Surgical Procedures: Veterinarians perform surgical procedures to treat injuries, remove tumors, or address medical conditions that require surgical intervention. This may include routine procedures such as spaying and neutering, as well as more complex surgeries such as orthopedic repairs or emergency surgeries.
Preventive Care: Veterinarians provide preventive care services to help animals maintain optimal health and prevent illness. This may include administering vaccinations, performing parasite control measures, conducting wellness exams, and providing nutritional counseling to promote overall well-being.
Client Education: Veterinarians educate pet owners and animal caregivers about preventive care practices, nutrition, behavior management, and other aspects of animal health and welfare. They provide guidance on responsible pet ownership, disease prevention, and treatment options to empower clients to make informed decisions about their pets' care.
Public Health and Regulatory Compliance: Veterinarians play a critical role in public health initiatives and regulatory compliance by monitoring and controlling the spread of zoonotic diseases, ensuring the safety of food animals, and enforcing animal welfare laws and regulations. They may work with government agencies, public health officials, and industry stakeholders to address health concerns and implement disease control measures.
Research and Development: Some veterinarians engage in research and development activities to advance veterinary medicine, improve diagnostic techniques, and develop new treatments or vaccines for animal diseases. They may conduct studies, participate in clinical trials, or collaborate with other scientists to contribute to scientific knowledge and innovation in the field.

Types of Veterinarians Veterinary medicine is a diverse field that encompasses a wide range of specialties. While all veterinarians receive a broad education in animal health and welfare, some choose to pursue further training and education in a particular area of interest. Here are some types of veterinarians and their respective specialties:

Avian Veterinarian : Avian veterinarians specialize in the health and medical care of birds, including both companion birds and those in aviary and wildlife settings. Their responsibilities encompass diagnostics, preventive care, treatment of illnesses, and surgery, addressing the unique physiological and behavioral characteristics of avian species.
Emergency and Critical Care Veterinarian : Emergency and critical care veterinarians specialize in providing immediate and intensive medical care to animals facing life-threatening conditions or emergencies. Their responsibilities include triage, stabilization, and ongoing monitoring of critical patients, often in emergency clinics or specialty hospitals, ensuring prompt and specialized care during urgent situations.
Equine Veterinarian : Equine veterinarians specialize in the health and well-being of horses, providing comprehensive medical care for both domesticated and performance animals. Their responsibilities include routine health check-ups, dental care, lameness evaluations, reproductive services, and the treatment of injuries or illnesses, ensuring the overall health and performance of equine patients.
Exotic Animal Veterinarian : Exotic animal veterinarians specialize in providing medical care for non-traditional and exotic pets, including reptiles, birds, small mammals, and amphibians. Their responsibilities encompass diagnostics, treatment, and surgery tailored to the unique needs of these diverse species, often requiring specialized knowledge and equipment.
Large Animal Veterinarian : Large animal veterinarians focus on the health and well-being of agricultural and equine species, including livestock such as cows, horses, pigs, and sheep. Their responsibilities often include performing herd health management, reproductive services, surgical procedures, and addressing health issues affecting larger animals in agricultural and equine settings.
Public Health Veterinarian : Public health veterinarians focus on safeguarding public health by monitoring and controlling the spread of diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Their responsibilities include disease surveillance, outbreak investigations, implementing preventive measures, and collaborating with public health agencies to ensure the well-being of both animal and human populations.
Small Animal Veterinarian : Small animal veterinarians specialize in providing medical care to domestic pets, such as dogs and cats. Their responsibilities include conducting routine check-ups, administering vaccinations, diagnosing and treating illnesses, performing surgeries, and offering guidance on nutrition and preventive care to ensure the health and well-being of companion animals.
Theriogenologist : Theriogenologists are specialized veterinarians who focus on the reproductive health and management of animals. Their responsibilities include conducting reproductive examinations, implementing breeding programs, addressing fertility issues, and providing assistance with reproductive technologies, contributing to the successful reproduction and breeding of various species.
Veterinary Acupuncturist : Veterinary acupuncturists offer alternative and complementary treatments for animals. Their responsibilities include assessing animals' conditions, inserting acupuncture needles at specific points to alleviate pain or promote healing, and integrating acupuncture into comprehensive veterinary care plans to enhance overall well-being.
Veterinary Anesthesiologist : Veterinary anesthesiologists specialize in administering anesthesia and managing pain control for animals undergoing medical procedures. Their responsibilities include assessing patients for anesthesia suitability, monitoring vital signs during surgeries, and developing anesthetic plans tailored to the unique needs of different species to ensure safe and effective anesthesia.
Veterinary Behaviorist : Veterinary behaviorists specialize in understanding and addressing behavioral issues in animals. Their responsibilities include evaluating and diagnosing behavior problems, implementing behavior modification plans, and offering guidance to pet owners to improve the well-being and relationship between animals and their human companions.
Veterinary Cardiologist : Veterinary cardiologists focus on the diagnosis and treatment of heart and circulatory system disorders in animals. Their responsibilities include conducting cardiac evaluations, interpreting diagnostic tests, and developing comprehensive treatment plans to manage cardiovascular conditions and promote the cardiac well-being of their animal patients.
Veterinary Dentist : Veterinary dentists focus on the oral health of animals. Their responsibilities include performing dental procedures, addressing oral diseases, and providing preventive care to maintain the dental well-being of animals, ensuring overall health and quality of life.
Veterinary Dermatologist : Veterinary dermatologists specialize in diagnosing and treating skin, ear, and coat conditions in animals. Their responsibilities include conducting dermatological examinations, performing diagnostic tests, and developing treatment plans to address issues such as allergies, infections, and autoimmune disorders, ensuring the dermatological health of their animal patients.
Veterinary Neurologist : Veterinary neurologists specialize in diagnosing and treating neurological disorders in animals, addressing conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Their responsibilities include conducting neurological examinations, interpreting diagnostic imaging, and developing treatment plans, often involving surgery or medical interventions, to ensure the optimal neurological health of their animal patients.
Veterinary Ophthalmologist : Veterinary ophthalmologists specialize in diagnosing and treating eye conditions in animals. Their responsibilities include performing eye examinations, surgeries, and providing medical care to address a wide range of ocular issues in various species, ensuring optimal vision and eye health for their patients.
Veterinary Oncologist : Veterinary oncologists specialize in diagnosing and treating cancer in animals. Their responsibilities include conducting diagnostic tests, developing treatment plans such as chemotherapy or surgery, and providing supportive care to enhance the quality of life for animals affected by cancer.
Veterinary Pathologist : Veterinary pathologists investigate and diagnose diseases in animals by studying tissues and body fluids. Their responsibilities include conducting post-mortem examinations, analyzing samples, and providing crucial insights into the causes and effects of diseases, contributing to advancements in veterinary medicine and animal health.
Veterinary Surgeon : Veterinary surgeons focus on performing surgical procedures to address a variety of medical conditions in animals. Their responsibilities include assessing surgical candidates, conducting surgeries ranging from routine procedures to complex interventions, and providing post-operative care to ensure the optimal recovery of their animal patients.
Wildlife Veterinarian : Wildlife veterinarians are dedicated to the health and conservation of wild animals in their natural habitats. Their responsibilities include disease monitoring, population management, and the provision of medical care for injured or endangered species, contributing to the overall well-being and sustainability of wildlife ecosystems.

Are you suited to be a veterinarian?

Veterinarians have distinct personalities . They tend to be investigative individuals, which means they’re intellectual, introspective, and inquisitive. They are curious, methodical, rational, analytical, and logical. Some of them are also realistic, meaning they’re independent, stable, persistent, genuine, practical, and thrifty.

Does this sound like you? Take our free career test to find out if veterinarian is one of your top career matches.

What is the workplace of a Veterinarian like?

The workplace of a veterinarian can vary depending on their specialization and the nature of their practice. Many veterinarians work in clinical settings such as animal hospitals, veterinary clinics, or private practices, where they provide medical care to companion animals, livestock, or exotic pets. In these environments, veterinarians typically interact directly with clients and patients, performing physical examinations, diagnosing illnesses or injuries, prescribing medications, and conducting surgical procedures as needed. They may also collaborate with veterinary technicians, assistants, and other staff members to deliver comprehensive care and support services to animals and their owners.

Some veterinarians specialize in specific areas of veterinary medicine, such as equine medicine, exotic animal medicine, or public health, which may influence their workplace environment. Equine veterinarians, for example, may spend a significant amount of time traveling to farms, stables, or racetracks to provide medical care to horses. Exotic animal veterinarians may work in zoos, aquariums, or wildlife rehabilitation centers, caring for a diverse range of species in specialized facilities. Public health veterinarians may work for government agencies, research institutions, or international organizations, focusing on disease surveillance, food safety, or environmental health initiatives.

Frequently Asked Questions

Veterinary related careers and degrees.

Avian Veterinarian
Emergency and Critical Care Veterinarian
Equine Veterinarian
Exotic Animal Veterinarian
Large Animal Veterinarian
Public Health Veterinarian
Small Animal Veterinarian
Theriogenologist
Veterinary Acupuncturist
Veterinary Anesthesiologist
Veterinary Assistant
Veterinary Behaviorist
Veterinary Cardiologist
Veterinary Dentist
Veterinary Dermatologist
Veterinary Neurologist
Veterinary Ophthalmologist
Veterinary Oncologist
Veterinary Pathologist
Veterinary Surgeon
Veterinary Technician
Veterinary Technologist
Veterinarian
Wildlife Veterinarian
Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary Technology

Animal Related Careers and Degrees

Alligator Farmer
Animal Assisted Therapist
Animal Behaviorist
Animal Breeder
Animal Caretaker
Animal Control Worker
Animal Lawyer
Animal Nutritionist
Animal Scientist
Animal Trainer
Animal Trainer for Film and Television
Applied Ethologist
Aquacultural Manager
Aquaculturist
Artisanal Dairy Farmer
Behavioral Ecologist
Bird Trainer
Chicken Sexer
Circus Animal Trainer
Cognitive Ethologist
Commercial Dairy Farmer
Comparative Anatomist
Comparative Animal Psychologist
Comparative Ethologist
Conservation Behaviorist
Conservation Biologist
Conservation Scientist
Crocodile Wrangler
Dairy Farmer
Dairy Farm Worker
Dairy Scientist
Dog Breeder
Dog Groomer
Dog Trainer
Entomologist
Evolutionary Biologist
Exterminator
Family Dairy Farmer
Farm Manager
Fish and Game Warden
Fishery Officer
Guide Dog Trainer
Herpetologist
Hippotherapist
Horse Trainer
Ichthyologist
Kennel Technician
Livestock Farmer
Mammalogist
Marine Biologist
Marine Conservationist
Marine Ecologist
Marine Fisheries Biologist
Marine Mammalogist
Marine Mammal Trainer
Neuroethologist
Oceanographer
Organic Dairy Farmer
Ornithologist
Pet Adoption Counselor
Pet Detective
Poultry Farmer
Poultry Scientist
Racehorse Trainer
Robotic Dairy Farmer
Snake Milker
Vermiculturist
Wildlife Biologist
Wildlife Ecologist
Wildlife Enforcement Officer
Wildlife Photographer
Wildlife Rehabilitator
Zoo Curator
Zoo Educator
Zoo Endocrinologist
Animal Sciences
Aquaculture
Conservation Biology
Dairy Science
Equine Science
Marine Biology
Marine Science
Oceanography
Poultry Science

Pros and Cons of Being a Veterinarian

Becoming a veterinarian can be a deeply rewarding career choice, but like any profession, it comes with its own set of pros and cons.

Helping Animals: Veterinarians have the opportunity to make a meaningful difference in the lives of animals by providing medical care, treating illnesses and injuries, and promoting overall health and well-being. For many veterinarians, the opportunity to improve the quality of life for animals is a primary motivator and source of fulfillment.
Variety of Specializations: Veterinarians can choose to specialize in various areas of veterinary medicine, such as small animal medicine, equine medicine, exotic animal medicine, public health, research, and more. This diversity of specializations allows veterinarians to pursue their interests and passions within the field and develop expertise in specific areas of animal health and care.
Professional Growth: Veterinarians have opportunities for professional growth and advancement throughout their careers. They can pursue advanced training, certifications, or specialty board certifications to enhance their skills and qualifications. Additionally, veterinarians may have opportunities to take on leadership roles, engage in research, or contribute to veterinary education and mentorship.
Strong Demand: There is a consistent demand for veterinary services, driven by pet ownership, livestock production, and public health concerns. Veterinarians can typically find employment opportunities in various settings, including private practices, animal hospitals, research institutions, government agencies, and academia.
Emotional Toll: Dealing with sick or injured animals, euthanasia, and difficult client interactions can take an emotional toll on veterinarians. Compassion fatigue and burnout are common challenges in the veterinary profession, particularly for those working in high-stress environments or facing challenging cases.
Financial Burden: The cost of veterinary education can be substantial, leading to significant student loan debt for many veterinarians. Despite the high cost of education, salaries for veterinarians may not always align with the level of debt incurred, particularly for those working in certain sectors of the profession.
Work-Life Balance: Veterinarians often work long and irregular hours, including evenings, weekends, and holidays, to accommodate the needs of their patients and clients. This can impact work-life balance and personal time, leading to feelings of stress or burnout if not managed effectively.
Physical Demands: Veterinary work can be physically demanding, requiring veterinarians to lift and restrain animals, perform surgeries, and work in various environmental conditions. This can lead to musculoskeletal injuries or fatigue, particularly for those working in large animal or emergency medicine.

Veterinarians are also known as: Vet Doctor of Veterinary Medicine DVM

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Animals in Research

The Royal Veterinary College (RVC) undertakes a wide variety of research, including some involving animals.

Research involving animals is well regulated in the UK and the RVC has a long-standing commitment to the welfare of animals in research environments. The College undertakes research to improve the welfare of experimental animals.

The RVC shares society’s desire to minimise the use of animal experimentation and increase the use of scientifically validated alternative methods that reduce, refine or replace the use of animal models. Nevertheless, animal experimentation remains a necessary part of the scientific discovery process and development of new medicines for veterinary and human clinical use.

Dogs, cats and other companion animals suffer from cancers, heart diseases, diabetes, joint disease and many other conditions. Research involving these and other species enables the development of new safe and effective veterinary medicines that improve the health and welfare of animals and humans worldwide.

Facts and Figures

See Facts and Figures for the latest reported data by the RVC on the number of animals that are used in research by species.

Case Studies

See Use of Animals in Research - Case Studies

Client-owned Animals

The RVC undertakes a large number of clinical studies involving veterinary patients who return to the care of their owners at the end of each procedure. See Research using Client-owned Animals .

The RVC's policy on animals in research: RVC Policy .

RVC Statement on Research using Animals in Veterinary Schools

Why veterinary schools should be involved in research: RVC Statement on Animal Research .

Regulation and licences

The use of animals in experiments is regulated under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (ASPA) . Some of the research conducted at the RVC takes place under Home Office licences granted under the directions of ASPA. Many of the animals used under ASPA are purpose bred (e.g. mice and rats) but some of the research we do on clinical patients (mainly dogs, cats and horses) and on farms (mainly cattle) is done under Home Office licences so we can take samples from our patients with naturally occurring disease that are to advance our knowledge rather than for the benefit of diagnosis and treatment of that animal (which is a requirement if samples are to be taken under the Veterinary Surgeons Act ). In this case the animals remain with their owner, who gives informed consent to the research samples being taken but always has the option of declining to allow their pet to be involved in the research.

Licence applications are scrutinised by the RVC’s Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (AWERB), which looks at the balance between potential harm to the animals involved in experiments and the benefits that are likely to accrue from the work. If the AWERB is happy that all steps have been taken to minimise the harm to the animals involved and that the benefits that are likely to result from the work justify this then the licence application is passed to the Home Office. The application is then subjected to further scrutiny before permission for the work is granted under the authority of the Home Secretary.

Openness on animal research

The RVC is a signatory to the Concordat on Openness on Animal Research . A core principle of this is that the institution is open about how it involves animals in research and why. As a leading veterinary school, the RVC makes advances in veterinary science that benefit our patients and other animals globally. Due to commonalities between species, veterinary research findings sometimes help advances in human medicine – just as advances in medical practice help advance veterinary science and practice.

Exceptional care of purpose bred research animals housed in our experimental facilities

As a leading provider of both first opinion and referral veterinary treatment, the RVC can deliver the best of care to those animals participating in research programmes. Appropriate socialisation is provided throughout research processes and animals are often rehomed after participation if the Named Veterinary Surgeon thinks this is in the best interests of the animal.

Animal-based research taking place at the RVC helps educate both undergraduate and postgraduate students in robust scientific methodologies and enables courses to be grounded in the most up-to-date knowledge. A firm grounding in evidence-based practice enables practitioners trained at the RVC to offer the most efficacious treatment to their patients after they graduate.

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How to Become a Research Veterinarian

Step 1: Understand the job description and responsibilities of a Research Veterinarian

What does a research veterinarian do.

A Research Veterinarian provides medical services in support of the health of animals that are part of medical research and studies. Prescribes medications, establishes and administers treatment plans, and performs surgeries on animals. Being a Research Veterinarian provides oversight of animal care and laboratory protocols to ensure compliance with veterinary standards and statutory requirements. Requires an applicable state license to practice. Additionally, Research Veterinarian requires a PhD in veterinary medicine. Typically reports to a manager or head of a unit/department. Research Veterinarian's years of experience requirement may be unspecified. Certification and/or licensing in the position's specialty is the main requirement.

The role of the research veterinarian might be more behind the scenes compared to say, a clinical veterinarian, but this job is equally important.

Research veterinarians are often educators who train those studying in the field of veterinary medicine, are engaged in clinical research along the lines of physicians.

Research veterinarians are often called in to solve both animal and human health problems, such as West Nile Virus, Mad Cow Disease and a host of other critical illnesses that affect huge populations of animals and people.

Sometimes they work in a lab and use animals for research purposes (a highly controversial subject according to some), but even when they are working with animals, their primary goal is always first and foremost to maintain the safety and health of said animals.

Research veterinarians have been involved in identifying and treating Salmonella species, fighting yellow fever and malaria, discovering botulism, and working with animals to create surgical techniques that are then used in human surgeries, such as hip replacements and organ transplants.

Step 2: Learn best tips to become a Research Veterinarian

Best tips for those who want to become a research veterinarian.

Here are some tips to become a Research Veterinarian.

Step 3: View best colleges and universities for Research Veterinarian

Best colleges and universities for research veterinarian.

Butler University
Carroll College
High Point University
Princeton University
Providence College
Rollins College

Step 4: Think about whether is it worth to be a Research Veterinarian

Is being a research veterinarian worth it.

Though mental illness among veterinarians isn’t a new phenomenon, Diesch-Chham said that the younger millennial generation of veterinarians is more willing to speak up about expectations that they will continue to work through situations that they find emotionally or ethically challenging.

One important part of a veterinarian’s job is helping to counsel clients around end-of-life decisions for their animals.

The National Institutes of Health used photos of it at a research animal workshop last year.

Additionally… Veterinary Biosciences with an overall goal of establishing a research platform to advance the study and translation of microbial….

In an AAALAC accredited facility, you will be a member of a team providing veterinary medical and surgical services, assist with animal model development, and provide direction and training to research investigators, research support staff and animal care personnel participating in the research and pre-clinical safety assessment processes.

Step 5: Prepare relevant skills for being a Research Veterinarian

What skills do you need to be a research veterinarian.

There are skills required to succeed in every role, and this one is no different. Strategic knowledge of the follow skills will be required: Scientific Research, Administer Medication, Research Animal Care, Medical Specialty: Veterinary. Your ability to stand out from the competition depends on these skills, as well as your resume, interview, and other factors.

To be successful you will have a Veterinarian degree and be registered with Veterinary Practitioner’s Board of NSW; have experience in pre-clinical surgical models; track record in the design and development of animal models for the investigation of biological phenomenon and assessment of treatments related to orthopaedics and have experience working in research setting.

You will be a team player with excellent communication skills and be very keen and excited to utilize your veterinarian skills in a research environment.

Experience conducting research in a USDA or FDA regulated environment preferred.

Current and relevant working knowledge of regulations governing the use of animals in teaching and research (e.g., USDA, PHS, AAALAC) preferred.

One + year of experience as a small animal veterinarian is preferred.

Step 6: View average salary for Research Veterinarian

How much does a research veterinarian make.

The average salary range for a Research Veterinarian is from $113,436 to $165,176. The salary will change depending on your location, job level, experience, education, and skills.

Average salary for Research Veterinarian jobs

Research Laboratory Veterinarian
University Research Veterinarian
Research Veterinarian - Higher Ed.
Veterinarian
Licensed Veterinarian
Equine Veterinarian
Zoo Veterinarian

Step 7: Find relevant Research Veterinarian jobs, and apply.

Looking for research veterinarian jobs.

Here are some Research Veterinarian jobs in the United States.

Step 8: Explore Career Path of Research Veterinarian

– Veterinary School Blog

5 Types of Veterinarians and What They Do

The world of veterinary medicine careers is vast. While many Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) graduates pursue a career working with pets, there are other types of veterinarians out there as well.

This list provides an overview of the major professional paths in this field. Familiarize yourself with each of these opportunities to start gaining a better understanding of which veterinary career could be right for you.

You can easily spend hours scouring the web to learn more about different career options for veterinarians, so we’re here to lighten your workload. We’ve highlighted some of the major types of veterinary positions you should know about.

Familiarize yourself with each of these opportunities to start gaining a better understanding of which veterinary career could be right for you.

5 Types of veterinarians you should know about

This is not an exhaustive list of career options—there are specializations under each major category—but it should give you a better idea of some potential paths you could take as a veterinarian.

1. Companion-animal veterinarians

While they’re just one segment of the veterinarian population, those who work with companion animals are the largest group. In fact, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) reports about 75 percent of all veterinarians in private practice work mostly or exclusively with companion animals.

These practitioners, also called small animal veterinarians , are sort of like primary care physicians who work with humans. Their day-to-day tasks can involve treating wounds, diagnosing illnesses, performing surgery, administering vaccines, and prescribing medications. They also euthanize animals nearing the end of their lives.

Small animal practitioners can even pursue shelter medicine, a relatively new field that entails caring for animals in need of homes.

2. Veterinary specialists

Just like doctors who work with people, veterinary physicians can pursue countless specialties. In fact, the AVMA recognizes more than 20 different kinds of veterinarians that fall under this category. Some  career options  are anesthesiology, dentistry, pathology, and surgery. Veterinarians can also opt to specialize in a particular species or group of animals, like cats, dogs, poultry, or wildlife.

Vet Specialists act as consultants for other vets when a particular type of equipment or expertise is required. Because each role calls for different skill sets, daily duties will vary substantially across specialties. As the American College of Veterinary Pathologists (ACVP) explains, a veterinary pathologist focuses on studying disease in animals. An emergency veterinarian, according to the American College of Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care (ACVECC), specializes in treating patients in the emergency room and intensive care unit.

3. Food-animal veterinarians

Food animal veterinarians work primarily with animals raised for human consumption to ensure products are safe to eat. Many are large animal vets , but that’s not always the case. Regardless of the specific focus, the AVMA notes that these types of vets ensure the welfare of food animals and also work to prevent and control disease. They may work on ranches and farms, and they often spend a fair amount of time traveling.

4. Food safety and inspection veterinarians

While both food animal veterinarians and food safety and inspection veterinarians play roles in keeping edible products safe, they’re not necessarily the same. As the AVMA points out, the latter often work for the US Food and Drug Administration’s Food Safety and Inspection Service to help enforce regulations.

These types of veterinarians may inspect livestock and animal products, like eggs, dairy, and meat, to ensure they meet sanitation standards. In some cases, they might need to quarantine infected animals to prevent illness from spreading to other animals and humans. Still others are involved in testing the safety of medications and additives.

5. Research veterinarians

While every DVM needs to have strong scientific knowledge, it’s even more important for research veterinarians. According to a career overview from AVMA, these types of veterinarians may find themselves working for government organizations, biomedical research firms, or universities. Vets who work at education institutions are often faculty members who teach vet students.

Veterinarians employed by schools and government agencies may review past findings and techniques to work toward better methods for diagnosing, treating, and preventing health conditions. Those who work with biomedical or pharmaceutical firms develop and test drugs and other biomedical products.

Determine the type of veterinarian you want to be

You clearly have no shortage of career options as a DVM. Now that you’re starting to think about which type of veterinarian you might want to become, it might be worth considering how to move forward.

Learn more about next steps by reading our article“ How to Become a Veterinarian: Your 8-Step Guide .”

*This article was originally published in December 2018. It has since been updated to include information relevant to 2021.

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AI & Pet Care According to Vets

Last Updated on May 9, 2024 by Catster Editorial Team

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As AI continues to evolve and become more integrated with the pet health and care industry, we decided to put this new technology under the microscope and investigate. Can AI be a helping hand in the veterinary field and improve the lives of vets, pets, and pet parents, or are storm clouds of misuse, misinformation, and misdiagnosis brewing?

We spoke with several of the veterinarians on the Catster team about their insights into the opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerations linked with the integration of AI in veterinary practice. We also consulted different reports and studies on its current uses in the industry to get a better understanding of its impact on the future of animal care.

Where Is Artificial Intelligence Being Used in the Pet Care Industry Today?

Artificial intelligence is used across the pet care industry, with home pet care and veterinary care being the two primary drivers of the greater industry.

AI in the Home Pet Care Industry

AI is currently used in most areas of the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of pet care products and services, with pet wearable technology being the fastest-growing AI niche in the industry.

Pet Wearable Technologies

Pet wearable technology includes GPS collars, RFID tags, and various sensors that track a pet’s whereabouts, level of activity, vital signs, hydration, bathroom habits, how they’re feeling, and more.

How popular are tech wearables with pet owners?

In 2022, the pet wearable market in the United States was valued at USD $800 million. (Grandview Research)
By 2030, the pet wearable market in the United States is estimated to grow by 12.9%. (Grandview Research)
Part of the reason the demand for pet wearables has grown is people have more disposable income. In 2021, pet parents spent approximately USD $123.6 billion on pet products. (American Pets Products Association)
Demand for pet wearables that track a pet’s activity and health is increasing and is expected to have a compound annual growth of 15%. (Grandview Research)

Pet wearable technology gives the user more control and greater flexibility, allowing them to make smarter, quicker decisions when problems arise and provide peace of mind that a pet is safe and happy. They can alert potential health issues, and changes in pet behavior and normal routine, which gives pet parents the heads up early, so they can get veterinary care sooner, with higher chances of recovery.

Related Read: Tractive GPS Tracker for Cats Review

AI in the Veterinary Industry

Veterinarians are using artificial intelligence in hospitals, clinics, and research in various ways. Here are some recent statistics:

In 2023, the largest regional market, when it came to AI in the veterinary industry, was North America, at 37.8%. (Market.us)
The companion animals segment makes up almost 74% of automated technology use. (Market.us)
As of 2020, over 97% of vet professionals are using AI-based applications, products or services (Gitnux)
The number of pet owners who use AI-powered veterinary care has increased by 63% from 2019 to 2021 (Gitnux)
At this time, 39.2% of vets are using AI technologies in some way in their practices. (Digitail)
26.5% of vets use artificial intelligence weekly or daily. (Digitail)
Data Management segment had the largest share of the AI in Veterinary market in 2020 at 40% (Gitnux)
In 2020, Image Scanning held the second-largest share in AI in veterinary market (Gitnux)

Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a valuable tool in veterinary medicine, particularly when aiding in diagnosis and treatment. However, most veterinarians (ours unanimously) agree that it cannot replace human veterinary care.

“AI has its place [in veterinary care]; analyzing data sets, pattern recognition, and looking for potential drug applications are appropriate ways for it to be used. It may be useful as an additional resource for vets working up a case, but it should not be diagnosing or making treatment plans for pets. It should not become the sole source of information and decision-making for vets, and it should not be doing our thinking for us.” – Dr. Karyn Kanowski, BVSc MRCVS

Electronic communication and automated algorithms can be used by vets to assist in diagnosing and treating pet illnesses and injuries more swiftly and accurately than before.

For instance, automated algorithms excel at analyzing medical images like CT scans, X-rays, and MRIs, aiding in the early detection of conditions such as canine hip dysplasia and cancerous tumors.

Vets from UC Davis have developed an AI algorithm that analyzes blood work, accurately identifying complex patterns to detect diseases like leptospirosis and Addison’s in canines.

AI microscopy, such as Heska’s Element AIM , automates disease detection in urine and fecal samples, making rapid diagnosis possible and facilitating informed treatment decisions.

While AI enhances veterinary care by enabling faster disease detection, it is most effective when used as a supportive tool by human veterinarians, allowing pet parents to make timely decisions for their pets’ well-being.

Drug Discovery and Development

Artificial intelligence has become crucial in the discovery and development of medications for our pets.

“One ability of AI that’s often overlooked, in my opinion, is that it makes traceability much easier. AI is an amazing tool for any part of veterinary medicine that does not involve analyzing a biological system but rather involves quick calculations.” – Dr. Luqman Javed, DVM

AI’s ability to quickly sort and analyze large datasets from clinical trials, scientific literature, and health records has proven to be more efficient and accurate in identifying correlations, patterns, and potential therapeutic targets.

In the past, researchers had to sort through vast datasets themselves. These traditional methods were prone to oversight and human error, but AI minimizes these and speeds up the screening process, leading to both cost and time savings.

Once data has been analyzed, this technology can help researchers develop predictive models and hold virtual screenings of drug compounds to identify potential drug candidates more efficiently. This brings veterinary medicine one step closer to finding the best treatments for pet illness and disease.

How Do Our Veterinarians Feel About AI in Pet Care?

We surveyed several vets on Catster’s team about their views on artificial intelligence in veterinary practice.

Opinions varied on many questions we asked, but six key points were unanimously agreed upon:

Replacing humans with AI in medicine is dangerous, ineffective, and not possible.
AI is extremely beneficial as veterinary support.
It lacks the tailored vet care that humans provide.
AI simplifies time-consuming or tedious tasks.
AI lacks human empathy and reasoning skills.
Vets support using AI in the pet care industry, but stress tech limitations and precautions.

Our veterinarians vary in their views on AI applications in vet practice, but most vets agree AI will play a part in pet care and is beneficial if used correctly.

“Resisting will only prove useless, and it’s best to figure out the ways we can use it to improve our current capacity.” – Dr. Paola Cuevas, MVZ, Behaviorist

In general, our vets see AI aiding in tasks like drug research and pattern recognition. While recognizing AI’s limitations, they emphasize its clear benefits. Vets stress that AI can’t replace humans entirely in diagnosis due to lacking essential human qualities. Despite potential challenges, they embrace AI’s role in improving patient care with more tools at their disposal.

Do Vets Think AI Could Ever Replace Them?

All the vets we spoke to said artificial intelligence could not replace actual veterinarians (so you don’t need to worry about your cat or dog being seen and handled by a robot any time soon!).

“Medicine is not an exact science. Each clinical case is different, each patient and each family has their own particularities, and all these variables are taken into account by the veterinarian in order to treat and improve the patients’ lives. There is no way AI could ever replace this. Studies have shown how empathy is essential to having a trusting relationship with the patient/pet parents and thus improving clinical outcomes.” – Dr. Marta Vidal-Abarca, BVSC GPCERT (OPHTHAL) MRCVS

Essentially, veterinarians agreed that people and animals cannot be entirely reduced to algorithms and data, and replacing vets with robotization would be detrimental to patients.

However, Dr. Kanowski said, “My concern is that, with large corporations buying veterinary practices and making decisions about how those practices are run, we will see more and more decisions based on profits rather than on patient care or staff development and well-being.”

Pros of AI in Pet Care According to Vets

Providing tools for labs, pharmaceuticals, food formulation, etc.
Enhancing surgeons’ control, visibility, and precision, reducing complications
24/7 patient monitoring
Aiding vets in identifying environmental management, prevention, diet, etc.
Rapidly checking drug databases and identifying interactions
Monitoring illnesses like diabetes
Creating personalized pet meal plans
Providing detailed sample and result analysis
Tracking subtle changes in farm animal behavior and performance
Offering accessible healthcare information for pet owners
Enhancing communication between veterinarians and pet parents

One widely agreed-upon benefit amongst our veterinarians is its ability to analyze large amounts of data and recognize patterns.

“Analyzing large data sets to find solutions, patterns, and side effects, bringing together written resources, removing bias from decision making, and so on, will be an incredible research tool and will speed up tasks, reports, and analysis.” – Dr. Lorna Whittemore, MRCVS

The sky’s the limit when it comes to the ways AI can benefit the veterinary field. However, that doesn’t mean there aren’t potential downsides to veterinarians using this advanced technology.

Cons of AI in Pet Care According to Vets

Dependence on technology may reduce a vet’s clinical skills and judgment
Data bias and quality issues can lead to inaccurate predictions
Ethical concerns arise regarding accountability for errors
Privacy and security risks accompany access to sensitive data
Implementation costs may limit access to AI-driven care
Loss of personal connection between veterinarians and clients is possible
Robotization in veterinary care can create mistrust among pet parents

One con mentioned several times was the use of robotization, which could lead to mistrust from pet parents, especially those unfamiliar with AI. Relying on automation too much during diagnosis and treatment can make pet parents lose confidence in vets. If vets solely depend on the technology without double-checking, it could lead to significant errors, further eroding the trust.

Similar to human medicine, where humans prefer human doctors , pet owners may doubt AI’s ability to understand their pet’s unique needs. Depending too heavily on the technology, like strictly following a textbook for diagnosing and treating pets, may not recognize the nuances and subtleties of a pet’s condition, affecting the care.

Excessive reliance on AI may lead to vets losing certain skills, as some tasks become automated, potentially impacting overall care quality.

“We used to have a laboratory machine software that allowed automatic analysis and interpretation of urine sediment slides by recognizing various cell types and urinary crystals, and it allowed us to save some time not looking at the slides manually. As much as this helped manage our time more effectively, by just providing us with the printout of the final results, it has also led to the loss of a particular skill set and confidence when interpreting slides manually. Being able to recognize cell types, the presence of bacteria, crystals, or even artifacts, is crucial in establishing an accurate diagnosis, as sometimes machines break or are not available.” – Dr. Maja Platisa, DVM, MRCVS

Finally, AI in the pet care industry may discourage pet parents from seeing a vet until it’s too late. With more of this type of technology around, pet owners may think they can diagnose their pets on their own and treat them accordingly, and that would be disastrous.

Dr. Whittemore says, “It may be that animal guardians delay seeking advice and hands-on care as they would rather follow advice from AI in the comfort of their home. Only to reach out for veterinarian help when the situation worsens.”

Where Will AI Be Used in the Pet Care Industry in the Future?

As you can see, AI is already prevalent in a few areas of the pet care industry, so you can imagine it will only be more so in the future. But what areas of the pet care industry will most likely see an influx of automatic technology?

Well, here’s what we know about it in the current market:

In 2022, machine-learning hardware (such as pet wearables) accounted for 63.40% of the revenue share for the market. (Grandview Research)
Artificial intelligence software (such as services and deep learning devices) is expected to grow the quickest, at 20% by 2030. (Grandview Research)
AI diagnostics in 2022 accounted for 50% of revenue share. (Grandview Research)
In 2023, pets accounted for 73.9% of the market share when it came to using AI. (Market.Us)

It seems that the software and diagnostics portions of the AI market will continue to grow rapidly, even as the hardware segment grows.

concept of GPS tracking using artificial intelligence (AI)

How Are Vets Currently Making Use of AI in Their Clinics?

When asked about their current or prospective use of AI in veterinary practice, only Dr. Javed indicated he is currently using AI; his practice has incorporated it to help design custom meal plans for cats and dogs based on their needs.

Some vets had prior experience with advanced technologies, such as a veterinary radiology service with AI assistance with human oversight, and Dr. Platisa utilized AI for automated urine sediment analysis.

The veterinarians not currently using AI said they see its potential applications for research, data processing, analysis, or booking.

While AI appears limited among our surveyed vets, its presence in veterinary clinics, as attested by the 39.2% of vets utilizing it (Digitail), suggests diverse applications within the industry.

Final Thoughts

Our veterinary experts offer diverse perspectives on the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in pet care. While some anticipate its potential to enhance veterinary practice and healthcare, others harbor concerns.

Dr. Vidal-Abarca says, “AI is here to stay, but I hope it is regulated properly and does not flood our lives and jobs,” and emphasizes that the regulation should prevent AI from overshadowing the vital role of veterinary professionals.

Our veterinarians unanimously agree that AI should complement rather than replace human expertise, recognizing that biological systems are nuanced, highly individual, and complicated, which makes humans more capable of understanding them than artificial intelligence.

Dr. Javed sums up, “Remember that veterinarians are not anti-AI. We are pro-animal care and welfare. When AI is used in an attempt to replace us, it tends to become anti-animal care and welfare. When it helps us, though, we, in turn, provide better care for all animals and people as well; after all, public health is a huge part of veterinary care as well.”

Some vets worry that AI integration in vet clinics could accelerate corporatization, potentially diminishing empathy and personalized care. They fear that prioritizing profitability may lead to reduced staffing, as technology doesn’t require salaries.

As Dr. Platisa says, “Like anything in life, it’s important to gather enough information and verified facts, and understand why and when certain technologies can be good in particular situations and what their limitations are, while understanding the importance of a human in the process.”

Balancing the ethical considerations and practical implications of AI in pet care is crucial. While the future remains uncertain, ensuring artificial intelligence is used appropriately in the pet care industry will go a long way in boosting its usefulness

Grandview Research
American Pet Products Association
Market.us
Nova Vet Equipment
Oro Dog Companion Robot
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About the Author

Misty Layne

Misty Layne lives out in the woods in small-town Alabama with her two Siamese cats—Serafina and Jasper. She also has an array of stray cats, raccoons, and possums who like to call her front porch home. When she’s not writing about animals, you’ll find her writing poetry, stories, and film reviews (cats, by far, her favorite writing topic, though!). In her free time, Misty enjoys chilling with her cats, playing piano, watching indie and foreign films, photographing abandoned places, and catching up on her never-ending TBR list.

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Researchers publish largest-ever dataset of neural connections

A cubic millimeter of brain tissue may not sound like much. But considering that that tiny square contains 57,000 cells, 230 millimeters of blood vessels, and 150 million synapses, all amounting to 1,400 terabytes of data, Harvard and Google researchers have just accomplished something stupendous.

Led by Jeff Lichtman, the Jeremy R. Knowles Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology and newly appointed dean of science , the Harvard team helped create the largest 3D brain reconstruction to date, showing in vivid detail each cell and its web of connections in a piece of temporal cortex about half the size of a rice grain.

Published in Science, the study is the latest development in a nearly 10-year collaboration with scientists at Google Research, combining Lichtman’s electron microscopy imaging with AI algorithms to color-code and reconstruct the extremely complex wiring of mammal brains. The paper’s three first co-authors are former Harvard postdoc Alexander Shapson-Coe, Michał Januszewski of Google Research, and Harvard postdoc Daniel Berger.

The ultimate goal, supported by the National Institutes of Health BRAIN Initiative , is to create a comprehensive, high-resolution map of a mouse’s neural wiring, which would entail about 1,000 times the amount of data the group just produced from the 1-cubic-millimeter fragment of human cortex.

“The word ‘fragment’ is ironic,” Lichtman said. “A terabyte is, for most people, gigantic, yet a fragment of a human brain — just a minuscule, teeny-weeny little bit of human brain — is still thousands of terabytes.”

Jeff Lichtman.

Kris Snibbe/Harvard Staff Photographer

The latest map contains never-before-seen details of brain structure, including a rare but powerful set of axons connected by up to 50 synapses. The team also noted oddities in the tissue, such as a small number of axons that formed extensive whorls. Because the sample was taken from a patient with epilepsy, the researchers don’t know whether such formations are pathological or simply rare.

Lichtman’s field is connectomics, which seeks to create comprehensive catalogs of brain structure, down to individual cells. Such completed maps would unlock insights into brain function and disease, about which scientists still know very little.

Google’s state-of-the-art AI algorithms allow for reconstruction and mapping of brain tissue in three dimensions. The team has also developed a suite of publicly available tools researchers can use to examine and annotate the connectome.

“Given the enormous investment put into this project, it was important to present the results in a way that anybody else can now go and benefit from them,” said Google collaborator Viren Jain.

Next the team will tackle the mouse hippocampal formation, which is important to neuroscience for its role in memory and neurological disease.

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Gain-of -function research is more than just tweaking risky viruses – it’s a routine and essential tool in all biology research

Associate Professor of Microbiology and Immunology at Emory University and Adjunct Professor Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh

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The term “gain of function” is often taken to refer to research with viruses that puts society at risk of an infectious disease outbreak for questionable gain. Some research on emerging viruses can result in variants that gain the ability to infect people but this does not necessarily mean the research is dangerous or that it is not fruitful. Concerns have focused on lab research on the virus that causes bird flu in 2012 and on the virus that causes COVID-19 since 2020. The National Institutes of Health had previously implemented a three-year moratorium on gain-of-function research on certain viruses, and some U.S. legislatures have proposed bills prohibiting gain-of-function research on “potentially pandemic pathogens.”

The possibility that a genetically modified virus could escape the lab needs to be taken seriously. But it does not mean that gain-of-function experiments are inherently risky or the purview of mad scientists. In fact, gain-of-function approaches are a fundamental tool in biology used to study much more than just viruses, contributing to many, if not most, modern discoveries in the field, including penicillin , cancer immunotherapies and drought-resistant crops .

As scientists who study viruses , we believe that misunderstanding the term “gain of function” as something nefarious comes at the cost of progress in human health, ecological sustainability and technological advancement. Clarifying what gain-of-function research really is can help clarify why it is an essential scientific tool.

What is gain of function?

To study how a living thing operates, scientists can change a specific part of it and then observe the effects. These changes sometimes result in the organism’s gaining a function it didn’t have before or losing a function it once had.

For example, if the goal is to enhance the tumor-killing ability of immune cells, researchers can take a sample of a person’s immune cells and modify them to express a protein that specifically targets cancer cells. This mutated immune cell, called a CAR-T cell thereby “gains the function” of being able to bind to cancerous cells and kill them. The advance of similar immunotherapies that help the immune system attack cancer cells is based on the exploratory research of scientists who synthesized such “ Frankenstein” proteins in the 1980s. At that time, there was no way to know how useful these chimeric proteins would be to cancer treatment today, some 40 years later.

Similarly, by adding specific genes into rice, corn or wheat plants that increase their production in diverse climates, scientists have been able to produce plants that are able to grow and thrive in geographical regions they previously could not. This is a critical advance to maintain food supplies in the face of climate change. Well-known examples of food sources that have their origins in gain-of-function research include rice plants that can grow in high flood plains or in drought conditions or that contain vitamin A to reduce malnutrition.

Medical advances from gain-of-function research

Gain-of-function experiments are ingrained in the scientific process. In many instances, the benefits that stem from gain-of-function experiments are not immediately clear. Only decades later does the research bring a new treatment to the clinic or a new technology within reach.

The development of most antibiotics have relied on the manipulation of bacteria or mold in gain-of-function experiments. Alexander Fleming’s initial discovery that the mold Penicillium rubens could produce a compound toxic to bacteria was a profound medical advance. But it wasn’t until scientists experimented with growth conditions and mold strains that therapeutic use of penicillin became feasible. Using a specific growth medium allowed the mold to gain the function of increased penicillin production, which was essential for its mass production and widespread use as a drug.

Worker monitoring penicillin capsules coming down production line

Research on antibiotic resistance also relies heavily on gain-of-function approaches. Studying how bacteria gain resistance against drugs is essential to developing new treatments microbes are unable to evade quickly.

Gain-of-function research in virology has also been critical to the advancement of science and health. Oncolytic viruses are genetically modified in the laboratory to infect and kill cancerous cells like melanoma. Similarly, the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine contains an adenovirus altered to produce the spike protein that helps the COVID-19 virus infect cells. Scientists developed live attenuated flu vaccines by adapting them to grow at low temperatures and thereby lose the ability to grow at human lung temperatures.

By giving viruses new functions, scientists were able to develop new tools to treat and prevent disease.

Nature’s gain-of-function experiments

Gain-of-function approaches are needed to advance understanding of viruses in part because these processes already occur in nature.

Many viruses that infect such nonhuman animals as bats, pigs, birds and mice have the potential to spill over into people . Every time a virus copies its genome, it makes mistakes. Most of these mutations are detrimental – they reduce a virus’s ability to replicate – but some may allow a virus to replicate faster or better in human cells. Variant viruses with these rare, beneficial mutations will spread better than other variants and therefore come to dominate the viral population – that is how natural selection works .

If these viruses can replicate even a little bit within people, they have the potential to adapt and thereby thrive in their new human hosts. That is nature’s gain-of-function experiment, and it is happening constantly .

Gain-of-function experiments in the lab can help scientists anticipate the changes viruses may undergo in nature by understanding what specific features allow them to transmit between people and infect them. In contrast to nature’s experiments, these are conducted in highly controlled lab conditions designed to limit infection risk to laboratory personnel and others, including air flow control, personal protective equipment and waste sterilization.

People in protective clothing collecting dead pelicans on a beach

It is important that researchers carefully observe lab safety to minimize the theoretical risk of infecting the general population. It is equally important that virologists continue to apply the tools of modern science to gauge the risk of natural viral spillovers before they become outbreaks.

A bird flu outbreak is currently raging across multiple continents. While the H5N1 virus is primarily infecting birds, some people have gotten sick too. More spillover events can change the virus in ways that would allow it to transmit more efficiently among people , potentially leading to a pandemic.

Scientists have a better appreciation of the tangible risk of bird flu spillover because of gain-of-function experiments published a decade ago . Those lab studies showed that bird flu viruses could be transmitted through the air between ferrets within a few feet of one another. They also revealed multiple features of the evolutionary path the H5N1 virus would need to take before it becomes transmissible in mammals, informing what signatures researchers need to look out for during surveillance of the current outbreak.

Oversight on gain of function

Perhaps this sounds like a semantic argument, and in many respects it is. Many researchers would likely agree that gain of function as a general tool is an important way to study biology that should not be restricted, while also arguing that it should be curtailed for research on specific dangerous pathogens. The problem with this argument is that pathogen research needs to include gain-of-function approaches in order to be effective – just as in any area of biology.

Oversight of gain-of-function research on potential pandemic pathogens already exists. Multiple layers of safety measures at the institutional and national levels minimize the risks of virus research.

While updates to current oversight are not unreasonable, we believe that blanket bans or additional restrictions on gain-of-function research do not make society safer. They may instead slow research in areas ranging from cancer therapies to agriculture. Clarifying which specific research areas are of concern regarding gain-of-function approaches can help identify how the current oversight framework can be improved.

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Veterinary care, animal hospitals are more scarce. That's bad for pets (and their owners)

Pets are part of our families.

That's how 97% of pet owners in the U.S. feel, according to Pew Research Center , which also found a majority of Americans, 62%, own at least one pet.

They're our companions and our friends, showing up at the door with wagging tails or snuggling in our lap with a deep purr, giving us unconditional love and making us smile just by being themselves. And like human family members, they need love, nourishment, socialization − and health care.

But as pet ownership numbers skyrocket across the U.S., the number of vets has lagged well behind. Advocates fear there soon won't be enough veterinary doctors to give our fur babies vaccines, mend their injuries, treat their illnesses and even help us say goodbye when the time comes.

"We know there's a shortage, and it's worsening," said Barbara Hodges, a veterinarian and director of advocacy and outreach for the Humane Society of the United States.

Black school's efforts: Historically Black college hopes to be second to train veterinarians. Why it matters.

What is causing a veterinary shortage?

According to a report by Mars Veterinary Health , which has a network of 3,000 veterinary clinics worldwide, the nation will need as many as 55,000 additional veterinarians by 2030 to meet the increasing need for companion animals' health care. That comes as spending on pets' health care is expected to increase 3% to 4% past the rate of inflation over the next decade or so.

Mars Veterinary Health estimates that by 2030, there may be a shortage of as many as 24,000 companion animal veterinarians, even accounting for students who will become vets over the next decade.

There are a few factors driving the shortage, said Hodges, a veterinarian since 2001.

More people own pets than ever before, fueled in part by the forced isolation of the COVID-19 pandemic and in part by the rise of remote and hybrid work. But the number of veterinarians is holding steady ‒ meaning companion care vets are seeing more animals and are busier than ever.

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"There are more constraints and pressures," Hodges said. "They have to work longer hours or see more patients; work-life balance is a big issue. So some veterinarians are leaving the profession, changing how they work or shifting to part-time work."

Becoming a veterinarian takes time: four years of undergraduate education and an additional four years of veterinary school. Eight years' college tuition means some graduates enter the workforce with a substantial student loan burden.

That can delay their ability to open new, independent practices. Some choose disciplines with a better work-life balance, such as research, product development, teaching or pharmaceuticals. And, much like human health care, veterinary medicine has become more specialized , so there aren't many general-practice vets.

What is a 'veterinary desert'?

A study by the American Veterinary Medical Association identified "veterinary deserts," using criteria including accessibility (such as transportation and distance), affordability (the pet owner's income level compared with the costs of care in their area) and availability (how many providers are in a given area).

"In a rural community, the closest veterinarian might be an hour away," said Amanda Arrington, vice president of access to care at the Humane Society of the United States. "And if you don't have transportation, accessing care can be nearly impossible."

People in urban areas might face different barriers to veterinary services, but they're no less daunting, she said.

Redlining and disinvestment have created pockets of poverty, and racial and economic segregation touch all aspects of peoples' lives, including their ability to access care for their pets.

Public transportation might be available for people but limited to service animals or smaller animals. And in densely populated areas, there might be longer waits for veterinary care at busy practices.

No matter where they live, elderly people or those with disabilities or mobility problems might find it difficult to travel to veterinary offices. People struggling with their own food or housing insecurity may have a hard time affording food for their pets, let alone veterinary care, grooming and other needs.

"There can be layers of barriers and challenges," Arrington said. "Rarely is someone living a one-challenge existence."

Advocates working to 'open doors' for new vets

Rena Carlson, president of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), said many students are choosing to pursue veterinary medicine, a good sign given the expense and rigors of the discipline. New veterinary schools are being created, funded and accredited as well, from Puerto Rico to Arkansas, Florida to Utah, South Carolina to southern New Jersey .

"Nationwide, we're asking: How do we help open doors?" said Carlson, a veterinarian. "How do we guide (students) in making decisions about financing their education?" The group recognizes concerns about student debt, about providing opportunities for students from different backgrounds and about making sure graduates enter a veterinary discipline that's the best fit for them.

The AVMA is working to address those concerns and others through advocacy, scholarships and resources for vets and veterinary practices. It's also addressing burnout and increasing access to mental health care.

Pointing to a Merck-AVMA study , Carlson noted that 80% of vets and their staff believe what they do makes a positive difference in people's lives and their job satisfaction is generally high.

"They have a sense of purpose," she said.

Humane Society urges better access for pet owners

The Humane Society's Hodges said more people could access veterinary care through telemedicine. And she said vet technicians should be empowered to offer more standard care. Some advocate allowing technicians to give rabies vaccines and neuter male cats, freeing veterinarians for more complex medical care.

The Humane Society offers scholarships for veterinary students and advocates for loan forgiveness programs for graduates who work for shelters, nonprofits or in underserved communities.

The Humane Society also is working to increase access in areas lacking it, Arrington and Hodges said. Its Pets for Life and Rural Area Veterinary Services initiatives seek to address inequities in access to care through outreach, advocacy, free and low-cost veterinary care , free pet supplies and other services. Pets for Life partners with organizations in 65 urban and rural communities and tribal nations across the country.

Vet bills soar: A big pet peeve: Rising costs of vet care bite into owners' budgets

"I hope more people will realize how important access to care is," Arrington said. "It's truly one of the defining issues of pet care. Pets mean so much to us; they are part of our families and everyone should be able to enjoy that love without being limited by geography or income."

Contact Phaedra Trethan by email at [email protected], on X (formerly Twitter) @wordsbyphaedra, or on Threads @by_phaedra .

Washington State University
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Improved AI process could better predict water supplies

A snowy mountain scene with measurement equipment in the foreground -- two poles and a brown box set deep in the snow.

PULLMAN, Wash. — A new computer model uses a better artificial intelligence process to measure snow and water availability more accurately across vast distances in the West, information that could someday be used to better predict water availability for farmers and others.

Publishing in the Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, the interdisciplinary group of Washington State University researchers predict water availability from areas in the West where snow amounts aren’t being physically measured.

Comparing their results to measurements from more than 300 snow measuring stations in the Western U.S., they showed that their model outperformed other models that use the AI process known as machine learning. Previous models focused on time-related measures, taking data at different time points from only a few locations. The improved model uses both time and space into account, resulting in more accurate predictions.

The information is critically important for water planners throughout the West because “every drop of water” is appropriated for irrigation, hydropower, drinking water, and environmental needs, said Krishu Thapa, a Washington State University computer science graduate student who led the study.

Water management agencies throughout the West every spring make decisions on how to use water based on how much snow is in the mountains.

“This is a problem that’s deeply related to our own way of life continuing in this region in the Western U.S.,” said co-author Kirti Rajagopalan, professor in WSU’s Department of Biological Systems Engineering. “Snow is definitely key in an area where more than half of the streamflow comes from snow melt. Understanding the dynamics of how that’s formed and how that changes, and how it varies spatially is really important for all decisions.”

There are 822 snow measurement stations throughout the Western U.S. that provide daily information on the potential water availability at each site, a measurement called the snow-water equivalent (SWE). The stations also provide information on snow depth, temperature, precipitation and relative humidity.

However, the stations are sparsely distributed with approximately one every 1,500 square miles. Even a short distance away from a station, the SWE can change dramatically depending on factors like the area’s topography.

“Decision makers look at a few stations that are nearby and make a decision based on that, but how the snow melts and how the different topography or the other features are playing a role in between, that’s not accounted for, and that can lead to over predicting or under predicting water supplies,” said co-author Bhupinderjeet Singh, a WSU graduate student in biological systems engineering. “Using these machine learning models, we are trying to predict it in a better way.”

The researchers developed a modeling framework for SWE prediction and adapted it to capture information in space and time, aiming to predict the daily SWE for any location, whether or not there is a station there. Earlier machine learning models could only focus on the one temporal variable, taking data for one location for multiple days and using that data, making predictions for the other days.

“Using our new technique, we’re using both and spatial and temporal models to make decisions, and we are using the additional information to make the actual prediction for the SWE value,” said Thapa. “With our work, we’re trying to transform that physically sparse network of stations to dense points from which we can predict the value of SWE from those points that don’t have any stations.”

While this work won’t be used for directly informing decisions yet, it is a step in helping with future forecasting and improving the inputs for models for predicting stream flows, said Rajagopalan. The researchers will be working to extend the model to make it spatially complete and eventually make it into a real-world forecasting model. The work was conducted through the AI Institute for Transforming Workforce and Decision Support (AgAID Institute) and supported by the USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Media Contacts

Kirti Rajagopalan , WSU Department of Biological Systems Engineering , 509-335-0174 , [email protected]
Ananth Kalyanaraman , WSU School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , 509-335-5055 , [email protected]

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A Peek Inside the Brains of ‘Super-Agers’

New research explores why some octogenarians have exceptional memories.

Close up of a grey haired, wrinkled older woman’s eye.

By Dana G. Smith

When it comes to aging, we tend to assume that cognition gets worse as we get older. Our thoughts may slow down or become confused, or we may start to forget things, like the name of our high school English teacher or what we meant to buy at the grocery store.

But that’s not the case for everyone.

For a little over a decade, scientists have been studying a subset of people they call “super-agers.” These individuals are age 80 and up, but they have the memory ability of a person 20 to 30 years younger.

Most research on aging and memory focuses on the other side of the equation — people who develop dementia in their later years. But, “if we’re constantly talking about what’s going wrong in aging, it’s not capturing the full spectrum of what’s happening in the older adult population,” said Emily Rogalski, a professor of neurology at the University of Chicago, who published one of the first studies on super-agers in 2012.

A paper published Monday in the Journal of Neuroscience helps shed light on what’s so special about the brains of super-agers. The biggest takeaway, in combination with a companion study that came out last year on the same group of individuals, is that their brains have less atrophy than their peers’ do.

The research was conducted on 119 octogenarians from Spain: 64 super-agers and 55 older adults with normal memory abilities for their age. The participants completed multiple tests assessing their memory, motor and verbal skills; underwent brain scans and blood draws; and answered questions about their lifestyle and behaviors.

The scientists found that the super-agers had more volume in areas of the brain important for memory, most notably the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. They also had better preserved connectivity between regions in the front of the brain that are involved in cognition. Both the super-agers and the control group showed minimal signs of Alzheimer’s disease in their brains.

“By having two groups that have low levels of Alzheimer’s markers, but striking cognitive differences and striking differences in their brain, then we’re really speaking to a resistance to age-related decline,” said Dr. Bryan Strange, a professor of clinical neuroscience at the Polytechnic University of Madrid, who led the studies.

These findings are backed up by Dr. Rogalski’s research , initially conducted when she was at Northwestern University, which showed that super-agers’ brains looked more like 50- or 60-year-olds’ brains than their 80-year-old peers. When followed over several years, the super-agers’ brains atrophied at a slower rate than average.

No precise numbers exist on how many super-agers there are among us, but Dr. Rogalski said they’re “relatively rare,” noting that “far less than 10 percent” of the people she sees end up meeting the criteria.

But when you meet a super-ager, you know it, Dr. Strange said. “They are really quite energetic people, you can see. Motivated, on the ball, elderly individuals.”

Experts don’t know how someone becomes a super-ager, though there were a few differences in health and lifestyle behaviors between the two groups in the Spanish study. Most notably, the super-agers had slightly better physical health, both in terms of blood pressure and glucose metabolism, and they performed better on a test of mobility . The super-agers didn’t report doing more exercise at their current age than the typical older adults, but they were more active in middle age. They also reported better mental health .

But overall, Dr. Strange said, there were a lot of similarities between the super-agers and the regular agers. “There are a lot of things that are not particularly striking about them,” he said. And, he added, “we see some surprising omissions, things that you would expect to be associated with super-agers that weren’t really there.” For example, there were no differences between the groups in terms of their diets, the amount of sleep they got, their professional backgrounds or their alcohol and tobacco use.

The behaviors of some of the Chicago super-agers were similarly a surprise. Some exercised regularly, but some never had; some stuck to a Mediterranean diet, others subsisted off TV dinners; and a few of them still smoked cigarettes. However, one consistency among the group was that they tended to have strong social relationships , Dr. Rogalski said.

“In an ideal world, you’d find out that, like, all the super-agers, you know, ate six tomatoes every day and that was the key,” said Tessa Harrison, an assistant project scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, who collaborated with Dr. Rogalski on the first Chicago super-ager study.

Instead, Dr. Harrison continued, super-agers probably have “some sort of lucky predisposition or some resistance mechanism in the brain that’s on the molecular level that we don’t understand yet,” possibly related to their genes.

While there isn’t a recipe for becoming a super-ager, scientists do know that, in general , eating healthily, staying physically active, getting enough sleep and maintaining social connections are important for healthy brain aging.

Dana G. Smith is a Times reporter covering personal health, particularly aging and brain health. More about Dana G. Smith

A Guide to Aging Well

Looking to grow old gracefully we can help..

The “car key conversation,” when it’s time for an aging driver to hit the brakes, can be painful for families to navigate . Experts say there are ways to have it with empathy and care.

Calorie restriction and intermittent fasting both increase longevity in animals, aging experts say. Here’s what that means for you .

Researchers are investigating how our biology changes as we grow older — and whether there are ways to stop it .

You need more than strength to age well — you also need power. Here’s how to measure how much power you have and here’s how to increase yours .

Ignore the hyperbaric chambers and infrared light: These are the evidence-backed secrets to aging well .

Your body’s need for fuel shifts as you get older. Your eating habits should shift , too.

People who think positively about getting older often live longer, healthier lives. These tips can help you reconsider your perspective .

Nevada Today

College of agriculture, biotechnology & natural resources hosts awards night, 47 outstanding students, faculty, staff and supporters recognized at the spring celebration.

Three men seated at a table engaged in conversation.

Claus Tittiger (left), the College's associate dean of academic affairs, Premjit Halarnkar (center), global head of regulatory affairs at CH Biotech and a Ph.D. graduate of the College’s Biochemistry Program and Jake DeDecker (right), Extension director and the College's associate dean for engagement are seen sharing a lighthearted moment at the event. Photo by Molly Malloy.

More than 295 attendees gathered to recognize the academic achievements of graduating students and excellence in research, innovation and leadership among faculty and staff at the College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources' annual Spring Celebration and Awards Night. The event, which was held at Eldorado at THE ROW in Reno on April 26, recognized the 47 award winners and approximately 171 graduating undergraduate and graduate students present.

While Bill Payne, Dean of the College, was not able to attend the event, he sent his congratulatory remarks to the honorees of the event.

“This year’s ceremony is extra special as we celebrate not only our College’s accomplishments, but also, as the founding College of our University, to celebrate our University’s 150 th year of serving our state,” Payne said. “As has been the case throughout the history of our College, this year, you — our students, faculty, staff and supporters — have worked hard and given 100% to accomplish so much more than we will be able to mention this evening.

“I am delighted to recognize you and your hard work. I couldn’t be more proud and sincerely want to thank you all. I hope you enjoy the evening and sharing in each other’s successes.”

The event was emceed by Christian Kolberg, an alumnus of the University and current chair of University of Nevada, Reno Extension’s Advisory Council. Throughout the evening, Kolberg was joined by a variety of presenters consisting of faculty and staff to honor all the recipients.

The awardees included:

Monica Carey poses with her parents holding an award in front of a sign that says "CABNR Academics. Experiment station. Extension."

Student Achievement Awards

Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences

Kelly McCready – Outstanding Senior, Agricultural Science
Sara Harvey – Outstanding Senior, Agricultural Science
Koby Lindberg – Outstanding Senior, Nevada Teach: Agricultural Science
Aspen Wright – Outstanding Senior, Rangeland Ecology & Management
Naomi Maravilla – Outstanding Senior, Veterinary Science
Isadora Batalha – Outstanding Ph.D. Student, Animal & Rangeland Science
Uriel Cholula-Rivera – Outstanding Ph.D. Student, Animal & Rangeland Science

Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Grace Schmitt – Outstanding Senior, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Micah Woodruff – Outstanding Senior, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jasmine Lam – Outstanding Senior, Biotechnology
Monica Carey – Outstanding Senior, Biotechnology
Austin Baldridge – Outstanding Master's Student, Biotechnology
Dean Trotta – Outstanding Master's Student, Biotechnology
Kayleigh Robichaux – Outstanding Ph.D. Student, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science

Morgan Yeager – Outstanding Senior, Environmental Science
Belle (Angelica) Lodovico – Outstanding Senior, Forest Ecology & Management
DidiAlice Coker – Outstanding Senior, Wildlife Ecology & Conservation
James Golden – Outstanding Master's Student, Natural Resources & Environmental Science
Kay Strain – Outstanding Ph.D. Student, Ecology, Evolution & Conservation Biology
Nathan Jackson – Outstanding Ph.D. Student, Natural Resources & Environmental Science

Department of Nutrition

Amanda Thurston – Outstanding Senior, Dietetics
Barbara Stankuté – Outstanding Senior, Nutritional Science
Masuda Akter – Outstanding Graduate Teaching Assistant, Nutrition
Dillon Winkelman – Outstanding Ph.D. Student, Nutrition

Employee Award Winners

Lindsay Chichester
Katelyn Brinkerhoff
Sarah Chvilicek
Jessica Gardner
Rachel McClure
Kelsey Conklin
Jill Baker-Tingey
Kenny Haack-Damon
Amber Yoder – Outstanding Extension Support Staff
Andrew Nuss – Outstanding Researcher, Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences
Erica Bigio – Outstanding Teacher, Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science
Kim Higgins – Outstanding Administrative Faculty, Dean’s Office
Natalie Mazzullo – Outstanding Extension Administrative Faculty
Sarah Chvilicek – Outstanding Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, Extension
Stephanie Patterson– Outstanding Classified Staff, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Teresa Byington – Outstanding Extension Researcher

Special Recognition Awards

Jamie Benedict– Marsha Read Outstanding Leadership in Nutrition & Dietetics
Kris Stewart– Outstanding Agriculturist
Sarah Kulpa– Outstanding Leadership in Natural Resources & Environmental Science
Yutaka Nomura– Outstanding Extension Supporter

In addition to honoring the recipients of the College awards, Claus Tittiger, associate dean of academic affairs for the College, recognized three individuals who have been recognized by the University for their successes.

“I extend my heartfelt congratulations to our esteemed faculty and students who have already received honors this year,” Tittiger said. “I invite them to please stand and be recognized for their outstanding achievements."

These individuals included Karla Hernández , who received the 2024 Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Leadership Award from the University for promoting underrepresented students' involvement in STEM careers; Micah Woodruff, who was honored with the Sam Lieberman Regents’ Award for Student Scholarship for his outstanding academic achievements; and Jorge Esparza, who was presented with the Dale Bohmont Student Leadership Award.

During the celebration, attendees observed a moment of silence to remember two colleagues, Stan Omaye , a long-time faculty member and prolific researcher for the Department of Nutrition, and Ivory Lyles, director of Extension and associate dean for engagement between 2017 and 2021, who both died this year.

"We gather tonight not only to celebrate our achievements but also to remember and honor the legacies of our dear colleagues,” Claus Tittiger, associate dean of academic affairs for the College, said. “Their contributions to our College and the lives they touched will forever be cherished and remembered."

A group of graduating senior pose for a picture

To close the evening, Kolberg urged graduating students to embark on their professional and academic journeys with confidence. He emphasized the significance of using their knowledge and skills to make a meaningful impact in their fields and communities. "The world still needs to learn about eating, conserving resources and finding innovative solutions to global challenges for a sustainable future," Kolberg said. "Go out and share what you have learned, knowing that our efforts today shape tomorrow's world." More information on the College’s award recipients can be found on the College’s Spring Celebration & Awards Night page .

The College celebrates excellence in academics and leadership

Claus Tittiger, the College’s associate dean of academic affairs, addresses attendees before announcing the first set of award recipients.
Event attendees applaud as winners are announced.
Graduating seniors and graduate students, who received outstanding academic achievement awards from various departments in the College, pose for a group picture. (Left to right-R) Sara Harvey, Kelly McCready, Koby Lindberg, Belle (Angelica) Lodovico, Austin Baldridge, Monica Carey and Dean Trotta.
Graduating seniors from various departments pose for a picture as they celebrate the culmination of their 4-year academic journey.
Teresa Byington (center), who won the Outstanding Extension Researcher Award, is surrounded by her colleagues to commemorate her achievement.
Monica Carey, a first-generation American and the recipient of the Outstanding Senior Award (Biotechnology), poses with her parents.
Event organizers and College employees pose for a photo while others assist student participants with event registration.

Education & Public Service

University launches program to increase number of Nevada organic producers

Grow Organic Nevada aims to help meet increasing demand for organic products

College of Education & Human Development awarded OpenSciEd Research Community Seed Funding

Grant aims to develop teacher leaders to support and sustain equitable science teaching and learning

Four faculty standing next to a monitor with two people on the screen.

Nevada kicks off Wildfire Awareness Month with preparedness activities

Extension and partners team up to provide Nevadans with information and resources

Smoke is seen coming out from the top of Peavine mountain near Reno, Nevada

University of Nevada, Reno Extension appoints new state leader for Nevada 4-H

Lindsay Chichester to foster growth of the youth development group

Moving Soon? Here's How You Can Find Reliable Movers

Don't choose just any moving company to secure and transport your most valuable possessions -- do a bit of research first.

Most moving companies will be licensed with your state.

Moving can be an ordeal. Whether you're relocating across town or across the country, you'll want to simplify the process by choosing the right professional movers ; it can mean the difference between a stress-free experience and a moving disaster.

Finding reputable professional movers can be a major task, and there's also a lot of money at stake -- an average of $4,100 if you're moving between states and $980 for in-state.

When you select a moving company, you're going to want all your belongings to arrive undamaged at your new home at the delivery day and time that was scheduled. You'll also want a company that's responsive to questions and quick to resolve disputes.

Learn what to look for when researching moving companies and red flags to avoid. For more moving tips, learn how to calculate what size moving truck you need and how to lift heavy items without hurting yourself.

To start researching moving companies, ask family, friends and neighbors

When choosing any professional service, there's nothing as valuable as a personal recommendation. Ask family, friends and neighbors about their moving experiences and if they have any movers that they recommend.

Online reviews and consumer reports are great, but nothing compares to a personal recommendation from someone you trust.

Check moving companies' licenses and insurance

If you're moving between states, any moving company that you hire is required to be registered with the Department of Transportation. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration maintains a searchable database of all registered interstate movers , where you can easily check the registration status of any moving company, as well as find contact information, safety information and any history of customer complaints.

For in-state moves, required credentials for moving companies will depend on the state involved. Thirty-eight states require in-state movers to be registered with the DOT.

Also, most states require in-state movers to register with the state government or apply for a license to haul cargo for hire. Some states provide a searchable database of registered movers , others provide a list, and still others require a phone call or email to verify a moving company's license.

Moving companies are also required to hold insurance. Look for the insurance information on the company's website or call and ask for details. If the company can't provide those details or says something vague like "everything is covered," look for a different company to hire.

Read online reviews, consumer reports and customer complaints for moving companies

The internet holds a vast number of customer reviews about moving companies. Business review site Yelp is a good place to start, and the home services site Angi (formerly Angie's List) is also a great resource.

Reddit's Moving community is chockablock with advice, and a Google search of the expansive community website can often uncover lots of helpful guidance. Try doing a Google search starting with site:reddit.com then the terms you're interested in, such as moving companies and Portland Oregon.

To keep digging, search the Better Business Bureau for customer complaints and the FMCSA website for information on interstate movers.

Watch out for moving company red flags

Along with a lack of credentials, poor reviews and many complaints, there are additional warning signs you should watch out for when evaluating a moving company.

Avoid companies that operate only online or have no listed address. Instead, pick a moving company close to you that has a physical location. If possible, pay it a visit and make sure the warehouse and trucks are well maintained and in good condition.

Be wary of estimates that are far too low or deposits that are too high. You shouldn't pay more than 20% of the agreed upon price as a deposit. Also avoid any companies that only accept cash.

Skip any moving companies that ask you to sign blank documents or don't provide written estimates.

It takes a bit of work to properly vet a moving company, but it's worth it to reduce the possibility of a moving disaster. Your stuff is important, and a little research can help keep it safe and secure when moving.

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What Does a Veterinarian Do?
New Grad Veterinarian Career Advice
uncw vet tech program
What are the Different Types of Veterinary Technician Careers?
What do vet visits look like during the pandemic?
In conversation with our Veterinary Nurses

VIDEO

Why Do Vets Love to "Ski"? #podcast #veteran
What is VET?
How do vets determine the prices of their services?
WHY DO VETS EAT THEIR PATIENTS?
From A to Zoomies, Vetster online vets have the answers!
Salary of Veterinary Doctor after MVSc

COMMENTS

Research Veterinarian: What Is It and How To Become One
Consider following these steps on your way to becoming a research veterinarian: 1. Earn a bachelor's degree. The first step towards any career as a medical doctor is usually earning a bachelor's degree. Some of the most useful subjects for future veterinarians are biology, chemistry, genetics, biochemistry, physics, math, English, humanities ...
Critical Needs for Research in Veterinary Science
Research in veterinary science is critical to the protection of public health and the advancement of science that benefits both humans and animals as individuals and populations. Veterinary research includes studies on prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and on the basic biology and welfare of animals. It transcends species boundaries to include the study of spontaneous ...
Critical Needs for Research in Veterinary Science
This chapter outlines some of the contributions of veterinary research and the promise it holds for the improvement of public health and food safety, animal health, and the advancement of comparative medicine. Because animal welfare—defined as the well-being of individual animals, that is, normal functioning and freedom from disease and injury—is an extension of animal health that involves ...
Critical Needs for Research in Veterinary Science
Veterinary research takes place in many venues and is supported by varied agencies, foundations, companies, and donors. Much of the research in veterinary science takes place in academic institutions, such as schools and colleges of veterinary medicine, agriculture, medicine, and biology. Research on diseases of food-producing animals, including poultry, occurs also in the US Department of ...
Home page
Aims and Scope. Veterinary Research is an open access journal that publishes high quality and novel research and review articles focusing on all aspects of infectious diseases and host-pathogen interaction in animals. Food animals, companion animals, equines, wild animals (if the infections are of zoonotic interest and/or in relation with ...
Veterinarians in Research
Veterinarians also have a uniquely fine-tuned expertise in animal care, assessment of comfort, pain management, health, and wellbeing. Veterinarians play a role that cannot be replaced by any other profession in this regard. We are necessary for optimal studies and serve this role as laboratory animal veterinarians or research scientists with ...
PDF Veterinarians in Biomedical Research
Veterinarians working in pharmaceutical and biomedical research firms develop, test, and supervise the production of drugs, chemicals, and biological products, such as antibiotics and vaccines for human and animal use. In both government laboratories and in corporate research facilities, veterinarians provide daily medical care to the animals ...
Home page
Aims and scope. BMC Veterinary Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of veterinary science and medicine, including the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of medical conditions of domestic, companion, farm and wild animals, as well as the biomedical processes that underlie their ...
What is ethical animal research? A scientist and veterinarian explain
Fortunately, following their time in research, some animals can be adopted into loving homes, and others may be retired to havens and sanctuaries equipped with veterinary care, nutrition and ...
About
Aims and scope. BMC Veterinary Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of veterinary science and medicine, including the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of medical conditions of domestic, companion, farm and wild animals, as well as the biomedical processes that underlie their ...
Let NIH Help You in Your Research Career Goal toward Becoming a
Conduct research on biomedical mechanisms, diagnosis and therapy, population and outcome medicine, health policy or health services, novel human disease relevant veterinary models Work at Academic Health Centers, Hospitals, Federal Laboratories, or Biotech/Pharmaceutical industry
Highlighting the role of vets in research
Vets oversee the care of these lab animals and provide advice and support should they become sick. By law all animals used for scientific research must have access to a vet. Institutions that are licensed to carry out scientific work must employ a vet to check their experimental protocols and ensure that all the animals receive appropriate care ...
About
Veterinary Research is an open access journal that publishes high quality and novel research and review articles focusing on all aspects of infectious diseases and host-pathogen interaction in animals. Food animals, companion animals, equines, wild animals (if the infections are of zoonotic interest and/or in relation with domestic animals), laboratory animals and animal models of human ...
Benefits of Veterinary Research & Opportunities at SGU
Generally speaking, veterinary research includes studies on the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of animal diseases. Studies may also involve the basic biology and welfare of animals. The National Academy of Sciences explains that society's needs are constantly outgrowing our knowledge, making continual veterinary research critical.
Veterinarians: Protecting the health of animals and people
Research veterinarians employed at universities, colleges, governmental agencies, or in industry are finding new ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent animal and human health disorders. These veterinarians have made many important contributions to human health. For example, veterinarians made discoveries that helped control malaria and yellow ...
What does a veterinarian do?
Additionally, veterinarians may have opportunities to take on leadership roles, engage in research, or contribute to veterinary education and mentorship. Strong Demand: There is a consistent demand for veterinary services, driven by pet ownership, livestock production, and public health concerns. Veterinarians can typically find employment ...
Canine Research in the VA
Canine Research in the VA. For a very few, very specific areas of research that Veterans need, so that doctors can know how to better treat the medical problems the Veterans face, the research can only be done with dogs. VA is committed to doing the work that the Veterans need, in keeping with all established ethical, legal, and scientific ...
Animals in Research at the RVC
The use of animals in experiments is regulated under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (ASPA). Some of the research conducted at the RVC takes place under Home Office licences granted under the directions of ASPA. Many of the animals used under ASPA are purpose bred (e.g. mice and rats) but some of the research we do on clinical patients ...
How to Become a Research Veterinarian
Additionally, Research Veterinarian requires a PhD in veterinary medicine. Typically reports to a manager or head of a unit/department. Research Veterinarian's years of experience requirement may be unspecified. Certification and/or licensing in the position's specialty is the main requirement. People's Opinions on Research Veterinarian ...
5 Types of Veterinarians and What They Do
5. Research veterinarians. While every DVM needs to have strong scientific knowledge, it's even more important for research veterinarians. According to a career overview from AVMA, these types of veterinarians may find themselves working for government organizations, biomedical research firms, or universities.
Critical Needs for Research in Veterinary Science
Veterinary research occurs in colleges of veterinary medicine, human medicine, dentistry, agriculture, and life sciences; it is done by veterinarians, physicians, and other nonveterinarians in many disciplines. For 2 centuries, responsible public officials have recognized that veterinary research protects our draft animals, our supplies of meat ...
AI & Pet Care According to Vets
As of 2020, over 97% of vet professionals are using AI-based applications, products or services (Gitnux) The number of pet owners who use AI-powered veterinary care has increased by 63% from 2019 ...
Researchers publish largest-ever dataset of neural connections
The ultimate goal, supported by the National Institutes of Health BRAIN Initiative, is to create a comprehensive, high-resolution map of a mouse's neural wiring, which would entail about 1,000 times the amount of data the group just produced from the 1-cubic-millimeter fragment of human cortex. "The word 'fragment' is ironic ...
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Only decades later does the research bring a new treatment to the clinic or a new technology within reach. The development of most antibiotics have relied on the manipulation of bacteria or mold ...
Vet care, animal hospitals are more scarce. That's bad for pets
Veterinary care, animal hospitals are more scarce. That's bad for pets (and their owners) Pets are part of our families. That's how 97% of pet owners in the U.S. feel, according to Pew Research ...
Improved AI process could better predict water supplies
Ananth Kalyanaraman, WSU School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 509-335-5055, [email protected]. Categories: Press Releases, Research, Science & Technology. A new computer model developed by WSU researchers uses a better artificial intelligence process to measure snow and water availability more accurately across vast distances in ...
A Peek Inside the Brains of 'Super-Agers'
The research was conducted on 119 octogenarians from Spain: 64 super-agers and 55 older adults with normal memory abilities for their age. The participants completed multiple tests assessing their ...
College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources hosts awards
More than 295 attendees gathered to recognize the academic achievements of graduating students and excellence in research, innovation and leadership among faculty and staff at the College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources' annual Spring Celebration and Awards Night. The event, which ...
The Need for Veterinarians in Biomedical Research
Abstract. The number of veterinarians in the United States is inadequate to meet societal needs in biomedical research and public health. Areas of greatest need include translational medical research, veterinary pathology, laboratory-animal medicine, emerging infectious diseases, public health, academic medicine, and production-animal medicine.
Moving Soon? Here's How You Can Find Reliable Movers
It takes a bit of work to properly vet a moving company, but it's worth it to reduce the possibility of a moving disaster. Your stuff is important, and a little research can help keep it safe and ...

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