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What is Journal Impact Factor?

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Daunted by the idea of choosing the right journal for your paper? Don’t be. Metrics have become an everyday word in scholarship, in general. Within its many fields of research – if not all of them – they provide important data about a journal’s impact and relevance among its readers. In an era of information proliferation, it has become increasingly important to know where to capture the most attention and interest of your target audience.

So, whenever you are in doubt about which journal suits you better, don’t forget to browse its metrics; they will certainly help you with the decision-making process. Start, for example, with the Journal Impact Factor.

Impact factor (IF) is a measure of the number of times an average paper in a journal is cited, during a year. Clarivate Analytics releases the Journal Impact Factors annually as part of the Web of Science Journal Citation Reports®. Only journals listed in the Science Citation Index Expanded® (SCIE) and Social Sciences Citation Index® (SSCI) receive an Impact Factor.

What is a good impact factor for a scientific journal?

Impact Factors are used to measure the importance of a journal by calculating the number of times selected articles are cited within a particular year. Hence, the higher the number of citations or articles coming from a particular journal, or impact factor, the higher it is ranked. IF is also a powerful tool if you want to compare journals in the subject category.

Measuring a Journal Impact Factor:

• CiteScore metrics – helps to measure journal citation impact. Free, comprehensive, transparent and current metrics calculated using data from Scopus®, the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature.
• SJR – or SCImago Journal Rank, is based on the concept of a transfer of prestige between journals via their citation links.
• SNIP – or Source Normalized Impact per Paper, is a sophisticated metric that accounts for field-specific differences in citation practices.
• JIF – or Journal Impact Factor is calculated by Clarivate Analytics as the average of the sum of the citations received in a given year to a journal’s previous two years of publications, divided by the sum of “citable” publications in the previous two years.
• H-index – Although originally conceived as an author-level metric, the H -index has been being applied to higher-order aggregations of research publications, including journals.

Deciding the perfect journal for your paper is an important step. Metrics are excellent tools to guide you through the process. However, we also recommend you not neglect a perfectly written text, not only scientific and grammatically but also fitting the chosen journal’s requirements and scope. At Elsevier, we provide text-editing services that aim to amend and adjust your manuscript, to increase its chances of a successful acceptance by your target journal. Although each journal has its own editorial team, the overall quality, language and whether the article is innovative may also play a role.

Language Editing Services by Elsevier Author Services:

We know that, as an academic researcher, you have many things to do to stay relevant.

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That’s why we, at Elsevier Author Service s, support you throughout your publication journey with a suite of products and services to help improve your manuscript before submission.

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Journal Impact Factor: Its Use, Significance and Limitations

Mohit sharma.

Department of Conservative Dentistry, Shree Bankey Bihari Dental College and Research Centre, Ghaziabad, India

Anurag Sarin

Priyanka gupta.

1 Department of Conservative Dentistry, Maharana Pratap College of Dentistry and Research Centre, Gwalior, India

Shobhit Sachdeva

2 Department of Pedodontics, ITS Dental College, Ghaziabad, India

Ankur V. Desai

3 Department of Conservative Dentistry, Vaidik Dental College and Research Centre, Daman, India

Dear Editor,

The impact factor (IF) is frequently used as an indicator of the importance of a journal to its field. It was first introduced by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information.[ 1 ] Although IF is widely used by institutions and clinicians, people have widespread misconception regarding the method for calculating the journal IF, its significance and how it can be utilized. The IF of a journal is not associated to the factors like quality of peer review process and quality of content of the journal, but is a measure that reflects the average number of citations to articles published in journals, books, thesis, project reports, newspapers, conference/seminar proceedings, documents published in internet, notes, and any other approved documents (by Indian Council of Medical Research or similar body).[ 2 ]

Impact factor is commonly used to evaluate the relative importance of a journal within its field and to measure the frequency with which the “average article” in a journal has been cited in a particular time period. Journal which publishes more review articles will get highest IFs. Journals with higher IFs believed to be more important than those with lower ones.[ 3 ] According to Eugene Garfield “impact simply reflects the ability of the journals and editors to attract the best paper available.”[ 4 ] Journal which publishes more review articles will get maximum IFs.

Impact factor can be calculated after completing the minimum of 3 years of publication; for that reason journal IF cannot be calculated for new journals. The journal with the highest IF is the one that published the most commonly cited articles over a 2-year period. The IF applies only to journals, not to individual articles or individual scientists unlike the “H-index.” The relative number of citations an individual article receives is better evaluated as “citation impact.” In a given year, the IF of a journal is the average number of citations received per article published in that journal during the 2 preceding years. IFs are calculated each year by Thomson scientific for those journals that it indexes, and are published in Journal Citation Reports ( http://www.thomsonreuters.com/products_services/science/science_products/a-z/journal_citation_reports/ ). For example, if a journal has an IF of 3 in 2008, then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 received three citations each on average in 2008. The 2008 IFs are actually published in 2009; they cannot be calculated until all of the 2008 publications have been processed by the indexing agency (Thomson Reuters). The IF for the biomedical journals may range up to 5-8%.[ 5 ] The IF of any journal may be calculated by the formula;

2012 impactfactor =A/B

Where A is the number of times articles published in 2010 and 2011 were cited by indexed journals during 2012. B is the total number of citable items like articles and reviews published by that journal in 2010 and 2011.

The calculation of IF for the journal where in a person has published articles is a contentious issue. Nevertheless, this have been already warned; “misuse in evaluating individuals” because there is “a wide variation from article to article within a single journal” therefore, “In an ideal world, evaluators would read each article and make personal judgments,” said by Eugene Garfield.[ 1 ]

University Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Introduction to Impact Factor and Other Research Metrics

• Types of Metrics
• Impact Factor
• Identifying Journals
• More Resources

What are the different metrics?

Scholars have combined standard research metrics, like scholarly output and citation counts, into formulas to measure and assess author and journal impact in new ways. Some of these metrics include:

• Journal Impact Factor
• Eigenfactor score
• Altmetrics (alternative metrics)

On this page you will learn what these metrics measure, how to calculate these metrics, and databases and resources to look up each metric in.

Calculating bibliometrics

Calculating metrics can sometimes be complicated and confusing. This table provides a brief introduction to each calculation and what it means.

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What is an impact factor?

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The Journal Impact Factor (sometimes abbreviated to JIF or IF) is a metric that has been in use for decades. Initially created as a tool to help librarians decide which journals to subscribe to, it has changed over the years to be used in a variety of ways.

While some scholars still use the JIF to drive publication decisions, the many limitations of this metric mean that it is important not to use it as a proxy for the quality of an individual research output or for an individual researcher's contributions.

Impact Factor

• Transcript - Impact factor Download video transcript as a .txt file

Impact Factor: Your Questions Answered

What does the impact factor measure? The Journal Impact Factor measures the frequency with which the “average article” in a journal has been cited in the last two years. As such, it may help reflect the importance of a journal in its field.

How is the impact factor calculated? The Journal Impact Factor is the average number of times articles from the journal published in the past two years have been cited in the JCR year. The Impact Factor is calculated by dividing the number of citations in the JCR year by the total number of articles published in the two previous years. An Impact Factor of 1.0 means that, on average, the articles published one or two year ago have been cited one time. Citing articles may be from the same journal; most citing articles are from different journals. More details as well as graphical representations are available via Clarivate.

Who produces the impact factor? The Journal Impact Factor is calculated every year in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) database . JCR has been releasing impact factor data annually since 1975. The criteria and calculations used to calculate the metric have changed over time. 

Do all journals have an impact factor? No. Journals indexed in the databases  Science Citation Index Expanded  or the  Social Sciences Citation Index  receive a Journal Impact Factor. Inclusion in these databases is competitive and require journals to meet certain criteria .

Just because a journal does not have an impact factor, does not mean that it is of low quality or low impact in its field.

Journals can be removed from the JCR database for a number of reasons, including unethical behaviour .

Is there more than one metric for measuring journal impact? As a new academic author, it is easy to become overwhelmed by the number of metrics promoted by various publishers! There are a number of other metrics that purport to measure the impact of journals; however, the Journal Impact Factor continues to be the most influential. Other journal impact metrics include:

• Cite Score : This metric is similar to the Journal Impact factor, but uses a slightly different calculation (e.g. a four year time period rather than two), and is produced by a different company. Can be found in the Scopus database.
• Eigenfactor : This metric is intended to give a measure of how likely a journal is to be used, and is thought to reflect how frequently an average researcher would access content from that journal.
• Source Normalized Impact Factor (SNIP) : This metric measures contextual citation impact by weighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field. The impact of a single citation is given higher value in subject areas where citations are less likely, and vice versa.  As such, SNIP is meant to correct for differences in citation practices between various fields, thereby allowing for more accurate between-field comparisons of citation impact. Also found in the Scopus database.

Is impact factor important in my discipline? Use of the impact factor to drive publication decisions is very field specific. Talk to your advisor, mentors, and peers to find out if this metric, or any others, are important in your discipline. At an institutional level, the University of Calgary signed on to the Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) in 2021. DORA explicitly guides against using the impact factor in decisions relating to funding, appointment, and promotion . 

What is a "good" impact factor? This is a very difficult question to answer! The numerical value of impact factors varies greatly between disciplines and even sub-disciplines, due to different publishing and citing patterns. You can take a look at how journals are ranked by discipline by performing a subject search in Journal Citation Reports . This will help you understand what high impact journals in a particular field are.

What are some criticisms of the impact factor? There is a large body of research pointing to the flaws and inappropriate uses of the impact factor and other research metrics. Some key criticisms include:

• Citation distributions within journals are highly skewed: for example, one "blockbuster" paper or highly cited item such as a review can artificially inflate the metric.
• Journal Impact Factors can be manipulated (or “gamed”) by editorial policy. For example, editors may encourage prospective authors to cite other items published in the same journal.
• Data used to calculate the Journal Impact Factors are neither transparent nor openly available to the public.

Unless otherwise noted, content is this guide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . 

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Measuring a journal’s impact

Journal-level metrics.

Metrics have become a fact of life in many - if not all - fields of research and scholarship. In an age of information abundance (often termed ‘information overload’), having a shorthand for the signals for where in the ocean of published literature to focus our limited attention has become increasingly important.

Research metrics are sometimes controversial, especially when in popular usage they become proxies for multidimensional concepts such as research quality or impact. Each metric may offer a different emphasis based on its underlying data source, method of calculation, or context of use. For this reason, Elsevier promotes the responsible use of research metrics encapsulated in two “golden rules”. Those are: always use both qualitative and quantitative input for decisions (i.e. expert opinion alongside metrics), and always use more than one research metric as the quantitative input. This second rule acknowledges that performance cannot be expressed by any single metric, as well as the fact that all metrics have specific strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, using multiple complementary metrics can help to provide a more complete picture and reflect different aspects of research productivity and impact in the final assessment.

On this page we introduce some of the most popular citation-based metrics employed at the journal level. Where available, they are featured in the “Journal Insights” section on Elsevier journal homepages ( for example opens in new tab/window ), which links through to an even richer set of indicators on the Journal Insights homepage ( for example opens in new tab/window ).

CiteScore metrics

CiteScore metrics are a suite of indicators calculated from data in Scopus, the world’s leading abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature.

Calculating the CiteScore is based on the number of citations to documents (articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters, and data papers) by a journal over four years, divided by the number of the same document types indexed in Scopus and published in those same four years. For more details, see  this FAQ opens in new tab/window .

CiteScore is calculated for the current year on a monthly basis until it is fixed as a permanent value in May the following year, permitting a real-time view on how the metric builds as citations accrue. Once fixed, the other CiteScore metrics are also computed and contextualise this score with rankings and other indicators to allow comparison.

CiteScore metrics are:

Current: A monthly CiteScore Tracker keeps you up-to-date about latest progression towards the next annual value, which makes next CiteScore more predictable.

Comprehensive: Based on Scopus, the leading scientific citation database.

Clear: Values are transparent and reproducible to individual articles in Scopus.

The scores and underlying data for nearly 26,000 active journals, book series and conference proceedings are freely available at www.scopus.com/sources opens in new tab/window or via a widget (available on each source page on Scopus.com) or the Scopus API.

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR)

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) is based on the concept of a transfer of prestige between journals via their citation links. Drawing on a similar approach to the Google PageRank algorithm - which assumes that important websites are linked to from other important websites - SJR weights each incoming citation to a journal by the SJR of the citing journal, with a citation from a high-SJR source counting for more than a citation from a low-SJR source. Like CiteScore, SJR accounts for journal size by averaging across recent publications and is calculated annually. SJR is also powered by Scopus data and is freely available alongside CiteScore at www.scopus.com/sources opens in new tab/window .

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP)

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) is a sophisticated metric that intrinsically accounts for field-specific differences in citation practices. It does so by comparing each journal’s citations per publication with the citation potential of its field, defined as the set of publications citing that journal. SNIP therefore measures contextual citation impact and enables direct comparison of journals in different subject fields, since the value of a single citation is greater for journals in fields where citations are less likely, and vice versa. SNIP is calculated annually from Scopus data and is freely available alongside CiteScore and SJR at www.scopus.com/sources opens in new tab/window .

Journal Impact Factor (JIF)

Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is calculated by Clarivate Analytics as the average of the sum of the citations received in a given year to a journal’s previous two years of publications (linked to the journal, but not necessarily to specific publications) divided by the sum of “citable” publications in the previous two years. Owing to the way in which citations are counted in the numerator and the subjectivity of what constitutes a “citable item” in the denominator, JIF as received sustained criticism for many years for its lack of transparency and reproducibility and the potential for manipulation of the metric. Available for only 11,785 journals (Science Citation Index Expanded plus Social Sciences Citation Index, per December 2019), JIF is based on an extract of Clarivate’s Web of Science database, and includes citations that could not be linked to specific articles in the journal, so-called unlinked citations.

Although originally conceived as an author-level metric, the h-index (and some of its numerous variants) have come to be applied to higher-order aggregations of research publications, including journals. A composite of productivity and citation impact, h-index is defined as the greatest number of publications h for which the count of lifetime citations is greater than or equal to h . Being bound at the upper limit only by total productivity, h-index favours older and more productive authors and journals. As h-index can only ever rise, it is also insensitive to recent changes in performance. Finally, the ease of increasing h-index does not scale linearly: an author with an h-index of 2 needs only publish a 3rd paper and have all three of them cited at least 3 times to rise to an h-index of 3; an author with an h-index of 44 must publish a 45th paper and have it and all the other attain 45 citations each before progressing to an h-index of 45. h-index is therefore of limited usefulness to distinguish between authors, since most have single-digit h-indexes.

Scholarly Impact and Citation Analysis

• More Information
• Google Scholar
• Scopus: Citation Analysis for an Article or an Author
• WOS: Citation Analysis for an Author
• WOS: Finding Citing References for an Article
• Analyzing Journals Using JCR
• Analyzing Journals using Scopus
• Journal Impact Factor: What is it?
• Google Scholar Metrics
• Citation Count for Books

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Journal Impact Factor--What is it?

Journal Impact Factor

An offshoot of citation analysis is Journal Impact Factor (JIF) which is used to sort or rank journals by their relative importance. The underlying assumption behind Impact Factors (IF) is that journals with high IF publish articles that are cited more often than journals with lower IF.

Impact factors may be used by:

• Authors to decide where to submit an article for publication.
• Libraries to make collection development decisions
• Academic departments to assess academic productivity
• Academic departments to make decisions on promotion and tenure.

Where to find Journal Impact Factors?

The most notable source for journal impact factors is the annual publication called the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) published by Thomson Scientific.

How is the Journal Impact Factor Calculated?

Thomson defines impact factor as, “The journal Impact Factor is the average number of times articles from the journal published in the past two years have been cited in the JCR year. The Impact Factor is calculated by dividing the number of citations in the JCR year by the total number of articles published in the two previous years. An Impact Factor of 1.0 means that, on average, the articles published one or two year ago have been cited one time. An Impact Factor of 2.5 means that, on average, the articles published one or two year ago have been cited two and a half times. Citing articles may be from the same journal; most citing articles are from different journals.”

A journal's impact factor for 2008 would be calculated by taking the number of citations in 2008 to articles that were published in 2007 and 2006 and dividing that number by the total number of articles published in that same journal in 2007 and 2006.Below is how Thomson calculated the 2008 impact factor for the journal Academy of Management Review :

Thus, the Impact Factor of 6.125 for the journal, Academy of Management Review for 2008 indicates that on average, the articles published in this journal in the past two years have been cited about 6.125 times.

Factors to Consider While Consulting Impact Factors:

Publication Date : The impact factor is based on citation frequency of articles from a journal in their first few years of publication. This does not serve well the journals with articles that get cited over a longer period of time (let's say, 10 years) rather than immediately. In other words, journals in rapidly expanding fields such as cell biology and computing tend to have much higher immediate citation rates leading to higher IFs than journals in fields like Education or Economics.

Journal Impact Factor not Article Impact Factor: Citations to articles in a journal are not evenly distributed. In fact, some articles in a journal may not be cited at all but a few highly cited articles could lead to a high IF. Therefore, the IF does not accurately reflect the quality of individual articles published in a journal. Also, journals with more issues and articles can have higher Impact Factors which could be misleading as it does not really reflect the quality of articles.

Review Articles: Review articles (which tend to receive more citations), editorials, letters, and news items are not counted in article total but if cited are counted as citations for the journal. This leaves room for manipulation of ratio used to calculate impact factors leading to inflated impact factors in some cases.

Clinical Journals: Clinical journals usually have low citation counts. This puts such journals at a disadvantage with research journals in the field that have higher citation counts.

Uneven Coverage : The Journal Citation Reports focuses much more on disciplines where the primary means of publishing is through journal article. It provides less coverage to areas in Social Sciences and Humanities, where books and other publishing formats are more prevalent.

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Impact Factors

• Journal Impact Factor
• Author Impact Factor
• Article Impact
• Document Your Research Impact

Other Perspectives on Impact Factors

The San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) recognizes that impact factors are sometimes misused.

It begins "There is a pressing need to improve the ways in which the output of scientific research is evaluated by funding agencies, academic institutions, and other parties."

An Impact Factor is a quantitative measure of the relative importance of a journal, individual article or scientist to science and social science literature and research.

Each index or database used to create an impact factor uses a different methodology and produces slightly different results.  This is why it is important to use several sources to gauge the true impact of a journal's or scientist’s work.

This guide includes information on Journal Impact Factor , Author Impact Factor , Article Impact Factor , and Documenting Your Research Impact .

Informed and careful use of these impact data is essential, and should be based on a thorough understanding of the methodology used to generate impact factors. There are controversial aspects of using impact factors:

• It is not clear whether the number of times a paper is cited measures its actual quality.
• Some databases that calculate impact factors fail to incorporate publications including textbooks, handbooks and reference books.
• Certain disciplines have low numbers of journals and usage. Therefore, one should only compare journals or researchers within the same discipline.
• Review articles normally are cited more often and therefore can skew results.
• Self-citing may also skew results.
• Some resources used to calculate impact factors have inadequate international coverage.
• Editorial policies can artificially inflate an impact factor.

Please contact  your library liaison , or submit your question using the HSL comment box .

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Journal impact factors

Announcing the latest impact factors

The journal impact factor (JIF), as calculated by Clarivate Analytics, is a measure of the average number of times articles from a two-year time frame have been cited in a given year, according to citations captured in the Web of Science database.

The 2022 JIF (released in 2023), for example, was calculated as follows:

A = the number of times articles which published in 2010–2021 were cited in indexed journals during 2022 B = the total number of research and review articles from the journal published in 2020–2021

2022 JIF = A/B

This listing includes only journals that have a 2022 JIF. For a full list of journals published by APA, please visit the Journals homepage to browse our portfolio by title or subject.

Note: Categories marked with an asterisk (*) are in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE); categories marked with a dagger (†) are in the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). All other categories are in the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). Journal titles without a category are in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI).

Following the release of the 2022 Journal Citation Reports (JCR) from Clarivate Analytics, APA Publishing is pleased to report that Journal Impact Factors (JIFs) have been assigned to 89% (79) of our titles. Among our ranked journals, 21% are in the top 10 of their categories and 44% are in their category’s top quartile.

Notably, 16 APA-published journals indexed in Clarivate’s Emerging Sources Citation Index received their first-ever JIFs, and they will be included in rankings starting in 2024:

• Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology (1.1 JIF; published on behalf of APA Division 54: Society of Pediatric Psychology )
• Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research (1.1 JIF; published on behalf of APA Division 13: Society of Consulting Psychology )
• Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice (1.7 JIF; published on behalf of APA Division 43: Society for Couple and Family Psychology )
• Decision (1.5 JIF)
• Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences (1.3 JIF; published on behalf of the NorthEastern Evolutionary Psychology Society )
• Journal of Psychotherapy Integration (3.5 JIF; published on behalf of the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration )
• Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology (1.3 JIF; published on behalf of APA Division 24: Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology )
• Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology (1.2 JIF; published on behalf of APA Division 48: Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence )
• Psychology of Leaders and Leadership , formerly The Psychologist-Manager Journal , listed under its previous title in the 2022 JCR (0.6 JIF; published on behalf of the Society of Psychologists in Leadership )
• Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice (2.0 JIF; published on behalf of APA Division 30: Society of Psychological Hypnosis )
• Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain (1.3 JIF)
• Qualitative Psychology (8.5 JIF; published on behalf of The Society for Qualitative Inquiry in Psychology, a section of APA Division 5 )
• Spirituality in Clinical Practice (1.7 JIF)
• Stigma and Health (3.0 IF)
• Translational Issues in Psychological Science (1.8 JIF)
• Traumatology (3.2 JIF; published on behalf of the Green Cross Academy of Traumatology )

According to Dr. Nandita Quaderi of Clarivate , “by expanding the JIF to all journals that have passed the rigorous Web of Science quality criteria, this latest enhancement also helps level the playing field for all quality journals including recently-launched journals, open access journals, journals with a niche or regionally-focused scope and journals from the Global South” (para. 6).

In addition to assigning JIFs to Emerging Sources Citation Index titles for the first time, the latest JCR reflected a number of significant changes , such as including online-first content (i.e., articles published online ahead of being assigned to a journal issue) in JIF calculations and displaying JIFs to one rather than three decimal places, which affected journal rankings.

In Clarivate’s competitive Social Sciences Citation Index—the primary index for psychology content—six APA-published titles saw an increase in their JIF, and 19 journals rose in rank within their category. Some examples include the following:

• Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne , published on behalf of the Canadian Psychological Association , saw a 75% increase in its JIF, rising from 2.621 to 4.6 and jumping in rank from 68th to 25th out of the 147 titles in the Psychology, Multidisciplinary category.
• Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale , published on behalf of the Canadian Psychological Association, had a 48% increase in its JIF, rising from 0.881 to 1.3.
• Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition , published on behalf of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition , rose in rank from 14th to 8th out of the 89 journals in the Psychology, Experimental category. This is the first time the journal has appeared in the category’s top 10.

Other portfolio highlights

• APA publishes six journals in the top quartile of the large and diverse Psychology, Multidisciplinary category: Psychological Bulletin (ranking 3rd out of 147 journals, 22.4 JIF), American Psychologist (ranking 5th, 16.4 JIF), Psychological Methods (ranking 13th, 7.0 JIF), Psychological Review (ranking 18th, 5.4 JIF), Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne (ranking 25th, 4.6 JIF; published on behalf of the Canadian Psychological Association), and Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity (ranking 34th, 3.8 JIF; published on behalf of APA Division 44: Society for the Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity ).

Psychological Bulletin boasts the highest JIF in APA’s portfolio (22.4 JIF), in addition to ranking 3rd out of the 147 journals in the Psychology, Multidisciplinary category, also ranks 3rd out of the 81 journals in the Psychology category within Clarivate’s Science Citation Index Expanded.

• Two APA journals rank in the top 20 of the Psychology, Applied category: Journal of Applied Psychology (ranking 5th, 9.9 JIF) and Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (ranking 18th, 5.1 JIF). Journal of Applied Psychology earned the most all-time citations (57,881, or 12.6% of all citations) in this 83-journal category.
• Psychoanalytic Psychology (1.1 JIF), published on behalf of APA Division 39: Division of Psychoanalysis , ranks 3rd of the 13 titles in the Psychology, Psychoanalysis category, marking over a decade in the category’s top quartile. In addition, on the basis of its Journal Citation Indicator (JCI; 1.3), a new field-normalized measurement of journal citation impact, the journal is ranked at number 1.
• Four APA titles rank in the top 20 of the Psychology, Experimental category: Emotion and Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition (tied at the ranking of 8 out of 89 journals, 4.2 JIF), Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (ranking 12th, 4.1 JIF), and Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts (ranking 19th, 3.6 JIF; published on behalf of APA Division 10: Society for the Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts ).

When ranked on the basis of their JCI, Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts landed at number 2, followed by Journal of Experimental Psychology: General at 13, Emotion at 16, and Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition at 18.

• Five APA titles rank in the top quartile of the Psychology, Clinical category: Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy (ranking 12th out of 131, 6.3 JIF; published on behalf of APA Division 56: Trauma Psychology ), Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (ranking 14th, 5.9 JIF), Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice (ranking 15th, 5.8 JIF; published on behalf of APA Division 12: Society of Clinical Psychology ), Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science  (formerly Journal of Abnormal Psychology , listed under its previous title in the 2022 JCR; ranking 25th, 4.6 JIF), and Health Psychology (ranking 30th, 4.2 JIF; published on behalf of APA Division 38: Society for Health Psychology ).

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology ranks 3rd for all-time citations (22,573, or 4% of all citations) in this 131-journal category.

• Three APA titles rank in the top 25 of the Psychology, Educational category: Journal of Educational Psychology (ranking 6th out of 60, 4.9 JIF), Journal of Counseling Psychology (ranking 9th, 3.9 JIF), and School Psychology (ranking 21st, 3.0 JIF, the journal’s highest rank and JIF to date; published on behalf of APA Division 16: School Psychology ).

Journal of Educational Psychology received a total of 21,442 citations, more than double those of the category’s number 1 journal.

• Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (7.6 JIF) again earned the most all-time citations (90,177, or 20% of all citations) in the competitive Psychology, Social category and ranked 3rd of 65 journals, marking over a decade as one of the top 5 journals in this category.

Showcasing the breadth and depth of our program, journals published by APA are also highly ranked in 25 categories related to psychology found in the Arts and Humanities Citation Index, the Social Sciences Citation Index, and the Science Citation Index Expanded. Some examples include the following:

• Humanities, Multidisciplinary : Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts (3.6 JIF), published on behalf of APA Division 10: Society for the Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, is ranked number 1 out of the 146 journals in the Humanities, Multidisciplinary category. The journal is also ranked number 1 in this category on the basis of its JCI.
• Ethnic Studies : Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology (3.3 JIF), published on behalf of APA Division 45: Society for the Psychological Study of Culture, Ethnicity, and Race , retained its number 1 ranking out of the 20 journals in the growing Ethnic Studies category. We are proud to see this journal as the established go-to source for research on critical societal issues.
• Religion : Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (2.4 JIF), published on behalf of APA Division 36: Society for the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality , is ranked 4th out of the 150 journals in Religion , a category in Clarivate’s Arts and Humanities Citation Index. The journal ranks 2nd in this category on the basis of its JCI.
• Social Work : American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (3.3 JIF), published on behalf of the Global Alliance for Behavioral Health and Social Justice , ranks 4th out of the 44 titles in the expanding Social Work category, the journal’s highest ranking to date (up from 6th in the previous year).
• Rehabilitation : Two APA journals indexed in the Rehabilitation category remain in the category’s top two quartiles: Rehabilitation Psychology (ranking 10th out of 73, 2.7 JIF) and Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal (ranking 35th, 1.9 JIF).
• Communication : Psychology of Popular Media (3.0 JIF) jumped in rank from 41st to 34th of the 96 journals in the Communication category, the journal’s highest ranking and JIF yet. It also jumped in rank in the Psychology, Multidisciplinary category, rising from 62nd to 51st out of 147 journals.
• Criminology & Penology : Psychological Violence (2.8 JIF) remains in the top quartile of the Criminology & Penology category, ranking 14th out of 69.
• Management : Journal of Applied Psychology (9.9 JIF) remains in the top quartile of the competitive Management category, ranking 26th out of 227 journals. The journal ranks 6th on the basis of its JCI and has the most all-time citations in the category (57,881, or 4% of the category’s citations).

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Evaluating Information Sources

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Journal Impact Factors

Links summary.

• Author Impact / Citations
• Author H-index
• Author h-index Options
• Author Citation Reports in Web of Science
• What are metrics?
• Cited Articles = Confusing Statistics
• Predatory Publishing

According to Journal Citation Reports (JCR) , an  impact factor is a ratio focusing on original research. 

Impact factor = # of citations to all items published in that journal in the past two years (divided by) # of articles and reviews published over those past two years referencing those citations

For example, if a journal has an impact factor of 2.5, this means in the indexed year each article published was cited on average 2.5 times in the previous two years in that journal.

Impact factor is used for journals only.

JCR only includes  12,000 journals and conference proceedings from over 3,300 publishers.

• InCitesTM: Journal Citation Reports® This Web of Science hosted database is a citation-based research evaluation tool for journal performance metrics with the goal of offering a systematic and objective means to evaluate the journals based on citation data.
• Tips for Using JCR Tips for using the Web of Science InCitesTM Journal Citation Reports

Metrics on the Web

• Eigenfactor® Project
• Google Scholar - Metrics
• InCitesTM: Journal Citation Reports®
• PlumX Metrics

Research Guides 

• Impact Metrics and Scholarly Attribution (UCLA)
• Research Impact Metrics (UM)
• Spreading the Word: Publishing Your Research & Extending Your Impact (USC)
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How to Measure the Impact of Scholarly Work with Research Metrics

Bibliometric data is indispensable when it comes to evaluating the impact of your scientific work. If you're not afraid of facing one or two mathematical formulas, then you can learn how to interpret the most common metrics, such as Impact Factor or CiteScore, here.

This post is part of a series that provides practical information and resources for academic authors and editors.

Numbers, numbers, numbers – many scholars love them, and they are also widely used to measure and analyze scholarly literature. However, they can be a double-edged sword because numerical data can only show so much. Still, taken with a grain of salt and paired with other methods, metrics can be a helpful and powerful tool to measure the impact of published work.

Bibliometrics is a vast field, but as an author or editor, you will most probably draw on several leading publication metrics, like the Journal Impact Factor and the CiteScore to evaluate the impact of your work. Let’s take a closer look at them to give you an overview.

Before we begin, for context, note that the most used traditional research metrics are based on data from the Web of Science and SCOPUS databases.

1. Web of Science

1.1 Journal Impact Factor 1.2 Eigenfactor 1.3 Immediacy Index

2.1 CiteScore 2.2 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2.3 SCImago Journal Rank (SJR)

3.1 Altmetrics 3.2 The h-index

1.1 Journal Impact Factor

The Journal Impact Factor (JIF), or simply Impact Factor (IF), is probably the most well-known journal metric. In the early 1960s, the term was first coined by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information. Today, the company Clarivate calculates and provides the Journal Impact Factor based on citation data from their own, paid-access database Web of Science .

To be included in the Web of Science, a journal must demonstrate compliance with a number of fixed criteria (learn more in our blog post “How to Get and Grow an Impact Factor” ). However, only a subset of Web of Science journals currently receives a Journal Impact Factor – those indexed in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR).

Beginning with the 2023 JCR release in June , Journal Impact Factors will be given to journals that are included in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), the Humanities Citation Index (AHCI) and the multidisciplinary Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI).

The Journal Impact Factor is updated once a year and can usually be found on a journal’s website.

Before you start checking out specific Journal Impact Factors, let’s make sure you understand the underlying calculation: Generally said, the Journal Impact Factor measures the average number of times an article in a particular journal is cited in a particular year. It is the ratio between citations and citable items published in the preceding two or five years. When talking about the Journal Impact Factor, it is usually the two-year Journal Impact Factor that is meant.

An example: If a journal received a two-year Journal Impact Factor of 3 in the year 2021, it means that articles published in the years 2019 and 2020 have been cited on average three times in 2021. However, it’s important to keep in mind that this is only an average value. Some highly influential articles will be cited much more often, while others will receive less or even no citations. This is one reason to look beyond the Journal Impact Factor when trying to find the right journal.

Are you looking for the right place to publish your work?  Find out what we do at De Gruyter to make your journal article or book more discoverable and bolster citations.

1.2 Eigenfactor

The Eigenfactor was first presented in 2006 as an alternative to the Journal Impact Factor. The creators’ idea was to create a “more sophisticated way of looking at citation data” by weighing citations differently, depending on the prestige of the contributing journal.

Clarivate’ Eigenfactor concerns only journals that are part of the Journal Citation Reports. It measures how often a journal has been cited in the past five years, while eliminating journal self-citations. Citations by highly cited journals influence the score more than those by lower-tier journals.

Eigenfactor scores are scaled so that the sum of the Eigenfactor scores of all journals listed in the Journal Citation Reports is 100.

1.3 Immediacy Index

The Immediacy Index reflects the average number of times an article is cited in the same calendar year it is published. It indicates how quickly articles in a journal are cited and, as such, helps to measure how topical and urgent the content is. It is calculated by dividing the number of citations to articles published in a given year by the number of articles published in that year.

Journals, which publish infrequently or later in the year, will have lower Immediacy Index values. So will journals that deal with research questions that unfold rather slowly.

2.1 CiteScore

The CiteScore (CS) of a journal is based on citations in the SCOPUS database , which was launched in 2004 and is owned by the academic publishing company Elsevier. The metric itself has been around since 2017 and has become a serious competitor to the Journal Impact Factor.

Similar to the Web of Science database, a journal must comply with a number of criteria to be included in SCOPUS.

Like the Journal Impact Factor, the CiteScore measures how often an article in a particular journal is cited in a specific year on average. However, the CiteScore looks at a four-year citation window, claiming it to be a good compromise for fast- and slow-moving fields. It is calculated by forming the ratio between citations to articles published in the last four years (including the CiteScore year) and the number of articles published in those same four years.

An example: If a journal received a CiteScore of 4 in the year 2021, it means that articles published in the years 2018-2021 have been cited on average four times in these same years (2018-2021). However, as with the Journal Impact Factor, it’s important to keep in mind that this is only an average value.

2.2 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP)

The Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) weights citations differently based on the total number of citations in a subject field. That means it contextualizes, or “balances”, citation impact. In subject areas with low citation frequencies, the impact of a single citation is rated higher than in subject areas where citations are more likely – and vice versa.

Subject fields with typically lower citation frequencies are, for example, mathematics, social sciences and the humanities. Subject fields with higher citation frequencies are usually among the STM disciplines (science, technology and medicine).

2.3 SCImago Journal Rank (SJR)

The SCImago Journal Rank, based on the SCOPUS database, is similar to the Eigenfactor (see 1.2) in measuring the scientific influence of a scholarly journal. It takes into account the number of citations received by a journal as well as the prestige of the journals from which the citations originate.

Contrary to the Eigenfactor, the SJR does not eliminate self-citations, however, they are limited to one third of the total citations. Furthermore, the SJR looks at a three-year citation window instead of five.

3.1 Altmetrics

Alternative metrics – also called altmetrics – are becoming increasingly popular as an addition to traditional bibliometric data. Instead of citations in peer-reviewed journals they capture social media posts, blog entries, news articles and other online mentions to indicate scientific impact.

Interestingly, studies have shown that scientific relevance comes in many forms and that bibliometrics and altmetrics are not separate systems but interconnected. You can learn more about this topic in our blog post “What Are Altmetrics and Why Do We Need Them?” by Dirk Tunger.

3.2 The h-index

The h-index (named after its inventor Jorge E. Hirsch) is an author-level metric, which indicates the academic impact of a researcher based on quantity and quality of their output. It is calculated by counting the number of publications by an author that have been cited by others at least as often. For example, a scholar with an h-index of 5 has published 5 papers, each of which has been cited at least 5 times.

SCOPUS, Web of Science as well as Google Scholar and other citation databases provide calculations of the h-index. It is frequently used in the assessment of job candidates for academic positions as well as the allocation of research grants. If you want to learn more about the index, check out our blog post “How to Improve Your H-Index” by Witold Kienc.

Find more tips for publishing and promoting your work here

[Title image by fizkes/iStock/Getty Images Plus]

Marzena Falkowska

Marzena Falkowska is a graduate of the Institute of Library and Information Science, University of Wrocław. She works as Manager Abstracting & Indexing at De Gruyter.

Alexandra Hinz

Alexandra works as Digital Communications Editor at De Gruyter. You can get in touch with her via [email protected].

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Journal Impact Factor (JIF)

The average number of times articles from a journal published in the past two years have been cited in the Journal Citations Report (JCR) year.

When to Use It

Journal impact: Though not a strict mathematical average, the Journal Impact Factor provides a functional approximation of the mean citation rate per citable item.

How It's Calculated

(Total number of citations from JCR year to items in “year -2” + citations from JCR year to items in “year -1”) ÷ (total number of citable items in “year -2” + citable items in “year -1”) = Journal Impact Factor

The Journal Impact Factor takes into account the outbound cited references from any of the five journal and proceedings indexes in Web of Science (Web of Science):

• Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE)
• Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI)
• Arts & Humanities Citation Index
• Conference Proceedings Citation Index, Science edition
• Conference Proceedings Citation Index, Social Science and Humanities edition
• For each title in SCIE or SSCI (only these two indexes get JIFs), the citations it earns (among the outbound citations measured), are collected and summed.

This collection and summation takes into account the year of publication for (a) the outbound citation (=JCR year) and for (b) the item that has been cited. The Journal Impact Factor is restricted to a two-year window of interest for cited item publication year: one year prior to the JCR year (= year -1) and two years prior to the JCR year (= year -2).

For example, in the 2015 JCR, each Journal Impact Factor will measure the citations earned by a publication where the citing year is 2015, and the cited year is either 2013 or 2014.

Also, because the Journal Impact Factor is ultimately a ratio of citations earned (in the given window) to citable items published (in the same window) by a publication, a count must be made of all the items published (and of the subset deemed to be “citable”) in that publication during that window. In the ratio, the number of citations earned is the numerator. The number of citable items is the denominator.

The value of the denominator is restricted to the same window of time as the numerator (i.e., year -1 and year -2). Any item assigned the document type “Article” or “Review” (in Web of Science) is included in the denominator. An item with any other document type is excluded from the denominator.

The citing works may be articles published in the same journal. However, most citing works are from different journals, proceedings, or books indexed in Web of Science.

The venue for measuring these data points is the Web of Science production database. This database is constantly ingesting new data, and old data are regularly corrected or updated. This degree of flux makes producing a metric like the JIF difficult because the data inputs are liable to change from minute to minute. As a result, the JCR team fixes a date (usually in the spring of the year following the JCR year) when they take an indelible “snapshot” of the database. This is JCR extraction, and it is from this extract that all JCR metrics are calculated.

How to Interpret It

A Journal Impact Factor of 1.0 means that, on average, the articles published one or two years ago have been cited one time. A Journal Impact Factor of 2.5 means that, on average, the articles published one or two years ago have been cited 2.5 times.

Complementary Indicators

• Journal Impact Factor Without Self Cites

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Citation Searching

• Journal Impact Factors
• What is Citation Searching?
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• Author Impact

Assessing and Ranking Journals

Citation data have long been used to rank journals within particular subject areas, usually based on the Impact Factor (IF). The IF is a numerical ratio of the total number of citations a journal receives in Web of Science Source Journals in one year to the total number of "citable" articles it published in the previous two years. The impact factor's only valid purpose is to compare a journal's citation rate to others in the same subject area. It is not useful in comparing journals across subject areas, and the number taken out of this context is essentially meaningless.

For example, let's say that Journal A has an impact factor of 4.3, and Journal B has an impact factor of 1.0. Is Journal A "better" than Journal B? You could make that argument, if 1) you first accept the premise that citedness is a proxy for quality, AND 2) if journals A and B are both in the same field of study . But if A is in Biochemistry, and B is in Clinical Pharmacy, no such judgment can be made, as citation behavior varies considerably from field to field.  Further, if Journals C and D have respective impact factors of 2.8 and 2.6, the difference is not significant enough to conclude that C is meaningfully "better" than D.

Impact factor can also vary based on the number and types of articles a journal publishes. Review articles tend to be more heavily cited than research papers or short communications, so journals and annuals that publish many reviews will often have higher impact factors. Journals that publish only a few articles in a given year may also have disproportionately high impact factors. Similarly, one very highly cited paper in one year can temporarily skew a journal's impact factor.

Impact factors for journals covered by Web of Science are published annually in Clarivate's InCites Journal Citation Reports . All WOS Source Journals are ranked within one or more relevant subject categories. You can also compile customized lists. JCR also contains data on historical trends, immediacy index, cited half-life, etc.

While Impact Factors are informative within certain limits, their use and value have been the subject of much debate.  Critics point to a lack of transparency and reproducibility, and their proprietary nature.  They are also susceptible to editorial manipulation.  There is no definition of what a "good" impact factor is, since it is only a relative measure.  Publishers often use them out of context for marketing purposes.

  Special Word of Caution

• A journal's impact factor does not relate in any way to the impact or quality of an individual author, paper, department, or institution. For these reasons, the use of impact factors in personnel and funding decisions is strongly discouraged.

Other Impact Measures

• Last Updated: Aug 9, 2023 1:05 PM
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What is the impact factor, pros and cons of citescore and impact factor, alternatives to citescore and the impact factor, journal metrics comparison chart, article-level metrics.

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CiteScore : Metric in Scopus most closely related to Impact Factor. Citations received by all articles published in the last 4 complete years are divided by the number of articles published in the last 4 years.

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) : Measures the scholarly influence of a journal by accounting for the number of citations as well as the prestige of the citing journals. SJR is based on the  eigenvector centrality measure  used in network theory. It is a size-independent measure that ranks journals based on their average prestige per article. 

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) : Measures the contextual citation impact of a journal by weighting the citations based on the total number of citations in a discipline. This method normalized for differences in citation practices between disciplines, so that a single citation is given greater value where citations are less frequent in that field. 

Scopus also provides metrics for number of citations, number of documents, percentage of documents cited, and CiteScore rank (how the CiteScore for the journal compares to other journals in the same field). Explore all the metrics by searching the Sources list in Scopus .

The Impact Factor  is a long-standing metric commonly used to evaluate journals . It is an equation calculating the average citation frequency for a given journal over a given period of time. It is a ratio of citations to citable items. Generally speaking, the higher the number, the higher the quality and prestige of the journal, although the impact factor is most useful when evaluating journals within the same discipline. 

A/B = Impact Factor A = cites by all indexed articles in a given year to articles published in a specific journal in the two preceding years. B = total number of articles published by that journal in that time period.

The journal Impact Factor was invented in the 1960s by Eugene Garfield and was intended as a tool to help librarians make selection decisions and authors identify publishing venues. Today, the Impact Factor is a proprietary calculation that is available only through Thompson Reuters Journal Citation Reports. 

• Vetted, established metrics for measuring journal impact within a discipline
• Designed to eliminate bias based on journal size and frequency
• Individual articles makes an uneven contribution to overall metric.
• These metrics do not account for certain things, things like context (positive or negative citation) and intentionality (self-citation).
• The metrics are proprietary to and bound by the contents of their respective databases: Scopus for CiteScore and the Thomson Reuters database for Impact Factor. 
• Citations, on which the Impact Factor is based, count for  < 1% of an article's overall use . 

Eigenfactor : A measure of a journal's overall importance to the scientific community based on the origin of incoming citations over a period of time; citations from highly ranked journals are weighed more heavily. (Hosted by the University of Washington; built on Thomson Reuters bibliographic data.)

• Eigenfactor Journal Ranking

Journal Metrics : Publicly accessible metrics for journal evaluation that offer three alternative views of true citation impact of a journal. (Provided by Elsevier; built on Scopus bibliographic data.)

• SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) : Defined above.
• Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) : Defined above.
• Impact per Paper (IPP) : Measures the ratio of citations to citable items for a given journal over a given period of time. IPP is the most direct correlate to the Impact Factor, but it calculates this ration over three years rather than two and it includes only peer-reviewed scholarly papers in both the numerator and the denominator. IPP is the foundational metric for the SNIP. 

Article-level metrics include:

• Citation count (Available through many databases and often on the publisher website.)
• Field-weighted citation impact (Calculated ratio in Scopus of the article's citations compared to the average number of citations received by all similar articles over a three-year window. A value greater than 1 means the article is cited greater than average.)
• Citation percentile (Scopus percentile comparing an article's citation count to the number of citations received by documents of the same type, published around the same time, in the same field.)
• View and/or download count (Number of times an article has been viewed and/or downloaded. Available in Scopus and often on the publisher website.)
• Altmetric score (Compilation of alternative metrics such as media mentions and citations in policy documents. Available through Altmetric Explorer for Institutions and on publisher websites which use Altmetric badges.)
• PlumX metrics  (Compilation of alternative metrics such as social media mentions and Mendeley readers. Available in Scopus and on publisher websites which use PlumX.)
• Article-Level Metrics: A SPARC Primer Guide to understanding the basics of Article-Level Metrics that explores the definition, application, opportunities and challenges presented by ALMs.
• More information on altmetrics available on this resource guide
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Measuring Your Impact: Impact Factor, Citation Analysis, and other Metrics: Citation Analysis

• Measuring Your Impact

Citation Analysis

Find your h-index.

• Other Metrics/ Altmetrics
• Journal Impact Factor (IF)
• Selecting Publication Venues

About Citation Analysis

What is Citation Analysis?

The process whereby the impact or "quality" of an article is assessed by counting the number of times other authors mention it in their work.

Citation analysis invovles counting the number of times an article is cited by other works to measure the impact of a publicaton or author.  The caviat however, there is no single citation analysis tools that collects all publications and their cited references.  For a thorough analysis of the impact of an author or a publication, one needs to look in multiple databases to find all possible cited references. A number of resources are available at UIC  that identify cited works including: Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and other databases with limited citation data.

Citation Analysis - Why use it?

To find out how much impact a particular article or author has had, by showing which other authors cited the work within their own papers.  The H-Index is one specific method utilizing citation analysis to determine an individuals impact.

Web of Science

Web of Science provides citation counts for articles indexed within it.  It i ndexes over 10,000 journals in the arts, humanities,  sciences, and social sciences.

• Enter the name of the author in the top search box (e.g. Smith JT).  
• Select Author from the drop-down menu on the right.
• To ensure accuracy for popular names, enter Univ Illinois in the middle search box, then select “Address” from the field drop down menu on the right.  (You might have to add the second search box by clicking "add another field" before you enter the address)
• Click on Search
• a list of publications by that author name will appear.   To the right of each citation, the number of times the article has been cited will appear.   Click the number next to "times cited" to view the articles that have cited your article

Scopus provide citation counts for articles indexed within it (limited to article written in 1996 and after).   It indexes o ver 15,000 journals from over 4,000 international publishers across the disciplines.

• Once in Scopus, click on the Author search tab.
• Enter the name of the author in the search box.  If you are using initials for the first and/or middle name, be sure to enter periods after the initials (e.g. Smith J.T.). 
• To ensure accuracy if it is a popular name, you may enter University of Illinois in the affiliation field.  
• If more than one profile appears, click on your profile (or the profile of the person you are examining). 
• Once you click on the author's profile, a list of the publications will appear and to the right of each ctation, the number of times the article has been cited will appear.  
• Click the number to view the articles that have cited your article

 Dimensions (UIC does not subscribe but parts are free to use)

• Indexes over 28000 journals
• Does not display h-index in Dimensions but can calculate or if faculty, look in MyActivities
• Includes Altmetrics score
• Google Scholar

Google Scholar provides citation counts for articles found within Google Scholar.  Depending on the discipline and cited article, it may find more cited references than Web of Science or Scopus because overall, Google Scholar is indexing more journals and more publication types than other databases. Google Scholar is not specific about what is included in its tool but information is available on how Google obtains its content .   Limiting searches to only publications by a specific author name is complicated in Google Scholar.  Using Google Scholar Citations and creating your own profile will make it easy for you to create a list of publications included in Google Scholar.   Using your Google Scholar Citations account, you can see the citation counts for your publications and have GS calculate your h-index.  (You can also search Google Scholar by author name and the title of an article to retrieve citation information for a specific article.)

• Using your google (gmail) account, create a profile of all your articles captured in Google Scholar.  Follow the prompt on the scrren to set up your profile.   Once complete, this will show all the times the articles have been cited by other documents in Google Scholar and your h-index will be provided.  Its your choice whether you make your profile public or private but if you make it public, you can link to it from your own webpages.

Try Harzing's Publish or Perish Tool in order to more selectively examine published works by a specific author.

Databases containing limited citation counts:

• PubMed Central
• Science Direct
• SciFinder Scholar

About the H-index

The h-index is an index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output ( J.E. Hirsch )   The h-index is an index that attempts to measure both the scientific productivity and the apparent scientific impact of a scientist. The index is based on the set of the researcher's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other people's publications ( Wikipedia )  A scientist has index h if h of [his/her] Np papers have at least h citations each, and the other (Np − h) papers have at most h citations each.

Find your h-index at:

Below are instructions for obtaining your h-index from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar.

Web of Science provides citation counts for articles indexed within it.  It indexes over 12,000 journals in the arts, humanities,  sciences, and social sciences.  To find an author's h-index in WOS:

• To ensure accuracy for popular names, add an additional search box and enter "Univ Illinois" and then select “Address” from the field drop down menu on the right.
• Click on Citation Report on the right hand corner of the results page.  The H-index is on the right of the screen.
• If more than one profile appears, click on your profile (or the profile of the person you are examining).  Under the Research section, you will see the h-index listed.
• If you have worked at more than one place, your name may appear twice with 2 separate h-index ratings.  Select the check box next to each relevent profile, and click show documents.

  Google Scholar

• Using your google (gmail) account, create a profile of all your articles captured in Google Scholar.  Follow the prompt on the screen to set up your profile.   Once complete, this will show all the times the articles have been cited by other documents in Google Scholar and your h-index will be provided.  Its your choice whether you make your profile public or private but if you make it public, you can link to it from your own webpages.
• See  Albert Einstein's
• Harzing’s Publish or Perish (POP) 
• Publish or Perish Searches Google Scholar.  After searching by your name, deselect from the list of articles retrieved those that you did not author.  Your h-index will appear at the top of the tool.  Note:This tool must be downloaded to use
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• URL: https://researchguides.uic.edu/if

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What is a good impact factor?

What is an impact factor?

How is an impact factor calculated, how to find the impact factor of a journal, frequently asked questions about impact factors, related articles.

An impact factor measures the average number of a journal's citations in a two-year period. Ultimately, this measure calculates the rank of the journal in question. The more citations a journal has, the higher ranked it is. With higher ranking comes more popularity, and most importantly, credibility.

The calculation of the impact factor of a journal is quite easy. The number of citations of a journal is divided by the number of citable articles (from the same journal) from a two-year period.

X= the number of times articles published in 2018 and 2019 were cited by indexed journals during 2020

Y= the total number of published (citable) articles in 2018 and 2019

X/Y= 2020 impact factor of a journal

Usually, the impact factor of a journal is measured by different entities. You can find a journal's impact factor by referring to the Journal Citations Report (JCR), Scopus , or Resurchify . You only need to type in the title, publisher’s name, ISSN, or search by subject category.

It’s worth highlighting that the impact factor is used to compare journals from the same fields. A history journal cannot be compared to a science journal. Therefore, there is no set impact factor number considered to be ideal since each field has a different measurement. In general, an impact factor of 10 or higher is considered remarkable, while 3 is good, and the average score is less than 1.

The very prestigious journal Nature had an impact factor of 69.504 in the year 2021.

➡️ Learn more: What is a good h-index?

An impact factor measures the average number of a journal's citations, in a two-year period. Ultimately, this measure calculates the rank of the journal in question.

The number of citations of a journal is divided by the number of citable articles (from the same journal) from a two year period.

X= the number of cited articles from 2018 and 2019 in 2020

Y= the number of published articles in 2018 and 2019

You can find a journal's impact factor by referring to the Journal Citations Report (JCR) or Scopus .

In general, an impact factor of 10 or higher is considered remarkable, while 3 is good, and the average score is less than 1.

Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), invented the measurement known as impact factor. You can read more about this in Origins of the journal impact factor .

Research Journal Impact factor: A Complete Guide and Benchmarking

The research journal impact factor is easy to find, but understanding those numbers is quite another matter. Here is a guide for that.

Have you ever had difficulty choosing the most appropriate journal for your paper? The selection of the most relevant journal to target can be overwhelming for any researcher looking to publish an article.  It doesn’t have to be.

Research is increasingly grounded on the basis of certain metrics. A journal’s matrices provide important information about its impact and relevance in its many fields of research – if not all of them. As the number of sources of information has increased, finding the most effective ways to reach your target audience is becoming more key.

To be sure that your choice of journal is the best, browse its metrics before selecting one. Metrics will surely help you decide on which journal to use. The Journal Impact Factor , for example, will give you an indication of which journal to submit to.

The number of impact factors a journal has is easy to find, but actually understanding those numbers is quite another matter. The following is a guide that makes journal impact factor simple to understand. Among other things, we will discuss what it is and also list the journals and their impact factors to help your decision.

What is research journal impact factor?

An impact factor (IF) is an indicator of how frequently a particular article in a journal is cited during a given year. Annually, Clarivate Analytics offers Web of Science Journal Citation Reports which include Journal Impact Factors.

Impact Factors are only allocated to journals that are included in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) and the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI).

Research Journal Impact Factor enables users to assess and categorize academic journals for quality and excellence using quantitative and qualitative techniques.

Research journals with high-impact factors tend to be more well-regarded.  Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information, first introduced this concept.

Many organizations and clinicians utilize journal impact factors, but they are unaware of the method for calculating them, their importance, and how they are used.

There are a number of journals that publish more reviews or review articles that will result in a higher impact factor. As Eugene Garfield noted, the impact is simply a function of how well journals and editors attract the best papers to their journals.

It then becomes a question of how the impact factor is calculated , and how do you find the right journal with a good impact factor?   Let’s take a closer look at these really important factors.

How is a good Research journal’s impact factor determined?

Is there anything you can tell me about a good journal’s impact factor? Is the answer 5 or 99? There is no fixed numerical answer to this question for every journal.

Generally speaking, impact factors are used to determine the relative importance of a journal in its niche and refers to a measure of how frequently an article in a journal has been cited within a specified period of time. 

Citations earned by a wide range of scholarly journals are used to calculate impact factors for Clarivate Analytics. Journal Citation Reports (JCR) computes the yearly Journal Impact Factor by aggregating all citations attributed in a single year to articles published by a journal in the two preceding years.

To calculate the 2022 Journal Impact Factor for a journal, all citations to its 2020 and 2021 articles must be counted. After dividing the total by the number of articles cited in the journal in those years, we arrive at the JIF for the current year (2022), which is published in 2023. 

Calculation of 2022 Impact Factor of a journal

A = the frequency of articles published in 2020 and 2021 and were cited by indexed journals during 2022.

B = the total amount of “citable articles” published in 2020 and 2021.

A/B = 2022 impact factor 

Therefore, this question arises again, what is a good impact factor for a research journal? There is no simple answer as it varies by journal type and discipline but we can raise some average conclusions.

What is a good impact factor for a research journal

In the sciences, where citations are more rapid and frequent than probably in other fields, a journal with a JIF near 350 will receive an exceptionally high number of citations. In many fields of study, impact factors of 10 or above are considered exceptional, and in some, it is above 3. However, Journal Citation Reports(JCR) impact factors for journals differ significantly from one discipline to another.

The following factors should be considered when evaluating impact factors:

• Date of Publication: Impact factors are calculated by counting the number of citations that an article receives within a short period of publication date. As a result, journals in fast-growing fields like life sciences and technology have higher straight away citation metrics and correspondingly higher Impact Factors. For purposes of calculating the denominator, only research papers or articles and reviews articles that are cited are considered. 
• Impact factors are not calculated for articles cited in journals not included in the Web of Science database.
• Review Articles: Review articles, articles of opinion, letter pieces, and news articles are not included in the total number of articles; if cited, they will still count as citations for the journal. In some cases, this could lead to boosted impact factors through alteration of ratios used to calculate impact factors.
• Journals with a low citation count are usually clinical journals. Consequently, such journals suffer from citation points that are lower than those of other journals in their similar subject areas.
• For the first year following the title change of a journal, the Impact Factor for the journal is zero since the number of articles published in the two years prior to the title change is zero. The same applies to new journals added to the database of JCR.
• There is an uneven distribution of coverage since the Journal Citation Reports concentrate on subjects where journal articles are primarily published. As a result, it does not provide much coverage of the Humanities and Social Sciences, which rely more on book formats and other formats of publishing.

An impact factor for a journal in a specific subject category can be determined by comparing it with other journals in the same JCR subject category.

In order to achieve this, you must go to the JCR website on the InCites platform and click Browse by Category. On this page, you’ll find subject classifications ranked by the number of journals in each category.

It is also possible to compare all the journals in a subject category with the Journal Impact Factor, and you can also select particular journals to compare by using the options from the menu. Let’s explore some tools that can be used to calculate journal impact factors.

Journal Impact Factor Measurement Tools 

We now know how the calculation is done, so let’s find out where it can be done. The tools listed below are all standard tools and give the most prominent impact factor for journals of various fields.

Journal Citation Reports

Rankings for scientific, technological, and social sciences journals are provided by Journal Citation Reports . Each journal included in the database includes the following information: 1)Citation figures and article numbers, 2) Impact factor, 3) Cited half-life, 4) Immediacy Index, 5) Source record listing, 6) Citing journal listing, 7) Cited journal listing, 8)Research categories, 9)author information.

This database only includes citation data from journals indexed by Web of Science. More than 12,000 journals in arts, literature, sciences and social sciences are indexed.

Using the menu, select a JCR edition (Science or Social Science), year, and Category to determine the impact factor for that journal. Press submit to retrieve the impact factor. 

Click on the journal of interest to retrieve the impact factor.  There are four ways of classifying the list: by Journal time, by Cites, by Impact Factor, and by Eigenfactor.

Scopus (Elsevier)

Using Scopus Journal Analyzer , you can also evaluate ten journals within one subject area before submitting your manuscript. The Scopus database contains abstracts and citations (bibliography) published by Elsevier.

A Scopus Journal Analyzer does citation analysis for more than 20,500 titles in science, technology, life sciences, and social sciences. These citations date from 1996. Every two months, Scopus updates its database.

As a result of Scopus’s Journal Analyzer, you can determine three metrics about journal performance: CiteScore , SJR ( SCImago Journal Rank ), and SNIP ( Source Normalized Impact per Paper ). 

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR)(Elsevier)

The SCImago Journal & Country Rank is an online tool that includes journals and country scientific statistics based on data from the Scopus® database (Elsevier).

More than 10,000 journals are available through Scopus from over 4,000 international publishers, including more than 1,000 open access journals.

This database contains citation details from over 34,100 article titles from more than 5,000 publishers worldwide.

It also includes country-specific impact metrics from 239 countries. You can also integrate significant journal metrics into your page as a clickable image widget through the SJCR.

Eigenfactor

In January 2007, Carl Bergstrom and Jevin West co-founded the Eigenfactor® . University of Washington’s West Lab at the Information School and Bergstrom Lab in the Department of Biology sponsored this project.

A journal’s Eigenfactor score is a measure that is intended to indicate how widely a journal is used. Accordingly, they are supposed to represent how often an ideal researcher would access material from that journal.

Furthermore, the Eigenfactor score changes as a function of journal size, increasing by two-fold with an increase in the number of articles per year published by the journal.

A journal’s Article Influence Score measures the average impact of its articles, which makes it akin to a conventional impact factor.

SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) 

The SNIP project was founded by Professor Henk F. Moed of the Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University.

In Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP), citation impact is measured by weighting citations according to the volume of citations in a particular subject area. Source Normalized Impact per Paper is calculated annually using Scopus data.

In subject areas with few citations, a single citation holds greater significance, and the reverse is also true.  Incorrect citation practices are corrected for by SNIP, making comparisons of citation impact more accurate across fields.  

H-index measures a writer’s scientific research output at the level of his or her authorship. This index evaluates the scientific contribution of a scientist while simultaneously evaluating their impact.

This is defined as the largest number for which the author has been cited so many times in so many of his papers. For example, if an author has a h-index of 5, then at least 5 of his papers have been cited at least 5 times. 

With a h-index of over 20, an author can be considered an expert in their field. A journal’s h-index may also be calculated. This refers to the maximum number of papers published by the journal that have been cited a number of times in the past. Journals that have been around longer tend to have higher h-index.

The CiteScore of a journal is equal to the number of citations received by it in a particular year to articles published in the previous three years, dividing it by the number of articles indexed by Scopus from the same time period.

The citation impact of a journal is measured with Scopus’ CiteScore. This tool calculates metrics using Scopus data and is free to use. It contains more than 24,000 ranked titles covering more than 300 fields of study.

The CiteScore Tracker provides you with a way of keeping an overview of the performance of particular journals over the course of a year.

The impact factor of major research journals

Impact plays a critical role in understanding how a journal has performed over time and in determining its direction in the coming years.

The true picture of impact can never be achieved by using a single metric, so a range of indicators should be used to support the decision-making process. We’ve listed a few of the major journals with their impact factors below .

Here is how to improve impact factor through Visuals

For a journal to improve its impact factor, its articles must be of a high standard and cited frequently. In order to achieve that, the articles submitted must have elevated factors that make them stand out.

Increasingly, journals are asking for ‘visual abstracts’ along with articles when accepting submissions. The main findings of the article are required to be presented visually and in a comprehensive, concise pictorial summary.

You could choose to use the conclusion of the article or even better yet, a figure that communicates the essence of the article in a quick glance, such as an article-specific figure. 

Articles with graphical abstracts have been shown to have a positive effect on both the view count of the article and citations , ultimately improving the impact factor of the journal.

It is significant to note that compared to articles without a visual abstract, it is estimated that the average amount of use per year has doubled for articles with a visual abstract .

In addition to increasing your paper’s citations, you will make it stand out by including an ample number of graphics. It has become increasingly common for researchers to include graphical illustrations in their research.

Using graphic illustrations as a way to communicate your research can be powerful and effective. Read our article on What is Visual Abstract and how to make one in the easiest way .

Nevertheless, you must ensure that illustrations and visual abstracts are not copied and pasted. How and where should you begin? You’ve come to the right place! With Mind the Graph , you can choose from an array of illustrations in multiple fields.

What’s even more fascinating is the fact that you will also be able to get it custom-made by our team of professionals if you so desire. We also post articles relating to science-related topics and other useful guides on our blog. If you’d like to take a look, click here .

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About Fabricio Pamplona

Fabricio Pamplona is the founder of Mind the Graph - a tool used by over 400K users in 60 countries. He has a Ph.D. and solid scientific background in Psychopharmacology and experience as a Guest Researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (Germany) and Researcher in D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR, Brazil). Fabricio holds over 2500 citations in Google Scholar. He has 10 years of experience in small innovative businesses, with relevant experience in product design and innovation management. Connect with him on LinkedIn - Fabricio Pamplona .

Content tags

• UC Library Guides

Research Impact Factors

• Citation tools
• Measuring Researcher Impact
• ORCID, ResearcherID, Scopus Author ID, Google Scholar Citation
• Measuring Journal Impact
• Maximizing Research Impact
• University Rankings

An Impact Factor is one measure of the relative importance of a journal, individual publication, or researcher to literature and research.

Journal impact factors, citations to publications, h-index of researchers are used to measure the importance and impact of research.

Informed and careful use of the impact data is essential and the following must be kept in mind:

• The number of times a paper is cited is not a measure of its actual quality.
• Some tools that measure the impact data do not incorporate books.
• Certain disciplines have low numbers of journals and usage. One should compare journals or researchers within the same discipline.
• Review articles are cited more often and can change results.
• Self-citing may skew results.

Tutorial - Measuring your research impact (MyRI)

• MyRI - Measuring your Research Impact Free online bibliometrics tutorial with supporting learning resources available for re-use and adaptation under a creative commons licence. There are three modules: Introduction to bibliometrics Tracking your research impact Journal ranking and analysis
• Next: Citation tools >>

What is Citation Analysis

Citation analysis is a way of measuring the relative importance or impact of an author, an article or a publication by counting the number of times that author, article, or publication has been cited by other works.

Why is Citation Analysis important?

Researchers often ask:

What are the best journals in my field? How do I check who is citing my articles? How many times have I been cited?" How do I know this article is important?" How can I compare the research impact between journals so I know which journal should I publish in?

Citation analysis will provide the answers to the above questions.

• Last Updated: Mar 18, 2024 3:42 PM
• URL: https://canberra.libguides.com/research_impact_factors

Impact Factor : Examples of Impact Factor on Publisher Websites

• Examples of Impact Factor on Publisher Websites
• Open Source Alternatives for Impact Factor
• Further Reading
• HPU on ResearchGate
• Citation Searching

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Examples of Impact Factor

Often times you can find a journal's impact factor on the publisher's website.  Find below a few examples of journals that are prominent in TESOL.

Tesol Quarterly

Elt journal , journal of second language writing.

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• Last Updated: Jun 28, 2024 3:51 PM
• URL: https://hpu.libguides.com/impactfactor