how to write a research paper citing sources

Citing sources: Overview

• Citation style guides

Manage your references

Use these tools to help you organize and cite your references:

• Citation Management and Writing Tools

If you have questions after consulting this guide about how to cite, please contact your advisor/professor or the writing and communication center .

Why citing is important

It's important to cite sources you used in your research for several reasons:

• To show your reader you've done proper research by listing sources you used to get your information
• To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas
• To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other authors
• To allow your reader to track down the sources you used by citing them accurately in your paper by way of footnotes, a bibliography or reference list

About citations

Citing a source means that you show, within the body of your text, that you took words, ideas, figures, images, etc. from another place.

Citations are a short way to uniquely identify a published work (e.g. book, article, chapter, web site).  They are found in bibliographies and reference lists and are also collected in article and book databases.

Citations consist of standard elements, and contain all the information necessary to identify and track down publications, including:

• author name(s)
• titles of books, articles, and journals
• date of publication
• page numbers
• volume and issue numbers (for articles)

Citations may look different, depending on what is being cited and which style was used to create them. Choose an appropriate style guide for your needs.  Here is an example of an article citation using four different citation styles.  Notice the common elements as mentioned above:

Author - R. Langer

Article Title - New Methods of Drug Delivery

Source Title - Science

Volume and issue - Vol 249, issue 4976

Publication Date - 1990

Page numbers - 1527-1533

American Chemical Society (ACS) style:

Langer, R. New Methods of Drug Delivery. Science 1990 , 249 , 1527-1533.

IEEE Style:

R. Langer, " New Methods of Drug Delivery," Science , vol. 249 , pp. 1527-1533 , SEP 28, 1990 .

American Psychological Association   (APA) style:

Langer, R. (1990) . New methods of drug delivery. Science , 249 (4976), 1527-1533.

Modern Language Association (MLA) style:

Langer, R. " New Methods of Drug Delivery." Science 249.4976 (1990) : 1527-33.

What to cite

You must cite:

• Facts, figures, ideas, or other information that is not common knowledge

Publications that must be cited include:  books, book chapters, articles, web pages, theses, etc.

Another person's exact words should be quoted and cited to show proper credit 

When in doubt, be safe and cite your source!

Avoiding plagiarism

Plagiarism occurs when you borrow another's words (or ideas) and do not acknowledge that you have done so. In this culture, we consider our words and ideas intellectual property; like a car or any other possession, we believe our words belong to us and cannot be used without our permission.

Plagiarism is a very serious offense. If it is found that you have plagiarized -- deliberately or inadvertently -- you may face serious consequences. In some instances, plagiarism has meant that students have had to leave the institutions where they were studying.

The best way to avoid plagiarism is to cite your sources - both within the body of your paper and in a bibliography of sources you used at the end of your paper.

Some useful links about plagiarism:

• MIT Academic Integrity Overview on citing sources and avoiding plagiarism at MIT.
• Avoiding Plagiarism From the MIT Writing and Communication Center.
• Plagiarism: What It is and How to Recognize and Avoid It From Indiana University's Writing Tutorial Services.
• Plagiarism- Overview A resource from Purdue University.
• Next: Citation style guides >>
• Last Updated: Jan 16, 2024 7:02 AM
• URL: https://libguides.mit.edu/citing

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, automatically generate references for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Referencing

A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples

Published on 14 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 15 September 2023.

Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you’ve used and how to find them.

Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list .

Harvard Reference Generator

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Be assured that you'll submit flawless writing. Upload your document to correct all your mistakes.

Table of contents

Harvard in-text citation, creating a harvard reference list, harvard referencing examples, referencing sources with no author or date, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.

A Harvard in-text citation appears in brackets beside any quotation or paraphrase of a source. It gives the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication, as well as a page number or range locating the passage referenced, if applicable:

Note that ‘p.’ is used for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages (e.g. ‘pp. 1–5’).

An in-text citation usually appears immediately after the quotation or paraphrase in question. It may also appear at the end of the relevant sentence, as long as it’s clear what it refers to.

When your sentence already mentions the name of the author, it should not be repeated in the citation:

Sources with multiple authors

When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors’ names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sources with no page numbers

Some sources, such as websites , often don’t have page numbers. If the source is a short text, you can simply leave out the page number. With longer sources, you can use an alternate locator such as a subheading or paragraph number if you need to specify where to find the quote:

Multiple citations at the same point

When you need multiple citations to appear at the same point in your text – for example, when you refer to several sources with one phrase – you can present them in the same set of brackets, separated by semicolons. List them in order of publication date:

Multiple sources with the same author and date

If you cite multiple sources by the same author which were published in the same year, it’s important to distinguish between them in your citations. To do this, insert an ‘a’ after the year in the first one you reference, a ‘b’ in the second, and so on:

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

A bibliography or reference list appears at the end of your text. It lists all your sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name, giving complete information so that the reader can look them up if necessary.

The reference entry starts with the author’s last name followed by initial(s). Only the first word of the title is capitalised (as well as any proper nouns).

Sources with multiple authors in the reference list

As with in-text citations, up to three authors should be listed; when there are four or more, list only the first author followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Reference list entries vary according to source type, since different information is relevant for different sources. Formats and examples for the most commonly used source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal with no DOI
• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Sometimes you won’t have all the information you need for a reference. This section covers what to do when a source lacks a publication date or named author.

No publication date

When a source doesn’t have a clear publication date – for example, a constantly updated reference source like Wikipedia or an obscure historical document which can’t be accurately dated – you can replace it with the words ‘no date’:

Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.

When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there’s often an appropriate corporate source – the organisation responsible for the source – whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.

When that’s not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:

The only proofreading tool specialized in correcting academic writing

The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts and by native English editors. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students.

Correct my document today

Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 3 June 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, harvard style bibliography | format & examples, referencing books in harvard style | templates & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.

An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!

University Library

Start your research.

• Research Process
• Find Background Info
• Find Sources through the Library
• Evaluate Your Info
• Cite Your Sources
• Evaluate, Write & Cite

• is the right thing to do  to give credit to those who had the idea
• shows that you have read and understand  what experts have had to say about your topic
• helps people find the sources  that you used in case they want to read more about the topic
• provides   evidence  for your arguments
• is professional and  standard practice   for students and scholars

What is a Citation?

A citation identifies for the reader the original source for an idea, information, or image that is referred to in a work.

• In the body of a paper, the  in-text citation  acknowledges the source of information used.
• At the end of a paper, the citations are compiled on a  References  or  Works Cited  list. A basic citation includes the author, title, and publication information of the source. 

From:  Lemieux  Library,  University  of Seattle 

Why Should You Cite?

Quoting Are you quoting two or more consecutive words from a source? Then the original source should be cited and the words or phrase placed in quotes. 

Paraphrasing If an idea or information comes from another source,  even if you put it in your own words , you still need to credit the source.  General vs. Unfamiliar Knowledge You do not need to cite material which is accepted common knowledge. If in doubt whether your information is common knowledge or not, cite it. Formats We usually think of books and articles. However, if you use material from web sites, films, music, graphs, tables, etc. you'll also need to cite these as well.

Plagiarism is presenting the words or ideas of someone else as your own without proper acknowledgment of the source. When you work on a research paper and use supporting material from works by others, it's okay to quote people and use their ideas, but you do need to correctly credit them. Even when you summarize or paraphrase information found in books, articles, or Web pages, you must acknowledge the original author.

Citation Style Help

Helpful links:

• MLA ,  Works Cited : A Quick Guide (a template of core elements)
• CSE  (Council of Science Editors)

For additional writing resources specific to styles listed here visit the  Purdue OWL Writing Lab

Citation and Bibliography Resources

• How to Write an Annotated Bibliography
• << Previous: Evaluate Your Info
• Next: Evaluate, Write & Cite >>

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License except where otherwise noted.

Land Acknowledgement

The land on which we gather is the unceded territory of the Awaswas-speaking Uypi Tribe. The Amah Mutsun Tribal Band, comprised of the descendants of indigenous people taken to missions Santa Cruz and San Juan Bautista during Spanish colonization of the Central Coast, is today working hard to restore traditional stewardship practices on these lands and heal from historical trauma.

The land acknowledgement used at UC Santa Cruz was developed in partnership with the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band Chairman and the Amah Mutsun Relearning Program at the UCSC Arboretum .

• USC Libraries
• Research Guides

Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper

• 11. Citing Sources
• Purpose of Guide
• Design Flaws to Avoid
• Independent and Dependent Variables
• Glossary of Research Terms
• Reading Research Effectively
• Narrowing a Topic Idea
• Broadening a Topic Idea
• Extending the Timeliness of a Topic Idea
• Academic Writing Style
• Applying Critical Thinking
• Choosing a Title
• Making an Outline
• Paragraph Development
• Research Process Video Series
• Executive Summary
• The C.A.R.S. Model
• Background Information
• The Research Problem/Question
• Theoretical Framework
• Citation Tracking
• Content Alert Services
• Evaluating Sources
• Primary Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Tiertiary Sources
• Scholarly vs. Popular Publications
• Qualitative Methods
• Quantitative Methods
• Insiderness
• Using Non-Textual Elements
• Limitations of the Study
• Common Grammar Mistakes
• Writing Concisely
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Footnotes or Endnotes?
• Further Readings
• Generative AI and Writing
• USC Libraries Tutorials and Other Guides
• Bibliography

A citation is a formal reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and obtained information from while writing your research paper. It refers to a source of information that supports a factual statement, proposition, argument, or assertion or any quoted text obtained from a book, article, web site, or any other type of material . In-text citations are embedded within the body of your paper and use a shorthand notation style that refers to a complete description of the item at the end of the paper. Materials cited at the end of a paper may be listed under the heading References, Sources, Works Cited, or Bibliography. Rules on how to properly cite a source depends on the writing style manual your professor wants you to use for the class [e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, etc.]. Note that some disciplines have their own citation rules [e.g., law].

Citations: Overview. OASIS Writing Center, Walden University; Research and Citation. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Citing Sources. University Writing Center, Texas A&M University.

Reasons for Citing Your Sources

Reasons for Citing Sources in Your Research Paper

English scientist, Sir Isaac Newton, once wrote, "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”* Citations support learning how to "see further" through processes of intellectual discovery, critical thinking, and applying a deliberate method of navigating through the scholarly landscape by tracking how cited works are propagated by scholars over time and the subsequent ways this leads to the devarication of new knowledge.

Listed below are specific reasons why citing sources is an important part of doing good research.

• Shows the reader where to find more information . Citations help readers expand their understanding and knowledge about the issues being investigated. One of the most effective strategies for locating authoritative, relevant sources about a research problem is to review materials cited in studies published by other authors. In this way, the sources you cite help the reader identify where to go to examine the topic in more depth and detail.
• Increases your credibility as an author . Citations to the words, ideas, and arguments of scholars demonstrates that you have conducted a thorough review of the literature and, therefore, you are reporting your research results or proposing recommended courses of action from an informed and critically engaged perspective. Your citations offer evidence that you effectively contemplated, evaluated, and synthesized sources of information in relation to your conceptualization of the research problem.
• Illustrates the non-linear and contested nature of knowledge creation . The sources you cite show the reader how you characterized the dynamics of prior knowledge creation relevant to the research problem and how you managed to effectively identify the contested relationships between problems and solutions proposed among scholars. Citations don't just list materials used in your study, they tell a story about how prior knowledge-making emerged from a constant state of creation, renewal, and transformation.
• Reinforces your arguments . Sources cited in your paper provide the evidence that readers need to determine that you properly addressed the “So What?” question. This refers to whether you considered the relevance and significance of the research problem, its implications applied to creating new knowledge, and its importance for improving practice. In this way, citations draw attention to and support the legitimacy and originality of your own ideas and assertions.
• Demonstrates that you "listened" to relevant conversations among scholars before joining in . Your citations tell the reader where you developed an understanding of the debates among scholars. They show how you educated yourself about ongoing conversations taking place within relevant communities of researchers before inserting your own ideas and arguments. In peer-reviewed scholarship, most of these conversations emerge within books, research reports, journal articles, and other cited works.
• Delineates alternative approaches to explaining the research problem . If you disagree with prior research assumptions or you believe that a topic has been understudied or you find that there is a gap in how scholars have understood a problem, your citations serve as the source materials from which to analyze and present an alternative viewpoint or to assert that a different course of action should be pursued. In short, the materials you cite serve as the means by which to argue persuasively against long-standing assumptions promulgated in prior studies.
• Helps the reader understand contextual aspects of your research . Cited sources help readers understand the specific circumstances, conditions, and settings of the problem being investigated and, by extension, how your arguments can be fully understood and assessed. Citations place your line of reasoning within a specific contextualized framework based on how others have studied the problem and how you interpreted their findings in support of your overall research objectives.
• Frames the development of concepts and ideas within the literature . No topic in the social and behavioral sciences rests in isolation from research that has taken place in the past. Your citations help the reader understand the growth and transformation of the theoretical assumptions, key concepts, and systematic inquiries that emerged prior to your engagement with the research problem.
• Underscores sources that were most important to you . Your citations represent a set of choices made about what you determined to be the most important sources for understanding the topic. They not only list what you discovered, but why it matters and how the materials you chose to cite fit within the broader context of your research design and arguments. As part of an overall assessment of the study’s validity and reliability , the choices you make also helps the reader determine what research may have been excluded.
• Provides evidence of interdisciplinary thinking . An important principle of good research is to extend your review of the literature beyond the predominant disciplinary space where scholars have examined a topic. Citations provide evidence that you have integrated epistemological arguments, observations, and/or the methodological strategies from other disciplines into your paper, thereby demonstrating that you understand the complex, interconnected nature of contemporary research topics.
• Supports critical thinking and independent learning . Evaluating the authenticity, reliability, validity, and originality of prior research is an act of interpretation and introspective reasoning applied to assessing whether a source of information will contribute to understanding the problem in ways that are persuasive and align with your overall research objectives. Reviewing and citing prior studies represents a deliberate act of critically scrutinizing each source as part of your overall assessment of how scholars have confronted the research problem.
• Honors the achievements of others . As Susan Blum recently noted,** citations not only identify sources used, they acknowledge the achievements of scholars within the larger network of research about the topic. Citing sources is a normative act of professionalism within academe and a way to highlight and recognize the work of scholars who likely do not obtain any tangible benefits or monetary value from their research endeavors.

*Vernon. Jamie L. "On the Shoulder of Giants." American Scientist 105 (July-August 2017): 194.

**Blum, Susan D. "In Defense of the Morality of Citation.” Inside Higher Ed , January 29, 2024.

Aksnes, Dag W., Liv Langfeldt, and Paul Wouters. "Citations, Citation Indicators, and Research Quality: An Overview of Basic Concepts and Theories." Sage Open 9 (January-March 2019): https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019829575; Blum, Susan Debra. My Word!: Plagiarism and College Culture . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009; Bretag, Tracey., editor. Handbook of Academic Integrity . Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020; Ballenger, Bruce P. The Curious Researcher: A Guide to Writing Research Papers . 7th edition. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2012; D'Angelo, Barbara J. "Using Source Analysis to Promote Critical Thinking." Research Strategies 18 (Winter 2001): 303-309; Mauer, Barry and John Venecek. “Scholarship as Conversation.” Strategies for Conducting Literary Research, University of Central Florida, 2021; Why Cite? Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning, Yale University; Citing Information. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Harvard Guide to Using Sources. Harvard College Writing Program. Harvard University; Newton, Philip. "Academic Integrity: A Quantitative Study of Confidence and Understanding in Students at the Start of Their Higher Education."  Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education 41 (2016): 482-497; Referencing More Effectively. Academic Skills Centre. University of Canberra; Using Sources. Yale College Writing Center. Yale University; Vosburgh, Richard M. "Closing the Academic-practitioner Gap: Research Must Answer the “SO WHAT” Question." H uman Resource Management Review 32 (March 2022): 100633; When and Why to Cite Sources. Information Literacy Playlists, SUNY, Albany Libraries.

Structure and Writing Style

Referencing your sources means systematically showing what information or ideas you acquired from another author’s work, and identifying where that information come from . You must cite research in order to do research, but at the same time, you must delineate what are your original thoughts and ideas and what are the thoughts and ideas of others. Citations help achieve this. Procedures used to cite sources vary among different fields of study. If not outlined in your course syllabus or writing assignment, always speak with your professor about what writing style for citing sources should be used for the class because it is important to fully understand the citation style to be used in your paper, and to apply it consistently. If your professor defers and tells you to "choose whatever you want, just be consistent," then choose the citation style you are most familiar with or that is appropriate to your major [e.g., use Chicago style if you are majoring in history; use APA if its an education course; use MLA if it is literature or a general writing course].

GENERAL GUIDELINES

1. Are there any reasons I should avoid referencing other people's work? No. If placed in the proper context, r eferencing other people's research is never an indication that your work is substandard or lacks originality. In fact, the opposite is true. If you write your paper without adequate references to previous studies, you are signaling to the reader that you are not familiar with the literature on the topic, thereby, undermining the validity of your study and your credibility as a researcher. Including references in academic writing is one of the most important ways to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of how the research problem has been addressed. It is the intellectual packaging around which you present your thoughts and ideas to the reader.

2. What should I do if I find out that my great idea has already been studied by another researcher? It can be frustrating to come up with what you believe is a great topic only to find that it's already been thoroughly studied. However, do not become frustrated by this. You can acknowledge the prior research by writing in the text of your paper [see also Smith, 2002], then citing the complete source in your list of references. Use the discovery of prior studies as an opportunity to demonstrate the significance of the problem being investigated and, if applicable, as a means of delineating your analysis from those of others [e.g., the prior study is ten years old and doesn't take into account new variables]. Strategies for responding to prior research can include: stating how your study updates previous understandings about the topic, offering a new or different perspective, applying a different or innovative method of data gathering, and/or describing a new set of insights, guidelines, recommendations, best practices, or working solutions.

3. What should I do if I want to use an adapted version of someone else's work? You still must cite the original work. For example, you use a table of statistics from a journal article published in 1996 by author Smith, but you have altered or added new data to it. Reference the revised chart, such as, [adapted from Smith, 1996], then cite the complete original source in your list of references. You can also use other terms in order to specify the exact relationship between the original source and the version you have presented, such as, "based on data from Smith [1996]...," or "summarized from Smith [1996]...." Citing the original source helps the reader locate where the information was first presented and under what context it was used as well as to evaluate how effectively you applied it to your own research.

4. What should I do if several authors have published very similar information or ideas? You can indicate that the topic, idea, concept, or information can be found in the works of others by stating something similar to the following example: "Though many scholars have applied rational choice theory to understanding economic relations among nations [Smith, 1989; Jones, 1991; Johnson, 1994; Anderson, 2003], little attention has been given to applying the theory to examining the influence of non-governmental organizations in a globalized economy." If you only reference one author or only the most recent study, then your readers may assume that only one author has published on this topic, or more likely, they will conclude that you have not conducted a thorough review of the literature. Referencing all relevant authors of prior studies gives your readers a clear idea of the breadth of analysis you conducted in preparing to study the research problem. If there has been a significant number of prior studies on the topic [i.e., ten or more], describe the most comprehensive and recent works because they will presumably discuss and reference the older studies. However, note in your review of the literature that there has been significant scholarship devoted to the topic so the reader knows that you are aware of the numerous prior studies.

5. What if I find exactly what I want to say in the writing of another researcher? In the social sciences, the rationale in duplicating prior research is generally governed by the passage of time, changing circumstances or conditions, or the emergence of variables that necessitate new investigations . If someone else has recently conducted a thorough investigation of precisely the same research problem that you intend to study, then you likely will have to revise your topic, or at the very least, review this literature to identify something new to say about the problem. However, if it is someone else's particularly succinct expression, but it fits perfectly with what you are trying to say, then you can quote from the author directly, referencing the source. Identifying an author who has made the exact same point that you want to make can be an opportunity to add legitimacy to, as well as reinforce the significance of, the research problem you are investigating. The key is to build on that idea in new and innovative ways. If you are not sure how to do this, consult with a librarian .

6. Should I cite a source even if it was published long ago? Any source used in writing your paper should be cited, regardless of when it was written. However, in building a case for understanding prior research about your topic, it is generally true that you should focus on citing more recently published studies because they presumably have built upon the research of older studies. When referencing prior studies, use the research problem as your guide when considering what to cite. If a study from forty years ago investigated the same topic, it probably should be examined and considered in your list of references because the research may have been foundational or groundbreaking at the time, even if its findings are no longer relevant to current conditions or reflect current thinking [one way to determine if a study is foundational or groundbreaking is to examine how often it has been cited in recent studies using the "Cited by" feature of Google Scholar ]. However, if an older study only relates to the research problem tangentially or it has not been cited in recent studies, then it may be more appropriate to list it under further readings .

7. Can I cite unusual and non-scholarly sources in my research paper? The majority of the citations in a research paper should be to scholarly [a.k.a., academic; peer-reviewed] studies that rely on an objective and logical analysis of the research problem based on empirical evidence that reliably supports your arguments. However, any type of source can be considered valid if it brings relevant understanding and clarity to the topic. This can include, for example, non-textual elements such as photographs, maps, or illustrations. A source can include materials from special or archival collections, such as, personal papers, manuscripts, business memorandums, the official records of an organization, or digitized collections. Citations can also be to unusual items, such as, an audio recording, a transcript from a television news program, a unique set of data, or a social media post. The challenge is knowing how to cite unusual and non-scholarly sources because they often do not fit within standard citation rules like books or journal articles. Given this, consult with a librarian if you are unsure how to cite a source.

NOTE:   In any academic writing, you are required to identify which ideas, facts, thoughts, concepts, or declarative statements are yours and which are derived from the research of others. The only exception to this rule is information that is considered to be a commonly known fact [e.g., "George Washington was the first president of the United States"] or a statement that is self-evident [e.g., "Australia is a country in the Global South"]. Appreciate, however, that any "commonly known fact" or self-evidencing statement is culturally constructed and shaped by specific social and aesthetical biases . If you have any doubt about whether or not a fact is considered to be widely understood knowledge, provide a supporting citation, or, ask your professor for clarification about whether the statement should be cited.

Ballenger, Bruce P. The Curious Researcher: A Guide to Writing Research Papers . 7th edition. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2012; Blum, Susan Debra. My Word!: Plagiarism and College Culture . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009; Bretag, Tracey., editor. Handbook of Academic Integrity . Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020; Carlock, Janine. Developing Information Literacy Skills: A Guide to Finding, Evaluating, and Citing Sources . Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2020; Harvard Guide to Using Sources. Harvard College Writing Program. Harvard University; How to Cite Other Sources in Your Paper. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College; Lunsford, Andrea A. and Robert Connors; The St. Martin's Handbook . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989; Mills, Elizabeth Shown. Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace . 3rd edition. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2015; Research and Citation Resources. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing Tutorial Services, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning. Indiana University; Why Cite? Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning, Yale Univeraity.

Other Citation Research Guides

The following USC Libraries research guide can help you properly cite sources in your research paper:

• Citation Guide

The following USC Libraries research guide offers basic information on using images and media in research:

Listed below are particularly well-done and comprehensive websites that provide specific examples of how to cite sources under different style guidelines.

• Purdue University Online Writing Lab
• Southern Cross University Harvard Referencing Style
• University of Wisconsin Writing Center

This is a useful guide concerning how to properly cite images in your research paper.

• Colgate Visual Resources Library, Citing Images

This guide provides good information on the act of citation analysis, whereby you count the number of times a published work is cited by other works in order to measure the impact of a publication or author.

Measuring Your Impact: Impact Factor, Citation Analysis, and other Metrics: Citation Analysis [Sandy De Groote, University of Illinois, Chicago]

Automatic Citation Generators

The links below lead to systems where you can type in your information and have a citation compiled for you. Note that these systems are not foolproof so it is important that you verify that the citation is correct and check your spelling, capitalization, etc. However, they can be useful in creating basic types of citations, particularly for online sources.

• BibMe -- APA, MLA, Chicago, and Turabian styles
• DocsCite -- for citing government publications in APA or MLA formats
• EasyBib -- APA, MLA, and Chicago styles
• Son of Citation Machine -- APA, MLA, Chicago, and Turabian styles

NOTE:   Many companies that create the research databases the USC Libraries subscribe to, such as ProQuest , include built-in citation generators that help take the guesswork out of how to properly cite a work. When available, you should always utilize these features because they not only generate a citation to the source [e.g., a journal article], but include information about where you accessed the source [e.g., the database].

• << Previous: Writing Concisely
• Next: Avoiding Plagiarism >>
• Last Updated: May 30, 2024 9:38 AM
• URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide

Home / Guides / Citation Guides

Citation Guides

Citation Basics

Ready to start your journey into learning about citations? This is the best place to start! Learn what a citation is, how to cite, when to cite, and the ins and outs of the three most popular citation styles. Ready, set, cite!

MLA Format Guide

Organizing and structuring your paper in MLA style is no easy task. Luckily, we have everything you need to format your paper properly. Filled with clear guidelines, visual aids, and samples galore, our comprehensive guide will make it simple to structure your next MLA paper.

Don’t forget about our MLA works cited , MLA in-text citation , and MLA annotated bibliography guides! You’ll also need these handy, helpful resources to get your MLA paper in check!

MLA guides : Format | Website | Journal Article  | Book | Book Chapter | eBook | Bible | Blog | Database | Dictionary | Encyclopedia | Image | Interview | Magazine | Newspaper | Report | Thesis | YouTube Video

APA Citation Guide

Need to cite and write in APA style? No sweat! Check out our guide to writing and citing in APA format. Packed with tons of citation examples for books, journals, websites, and more, you’ll find everything you need to create a stellar APA paper!

APA guides : Format | Website | Journal Article  | Book | Book Chapter | eBook | Bible | Blog | Database | Dictionary | Encyclopedia | Image | Interview | Magazine | Newspaper | Report | Thesis | YouTube Video

Chicago/Turabian Citation Guide

So you need to cite in Chicago/Turabian style, huh? Well, you’ve come to the right place! Our Chicago/Turabian guide is jam-packed with clear visuals and examples for over 20 source types. With so many fresh and fabulous examples for websites, books, journals, and more, you’ll rock this citation style in no time!

Chicago guides : Format | Website | Journal Article  | Book | Book Chapter | eBook | Bible | Blog | Database | Dictionary | Encyclopedia | Image | Interview | Magazine | Newspaper | Report | Thesis | YouTube Video

How Do I Cite a…

Comic books, memes, tweets, and Instagram posts. Can you figure out what these sources have in common? Yes, they’re entertaining, but they’re also pretty tricky to cite! If you’re attempting to cite an uncommon source type, then this is the guide for you. Each source comes with straightforward instructions for citing in MLA, APA, and Chicago/Turabian. Stop scouring the Internet for help and dive into our fab guide!

Something else that’s fab? Our grammar guides ! After you’re through citing those remarkable resources, brush up on your grammar basics with our thorough guides.

Looking for More?

Don’t forget, EasyBib Plus flags pesky potential plagiarism issues in your paper. Run your paper through our plagiarism checker to pick up any instances of plagiarism. Try it now and submit your paper with confidence!

Harvard Referencing

Plagiarism Basics

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

How to Write a Research Paper: Citing Sources

• Anatomy of a Research Paper
• Developing a Research Focus
• Background Research Tips
• Searching Tips
• Scholarly Journals vs. Popular Journals
• Thesis Statement
• Annotated Bibliography
• Citing Sources
• Evaluating Sources
• Literature Review
• Academic Integrity
• Scholarship as Conversation
• Understanding Fake News
• Data, Information, Knowledge

Style Guides

Choosing a style.

C hoosing A Style

There are different ways to properly cite resources in your paper. The citation style usually depends on the academic discipline involved. For example:

MLA style (Modern Language Association) is typically used by the Humanities 

APA style (American Psychological Association) often is used by Education, Psychology, and Business

• Chicago  (Professor Turabian, University of Chicago) is generally used by History and some of the Fine Arts.

When determining which style to use there are several resources to keep in mind:

Ask your professor which style they prefer for the course.

Consult a style guide for examples of using various citation styles to create in-text citations, bibliographies and reference lists, or use citation software to assist you in tracking sources used and building in-text citations and bibliographies. 

Bottom line: Check with your professor to make sure you use the style required for that class. And whatever style you choose,  BE CONSISTENT!

UMary Writing Center

Check out the resources available from the  Writing Center . 

• << Previous: Annotated Bibliography
• Next: Evaluating Sources >>
• Last Updated: Apr 4, 2024 5:51 PM
• URL: https://libguide.umary.edu/researchpaper

• MJC Library & Learning Center
• Research Guides

Format Your Paper & Cite Your Sources

Citing sources, why does citing sources matter, what do you cite, tips for citing sources.

• Avoid Plagiarism
• MLA Style (8th/9th ed.)
• APA Style, 7th Edition
• Chicago Style
• Harvard Style
• Other Styles
• Annotated Bibliographies
• How to Create an Attribution

When you write a research paper, you use information and facts from a variety of resources to support your own ideas or to help you develop new ones. Books, articles, videos, interviews, and Web sites are some examples of sources you might use.

Citing these sources of information in your work is essential because:

• It gives credit to the author of the original work who provided you with the information or idea
• It allows your audience to identify and find the source material in order to learn more about your topic
• It gives your paper more credibility because it shows you're supporting your arguments with high-quality source. It also helps earn your readers' trust because you're telling your readers the source of your facts so that they can confirm them for themselves
• It helps you avoid plagiarism

Watch this short video from The Learning Portal to learn why you cite and when you cite. Watch, Learn, and Enjoy!

"Why You Need to Cite Sources" by The Learning Portal is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Cite all outside sources you use in your research paper! Citing is required for sources you:

Quote  word-for-word,

Paraphrase  (rewrite using your own words), and

Summarize (rewrite the main concept or idea in your own words) .  

How Citation Style Affects Your Paper:

No matter which citation style you use, you need to cite your sources within the body of your paper where you incorporate your outside sources (in-text citations) and in your cumulative list of sources at the end of your paper (Works Cited, References, or Bibliography)

Collect the Information You Need

It's important to make sure you collect all the information you need to cite a source as you gather your information so that you won't need to look it up again, so:

• Take clear, accurate notes about where you found specific ideas
• Write down the complete citation information for each book, article, etc. you use as you go along
• Use quotation marks when directly stating another person's words
• Always credit original authors for their information and ideas

Keep Track of Information About Your Sources

As you explore your topic, you'll discover and read information from many different sources. With each new source, you'll need to decide if you want to use it. To help you make this decision, you'll ask yourself questions about the source like:

• Who  is the author of this source?
• What  is the title of the source?
• How  was the source published?
• Where  did I find this source?
• When  was the source published?

Each of these elements (author, title, publisher, location, publication date) will become part of your citation. As you work, you'll want to keep track of each of these elements so that creating your citations will be easier.

• Next: Avoid Plagiarism >>
• Last Updated: May 1, 2024 2:04 PM
• URL: https://libguides.mjc.edu/citeyoursources

Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 and CC BY-NC 4.0 Licenses .

How To Write a Research Paper

• 1. Understand the Assignment
• 2. Choose Topic & Write Thesis Statement
• 3. Create Concept Map & Keyword List
• 4. Research Your Topic
• 5. Create an Outline
• 6. Write the Paper
• Assignment Calculator

Why are citations important?

Apa citations.

Good research projects combine data from a variety of sources and carefully document the sources of information and ideas. Research documentation usually appears in two parts: short in-text citations occurring within the actual paper and a longer, complete list of works at the end of the paper called a bibliography, reference list, or works cited page. 

Besides giving credit to the source of information or ideas, there are other great reasons to cite in your research project:

• Persuasiveness - Your writing will be more persuasive if you cite the research on which you based your own conclusions and arguments.
• Sharing - Citations make it possible for your professor and other readers to examine interesting sources that you found.
• Communication -  Correct citations helps you communicate effectively with potential peers within a discipline.
• Skills -  Correct citation demonstrates your research and documentation abilities to your professor.
• Avoid Plagiarism -  Correct citation use helps protect you from plagiarizing.

Note: a hyperlink or URL included in the text is not the same as a citation. Ex: "Higher gas prices are on the way (cnn.com/specialreport)." URLs in the text, while common on the internet, are not considered a correct form of scholarly citation.

• Purdue University OWL - Online Writing Lab (APA)
• APA Citations, 6th Edition -- Seminole State College
• APA Citations -- Valencia College
• << Previous: Plagiarism
• Next: Credits >>
• Last Updated: Oct 31, 2023 9:15 AM
• URL: https://libguides.seminolestate.edu/researchpaper

• PRO Courses Guides New Tech Help Pro Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Upgrade Sign In
• EDIT Edit this Article
• EXPLORE Tech Help Pro About Us Random Article Quizzes Request a New Article Community Dashboard This Or That Game Popular Categories Arts and Entertainment Artwork Books Movies Computers and Electronics Computers Phone Skills Technology Hacks Health Men's Health Mental Health Women's Health Relationships Dating Love Relationship Issues Hobbies and Crafts Crafts Drawing Games Education & Communication Communication Skills Personal Development Studying Personal Care and Style Fashion Hair Care Personal Hygiene Youth Personal Care School Stuff Dating All Categories Arts and Entertainment Finance and Business Home and Garden Relationship Quizzes Cars & Other Vehicles Food and Entertaining Personal Care and Style Sports and Fitness Computers and Electronics Health Pets and Animals Travel Education & Communication Hobbies and Crafts Philosophy and Religion Work World Family Life Holidays and Traditions Relationships Youth
• Browse Articles
• Learn Something New
• Quizzes Hot
• This Or That Game
• Train Your Brain
• Explore More
• Support wikiHow
• About wikiHow
• Log in / Sign up
• Education and Communications
• College University and Postgraduate
• Academic Writing
• Research Papers

How to Cite a Research Paper

Last Updated: March 29, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was reviewed by Gerald Posner and by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Gerald Posner is an Author & Journalist based in Miami, Florida. With over 35 years of experience, he specializes in investigative journalism, nonfiction books, and editorials. He holds a law degree from UC College of the Law, San Francisco, and a BA in Political Science from the University of California-Berkeley. He’s the author of thirteen books, including several New York Times bestsellers, the winner of the Florida Book Award for General Nonfiction, and has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History. He was also shortlisted for the Best Business Book of 2020 by the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing. There are 8 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 416,165 times.

When writing a paper for a research project, you may need to cite a research paper you used as a reference. The basic information included in your citation will be the same across all styles. However, the format in which that information is presented is somewhat different depending on whether you're using American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago, or American Medical Association (AMA) style.

Referencing a Research Paper

• In APA style, cite the paper: Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title. Publisher.
• In Chicago style, cite the paper: Last Name, First Name. “Title.” Publisher, Year.
• In MLA style, cite the paper: Last Name, First Name. “Title.” Publisher. Year.

Citation Help

• For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J."

• For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012)."
• If the date, or any other information, are not available, use the guide at https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/05/missing-pieces.html .

• For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012). Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer."
• If you found the research paper in a database maintained by a university, corporation, or other organization, include any index number assigned to the paper in parentheses after the title. For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012). Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. (Report No. 1234)."

• For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012). Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. (Report No. 1234). Retrieved from Alaska University Library Archives, December 24, 2017."

• For example: "(Kringle & Frost, 2012)."
• If there was no date on the research paper, use the abbreviation n.d. : "(Kringle & Frost, n.d.)."

• For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Jack Frost."

• For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Jack Frost. "Red Noses, Warm Hearts: The Glowing Phenomenon among North Pole Reindeer." Master's thesis."

• For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Jack Frost. "Red Noses, Warm Hearts: The Glowing Phenomenon among North Pole Reindeer." Master's thesis, Alaska University, 2012."

• For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Jack Frost. "Red Noses, Warm Hearts: The Glowing Phenomenon among North Pole Reindeer." Master's thesis, Alaska University, 2012. Accessed at https://www.northpolemedical.com/raising_rudolf."

• Footnotes are essentially the same as the full citation, although the first and last names of the authors aren't inverted.
• For parenthetical citations, Chicago uses the Author-Date format. For example: "(Kringle and Frost 2012)."

• For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Frost, Jack."

• For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Frost, Jack. "Red Noses, Warm Hearts: The Glowing Phenomenon Among North Pole Reindeer.""

• For example, suppose you found the paper in a collection of paper housed in university archives. Your citation might be: "Kringle, Kris, and Frost, Jack. "Red Noses, Warm Hearts: The Glowing Phenomenon Among North Pole Reindeer." Master's Theses 2000-2010. University of Alaska Library Archives. Accessed December 24, 2017."

• For example: "(Kringle & Frost, p. 33)."

• For example: "Kringle K, Frost J."

• For example: "Kringle K, Frost J. Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer."

• For example: "Kringle K, Frost J. Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. Nat Med. 2012; 18(9): 1429-1433."

• For example, if you're citing a paper presented at a conference, you'd write: "Kringle K, Frost J. Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. Oral presentation at Arctic Health Association Annual Summit; December, 2017; Nome, Alaska."
• To cite a paper you read online, you'd write: "Kringle K, Frost J. Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. https://www.northpolemedical.com/raising_rudolf"

• For example: "According to Kringle and Frost, these red noses indicate a subspecies of reindeer native to Alaska and Canada that have migrated to the North Pole and mingled with North Pole reindeer. 1 "

Community Q&A

• If you used a manual as a source in your research paper, you'll need to learn how to cite the manual also. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• If you use any figures in your research paper, you'll also need to know the proper way to cite them in MLA, APA, AMA, or Chicago. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://askus.library.wwu.edu/faq/116659
• ↑ https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
• ↑ https://libanswers.snhu.edu/faq/48009
• ↑ https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html
• ↑ https://morningside.libguides.com/MLA8/location
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/ama_style/index.html

About This Article

To cite a paper APA style, start with the author's last name and first initial, and the year of publication. Then, list the title of the paper, where you found it, and the date that you accessed it. In a paper, use a parenthetical reference with the last name of the author and the publication year. For an MLA citation, list the author's last name and then first name and the title of the paper in quotations. Include where you accessed the paper and the date you retrieved it. In your paper, use a parenthetical reference with the author's last name and the page number. Keep reading for tips on Chicago and AMA citations and exceptions to the citation rules! Did this summary help you? Yes No

• Send fan mail to authors

Did this article help you?

Featured Articles

Trending Articles

Watch Articles

• Terms of Use
• Privacy Policy
• Do Not Sell or Share My Info
• Not Selling Info

wikiHow Tech Help Pro:

Level up your tech skills and stay ahead of the curve

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Welcome to the Purdue Online Writing Lab

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The Online Writing Lab at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out-of-class instruction.

The Purdue On-Campus Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue Writing Lab serves the Purdue, West Lafayette, campus and coordinates with local literacy initiatives. The Purdue OWL offers global support through online reference materials and services.

A Message From the Assistant Director of Content Development 

The Purdue OWL® is committed to supporting  students, instructors, and writers by offering a wide range of resources that are developed and revised with them in mind. To do this, the OWL team is always exploring possibilties for a better design, allowing accessibility and user experience to guide our process. As the OWL undergoes some changes, we welcome your feedback and suggestions by email at any time.

Please don't hesitate to contact us via our contact page  if you have any questions or comments.

All the best,

Social Media

Facebook twitter.

Research Paper Format: Your Ultimate Guide

In this article, our research proposal writing service experts will empower you to understand the critical role of formatting in academic writing. You'll explore various types of research papers and tailor your format to the specific demands of your project. Learn how to format a research paper in APA, MLA, ASA, and Chicago styles, and demystify the art of citation in each. Gain insights into crafting a well-structured, impactful paper, and join us as we unlock your research paper's true potential and elevate your academic writing skills to new heights!

Are Your Ideas Trapped in the Formatting Labyrinth?

Let our experts craft you a finely tuned, academically dapper masterpiece – because a well-structured paper is your passport to scholarly success!

The Basics of Research Paper Formats

Before diving into the intricacies of different paper writing formats, it's essential to establish a clear understanding of what exactly a research paper format entails. In essence, it is a structured set of guidelines and rules that govern the layout, organization, and overall presentation of your scholarly work. It encompasses elements such as font styles, margins, headings, citations, and reference lists.

Why is adhering to a specific research article format so crucial? The answer lies in the very essence of academic writing. Research papers are the means through which scholars and students communicate their ideas, findings, and insights to the academic community and the world at large. Consistency in formatting is paramount because it ensures that your work is presented in a standardized, professional manner. Adhering to a specific format serves multiple purposes:

• Clarity and Professionalism: A consistent format enhances the clarity of your paper and presents it in a professional light. It allows readers to focus on the content rather than being distracted by inconsistent styling.
• Communication: Standardized formatting conventions enable scholars from various disciplines and institutions to understand your research more easily. It's a universal language that transcends academic boundaries.
• Credibility: Conforming to a recognized format demonstrates your commitment to the academic standards of your field. It establishes credibility and trust among your readers.

Formatting research papers effectively isn't just about aesthetics; it plays a pivotal role in making your research paper more readable and comprehensible. Here's how:

• Logical Flow: A well-structured format with clear headings and subheadings helps your readers navigate through your paper with ease, following the logical flow of your argument or analysis.
• Citations and References: Proper citation and referencing, integral parts of formatting, giving due credit to the sources you've used, and lending authority to your research.
• Consistency: Consistent formatting, from margins to font size and citation style, fosters a sense of order and coherence, making it simpler for your audience to focus on the content.
• Accessibility: An appropriate format ensures that your research paper is accessible to individuals with diverse reading preferences and needs. It accommodates those who skim, scan, or read in detail.

Meanwhile, you can always rely on our academic help with your ' write papers for me ' requests and pay for a research paper !

How the Choice of Format May Vary Based on the Type of Research Paper?

The type of paper you're working on plays a significant role in determining the most suitable college research paper format. For instance:

• Argumentative Papers: These often follow formats that highlight the thesis statement, counterarguments, and supporting evidence. In APA or MLA formats, clear citations and references are key.
• Analytical Papers: These may employ a variety of formats depending on the discipline, but clarity and logical flow are always crucial. APA or MLA can work well, depending on the subject.
• Empirical Papers: APA format is commonly used for empirical research papers due to its focus on methodology, results, and statistics.
• Literature Reviews: A literature review might follow APA, MLA, or Chicago styles, depending on the subject area. Consistent citation and referencing are essential.
• Survey Research Papers: APA or ASA (American Sociological Association) formats are often used for survey research, emphasizing methodology and results.

How to Format a Research Paper in Different Citation Styles?

The art of crafting a research paper layout extends beyond structure and organization; it also encompasses the intricate details of citation styles. Each academic discipline has its preferred citation style, and mastering the nuances of these styles is essential for academic success. In this section, we'll provide you with the knowledge and tools to navigate the intricacies of APA, MLA, ASA, and Chicago formats. Whether you're working on research paper topics in psychology, literature, sociology, or history, understanding how to format your paper is the key to presenting your findings with precision and authority.

APA Research Paper Format

When it comes to academic writing, the American Psychological Association (APA) style is a formidable presence. Widely used in the fields of psychology, education, and the social sciences, mastering the APA research paper format is essential for researchers, scholars, and students. In this section, we'll delve into the core elements of APA formatting, offering insights into everything from title pages to reference lists. Whether you're embarking on a psychology research paper or exploring the intricacies of the social sciences, understanding the APA format is your key to presenting research with clarity and precision. And, should you ever need assistance in crafting a well-structured paper, you can always rely on our expertise and request, ' write my research paper for me'!

How to Cite a Research Paper in APA?

Citing sources in an APA research paper format is essential for acknowledging the work of others and maintaining the credibility of your own research. Let's explore the key aspects of APA citation with concise examples:

In-Text Citations

In APA, in-text citations include the author's last name and the publication year. They can be integrated into your sentence or enclosed in parentheses.

Author's Name in the Sentence:

• Smith (2018) argued that...
• According to Smith (2018),...

Author's Name in Parentheses:

• This theory has been widely accepted (Smith, 2018).
• The results were inconclusive (Jones & Lee, 2019).
• When no author is available, use the first few words of the reference list entry and the year: ('Title of Article,' 2020).

Reference List

The reference list, located at the end of your paper, lists all the sources cited. Entries follow a specific format:

• Author(s): Last name and initials or organization name.
• Publication Year: Enclosed in parentheses.
• Title of Work: Italicized with sentence case.
• Source: Journal, book, or website.
• DOI or URL: For online sources.
• Smith, J. R. (2017). The Art of Research. American Psychological Association.

Journal Article:

• Brown, M., & Davis, S. (2020). Experimental Findings in Neuroscience. Journal of Advanced Research, 32(5), 123-135.

Online Source:

• Johnson, L. (2019). The Digital Age: A Comprehensive Overview. Retrieved from https://www.examplewebsite.com/digital-age

ASA Research Paper Format

The American Sociological Association (ASA) format serves as the standard in sociology and related disciplines, providing a structured framework for presenting research findings. Whether you're exploring social issues, demographics, or cultural phenomena, understanding the ASA research paper format is pivotal. In this section, we'll introduce you to the key elements of ASA formatting and guide you through the process of citing sources effectively.

How to Cite a Research Paper in ASA?

Citing sources in ASA format follows a specific set of guidelines designed to maintain consistency and clarity in sociological research. Let's delve into ASA citation with clear examples to ensure your research papers align with this discipline's requirements.

ASA in-text citations typically include the author's last name and the publication year, with variations based on whether the author is named in the text or included in parentheses.

• Johnson (2019) argued that...
• According to Johnson (2019),...
• This theory has been widely accepted (Johnson 2019).
• The results were inconclusive (Smith and Lee 2018).

The ASA reference list, located at the end of your paper, lists all the sources cited. Entries should include:

• Author(s): Last name, first name.
• Title of Work: Italicized in title case.
• Smith, John. 2017. The Art of Research. American Sociological Association.
• Brown, Mary, and Davis, Susan. 2020. 'Experimental Findings in Sociology.' Journal of Advanced Research 32(5): 123-135.
• Johnson, Laura. 2019. 'The Digital Age: A Comprehensive Overview.' Retrieved from https://www.examplewebsite.com/digital-age

Is Your Research Paper Playing Hide-And-Seek with Academic Perfection?

Time to end the game! Click below to order a meticulously formatted masterpiece!

MLA Format Research Paper

The Modern Language Association (MLA) style is widely used in the humanities, including literature, language studies, and the arts. Navigating the research paper format MLA is essential for scholars and students in these fields. In this section, we'll provide an overview of the key elements of MLA formatting, guiding you through the process of citing sources accurately.

How to Cite a Research Paper in MLA?

Learning how to write a research paper in MLA format adheres to specific rules to ensure the clarity and consistency of your research papers. Let's delve into MLA citation with illustrative examples:

MLA in-text citations typically include the author's last name and the page number in parentheses. The format can vary based on whether the author's name is included in the sentence or enclosed in parentheses.

• Smith argued that 'the sky is blue' (25).
• According to Smith, 'the sky is blue' (25).
• This theory has been widely accepted (Johnson 42).
• The results were inconclusive (Smith and Lee 56).

Works Cited Page

The Works Cited page, located at the end of your paper, provides a comprehensive list of all the sources cited. Entries follow a specific format:

• Title of Work: Italicized with title case.
• Page Numbers: For print sources.
• URL: For online sources.
• Smith, John. The Art of Research. American Literary Press, 2017.
• Brown, Mary, and Susan Davis. 'Experimental Findings in Literature.' Journal of Advanced Research , vol. 32, no. 5, 2020, pp. 123-135.
• Johnson, Laura. 'The Digital Age: A Comprehensive Overview.' www.examplewebsite.com/digital-age.

Chicago Style of Citing Research Paper

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) is a versatile and widely recognized style guide used across various disciplines, including history, social sciences, and fine arts. Mastery of the Chicago research paper format is a valuable skill for researchers and students in these fields. In this section, we will explore the core elements of Chicago formatting and guide you through the process of accurately citing sources.

How to Cite a Research Paper in Chicago Style?

Chicago citation style offers flexibility, accommodating both notes and bibliography (NB) and author-date (AD) systems. Let's delve into Chicago citation with examples to ensure your research papers adhere to the requirements of your discipline.

In Chicago NB (Notes and Bibliography) format, in-text citations often appear as footnotes or endnotes, while Chicago AD (Author-Date) format employs parenthetical citations. The format can vary based on whether the author's name is included in the sentence or enclosed in parentheses.

Chicago NB Format:

• Smith argued that 'the sky is blue.' ¹
• According to Smith, 'the sky is blue.' ²

Chicago AD Format:

• (Smith 2017, 25)
• (Smith and Lee 2018, 56)

Bibliography (Chicago NB) or Reference List (Chicago AD)

The Bibliography (for NB) or Reference List (for AD) is located at the end of your paper and lists all the sources cited. Entries follow specific formats:

Book (Chicago NB):

Journal Article (Chicago AD):

• Brown, Mary, and Susan Davis. 2020. 'Experimental Findings in History.' Journal of Advanced Research 32, no. 5: 123-135.

Online Source (Chicago NB):

In the world of academia, mastering different types of research paper formatting and the art of citation is your passport to success. Whether it's APA, MLA, ASA, or Chicago, each format has its nuances, and understanding them is crucial. With a well-structured outline, clarity in in-text citations, and a meticulously organized reference list, you're poised to navigate the complexities of research paper writing. As you embark on your academic journey, remember that precise formatting and citing not only uphold the integrity of your work work but also enhance your scholarly impact.

• Board of Directors
• Our Investors
• Student Loan
• Why Varthana?
• Student Loan Process
• VCARE – Varthana care for you

Conquering Your First Research Paper: A Step-by-Step Guide

• Posted on June 5, 2024
• in Career Guidance

Introduction:

Have you ever been assigned a research paper and felt a wave of panic? You’re not alone! Research papers are a cornerstone of academic exploration, allowing you to delve into a topic, analyze evidence, and develop your arguments. But for many Indian students, the first encounter with this academic beast can be daunting. Juggling time management, navigating unfamiliar referencing styles like APA (often used in Indian universities), and wrestling with the research process can create a whirlwind of confusion.

But fear not! Conquering your first research paper is achievable. This guide will break down the process step-by-step, offering clear strategies and resources tailored to Indian students. With a little planning and the right approach, you’ll transform that initial anxiety into a sense of accomplishment as you craft a research paper that showcases your knowledge and critical thinking skills. So, take a deep breath, grab a pen (or fire up your laptop), and embark on this research adventure together!

Step 1: Choosing Your Perfect Research Topic

The first step on our research journey is selecting a topic that ignites your curiosity and fuels your passion for learning. Don’t be afraid to get creative! Here’s how to brainstorm and refine your topic:

a) Spark Inspiration:

• Course Syllabus & Readings: Look through your course syllabus and assigned readings. Hidden within those pages might be sparks of inspiration for a topic that resonates with you. Consider upcoming class discussions or debates you’ve had with friends to identify themes you’d like to explore further.
• Personal Interests & Strengths: Reflect on your interests and strengths within the subject. Are you fascinated by a particular historical event in India, like the rise of the Mughal Empire, or a pressing social issue like women’s education? Perhaps you’re intrigued by a scientific development with real-world consequences for India, such as advancements in renewable energy.

b) Find the Sweet Spot:

• Focus vs. Feasibility: Once you have a few contenders, remember that the key is finding the spot between focus and feasibility.
• Specific Enough: While your topic should be specific enough for in-depth exploration, avoid overly broad subjects.
• Resources Available: It shouldn’t be so narrow that finding resources becomes a struggle.

c) Refine & Ensure Resources:

• Narrowing the Scope: Imagine yourself researching the impact of social media on Indian youth – a fascinating topic, no doubt, but potentially overwhelming in its scope. Consider a specific age group or platform within the broader theme to refine your focus.
• University Resources: Check the availability of credible sources by taking a peek at your university’s online databases and library catalogues. Look for scholarly journals, academic books, and even government websites (if relevant) that address your potential topics. This step is crucial to ensure a smooth research ride ahead. If a topic seems like a dead end in terms of resources, don’t be afraid to pivot and explore another option.
• Seek Guidance: Remember, your professor is there to guide you. Discussing your topic ideas with them can be incredibly helpful in narrowing your focus and ensuring its feasibility.

So, brainstorm, explore, and don’t be afraid to seek guidance as you choose the perfect research paper topic to launch your academic exploration!

Also Read: Engaging in Research Projects: Showcasing Analytical and Critical Thinking Abilities

Step 2: Developing a Strong Thesis Statement – The Roadmap of Your Research

Consider your thesis statement as the roadmap guiding your entire research paper. It’s a clear sentence summarizing your central argument and what you aim to prove throughout your research. A strong thesis statement isn’t just a bland statement of fact; it takes a stand on a specific issue within your chosen topic.

For example, if your research focuses on the impact of the Green Revolution on Indian agriculture, a weak thesis statement might be: “The Green Revolution impacted Indian agriculture.” This lacks focus and argument. A stronger thesis could be: “While the Green Revolution led to increased food production in India, its reliance on chemical fertilizers has caused long-term environmental damage.” This clearly states your position and sets the stage for your research to explore this historical event’s positive and negative consequences.

Here are some tips for formulating your strong thesis statement:

• Reflect Your Research Question: Ensure your thesis directly answers the question your research seeks to answer. For instance, if your research question is “How has social media impacted political discourse in India?” Your thesis statement could be: “The rise of social media in India has facilitated greater political participation but also amplified misinformation and hate speech.”
• Specificity is Key: Be specific about the issue you’re addressing and the argument you’re making. Don’t claim something is simply “good” or “bad”; explain why and how it holds that significance.
• Conciseness is King: Aim for a clear and concise sentence that avoids unnecessary complexity. Strive for impactful language, but ensure it’s easy for your reader to understand.
• Consider Counterarguments: A strong thesis statement can even acknowledge potential counterarguments, making your research appear more nuanced and well-rounded. For example, you could add a phrase like: “Although some argue that increased access to information outweighs the spread of misinformation…”

By following these steps, you’ll craft a strong thesis statement that serves as the backbone of your research paper and guides your reader through your exploration of the chosen topic. Remember, your thesis statement can be revised as your research progresses, so don’t be afraid to revisit and refine it as you gather more information.

Step 3: Research and Source Gathering – Building Your Knowledge Arsenal

Now that you have a clear roadmap with your thesis statement, it’s time to gather the building blocks of your research paper: credible sources. Remember, not all information online is created equal. Resist the urge to rely solely on Wikipedia or random websites – focus on scholarly sources to ensure the information is accurate and well-researched.

a) Prioritize Credible Sources:

• Scholarly Journals: Published by academic institutions and containing peer-reviewed research conducted by experts in the field. Look for journals specifically relevant to your discipline.
• Academic Books: Published by reputable presses and written by established scholars or researchers. Check the author’s credentials and the book’s publication date (especially for fast-changing fields).
• Government Websites (if relevant): Can provide official data, statistics, reports, and policy documents related to your topic. Ensure the website is from a recognized government agency.

b) Utilize University Resources:

• Librarians: They are there to guide you through the library’s collection of books, journals, and online databases. Don’t hesitate to schedule an appointment or ask for help navigating unfamiliar resources.
• UGC-INFLIBNET: A consortium providing access to a wealth of scholarly journals and e-books specifically curated for Indian academics.
• JSTOR: A vast database of academic journals across many disciplines.
• Google Scholar: A free search engine that helps you find scholarly articles and books.

c) Evaluate Source Credibility:

• Authorship: Look for authors with expertise in your chosen field. Are they professors, researchers, or established professionals affiliated with universities or reputable institutions? Check their credentials and publications.
• Publication Date: Ensure your sources are current. For fast-moving fields like science or technology, prioritize recent publications to access the latest research. A balance between recent scholarship and primary sources from the relevant period is crucial for historical topics.
• Publisher Reputation: Opt for publications from established academic presses or reputable websites. Look for university presses, government publications, or well-known scholarly organizations behind the source.

d) Take Effective Notes & Manage Sources:

• Don’t just copy and paste – summarize key points, paraphrase quotes accurately, and record bibliographic information meticulously to avoid plagiarism. Develop a system for note-taking that works for you.
• Consider citation management tools like Mendeley or Zotero to organize your sources and streamline the citation process. These tools will help you keep track of all your research materials and ensure proper in-text citations and reference lists in APA style, commonly used in Indian universities. Remember, proper citation isn’t just about avoiding plagiarism; it also allows your reader to trace your sources and delve deeper if interested.

By following these steps and wielding a critical eye, you’ll build a strong foundation of knowledge to support your research paper. Remember, the library and online databases are your allies – explore the resources available and gather the credible information that will fuel your research journey!

Also Read: How Social Media is Killing Higher Education and Student Success

Step 4: Structuring Your Research Paper

Now that you’ve assembled your research arsenal, it’s time to structure your findings into a cohesive paper. Most research papers follow a common format, with each section playing a specific role. Here’s a breakdown of the key sections and how the APA referencing style comes into play:

• Introduction: This is your chance to grab your reader’s attention, introduce your topic, and present your thesis statement. You’ll also briefly mention the key points you’ll explore throughout the paper. Remember to cite your sources using APA in-text citations as you weave in relevant background information.
• Literature Review: This section delves deeper into existing research on your topic. Critically analyze relevant scholarly articles, books, and other credible sources, highlighting key findings and perspectives. Remember to integrate your sources seamlessly and provide proper APA in-text citations to acknowledge their contribution to your research.
• Methodology: Here, you explain the methods you used to conduct your research – was it a survey, an experiment, or a historical analysis of existing data? Be specific about the data collection process and the tools you employed. This section typically doesn’t require extensive citations, but if you reference any specific methods used in other studies, cite them appropriately in APA style.
• Results: This is where you present the findings of your research. Use clear language, tables, figures, or charts (if applicable) to showcase your data analysis. Focus on presenting the results objectively, avoiding interpretations at this stage.
• Discussion: Now comes the analysis! Interpret your findings, explain how they relate to your thesis statement, and discuss their significance. Connect your results to the existing literature you reviewed earlier, highlighting any similarities, differences, or new insights your research brings to light. Throughout this section, ensure proper APA in-text citations when referencing the sources you discussed in the Literature Review.
• Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your research, reiterate your thesis statement, and emphasize the significance of your findings. Briefly mention any implications or future research possibilities arising from your work.
• References: This is the final piece of the puzzle – a comprehensive list of all the sources you cited throughout your paper. Ensure each reference is formatted according to APA style, including all necessary publication details for books, journals, websites, and other sources.

Many universities offer resources to help with APA formatting, so don’t hesitate to seek guidance! Check with your university writing centre or explore online guides like the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) for detailed explanations and templates specific to APA style. With this structured approach and proper referencing, you’ll transform your research findings into a well-organized and academically sound paper.

Step 5: Writing and Revising – Polishing Your Research Paper

Now that you have a clear outline, it’s time to translate your research into compelling writing. Remember, clarity and precision are key! This stage requires you to transform your research findings into a well-structured, academically sound paper.

a) Academic Writing Essentials:

• Clarity & Concision: Strive for clear and concise language, proper grammar, and an academic tone throughout your paper. Avoid slang, informal language, and overly complex sentences. Aim for a professional tone that effectively conveys your ideas.
• Supporting Your Claims: Don’t just tell, show! Use evidence from your credible sources – weave in quotes, statistics, or data analysis to strengthen your arguments. Ensure a smooth balance between your analysis and the insights gleaned from your research.
• Proper Citations & Avoiding Plagiarism: Integrate citations seamlessly using APA in-text citations. Don’t just drop quotes; explain how they connect to your points and avoid plagiarism by properly citing all borrowed information and ideas. Paraphrase effectively and give credit where credit is due!

Revision & Proofreading:

• Clarity & Flow: Take a step back and reread your work with a critical eye. Check for clarity, flow, and logical progression of ideas. Ensure smooth transitions between sections and a natural flow of arguments. Ask yourself if the information unfolds in a way that’s easy for your reader to follow.
• APA Referencing: Most importantly, verify that all in-text citations correspond with the meticulously formatted reference list at the end, following the APA style guidelines. Double-check your references’ punctuation, capitalization, and formatting to ensure they adhere to APA standards. Many universities offer resources like style guides or online tutorials to help with APA formatting.

Remember, revision and proofreading are crucial steps, not afterthoughts. Utilize your university’s writing centre or online resources like the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) for additional guidance on APA formatting and revision strategies. By revising and proofreading meticulously, you’ll transform your research paper from a draft into a polished and well-presented academic piece that showcases your research journey and critical thinking skills.

Also Read: How to Get UI/UX Design Internships in 2024?

Step 6: Submission and Polishing the Final Touches

The finish line is in sight! But before you hit submit, ensure you meet all the requirements. Deadlines are crucial in academic life, so submit your paper before the due date to avoid last-minute scrambles. Remember, your professor might have specific instructions regarding format, font size, or file type – pay close attention to these details to ensure a smooth submission process.

Throughout your research journey, time management is key. Here are some strategies to stay on track:

• Break Down the Process: Divide the research paper into smaller tasks – literature review, writing each section, revising, and proofreading. Allocate realistic timeframes for each stage to avoid feeling overwhelmed.
• Schedule Research & Writing Time: Block out dedicated time slots for research and writing. Treat these slots seriously and avoid distractions like social media.
• Utilize Resources: Don’t be afraid to seek help! Your professor is there to guide you – schedule meetings to discuss your research or ask questions about specific aspects of the paper. Writing centers at your university can offer invaluable feedback on structure, clarity, and proper citation. Finally, don’t underestimate the power of collaboration – discuss your research with peers, exchange ideas, and provide constructive feedback on each other’s work.

Following these steps and embracing a proactive approach will transform your initial research anxiety into a sense of accomplishment as you submit a well-researched and meticulously crafted paper. Remember, the research paper is a valuable learning experience, equipping you with critical thinking, information analysis, and writing skills that will benefit you throughout your academic career and beyond.

Conclusion:

So there you have it – a roadmap to conquering your first research paper! We’ve explored the key steps, from selecting a captivating topic and crafting a strong thesis statement to gathering credible sources and structuring your paper effectively. We’ve also emphasized the importance of clear writing, proper APA citation (common in Indian universities), and meticulous revision.

Remember, conquering your first research paper is achievable. You can transform that overwhelming feeling into a sense of accomplishment with a little planning, effective time management, and the right resources. Don’t hesitate to seek guidance from your professor, utilize your university’s writing center, or explore online resources like the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) for additional support.

Embrace the research journey – it’s a chance to delve deeper into a topic that interests you, develop critical thinking skills, and refine your writing abilities. So, take a deep breath, choose your topic wisely, and embark on this exciting academic adventure! You’ve got this!

1. What are the critical steps in writing a research paper?

The critical steps in writing a research paper involve:

• Choosing a topic: A focused and interesting topic aligned with the assignment’s requirements.
• Conducting research: Gather information from credible sources like academic journals, books, and websites.
• Developing a thesis statement: Craft a clear statement summarizing your main argument or research question.
• Outlining your paper: Create a roadmap for your paper’s structure with sections and subheadings.
• Writing and revising: Write your paper, ensuring clarity, logical flow, and proper citation of sources. Revise and edit for grammar, structure, and conciseness.
• Proofreading and formatting: Ensure your paper is free of typos and follows the required formatting style (e.g., APA, MLA).

2. How do I choose a suitable topic for my research paper?

Consider these factors when choosing a topic:

• Interest: Pick a topic that interests you, making the research process more engaging.
• Relevance: Ensure the topic aligns with the assignment’s instructions and course focus.
• Scope: Choose a topic specific enough to be manageable within the assigned word limit.
• Availability of sources: Make sure you can find enough credible sources to support your research.

3. What is the importance of conducting thorough research?

Thorough research is essential for:

• Building a strong foundation: Solid research provides evidence and data to support your arguments and analysis.
• Understanding different perspectives: Exploring various sources exposes you to diverse viewpoints.
• Developing critical thinking: Evaluating sources helps distinguish credible information from biased or unsubstantiated claims.

4. How do I structure the different sections of my research paper?

A typical research paper structure includes:

• Introduction: Introduce your topic, provide background information, and state your thesis statement.
• Body Paragraphs: Each paragraph focuses on a specific point related to your thesis, using evidence and analysis from your research.
• Conclusion: Summarize your main points, restate your thesis in a new way, and offer concluding remarks or implications.
• References: List all the sources you cited in your paper following the required citation style guide.

5. How can I manage my time effectively when working on a research paper?

Manage your time effectively by:

• Planning: Break down the research paper into smaller tasks and set deadlines for each stage.
• Scheduling: Allocate specific time slots for research, writing, and revision.
• Avoiding procrastination: Start early and work consistently to avoid last-minute stress.
• Prioritizing: Focus on the most important tasks first and avoid distractions.
• Seeking help: If needed, utilize resources like writing centers, librarians, or tutors for guidance.

Leave A Comment Cancel Reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Latest Blogs

Paid vs unpaid internships: what to consider, february 27, 2024, the role of soft skills and cultural fit in modern on-campus interviews, february 26, 2024, beyond tuition: the hidden costs of higher education and how to plan for them, june 6, 2024, most viewed blogs, industry connections: the bridge between mba colleges and corporate success, march 4, 2024, choosing the best engineering college in 2024: a comprehensive guide, february 29, 2024, a guide to smart money management for college students, march 27, 2024, how much does an mba cost, april 17, 2024.

• 21st-Century Learning
• AI in Higher Education
• Best College Campuses
• Campus Recruitment
• Career Guidance
• Career Opportunities
• College Admission
• college life
• College Tips
• Cyberbullying
• Education loan
• Engineering
• Entrance Exams
• Finance Tips
• Financial Literacy
• Gen Z and Education
• Higher education
• Internships
• Job Interview
• Mental Health
• On-Campus Interview
• Skill Development
• Skill Enhancement
• Skill-Based Learning
• Social Media in Education
• student accomodation
• student apps
• student life
• Student loan
• Student Mental Health
• student productivity
• Technology in Education
• Time Management
• Tips for Students for Choosing Right College
• Uncategorized
• Women Empowerment

Your details have been submitted successfully.

Select City Delhi Pune Bangalore Chennai Coimbatore