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Dissertation Defense | Strategies & Tips

Introduction

The doctoral program, the dissertation stage, what is a dissertation defense, what is the structure of a dissertation defense, preparation for your dissertation defense, what happens after you defend your dissertation.

The dissertation is the centerpiece of a graduate student's career at the doctoral level. It is a demonstration of a doctoral student's ability to conduct and present research with the skills necessary to contribute to scientific knowledge. As a result, the dissertation defense (sometimes called a thesis defense in non-American contexts) is the main opportunity for doctoral students to demonstrate they can contribute to scholarly discussion.

Many graduate students think of the dissertation defense as a final examination or a job interview. It is often a key final step to complete the doctoral degree.

Graduate studies are the venue in which students build expertise in a particular field and focus area. There are different kinds of graduate degrees, but what separates the doctoral journey from all others at this level is one's ability to generate or discover new knowledge through research. Mastery of trivia or encyclopedic knowledge is far less important to doctoral studies than a systematic organization of that knowledge through established research methodologies .

Requirements for a doctoral degree will vary depending on the institution and the program and may include coursework, comprehensive examinations, research experience, and an established record of research publication . In most cases, however, graduate students complete a doctoral degree when they successfully defend their dissertation.

The culmination of a doctoral program is the graduate student's demonstration of their abilities to conduct and present research in academic work. Not only must students show their understanding of theories, methods, and argumentation necessary for contributing to scientific knowledge, they must also navigate the intricacies inherent to academic institutions in a way that shows that they can cohesively work with and engage scholars.

The dissertation represents this understanding and mastery of skills necessary to work in established academic contexts. The research in a dissertation is deemed credible and worthy of being considered scientific knowledge when a university approves it and adds it to its repository, which is made available to all of its members so they can, in turn, conduct research and generate knowledge. However, this approval comes after a lengthy process that involves assembling members of the academic community together to review and develop research.

To be sure, the main objective of dissertation research is to present new knowledge, but the manner in which students conduct that research should also illustrate their understanding of how to generate insights rigorously, ethically, and in collaboration with others. As a result, doctoral programs, while varying with each other on some level, share a number of core characteristics outlining a long-established process of facilitating dissertation research.

Dissertation committee

A dissertation requires an audience of knowledgeable academic scholars who can comment on and critique the research. A committee made up of faculty members internal or external to the student's university fulfills this role by guiding the research, providing feedback, and asking questions about the resulting dissertation. Is the research that the student has produced "state of the art"? Does it meet reasonable standards of research rigor and transparency? Will the research make a valuable contribution to future academic discussions or practical developments outside of the academy?

It's the job of dissertation committee members to help develop and critique the research. Through this process, graduate students can refine their research design and attain guidance on key theories and methodologies . In turn, committee members gain insight from fresh perspectives on the graduate student's research.

The main committee member is your dissertation chair, which might be your supervisor or a committee member who is most knowledgeable about the research you want to conduct for your dissertation. Beyond that, a good committee member is an established scholar who can provide useful insight about the research context, the issues or theories currently being discussed within the research context, and the methods used to further develop those theories.

Oftentimes, students rely on a faculty member whose classes they have taken to serve as committee members. Students might also identify potential external committee members in academic conferences or by asking for recommendations from their professors.

Dissertation proposal

Designing a robust and rigorous study often requires discussion among colleagues within academia so that research methods can be refined before all the data is collected and analyzed.

The proposal stage gives doctoral students a chance to gather preliminary feedback on their prospective research as well as an opportunity to practice their ability to defend their expertise in their chosen field and focus area. At the dissertation level, this aspect of an academic career is represented by the proposal.

The dissertation committee approves the study design as an indication that the dissertation research has potential. Think of the writing and presentation of the dissertation proposal as a practice run for the eventual defense, while the substance of the proposal, in many cases, becomes part of the final dissertation as it details the underlying theories and methodology for the study.

Dissertation research

While the proposal lays out the research design , the study itself is where you will collect and analyze all the data necessary for the findings and discussion sections of your dissertation. Needless to say, the theoretical developments and actionable insights will come from this part of the dissertation process.

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The oral defense of your dissertation synthesizes every step of the research process you have undertaken for your research project. It's best to look at it like an opportunity to show off your expertise about the research in your field and, more importantly, your methodological process for developing your original research.

What is the role of a defense?

The defense is the main forum in which you share your research with the larger academic community. Some think of it like a job interview or a test where the committee members assess the worthiness of the research and the student who conducted it. Others consider a defense to be more of a coming out party, a critical event where the student is elevated from a novice scholar to an established expert in their chosen research field.

However it is interpreted, the dissertation defense is a critical event in a graduate student's career. In a successful defense, the doctoral candidate is no longer a newcomer but a scholar who understands the intricacies of academic research and can contribute to it in a substantive manner.

Is a dissertation defense just a formality?

If you are well-prepared and your research is robust and rigorous, you should have no problems passing your oral defense. That said, it is by no means "just" a formality. A graduate student who wants to demonstrate expertise should be prepared enough to anticipate and answer questions from the committee that might otherwise stump or confuse a layperson.

While defenses will differ depending by program and institution, there are a couple of common elements.

First, the doctoral candidate presents their research in a short presentation or lecture. While your committee is already familiar with your research, many defenses are open to the entire academic community who may be interested in your field but may not have the necessary context to understand your research. As a result, this presentation is vital to providing the fundamental knowledge necessary for later discussion.

That discussion, mainly moderated by your dissertation chair and involving all committee members, serves as the central portion of the defense. Committee members will direct questions to you to interrogate your research, but they will also discuss the research amongst themselves to build their own understanding of the key theories and insights.

In some programs, the audience will also have an opportunity to pose questions to the candidate toward the end of the defense. The dissertation committee wants to know if you can engage with outsiders who are less familiar with your research field. This part of the defense is a test of your ability to share scientific knowledge with the greater academic community.

When you get to this stage of the process, most of the preparation for your defense is already complete. That said, the defense is its own event as it is the sole opportunity for the dissertation committee to determine if your research is state of the art and advances scientific knowledge.

In many cases, a dissertation defense can last about two hours and typically follows a set order. It's important to know how to prepare for each part of a defense.

Preparing your dissertation

At this point, the dissertation should be as close to polished as you can make it, but keep in mind you may still receive substantive feedback from your committee members. With the exception of your dissertation chair, members of your committee likely will not deeply engage your research until the oral defense itself. Even so, you still need to present as complete a study as possible during your defense. The key to preparation is to be able to demonstrate a working knowledge of every step of the research process, from research design to how you contribute novel and interesting insights to your field. Successfully defending a dissertation means having a thorough understanding of every major aspect of your study and the surrounding scholarship.

Presenting your dissertation

The dissertation defense typically begins with the student presenting themselves and their research. In many cases, this presentation is similar to those found at conferences or workshops, where the presenter needs to demonstrate that they can showcase their research in a succinct and accessible manner. After all, the audience at a defense will often include members of the academic community who may have a general interest in the research but not a deep familiarity with the specifics of the research.

The presentation itself should be detailed enough to lay out the most important points of the research but within a reasonable amount of time. This presentation lays the groundwork for the ensuing discussion with the rest of the academic community. The dissertation committee or program will often prescribe a set time limit for this presentation; it would be a mistake not to consider this time limit when making your presentation. An overly lengthy presentation or a presenter who meanders with no clear direction will be less persuasive and will not garner the interest of the audience. More importantly, successful time management during the presentation leaves more time for your committee to more thoroughly engage with the research through questions and answers.

Fielding questions asked

Dissertation defense questions make up the primary part of the discussion. This is the main opportunity for members of your committee to point out the novel aspects of your research as well as critique any weak points that should be addressed in revisions to your dissertation.

Ultimately, a successful defense will result in lively discussion among dissertation committee members. A dissertation committee will often look highly on research that engages their thinking and expertise, meaning that novel insights will prove incredibly valuable to a defense.

You may get a question from a committee member to which you may not readily have an answer. After all, it's impossible to anticipate every possible question posed within two hours of scholarly discussion. In the case where a question is truly outside of your knowledge, it's important to acknowledge this and at least explain your thinking about how you would address the question to get a meaningful answer. In other words, it's not always about giving the "correct" answer to all questions asked but demonstrating your ability to reflect and engage in scholarly discussion around your research.

Keep in mind that the defense itself is not the end of the doctoral journey. More often than not, the dissertation committee will accept the dissertation on the condition that revisions will be made based on the committee members' feedback. Even the most successful defense will likely require the doctoral student to make revisions to their dissertation.

In many cases, revisions to the dissertation can be more challenging than the dissertation defense itself. Up until this point, your advisor or dissertation chair was likely the main source of feedback on your dissertation research. After your defense, you will have gained a great deal of rich feedback that you can constructively build on to further hone your dissertation as you move forward in publishing and sharing your research.

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Preparing For Your Dissertation Defense

13 Key Questions To Expect In The Viva Voce

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) & David Phair (PhD) . Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2021

Preparing for your dissertation or thesis defense (also called a “viva voce”) is a formidable task . All your hard work over the years leads you to this one point, and you’ll need to defend yourself against some of the most experienced researchers you’ve encountered so far.

It’s natural to feel a little nervous.

In this post, we’ll cover some of the most important questions you should be able to answer in your viva voce, whether it’s for a Masters or PhD degree. Naturally, they might not arise in exactly the same form (some may not come up at all), but if you can answer these questions well, it means you’re in a good position to tackle your oral defense.

Viva Voce Prep: 13 Essential Questions

• What is your study about and why did you choose to research this in particular?
• How did your research questions evolve during the research process?
• How did you decide on which sources to include in your literature review?
• How did you design your study and why did you take this approach?
• How generalisable and valid are the findings?
• What were the main shortcomings and limitations created by your research design?
• How did your findings relate to the existing literature?
• What were your key findings in relation to the research questions?
• Were there any findings that surprised you?
• What biases may exist in your research?
• How can your findings be put into practice?
• How has your research contributed to current thinking in the field?
• If you could redo your research, how would you alter your approach?

#1: What is your study about and why did you choose to research this in particular?

This question, a classic party starter, is pretty straightforward.

What the dissertation or thesis committee is assessing here is your ability to clearly articulate your research aims, objectives and research questions in a concise manner. Concise is the keyword here – you need to clearly explain your research topic without rambling on for a half-hour. Don’t feel the need to go into the weeds here – you’ll have many opportunities to unpack the details later on.

In the second half of the question, they’re looking for a brief explanation of the justification of your research. In other words, why was this particular set of research aims, objectives and questions worth addressing? To address this question well in your oral defense, you need to make it clear what gap existed within the research and why that gap was worth filling.

#2: How did your research questions evolve during the research process?

Good research generally follows a long and winding path . It’s seldom a straight line (unless you got really lucky). What they’re assessing here is your ability to follow that path and let the research process unfold.

Specifically, they’ll want to hear about the impact that the literature review process had on you in terms of shaping the research aims, objectives and research questions . For example, you may have started with a certain set of aims, but then as you immersed yourself in the literature, you may have changed direction. Similarly, your initial fieldwork findings may have turned out some unexpected data that drove you to adjust or expand on your initial research questions.

Long story short – a good defense involves clearly describing your research journey , including all the twists and turns. Adjusting your direction based on findings in the literature or the fieldwork shows that you’re responsive , which is essential for high-quality research.

#3: How did you decide on which sources to include in your literature review?

A comprehensive literature review is the foundation of any high-quality piece of research. With this question, your dissertation or thesis committee are trying to assess which quality criteria and approach you used to select the sources for your literature review.

Typically, good research draws on both the seminal work in the respective field and more recent sources . In other words, a combination of the older landmark studies and pivotal work, along with up-to-date sources that build on to those older studies. This combination ensures that the study has a rock-solid foundation but is not out of date.

So, make sure that your study draws on a mix of both the “classics” and new kids on the block, and take note of any major evolutions in the literature that you can use as an example when asked this question in your viva voce.

#4: How did you design your study and why did you take this approach?

This is a classic methodological question that you can almost certainly expect in some or other shape.

What they’re looking for here is a clear articulation of the research design and methodology, as well as a strong justification of each choice . So, you need to be able to walk through each methodological choice and clearly explain both what you did and why you did it. The why is particularly important – you need to be able to justify each choice you made by clearly linking your design back to your research aims, objectives and research questions, while also taking into account practical constraints.

To ensure you cover every base, check out our research methodology vlog post , as well as our post covering the Research Onion .

#5: How generalizable and valid are the findings?

This question is aimed at specifically digging into your understanding of the sample and how that relates to the population, as well as potential validity issues in your methodology.

To answer question this well, you’ll need to critically assess your sample and findings and consider if they truly apply to the entire population, as well as whether they assessed what they set out to. Note that there are two components here – generalizability and validity . Generalizability is about how well the sample represents the population. Validity is about how accurately you’ve measured what you intended to measure .

To ace this part of your dissertation defense, make sure that you’re very familiar with the concepts of generalizability , validity and reliability , and how these apply to your research. Remember, you don’t need to achieve perfection – you just need to be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of your research (and how the weaknesses could be improved upon).

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#6: What were the main shortcomings and limitations created by your research design?

This question picks up where the last one left off.

As I mentioned, it’s perfectly natural that your research will have shortcomings and limitations as a result of your chosen design and methodology. No piece of research is flawless. Therefore, a good dissertation defense is not about arguing that your work is perfect, but rather it’s about clearly articulating the strengths and weaknesses of your approach.

To address this question well, you need to think critically about all of the potential weaknesses your design may have, as well as potential responses to these (which could be adopted in future research) to ensure you’re well prepared for this question. For a list of common methodological limitations, check out our video about research limitations here .

#7: How did your findings relate to the existing literature?

This common dissertation defense question links directly to your discussion chapter , where you would have presented and discussed the findings in relation to your literature review.

What your dissertation or thesis committee is assessing here is your ability to compare your study’s findings to the findings of existing research . Specifically, you need to discuss which findings aligned with existing research and which findings did not. For those findings that contrasted against existing research, you should also explain what you believe to be the reasons for this.

As with many questions in a viva voce, it’s both the what and the why that matter here. So, you need to think deeply about what the underlying reasons may be for both the similarities and differences between your findings and those of similar studies.

#8: What were your key findings in relation to the research questions?

This question is similar to the last one in that it too focuses on your research findings. However, here the focus is specifically on the findings that directly relate to your research questions (as opposed to findings in general).

So, a good way to prepare for this question is to step back and revisit your research questions . Ask yourself the following:

• What exactly were you asking in those questions, and what did your research uncover concerning them?
• Which questions were well answered by your study and which ones were lacking?
• Why were they lacking and what more could be done to address this in future research?

Conquering this part dissertation defense requires that you focus squarely on the research questions. Your study will have provided many findings (hopefully!), and not all of these will link directly to the research questions. Therefore, you need to clear your mind of all of the fascinating side paths your study may have lead you down and regain a clear focus on the research questions .

#9: Were there any findings that surprised you?

This question is two-pronged.

First, you should discuss the surprising findings that were directly related to the original research questions . Going into your research, you likely had some expectations in terms of what you would find, so this is your opportunity to discuss the outcomes that emerged as contrary to what you initially expected. You’ll also want to think about what the reasons for these contrasts may be.

Second, you should discuss the findings that weren’t directly related to the research questions, but that emerged from the data set . You may have a few or you may have none – although generally there are a handful of interesting musings that you can glean from the data set. Again, make sure you can articulate why you find these interesting and what it means for future research in the area.

What the committee is looking for in this type of question is your ability to interpret the findings holistically and comprehensively , and to respond to unexpected data. So, take the time to zoom out and reflect on your findings thoroughly.

#10: What biases may exist in your research?

Biases… we all have them.

For this question, you’ll need to think about potential biases in your research , in the data itself but also in your interpretation of the data. With this question, your committee is assessing whether you have considered your own potential biases and the biases inherent in your analysis approach (i.e. your methodology). So, think carefully about these research biases and be ready to explain how these may exist in your study.

In an oral defense, this question is often followed up with a question on how the biases were mitigated or could be mitigated in future research. So, give some thought not just to what biases may exist, but also the mitigation measures (in your own study and for future research).

#11: How can your findings be put into practice?

Another classic question in the typical viva voce.

With this question, your committee is assessing your ability to bring your findings back down to earth and demonstrate their practical value and application. Importantly, this question is not about the contribution to academia or the overall field of research (we’ll get to that next) – it is specifically asking about how this newly created knowledge can be used in the real world.

Naturally, the actionability of your findings will vary depending on the nature of your research topic. Some studies will produce many action points and some won’t. If you’re researching marketing strategies within an industry, for example, you should be able to make some very specific recommendations for marketing practitioners in that industry.

To help you flesh out points for this question, look back at your original justification for the research (i.e. in your introduction and literature review chapters). What were the driving forces that led you to research your specific topic? That justification should help you identify ways in which your findings can be put into practice.

#12: How has your research contributed to current thinking in the field?

While the previous question was aimed at practical contribution, this question is aimed at theoretical contribution . In other words, what is the significance of your study within the current body of research? How does it fit into the existing research and what does it add to it?

This question is often asked by a field specialist and is used to assess whether you’re able to place your findings into the research field to critically convey what your research contributed. This argument needs to be well justified – in other words, you can’t just discuss what your research contributed, you need to also back each proposition up with a strong why .

To answer this question well, you need to humbly consider the quality and impact of your work and to be realistic in your response. You don’t want to come across as arrogant (“my work is groundbreaking”), nor do you want to undersell the impact of your work. So, it’s important to strike the right balance between realistic and pessimistic .

This question also opens the door to questions about potential future research . So, think about what future research opportunities your study has created and which of these you feel are of the highest priority.

#13: If you could redo your research, how would you alter your approach?

This question is often used to wrap up a viva voce as it brings the discussion full circle.

Here, your committee is again assessing your ability to clearly identify and articulate the limitations and shortcomings of your research, both in terms of research design and topic focus . Perhaps, in hindsight, it would have been better to use a different analysis method or data set. Perhaps the research questions should have leaned in a slightly different direction. And so on.

This question intends to assess whether you’re able to look at your work critically , assess where the weaknesses are and make recommendations for the future . This question often sets apart those who did the research purely because it was required, from those that genuinely engaged with their research. So, don’t hold back here – reflect on your entire research journey ask yourself how you’d do things differently if you were starting with a  blank canvas today.

Recap: The 13 Key Dissertation Defense Questions

To recap, here are the 13 questions you need to be ready for to ace your dissertation or thesis oral defense:

As I mentioned, this list of dissertation defense questions is certainly not exhaustive – don’t assume that we’ve covered every possible question here. However, these questions are quite likely to come up in some shape or form in a typical dissertation or thesis defense, whether it’s for a Master’s degree, PhD or any other research degree. So, you should take the time to make sure you can answer them well.

If you need assistance preparing for your dissertation defense or viva voce, get in touch with us to discuss 1-on-1 coaching. We can critically review your research and identify potential issues and responses, as well as undertake a mock oral defense to prepare you for the pressures and stresses on the day.

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This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

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12 Comments

Very interesting

Interesting. I appreciate!

Really appreciating

My field is International Trade

Interesting

This is a full course on defence. I was fabulously enlightened and I gained enough confidence for my upcoming Masters Defence.

There are many lessons to learn and the simplicity in presentationmakes thee reader say “YesI can”

This is so helping… it has Enlightened me on how to answer specific questions. I pray to make it through for my upcoming defense

Lovely to hear that 🙂

Really educative and beneficial

Interesting. On-point and elaborate. And comforting too! Thanks.

Thank you very much for the enlightening me, be blessed

Thankyou so much. I am planning to defend my thesis soon and I found this very useful

Very interesting and useful to all masters and PhD students

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Defending Your Dissertation: A Guide

Written by Luke Wink-Moran | Photo by insta_photos

Dissertation defenses are daunting, and no wonder; it’s not a “dissertation discussion,” or a “dissertation dialogue.” The name alone implies that the dissertation you’ve spent the last x number of years working on is subject to attack. And if you don’t feel trepidation for semantic reasons, you might be nervous because you don’t know what to expect. Our imaginations are great at making The Unknown scarier than reality. The good news is that you’ll find in this newsletter article experts who can shed light on what dissertations defenses are really like, and what you can do to prepare for them.

The first thing you should know is that your defense has already begun. It started the minute you began working on your dissertation— maybe even in some of the classes you took beforehand that helped you formulate your ideas. This, according to Dr. Celeste Atkins, is why it’s so important to identify a good mentor early in graduate school.

“To me,” noted Dr. Atkins, who wrote her dissertation on how sociology faculty from traditionally marginalized backgrounds teach about privilege and inequality, “the most important part of the doctoral journey was finding an advisor who understood and supported what I wanted from my education and who was willing to challenge me and push me, while not delaying me.  I would encourage future PhDs to really take the time to get to know the faculty before choosing an advisor and to make sure that the members of their committee work well together.”

Your advisor will be the one who helps you refine arguments and strengthen your work so that by the time it reaches your dissertation committee, it’s ready. Next comes the writing process, which many students have said was the hardest part of their PhD. I’ve included this section on the writing process because this is where you’ll create all the material you’ll present during your defense, so it’s important to navigate it successfully. The writing process is intellectually grueling, it eats time and energy, and it’s where many students find themselves paddling frantically to avoid languishing in the “All-But-Dissertation” doldrums. The writing process is also likely to encroach on other parts of your life. For instance, Dr. Cynthia Trejo wrote her dissertation on college preparation for Latin American students while caring for a twelve-year-old, two adult children, and her aging parents—in the middle of a pandemic. When I asked Dr. Trejo how she did this, she replied:

“I don’t take the privilege of education for granted. My son knew I got up at 4:00 a.m. every morning, even on weekends, even on holidays; and it’s a blessing that he’s seen that work ethic and that dedication and the end result.”

Importantly, Dr. Trejo also exercised regularly and joined several online writing groups at UArizona. She mobilized her support network— her partner, parents, and even friends from high school to help care for her son.

The challenges you face during the writing process can vary by discipline. Jessika Iwanski is an MD/PhD student who in 2022 defended her dissertation on genetic mutations in sarcomeric proteins that lead to severe, neonatal dilated cardiomyopathy. She described her writing experience as “an intricate process of balancing many things at once with a deadline (defense day) that seems to be creeping up faster and faster— finishing up experiments, drafting the dissertation, preparing your presentation, filling out all the necessary documents for your defense and also, for MD/PhD students, beginning to reintegrate into the clinical world (reviewing your clinical knowledge and skill sets)!”

But no matter what your unique challenges are, writing a dissertation can take a toll on your mental health. Almost every student I spoke with said they saw a therapist and found their sessions enormously helpful. They also looked to the people in their lives for support. Dr. Betsy Labiner, who wrote her dissertation on Interiority, Truth, and Violence in Early Modern Drama, recommended, “Keep your loved ones close! This is so hard – the dissertation lends itself to isolation, especially in the final stages. Plus, a huge number of your family and friends simply won’t understand what you’re going through. But they love you and want to help and are great for getting you out of your head and into a space where you can enjoy life even when you feel like your dissertation is a flaming heap of trash.”

While you might sometimes feel like your dissertation is a flaming heap of trash, remember: a) no it’s not, you brilliant scholar, and b) the best dissertations aren’t necessarily perfect dissertations. According to Dr. Trejo, “The best dissertation is a done dissertation.” So don’t get hung up on perfecting every detail of your work. Think of your dissertation as a long-form assignment that you need to finish in order to move onto the next stage of your career. Many students continue revising after graduation and submit their work for publication or other professional objectives.

When you do finish writing your dissertation, it’s time to schedule your defense and invite friends and family to the part of the exam that’s open to the public. When that moment comes, how do you prepare to present your work and field questions about it?

“I reread my dissertation in full in one sitting,” said Dr. Labiner. “During all my time writing it, I’d never read more than one complete chapter at a time! It was a huge confidence boost to read my work in full and realize that I had produced a compelling, engaging, original argument.”

There are many other ways to prepare: create presentation slides and practice presenting them to friends or alone; think of questions you might be asked and answer them; think about what you want to wear or where you might want to sit (if you’re presenting on Zoom) that might give you a confidence boost. Iwanksi practiced presenting with her mentor and reviewed current papers to anticipate what questions her committee might ask.  If you want to really get in the zone, you can emulate Dr. Labiner and do a full dress rehearsal on Zoom the day before your defense.

But no matter what you do, you’ll still be nervous:

“I had a sense of the logistics, the timing, and so on, but I didn’t really have clear expectations outside of the structure. It was a sort of nebulous three hours in which I expected to be nauseatingly terrified,” recalled Dr. Labiner.

“I expected it to be terrifying, with lots of difficult questions and constructive criticism/comments given,” agreed Iwanski.

“I expected it to be very scary,” said Dr. Trejo.

“I expected it to be like I was on trial, and I’d have to defend myself and prove I deserved a PhD,” said Dr Atkins.

And, eventually, inexorably, it will be time to present.  

“It was actually very enjoyable” said Iwanski. “It was more of a celebration of years of work put into this project—not only by me but by my mentor, colleagues, lab members and collaborators! I felt very supported by all my committee members and, rather than it being a rapid fire of questions, it was more of a scientific discussion amongst colleagues who are passionate about heart disease and muscle biology.”

“I was anxious right when I logged on to the Zoom call for it,” said Dr. Labiner, “but I was blown away by the number of family and friends that showed up to support me. I had invited a lot of people who I didn’t at all think would come, but every single person I invited was there! Having about 40 guests – many of them joining from different states and several from different countries! – made me feel so loved and celebrated that my nerves were steadied very quickly. It also helped me go into ‘teaching mode’ about my work, so it felt like getting to lead a seminar on my most favorite literature.”

“In reality, my dissertation defense was similar to presenting at an academic conference,” said Dr. Atkins. “I went over my research in a practiced and organized way, and I fielded questions from the audience.

“It was a celebration and an important benchmark for me,” said Dr. Trejo. “It was a pretty happy day. Like the punctuation at the end of your sentence: this sentence is done; this journey is done. You can start the next sentence.”

If you want to learn more about dissertations in your own discipline, don’t hesitate to reach out to graduates from your program and ask them about their experiences. If you’d like to avail yourself of some of the resources that helped students in this article while they wrote and defended their dissertations, check out these links:

The Graduate Writing Lab

https://thinktank.arizona.edu/writing-center/graduate-writing-lab

The Writing Skills Improvement Program

https://wsip.arizona.edu

Campus Health Counseling and Psych Services

https://caps.arizona.edu

https://www.scribbr.com/

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Top 5 Templates for a Thesis Defense

A thesis is long piece of writing about a particular topic or subject. It is usually done to get one of the highest degrees, such as a master’s degree or a PhD. Once it is completed and handed out, you need to defend it in front of a committee in order to demonstrate what you have learned about that field of study.

If it’s your turn to defend your thesis, here’s a selection of five templates for Google Slides and PowerPoint that will grant you success when presenting your dissertation.

Ecology Thesis

Is your work about ecology, nature or the environment? Then, these slides will be so much inspiring. It’s a creative design full of landscape illustrations related to flora and fauna.

Use of Technology Thesis

For a better representation of your text, there are some slides designed as computer windows. Couple this with a futuristic-looking typography and you get some visuals totally tied to the topic.

Download the Use of Technology Thesis and use it in Google Slides and PowerPoint. It’s totally editable and easy to modify.

Child Care Thesis

Have you made a dissertation about education and, more specifically, child care? This next deck is the perfect choice for your defense. It has some visually attractive slides and a very characteristic style.

Since teachers need all the help they can get, try this Child Care Thesis template for your dissertation.

Natural Science Thesis

This presentation is elegant and stylish, and has been devised for topics related to Natural Science. It contains illustrations of beautiful plants, birds and butterflies, which makes it suitable to talk about biology, entomology or geoscience.

The typography is quite formal, and some of the graphic resources use a watercolor effect. This makes it very easy to integrate your text within the rest of the elements present in the slides.

Get this Natural Science Thesis template and watch the committee admire your slides.

Teaching Methods Thesis

If you want to use the Teaching Methods Thesis template , download it and discover its nice slides, icons, pictures and resources. They’re all great!

These are just five of the most popular slide decks for a thesis defense , but we have many more. Have a look around and see if you can find the one that fits your to

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Dissertation Defense: Steps To Follow To Succeed

A dissertation defense is arguably one of the most important milestones in every student’s career. While it signals that your tenure as a student is soon about to close, it validates all your efforts towards your thesis.

Being cautious about including all the necessary details is very important to successfully complete your dissertation proposal defense. This article tells you everything that you need to know about writing a defense that can add great credibility to you as a student.

What is A Dissertation Defense?

The first thing that you need to learn is what is a dissertation defense and what is its purpose. In simple terms, it is a presentation made by a student to defend all the ideas and views that are presented in a dissertation.

The presenter must include details like what is the reason for choosing specific research methods, the theory that has been selected for the paper, and other such points. This presentation is made before an audience that comprises of the university committee, professors and even fellow-students. It is met with questions and answers that gives the student an opportunity to provide more clarity on the dissertation in order to convince the committee to approve it.

Stages of a Dissertation Defense

One of the most important dissertation defense tips provided by several professors is to breakdown the process into three steps:

• Preparation : This stage involves collection of all the necessary information that must be included in the defense dissertation and making all the arrangements for the actual meeting.
• The defense meeting : This is where you decide how you will present the defense. The actual meeting is hugely reliant on the performance, body language and the confidence in your oral defense.
• After the defense meeting : This stage, also known as the follow up, requires you to make the necessary revisions suggested by the university committee. You can even provide bound copies of the whole dissertation to distribute among different members of your departments. In the follow up stage, one must also think about expense that are related to publishing the Ph.D. dissertation defense as well as printing additional copies of the manuscript, if required.

How Long is a Dissertation Defense?

The first thing that a student should know is how long does a dissertation defense last? The length has to be carefully calculated to make the impact that you want. One of the most important steps in the dissertation preparation is to understand how much time each department allocates to the closing oral defense. When you plan in the early stages of your dissertation itself, you can write it in a manner that allows you to defend it in the allocated time.

Usually these meetings including the presentation, the oral defense and the question and answer session last for about two hours. In most cases, these two hours also encompass the time needed by members of the committee to deliberate.

How to Prepare for the Dissertation Defense

Now that you know how long is a dissertation defense, the next step is to prepare well enough to make your presentation impressive.

Here are some tips on how to prepare for a dissertation defense:

• Watch other students in action to learn about different presentation styles. You can attend defenses of different colleagues in your department as well as other departments in your university.
• Get all the details about the deadlines and the rules of your college or university about scheduling your defense.
• Scheduling is also a very important part of your preparation. It is important to note that members of the committee and University chairs need to make time for these defences in a very packed schedule. Coordinate the date, venue and time of your defense as early as possible.
• Prepare a manuscript adhering to the necessary formatting rules. Review your manuscript thoroughly before you hand it in. During your PH.D, your faculty will also assist you with the defense. For this, they must have a crisp and polished copy of your manuscript.
• Most colleges have the facility for a pre-defense meeting. This is the best opportunity to sort out any concerns that you may have about the actual meeting. It is a good idea to ask the chairs what types of questions may be put forward and if there are any problems with the defense that need to be resolved. When you prepare for a pre-defense meeting, think of it as the final one and give it your all.
• Put together all the material that you need for the defense. A detailed, yet to-the-point presentation must be prepared.
• The final stage of preparation is practicing your presentation over and over again. It is not just the presentation but also the approach towards the questions that you must practice.

Tips To Nail Your Actual Meeting

With these tips you will be one step closer towards a successful defense that will help your dissertation pass and be approved:

• All meetings should begin by addressing the chair. Make sure you thank all the committee members and the advisors for the efforts that they have put it. This gives you a professional start to the presentation.
• The presentation should cover the following subjects in brief:
• The research topic
• Literature review
• The methods used for analysis
• The primary findings of the research
• Recommendations of additional research on the subject in the focus.
• Do not get rattled by any discussions among the chairs. They will deliberate on any disagreements or topics of interest. This is a part of the process and is not a reflection of the presentation itself.
• There are two questions that are commonly asked that you should be prepared for. This includes the weaknesses of the dissertation and the research plans that you have made post-dissertation.
• Use subtle gestures when you are talking. Do not overuse your hands when doing so. The whole meeting including the question and answer session should have a very formal appeal.
• The tone of your voice must be assertive without making it seem like you are trying to hard. Be clear and enunciate when you speak.

Once the questions have been answered, the committee will leave the room. Then, after the deliberation, you will be informed if your dissertation has passed or not.

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Dissertation Defense - Yang Xu (Advisors: Carole Parent and Pierre Coulombe)

Dissertation Defense - Yang Xu

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Congratulations to marco pipoly on a successful thesis defense.

RTX Corporation: Commercial/ Defense Aerospace Spending Remains Robust, Maintain Buy

• Despite RTX's outperformance compared to the wider market, the stock continues to offer compelling upside potential and dividend investment thesis here.
• Its growing backlog across commercial and defense aerospace markets also offers great insights into its long-term top/ bottom lines, further aided by the management's cost reduction initiatives.
• RTX's powdered metal remediation is already underway, with the management reporting peak AOG by FQ1'24 and things to moderate through 2026, naturally resulting in reduced penalty charges.
• Combined with its reasonable valuations and recently raised dividends, we are maintaining our Buy rating here.

Colin Anderson Productions pty ltd

We previously covered RTX Corporation ( NYSE: RTX ) in March 2024, discussing its excellent FY2023 results and growing backlogs, attributed to the uncertain geopolitical landscape and recovering passenger travels.

It had been apparent that the negative press related to the powdered metal manufacturing quality issue had been far behind us, with the stock also recovering much of its previous losses thanks to the immense bullish support.

Since our Buy rating then, RTX has already further rallied by +17.9% well outperforming the wider market at +3.3%.

Even so, the stock continues to offer compelling upside potential and robust dividend investment thesis, thanks to the promising market trends and recently raised payouts, respectively.

Combined with its growing commercial backlog, its excellent FQ1'24 earnings results, and the stock's reasonably priced valuations compared to its aerospace engine peers, we are reiterating our Buy rating here.

RTX's Investment Thesis Remains Robust, As Growth In Commercial/ Defense Spending Triggers Growth Catalysts

For now, RTX has reported a double beat FQ1'24 earnings call, with overall revenues of $19.3B ( -3.1% QoQ / +12.1% YoY ) and adj EPS of $1.34 (+3.8% QoQ/ +9.8% YoY).

Much of its top-line tailwinds are naturally attributed to the robust commercial sales at $8.72B (-5.2% QoQ/ +17.9% YoY) and sales to the US government at $8.12B (-3.6% QoQ/ +7.5% YoY), amongst others.

Global Air Travel Trends & Projections

At the same time, RTX continues to report increasing backlog of $202B (+3% QoQ/ +12.2% YoY) by FQ1'24, comprising commercial aerospace contracts at $125B (+5.9% QoQ/ +14.6% YoY) and defense contracts at $77B (-1.2% QoQ/ +8.4% YoY).

The robust growth in commercial backlog is not a surprising development indeed, with the global air travel recovering near to pre-pandemic averages by the end of 2023.

Things are expected to further grow over the next few years as the "global commercial aviation fleet also expands by +33% to more than 36,000 aircraft by 2033, according to an Oliver Wyman analysis ."

Readers must also note that defense spending is expected to remain elevated ahead, with the US government recently signing a $886B policy bill into law, supporting RTX's future investments in R&D capabilities and manufacturing capacities.

As a result of the excellent visibility into its top lines, we believe that it remains well positioned to sustain its growth prospects ahead.

Much of RTX's bottom-line tailwinds are also attributed to the management's numerous cost reduction initiatives, as discussed in our previous article, allowing the company to report a sustained expansion in operating margins to 11.4% in FQ1'24 (+0.7 YoY/ +3.7 from FY2021 levels of 7.7% ), partially offsetting the rising inflationary pressures thus far.

Most importantly, the powdered metal remediation is already underway, with the management reporting peak Aircraft On Ground [AOG] by FQ1'24 and things to moderate through 2026, naturally resulting in reduced penalty charges ahead.

Risks Remain As RTX's Debt Leverage Grows - Potential Bottom Line Impact Ahead

On the other hand, readers may also want to monitor its balance sheet health moving forward, with RTX's net-debt-to-EBITDA ratio increasingly higher at 3.2x by FQ1'24, compared to 2.8x in FQ4'23, 2.3x in FQ1'23, and 2.33x in FQ4'21.

When compared to its aerospace engine peers, such as Rolls-Royce Holdings ( OTCPK:RYCEY ) ( OTCPK:RYCEF ) at 0.76x, GE Aerospace (GE) at 0.24x, and the Aerospace & Defense industry averages of 1.69x, it is undeniable that RTX's debt leverage is rather risky.

This is especially since $300M of its long-term debts will be due in 2024, $3.5B in 2025, and $4.46B in 2026, potentially triggering further refinancing during an elevated interest rate environment, and consequently, higher annualized interest expenses than those reported in FQ1'24 at $1.62B (+8% QoQ/ +28.5% YoY).

This may potentially impact its bottom-line growth while triggering headwinds to its profitable growth prospects. As a result, this may be a key risk that interested readers may want to take note of.

So, Is RTX Stock A Buy , Sell, or Hold?

RTX 5Y Stock Price

Trading View

For now, RTX has already rallied optimistically after the recent earnings call, while running away from its 50/ 100/ 200 day moving averages.

RTX Valuations

Seeking Alpha

However, we believe that RTX is not expensive at FWD P/E valuations of 19.76x. While this number is higher than the previous article at 16.81x (discounted due to the powdered metal issue) and 3Y pre-pandemic mean of 17.33x, it is still relatively reasonable compared to its peers, such as RYCEY at 28.21x and GE at 39.80x.

This is especially since comparing RTX's stable top/ bottom-line projections at a CAGR of +9%/ +10.1% through FY2026, compared to RYCEY at +8.3%/ +13.6% and GE at -13.1%/ +28.3%, respectively, implying the former's relatively reasonable FWD P/E valuations of 19.76x at current levels given its promising profitable growth projections.

As a result of its reasonable valuations, we believe that RTX continues to trade near to our fair value estimates of $102.10, based on the LTM adj EPS of $5.17 (+2.1% from FY2023 levels of $5.06 and +6.3% sequentially) and the recovering FWD P/E valuations of 19.76x.

Based on the consensus FY2026 adj EPS estimates of $6.76 and the same FWD P/E valuations of 19.76x, there remains an excellent upside potential of +25.6% to our long-term price target of $133.50 as well.

Readers must also note that RTX recently raised its quarterly dividend payouts by +6.7% to $0.63, naturally sustaining its dividend investment thesis with forward yields of 2.37%, compared to its 5Y Dividend Growth Rate of +5.59% and the sector median of 1.41%, respectively.

This is on top of the sustained share repurchases with 136.9M or 9.2% of its floats retired over the LTM, demonstrating the management's excellent use of robust free cash flow.

As a result of the sustained dual pronged prospective returns through capital appreciation and dividend payouts, we are maintaining our Buy rating for RTX, though with no specific entry point since it is currently retesting its all-time peak of $106s.

Interested investors may consider observing the stock movement for a little longer, before adding according to their dollar cost averages and risk appetite.

However, we believe that RTX is likely to continue performing well, significantly aided by the long-term catalysts from the growing multi-year backlog and robust commercial/ defense spending, well, balancing the risks from the increasing debt reliance.

This article was written by

Analyst’s Disclosure: I/we have no stock, option or similar derivative position in any of the companies mentioned, and no plans to initiate any such positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article. The analysis is provided exclusively for informational purposes and should not be considered professional investment advice. Before investing, please conduct personal in-depth research and utmost due diligence, as there are many risks associated with the trade, including capital loss.

Seeking Alpha's Disclosure: Past performance is no guarantee of future results. No recommendation or advice is being given as to whether any investment is suitable for a particular investor. Any views or opinions expressed above may not reflect those of Seeking Alpha as a whole. Seeking Alpha is not a licensed securities dealer, broker or US investment adviser or investment bank. Our analysts are third party authors that include both professional investors and individual investors who may not be licensed or certified by any institute or regulatory body.

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Thesis cartoons and comics

Are you looking for funny thesis cartoons to brighten up your research paper or presentation? CartoonStock.com has a wide variety of humorous cartoons related to academia, studying, and the trials and tribulations of writing a thesis. Use these cartoons to add a touch of humor to your thesis defense or to lighten the mood during those late-night writing sessions. Remember, laughter is the best way to keep your sanity intact while tackling your academic masterpiece.

Thesis Cartoon #1

How Scientists Work

Thesis Cartoon #2

"The world revolves around my cat."

Thesis cartoon #3.

"I totally meant to do that."

Thesis cartoon #4.

"My doctoral thesis looks like a fake? Scandalous! I'll have a word with the bloke I bought it from!"

Thesis cartoon #5.

'I proved that when you start to count your blessings, you find that they're infinite.'

Thesis cartoon #6.

"I wrote my thesis in just one day. Is there something wrong with that?"

Thesis cartoon #7.

'I'm sorry but you don't get any credit for giving it 'the old college try'.

Thesis cartoon #8.

'That won't do James! As my student, you need to make me a co-author and cite at least two of my papers in every one of your publications!'

Thesis cartoon #9.

'Dad, why are you going to deliver a paper in Boston? Couldn't you find a paper route closer to home?'

Thesis cartoon #10.

'Agreed. We fund only those proposals we can understand.'

Thesis cartoon #11.

"I hope these images will generate a huge number of academic papers and theses on the Palaeolithic period."

Thesis cartoon #12.

'In the future, that should produce thousands of PhD theses.'

Thesis cartoon #13.

'It doesn't matter that your thesis is on extra sensory perception, you can't cite mindreading in your references.'

Thesis cartoon #14.

"Thanks for waiting for me, Jocko, but I still can't play. I've decided to go for a Ph.D."

Thesis cartoon #15.

Luther's ninety-five theses on your terrible parking.

Thesis cartoon #16.

Theories expounded

Thesis cartoon #17.

"Don't breath a word to anyone, but I'm never leaving graduate school."

Thesis cartoon #18.

'It's basically a good master's thesis, but the word you want is 'serfs,' not 'smurfs.''

Thesis cartoon #19.

'I'm pretty sure I have a Ph.D. I think one came bundled with my new computer.'

Thesis cartoon #20.

"This is all going into my thesis."

Thesis cartoon #21.

"Working on your M.Ed. thesis when you should be teaching is not closing the research-classroom gap."

Thesis cartoon #22.

"What do you mean 'theoretically'? Everything we do is theoretical."

Thesis cartoon #23.

"An excellent defense. Let's give her the doctorate."

Thesis cartoon #24.

"This is fine as far as it goes. From here on, it's who you know."

Thesis cartoon #25.

"I love never finishing our dissertations together."

Use the following code at checkout:

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Coupon will be applied to your cart. Offer is limited to one cartoon per customer and does not include web and publication licenses. Some collections/images may be excluded from this offer.

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College of Political Sciences

28 May، 2024

Participation of the Dean in a Ph.D. Dissertation Defense Committee

Assistant Professor Dr. Tariq Mohammed Tayeb Zahir participated in the defense committee for the Ph.D. dissertation titled “Power and Strategy in Building the State’s Supreme Interests – The United States as a Model” by the student Adnan Ajeel Hassan. The defense took place in the Department of Political Science at Al-Alamein Institute for Graduate Studies in Najaf. After an extensive discussion, the dissertation was approved.

For more details follow us on:

Website address of the college of political science: https://uomosul.edu.iq/en/politicalscience/, facebook page of the college of political science: https://www.facebook.com/profile.phpid=100092671961355&mibextid=zbwkwl, twitter page of the college of political science: https://twitter.com/sciencescollege, youtube channel of the college of political science: https://www.youtube.com/channel/ucm1s8mj-obhfakwbdlnu9mq, announcements, graduate students examinations at the college of political science.

zainab 2024-05-29T12:06:15+00:00 28/05/2024 |

Participation of the College of Political Science in the Training of Trainers (TOT) workshop provided by the UNESCO Chair

zainab 2024-05-29T12:00:47+00:00 28/05/2024 |

zainab 2024-05-29T11:55:01+00:00 28/05/2024 |

A Scholarly Contribution from a Faculty Member of the International Relations Branch

zainab 2024-05-27T16:53:08+00:00 26/05/2024 |

Announcement of the Second Semester Exam Schedule for Graduate Students / Master’s degree

zainab 2024-05-27T16:48:10+00:00 25/05/2024 |

The attendance of the College of Political Science at the roundtable meeting of the Center for Peacebuilding and Peaceful Coexistence for experts, which discussed the indicators and measures of peace in Iraq

zainab 2024-05-23T21:26:19+00:00 23/05/2024 |

Announcement of the final exam schedule

zainab 2024-05-23T16:30:44+00:00 06/05/2024 |

The admission plan for graduate studies (Master’s) for the academic year (2024-2025)

zainab 2024-05-05T22:06:50+00:00 05/05/2024 |

The date of a master’s thesis defense at the College of Political Science

zainab 2024-03-16T19:56:01+00:00 16/03/2024 |

The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Award

zainab 2024-03-08T23:51:46+00:00 23/07/2023 |

Reade initiative

zainab 2024-03-08T23:46:50+00:00 12/06/2023 |

Discussion of the Master’s thesis in the College of Political Science titled: “Rationalization of Power in Contemporary European Political Thought: Max Weber as a Model”

zainab 2024-05-23T20:22:43+00:00 09/05/2024 |

A master’s thesis investigates “The Impact of Transformations on the Effectiveness of Foreign Policy Towards Regional Issues After 2014”

zainab 2024-03-20T11:10:00+00:00 17/03/2024 |

Master’s thesis discussed the Israeli Strategic Planning Towards the Arab Region After the Events of 2011

zainab 2024-03-09T18:15:13+00:00 27/12/2023 |

Master’s thesis discussed the American coercive diplomacy towards armament issues in the Middle East

zainab 2024-03-09T17:17:11+00:00 21/12/2023 |

Political Development in Arab Countries After 2011: Challenges and Pathways for Solutions

zainab 2024-03-09T12:05:46+00:00 23/11/2023 |

Master’s thesis on the Establishment of Authority as an Indicator for Assessing the Quality of the Governance System

zainab 2024-03-09T11:50:15+00:00 22/11/2023 |

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