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The amount of homework students are given differs greatly across grade levels and states. Some students are given hours of work while other students are assigned little or no work to be done at home.
So what’s appropriate? What is the purpose of homework? What are the advantages and disadvantages of homework? How much homework should be assigned? How important is the quality of the assignments? And most importantly: Does homework increase student achievement?
These questions represent the ongoing debate surrounding homework for the past two decades. According to a survey by the University of Michigan , homework has doubled over the last twenty years, especially in the younger grades, due to the school’s requirement to meet higher-than-ever achievement goals for children. Although homework has academic and non-academic advantages and disadvantages, the majority of studies conducted reveal inconclusive evidence that assigning homework increases student achievement. Most studies show positive effects for certain students, others suggest no effects, and some even suggest negative effects according to research by Alfie Kohn , an independent scholar (2006).
Educators assign homework for different reasons and purposes. Homework is assigned either as practice , preparation , extension , or integration of grade-level skills and concepts.
PRACTICE HOMEWORK reinforces learning from the skills and concepts already taught in the classroom. Practice homework promotes retention and automaticity of the concept , skill, and content taught. Examples include practicing multiplication facts or writing simple sentences in order to commit theses skills and concepts to long-term memory .
PREPARATION HOMEWORK is assigned to introduce content that will be addressed in future lessons. However, research suggests that homework is less effective if it is used to teach new or complex skills. For these types of assignments, students typically become stressed which can create a negative perspective towards learning and school.
EXTENSION HOMEWORK requires students to use previously taught skills and concepts and apply them to new situations or projects. For instance, students may use the concept of area and perimeter to build a flowerbed.
INTEGRATION HOMEWORK requires the student to apply learned skills and concepts to produce a single project like reading a book and writing a report on it.
Homework also serves other purposes not directly related to instruction. Homework can help establish communication between parents and children; it can be used as a form of discipline; and it can inform parents about school topics and activities.
The homework debate often focuses on how and why homework affects student learning and achievement. Harris Cooper, a professor of psychology, and colleagues (2006) found there are both positive and negative consequences of homework.
Homework provides practice with content, concepts, and skills taught at school by the teacher. It can foster retention and understanding of the academic content. Some studies suggest that homework correlates with student achievement. Cooper, Robinson, and Patall (2006) discovered a positive correlation between the amount of the homework students do and their achievement at the secondary level. Some studies also suggest that assigning homework improves the achievement of low-performing students and students in low-performing schools. However, the correlation between student achievement and homework given to elementary students is inconclusive. Most research only supports homework for middle and high school students (Cooper 1989a; Kohn 2006).
There are also non-academic reasons for assigning homework. Corno and Xu (2004) discovered that homework fosters independence, develops time-management skills, and teaches responsibility. Assigning homework to primary age students can establish better study habits and skills for secondary education (Bempechat, 2004). Homework promotes a positive attitude towards school and keeps families informed about their child’s learning.
Homework also has negative associations. It can lead to boredom if the student has already mastered the skills, and it can lead to loss of interest in school due to burnout. Cheating is involved with homework by either copying another student’s work or when help is received from adults in an attempt to finish all the assignments. Also, assigning excessive amounts of homework may result in unneeded stress and pressure on the child, which affects the student’s emotions, behaviors, thinking ability, and physical health.
The correlation between homework and student achievement is inconsistent. In The Battle Over Homework , Cooper determined that the average correlation between the time primary children spent on homework and achievement was around zero. Not to mention, the amount of homework completed had no effect on test scores. David Baker and Gerald LeTendre, professors of education at Penn State , found that countries that assign minimal amounts of homework, like Japan, were the most successful school systems compared to Greece and Iran school systems where students are given a lot of work.
Another concern surrounding homework is its interference with the student’s time to relax and take their minds off work as well as family time. Students are spending too much time completing homework assignments instead of playing outside or enjoying leisure activities, which teach and enhance important life skills.
In addition, homework decreases the time spent with family. As Alfie Kohn states in The Homework Myth , “ Why should children be asked to work a second shift? It’s unconscionable to send children to work for nearly eight hours a day, then have them go home and work for 2-5 more hours. Secondly, it reduces the amount of time that children could be spending with their families. Family time is especially important to a growing child and without it social problems can crop up and a family unit can be compromised by a lack of time being spent together .”
The frequency and duration of each assignment does not necessarily suggest a correlation between homework and student achievement. “ We found that for kids in elementary school there was hardly any relationship between how much homework young children did and how well they were doing in school, but in middle school the relationship is positive and increases until the kids were doing between an hour to two hours a night, which is right where the 10-minute rule says it’s going to be optimal,” stated Harris Cooper. The 10-minute rule was created by the National PTA which suggests 10 minutes per a grade should be assigned (e.g., 70 minutes for 7 th grade). “After that it didn’t go up anymore. Kids that reported doing more than two hours of homework in middle school weren’t doing any better in school than kids who were doing between an hour to two hours ,” said Harris Cooper.
Effective homework is homework with a purpose. According to Cooper, some teachers assign ‘shotgun homework’ : blanket drills, questions, and problems. Students are given homework that is not furthering the concepts and skills. The homework is assigned because it has been drilled into our collective mind that homework produces higher performing students. However, homework is most effective when it covers material already taught, is given for review, or is used to reinforce skills previously learned. Students should not be assigned homework on concepts and skills they do not grasp.
DataWORKS Educational Research recommends assigning homework to provide additional repetitions of the content to promote retention and automaticity . The reason for homework is to practice the content, NOT to learn the content. Students learn the content (skills and concepts) from the lesson taught at school. Students need to be able to complete the work at home without assistance because some students do not have an English-speaking parents or guardians to help them.
In conclusion, research is inconsistent in determining if homework increases student achievement. As educators, the amount, frequency, and the purpose should be considered prior to assigning homework. Homework should be used effectively! Instead of the quantity of homework, educators should improve the quality of the assignments. Homework assignments must be well-designed. So, when assigning homework, please consider the effectiveness of it, homework should positively impact the student learning. Otherwise, the debate about homework will continue without an answer – to give or not to give !
Kohn, Alfie (2007). Rethinking Homework .
Kohn, Alfie. The Homework Myth: Why Our Kids Get Too Much of a Bad Thing (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2006).
Cooper, H. (1989). Homework. White Plains, NY: Longman.
Cooper, H., Robinson, J. C., & Patall, E. A. (2006). Does homework improve academic achievement? A synthesis of research . 1987–2003. Review of Educational Research, 76 (1), 1–62.
Author: patricia bogdanovich.
Patricia has held various positions with DataWORKS since 2002. She currently works as a Curriculum Specialist. Patricia helped develop and create many of the early resources and workshops designed by DataWORKS, and she is an expert in analysis of standards. Patricia plans to blog about curriculum and assessments for CCSS and NGSS, classroom strategies, and news and research from the world of education.
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Looking for advantages and disadvantages of Homework?
We have collected some solid points that will help you understand the pros and cons of Homework in detail.
But first, let’s understand the topic:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of homework.
The following are the advantages and disadvantages of Homework:
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Superpower | Mind Maze |
Treasure Chest | Energy Drain |
Enchanted Wand | Creativity Captor |
Secret Elixir | Social Specter |
Time Traveler’s Portal | Weary Traveler |
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Homework is something that everyone has to do at some point in their childhood or teenage years. At least that’s how it was when I was in school and my parents forced me to do it every night before bed.
However, I quickly found out that the disadvantages of doing homework outweighed the advantages. With the help of the internet, homework has become much easier and students are actually able to finish assignments without having to spend hours on end trying to understand their workbook or textbook.
Introduction
Homework can be an excellent way to help children learn, but it can also have some disadvantages. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of homework, and offers tips on how to make it work best for your child.
Why Is Homework Necessary?
Homework is necessary for many students in order to maintain a high level of academic achievement. It can be an advantage because it helps students to stay organized and focused. Homework also gives students the opportunity to practice their skills and learn new information. However, homework can also be a disadvantage because it can be time-consuming and boring.
Advantages of Homework
There are a few advantages to homework. First, it can help students stay on track and achieve their goals. Second, it can help students learn more about the subject they are studying. Third, it can help students develop better study habits. Finally, homework can help students improve their grades .
Disadvantages of Homework
There are many disadvantages to doing homework, including:
As parents, one of our main duties is to ensure that our children are getting the best possible education and development. This often means putting in a lot of hard work ourselves, and for some this can take the form of homework.
The advantages and disadvantages of homework have been well documented, but what I would like to do is highlight some specific points that might be especially relevant to parents who are thinking about introducing homework into their child’s educational routine.
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What to look for in an online course.
By: MIT xPRO
If you’re at a point in your life where you’re considering continuing your education, you may wonder if online learning is the right path for you.
Taking an online course requires a notable investment of time, effort, and money, so it’s important to feel confident about your decision before moving forward. While online learning works incredibly well for some people, it’s not for everyone.
We recently sat down with MIT xPRO Senior Instructional Designer and Program Manager Luke Hobson to explore the pros and cons of online learning and what to look for in an online course. If you’re waiting for a sign about whether or not to enroll in that course you’ve been eying, you just might find it here.
First, let’s take a look at the true value of online learning by examining some of the benefits:
Online learning’s most significant advantage is its flexibility. It’s the reason millions of adults have chosen to continue their education and pursue certificates and degrees.
Asynchronous courses allow learners to complete work at their own pace, empowering them to find the optimal time to consume the content and submit assignments.
Some people are more attentive, focused, and creative in the mornings compared to the evenings and vice versa. Whatever works best for the learners should be the priority of the learning experience.
When Luke asks people about their main reason for enrolling in a course, a common answer is networking and community.
Learners crave finding like-minded individuals who are going through the same experiences and have the same questions. They want to find a place where they belong. Being in the company of others who understand what they’re going through can help online learners who are looking for support and motivation during challenging times and times that are worth celebrating.
Some learners have created study groups and book clubs that have carried on far beyond the end of the course-it’s amazing what can grow from a single post on a discussion board!
“Speed is a massive benefit of online learning,” and according to Luke, it often doesn’t get the attention it deserves.
“When we say speed, we don’t mean being quick with learning. We mean actual speed to market. There are so many new ideas evolving within technical spaces that it’s impossible to keep courses the way they were originally designed for a long period of time.”
Luke notes that a program on Additive Manufacturing , Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality , or Nanotechnology must be checked and updated frequently. More formal learning modalities have difficulty changing content at this rapid pace. But within the online space, it’s expected that the course content will change as quickly as the world itself does.
Now that we’ve looked at some of the biggest pros of online learning, let’s examine a few of the drawbacks:
While many learners thrive in an asynchronous learning environment, others struggle. Some learners prefer live lessons and an instructor they can connect with multiple times a week. They need these interactions to feel supported and to persist.
Most learners within the online space identify themselves as self-directed learners, meaning they can learn on their own with the right environment, guidance, materials, and assignments. Learners should know themselves first and understand their preferences when it comes to what kind of environment will help them thrive.
One drawback of online courses is that the structure can be repetitive: do a reading, respond to two discussion posts, submit an essay, repeat. After a while, some learners may feel disengaged from the learning experience.
There are online courses that break the mold and offer multiple kinds of learning activities, assessments, and content to make the learning experience come alive, but it may take some research to find them-more on what to look for in an online course later in this article! Luke and his colleagues at MIT xPRO are mindful of designing courses that genuinely engage learners from beginning to end.
Luke has noticed that some learners underestimate how much work is required in an online course. They may mistakenly believe that online learning is somehow “easier” compared to in-person learning.
For those learners who miscalculate how long they will need to spend online or how challenging the assignments can be, changing that mindset is a difficult process. It’s essential to set aside the right amount of time per week to contribute to the content, activities, and assignments. Creating personal deadlines and building a study routine are two best practices that successful online learners follow to hold themselves accountable.
You’ve probably gathered by now that not all online courses are created equal. On one end of the spectrum, there are methods of online learning that leave learners stunned by what a great experience they had. On the other end of the spectrum, some online learning courses are so disappointing that learners regret their decision to enroll.
If you want to experience the value of online learning, it’s essential to pick the right course. Here’s a quick list of what to look for:
Online learning isn’t for everyone, but with the right approach, it can be a valuable experience for many people. Now that you know what to look for in an online course, see what Luke and the MIT xPRO instructional design team have to offer by checking out the latest MIT xPRO courses and programs .
Originally published at http://curve.mit.edu on August 8th, 2022.
The pros and cons of online learning was originally published in MIT Open Learning on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
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Homework has long been a source of debate, with parents, educators, and education specialists debating the advantages of at-home study. There are many pros and cons of homework. We've examined a few significant points to provide you with a summary of the benefits and disadvantages of homework. Check Out The Pros and Cons of Homework
Adding on extra hours to all of these demands is a lot for children to manage, and prevents students from having extra time to themselves for a variety of creative endeavors. Homework prevents self discovery and having the time to learn new skills outside of the school system. This is one of the main disadvantages of homework. 4.
3. It teaches time management skills. Homework goes beyond completing a task. It forces children (and parents, to some extent) to develop time management skills. Schedules must be organized to ensure that all tasks can be completed during the day. This creates independent thinking and develops problem-solving skills.
Homework can be both good and bad - there are both advantages and disadvantages of homework. In general, it's often the case that it depends on the type of homework that is assigned. Well-planned homework used in moderation and agreed upon by teachers, parents and students can be helpful. But other homework can cause serious stress ...
Homework does not help younger students, and may not help high school students. We've known for a while that homework does not help elementary students. A 2006 study found that "homework had no association with achievement gains" when measured by standardized tests results or grades. [ 7]
The advantages of homework are that they give students time to master the materials and to pursue essential learning such as reading books that would consume copious amounts of classtime. Homework can also cultivate independence, research, time management, planning and prioritization skills. ... The following are potential disadvantages of ...
Homework proponents also cite the nonacademic advantages it might confer, such as the development of personal responsibility, good study habits and time-management skills. But as to hard evidence of those benefits, "the jury is still out," says Mollie Galloway, PhD, associate professor of educational leadership at Lewis & Clark College in ...
Disadvantages of Homework: 1. Excessive Workload: One of the primary criticisms of homework is the potential for excessive workload, which can lead to stress, burnout, and a lack of balance in students' lives. A heavy homework burden may limit time for extracurricular activities, socialization, and relaxation, negatively impacting overall ...
Homework has been in the headlines again recently and continues to be a topic of controversy, with claims that students and families are suffering under the burden of huge amounts of homework. School board members, educators, and parents may wish to turn to the research for answers to their questions about the benefits and drawbacks of homework.
Teens cite homework as causing stress, but homework does have advantages as well as disadvantages. Homework's merits have been debated for decades, with parents, educators, and education specialists debating the advantages of at-home study. There are many pros and cons of homework. We've examined a few significant points to provide you with ...
The cons of homework. Impact on mental health:An excessive amount of homework can lead to feelings of stress or anxiety, particularly when kids feel overwhelmed by expectations. Diminishes free time:Homework that extends beyond reasonable limits can encroach upon kids' free time, which is also important for rest, family bonding, and overall ...
One of the positive effects of homework is that it helps to encourage the discipline of practice. Repetition is necessary to get better at skills. Practising the same problem over and over helps to reinforce the discipline of practice. Homework helps make concepts more clear and helps to build a career in the future. 2.
Explore the advantages and disadvantages of assigning homework to students. Learn about the potential benefits and drawbacks of homework in education.
Homework instills self-discipline. Since homework is done without any teacher in sight, it encourages students to take responsibility for their own learning. To put it another way, it gives students the opportunity to learn how to be disciplined. Discipline is essential to helping students obtain their academic goals.
Replying to a Facebook post by Hull Live, one teacher said it was "a pain sourcing, copying, chasing and marking it", while other parents said homework placed undue stress on young children ...
List of the Advantages of Why Homework Should Be Banned 1. Homework creates a longer day for students than what parents work. There are times when parents need to bring work home with them after a long day of productivity, but this time is usually part of a compensation package. Students do not receive the same luxury.
Pro 2: Homework helps to reinforce classroom learning, while developing good study habits and life skills. Students typically retain only 50% of the information teachers provide in class, and they need to apply that information in order to truly learn it.
The more homework a student doe s, the better it is for their grades. 3. It increases student engagement and motivation. Homework has been proven to increase student engagement and motivation. When done correctly, homework can help students learn by engaging them in challenging tasks and helping them develop skills.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Homework. The term "homework" or "homework assignments" refers to a list of tasks students are expected to do outside the classroom by their teachers. Required reading, writing or typing tasks, mathematical problems to solve, content to be examined before an assessment, or other activities to practise are ...
The Pros of Homework. 1. Reinforcement of Learning: One of the primary purposes of homework is to reinforce what students have learned in class. It provides an opportunity for students to practice and apply the concepts and skills they have been taught, helping to solidify their understanding of the material. 2.
Although homework has academic and non-academic advantages and disadvantages, the majority of studies conducted reveal inconclusive evidence that assigning homework increases student achievement. Most studies show positive effects for certain students, others suggest no effects, and some even suggest negative effects according to research by ...
Advantages of Homework. Superpower - Homework acts as a magnificent fortress, fortifying the concepts you learn in class and helping them stick to your mind like glue. By practicing what you've learned through homework exercises, you strengthen your understanding and boost your memory power. Just like a superhero honing their skills ...
Advantages of Homework. There are a few advantages to homework. First, it can help students stay on track and achieve their goals. Second, it can help students learn more about the subject they are studying. Third, it can help students develop better study habits. Finally, homework can help students improve their grades. Disadvantages of Homework.
The Benefits of Online Education in a Virtual Classroom Drexel University School of Education. Similar to attending a physical campus and learning in person, there are advantages and disadvantages of attending a virtual classroom and learning online. Among the many benefits of online learning, you'll find that virtual education allows you to enjoy a more flexible schedule, can reduce the ...
What to look for in an online course . By: MIT xPRO If you're at a point in your life where you're considering continuing your education, you may wonder if online learning is the right path for you.. Taking an online course requires a notable investment of time, effort, and money, so it's important to feel confident about your decision before moving forward.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of narratives, flowcharts, and internal control questionaires. Your solution's ready to go! Our expert help has broken down your problem into an easy-to-learn solution you can count on.