No
Yes (SSN not exposed)
Yes (SSN exposed)
Table 2 presents the prevalence of identity theft victimization overall and by subtype. The prevalence of overall identity theft victimization (any type) was 6.2% in the combined 2012/2014 sample (95%CI = 6.0%–6.3%). The most common form of victimization was existing credit card or bank account identity theft, with a prevalence of 5.6% (95%CI = 5.5%–5.8%).
Identity theft victimization frequencies.
Identity Theft Victimization Subtype | Combined 2012/2014 (n = 128,419) |
---|---|
n (%) | |
Any subtype | 7921 (6.2) |
Existing credit or bank account | 7241 (5.6) |
New accounts | 492 (0.4) |
Instrumental purposes | 350 (0.3) |
Table 3 presents results from the multivariable analysis of risk and protective factors of identity theft victimization for each subtype. Higher levels of online purchasing behavior were significantly associated with increasing odds of existing credit card/bank account and new accounts identity theft victimization; those engaging in daily online shopping were more than five times as likely to be victims of existing credit card/bank account identity theft as those not engaging in online purchasing (OR = 5.74, 95%CI = 4.31–7.64). Persons reporting breached personal information from a company or government were significantly more likely to experience identity theft, particularly if social security information was exposed (instrumental purposes: OR = 8.05, 95%CI = 5.66–11.46; new accounts: OR = 3.83, 95%CI = 2.67–5.51; existing credit/bank account: OR = 1.46, 95%CI = 1.26–1.68). Those reporting other NCVS victimizations were between 29% (existing credit/bank account: OR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.23–1.35) and 46% (new accounts: OR = 1.46, 95%CI = 1.32–1.62) more likely to be victims of identity theft with each successive crime. Individuals with a history of identity theft victimization were 28% more likely to be victimized by existing credit/bank account identity theft in the past year than those with no prior history (OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.19–1.37).
Multivariable logistic regression models predicting identity theft victimization.
Independent Variables | Existing Credit or Bank Account (n = 116,042) | New Accounts (n = 128,419) | Instrumental (n = 128,419) |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Online purchasing behavior frequency (ref. None) | |||
Up to once per month (1–12 times/year) | 2.45 (2.28–2.63)*** | 1.71 (1.35–2.17)*** | 1.35 (1.02–1.78) |
Up to once per week (13–52 times/year) | 3.54 (3.27–3.83)*** | 1.78 (1.33–2.38)*** | 1.12 (0.77–1.64) |
Up to once per day (58–365 times/year) | 4.44 (4.02–4.90)*** | 1.89 (1.25–2.85) | 2.01 (1.28–3.16) |
More than once per day (More than 365 times/year) | 5.74 (4.31–7.64)*** | 4.52 (1.79–11.46) | 4.03 (1.39–11.70) |
Number of other victimizations (cont.) | 1.29 (1.23–1.35)*** | 1.46 (1.32–1.62)*** | 1.41 (1.24–1.60)*** |
Breached personal information (ref. No) | |||
Yes (SSN not exposed) | 1.44 (1.33–1.56)*** | 1.96 (1.44–2.66)*** | 2.16 (1.47–3.19)*** |
Yes (SSN exposed) | 1.46 (1.26–1.68)*** | 3.83 (2.67–5.51)*** | 8.05 (5.66–11.46)*** |
Identity theft victimization prior to past year (ref. No) Yes | 1.28 (1.19–1.37)*** | 1.43 (1.11–1.85) | 1.43 (1.05–1.95) |
Purchase protective services (cont.) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 1.62 (1.28–2.06)*** | 1.37 (0.99–1.87) |
Routine protective behaviors (cont.) | 0.76 (0.75–0.78)*** | 0.66 (0.61–0.71)*** | 0.71 (0.65–0.78)*** |
Age generations (ref. millennials) | |||
Generation X | 1.21 (1.12–1.29)*** | 1.28 (1.00–1.65) | 1.68 (1.26–2.24)*** |
Baby boomers | 1.38 (1.29–1.48)*** | 1.70 (1.32–2.20)*** | 1.79 (1.32–2.42)*** |
Silent or Greatest | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | 1.23 (0.86–1.78) | 1.12 (0.72–1.75) |
Gender (ref. Male) Female | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | 1.14 (0.92–1.42) |
Marital Status (ref. Married/partnered) Not married/partnered | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 1.23 (1.00–1.51) | 1.63 (1.28–2.09)*** |
Educational attainment (ref. High school or less) | |||
Some college or associate degree | 1.42 (1.33–1.52)*** | 1.70 (1.35–2.14)*** | 1.43 (1.11–1.86) |
Bachelor’s degree | 1.67 (1.56–1.80)*** | 1.66 (1.25–2.20)*** | 1.18 (0.84–1.66) |
Graduate/professional degree | 1.90 (1.74–2.07)*** | 1.85 (1.31–2.61) | 0.95 (0.59–1.50) |
Race/ethnicity (ref. non-Hispanic white) | |||
Hispanic | 0.85 (0.78–0.93)*** | 1.32 (1.00–1.73) | 0.93 (0.66–1.32) |
Black | 0.78 (0.71–0.86)*** | 1.43 (1.11–1.86) | 1.58 (1.20–2.09) |
AAPI/AIAN | 0.78 (0.70–0.87)*** | 0.73 (0.46–1.16) | 0.69 (0.39–1.22) |
Other | 1.09 (0.89–1.32) | 3.32 (2.17–5.09)*** | 1.18 (056–2.50) |
Household income (ref. $0 to 24,999) | |||
$25,000 to 49,999 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 0.77 (0.60–1.00) | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) |
$50,000 to 74,999 | 1.20 (1.08–1.33) | 0.73 (0.54–0.99) | 0.80 (0.56–1.13) |
$75,000+ | 1.38 (1.25–1.52)*** | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) | 0.74 (0.52–1.05) |
Number of household members ≤ 12 years (cont.) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 1.20 (1.08–1.33) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) |
Residential setting (ref. urban) Rural | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | 0.80 (0.61–1.05) | 0.65 (0.46–0.91) |
Interview type (ref. In-person) Telephone | 0.91 (0.87–0.96)*** | 0.85 (0.71–1.02) | 0.74 (0.60–0.92) |
Note: All multivariable logistic regression models, except the New Accounts model, satisfied the Omnibus Test of Model Coefficients (p < 0.01). All multivariable logistic regression models satisfied the Hosmer-Lemeshow Test (p > 0.05). Across models, independent variables had tolerance of 0.70 or above and variance inflation factor of 1.43 or below, indicating no concern of multicollinearity.
CI = Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; SSN: Social Security Number; AAPI/AIAN = Asian American/Pacific Islander/American Indian/Alaskan Native. ***p < 0.001, (two-tailed tests).
Individuals engaging in a higher number of proactive, routine protective behaviors, such as shredding documents and updating passwords, were between 25% (existing credit/bank account: OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.75–0.78) and 35% (new accounts: OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.61–0.71) less likely to experience identity theft victimization with each additional protective behavior. Purchasing credit monitoring services and identity theft insurance, however, was associated with significantly higher odds of new accounts (OR = 1.62, 95%CI = 1.28–2.06) identity theft.
Across all identity theft subtypes, baby boomers were most likely to be victims (existing credit/bank account: OR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.29–1.48; new accounts: OR = 1.70, 95%CI = 1.32–2.20; instrumental: OR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.32–2.42). Unmarried/un-partnered persons were 63% (OR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.28–2.09) more likely to experience instrumental forms of identity theft. Higher levels of education were associated with increasingly higher odds of both existing credit card/bank account and new accounts forms of identity theft. Compared to non-Hispanic whites, existing credit/bank account victimization was less likely among Hispanic (OR = 0.85, 95%CI = 0.78–0.93), Black (OR = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.71–0.86), and AAPI/AIAN (OR = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.70–0.87) persons. Persons living in households in the highest income bracket were most likely to experience existing credit/bank account identity theft (OR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.25–1.52) compared to those in the lowest income households. As a methodological finding, respondents who participated in a telephone rather than in-person interview were significantly less likely to report identity theft victimization.
Approximately 1 out of every 15 adults aged sixteen years or older in the U.S. – over 16 million people – experience some form of identity theft each year. In addition to direct losses, consequences may include damaged credit, legal fees, loss of trust, and health outcomes such as stress, anxiety, and depression ( Harrell, 2015 , Golladay and Holtfreter, 2017 ). Among victims who experienced the misuse of personal information for instrumental purposes, approximately 56% suffered moderate to severe distress, a similar percentage as seen among victims of violence ( Harrell, 2015 ).
As large-scale data breaches have become an unfortunate part of our growing tech-based marketplace, this analysis examined whether online purchasing behavior and personal data security practices affect the risk of identity theft victimization, or whether becoming a victim is largely contingent on corporate and government-level data breaches. Findings provide support for the L-RAT model of victimization which suggests that individual lifestyle routines and degree of protective measures/guardianship influence the likelihood of victimization.
Respondents who stated that their information was part of a large data breach were significantly more likely to report all forms of identity theft, particularly when their social security numbers were exposed. Victims of identity theft for instrumental purposes were eight times as likely to say their social security numbers were exposed in a data breach compared to non-victims, likely because that form of identity theft requires social security numbers to access government benefits and other services. Although it is not possible to assess whether data breaches directly caused identity theft incidents, data breaches were significantly correlated with the misuse of identity information.
L-RAT proposes that routine lifestyle behaviors contribute to crime victimization risk. In the present study, individual risk and protective behaviors were consistent and strong (magnitude) predictors. Similar to findings using a Canadian sample ( Reyns & Henson, 2016 ), increasing levels of online purchasing activity were associated with incrementally higher odds of financial account and new account identity theft. Participating in commercial activities online reflects a major societal innovation and lifestyle shift that has allowed consumers to purchase products conveniently and globally, but entering personal data online entrusts vendors to safely store and manage this data. For example, Holtfreter et al. (2015) found that individuals who placed an order with a company they had never done business with before were significantly more likely to be victims of identity theft. While the NCVS ITS does not ask respondents what online retailers they have made purchases from, it is likely that as the frequency of online shopping increases, the odds of using an unsecured payment portal or having information exposed in a retail data breach increases. Further innovations in online security and payment systems are required to protect users’ information, and future research should explore precisely how online purchasing activities expose personal information.
In support of the guardianship principle of L-RAT, proactive individual behaviors, like shredding personal documents and routinely changing account passwords, significantly reduced the likelihood of identity theft. Unfortunately, the Pew Research Center ( Olmstead & Smith, 2017 ) found that half of U.S. respondents were not educated about everyday security practices. Given that routine safety behaviors reduce risk of identity theft, consumer protection efforts need to focus on educating consumers on the basics of online security. Purchasing external credit monitoring and identity theft protection services did not reduce risk and was related to greater likelihood of new accounts identity theft victimization. Perhaps respondents who purchased these services had some knowledge that their identity may be misused. Another explanation is that some criminal entities have reached a level of sophistication to evolve techniques ahead of current industry protection standards ( Moore et al., 2009 ).
This study found that exposure to other types of crime, as well as prior experiences with identity theft, were associated with a greater risk of identity theft victimization. Personal information may be stolen during the course of other crimes directly (e.g., theft of wallets, bank statements) or indirectly through theft of devices that contain personal information. This result is consistent with financial fraud research—prior fraud victimization increases the odds of re-victimization ( Titus et al., 1995 ). An underground system exists for identity theft where specified pieces of stolen identifying information are bundled and sold to other criminals, thereby increasing the odds that it is used for various identity crimes over time ( Moore et al., 2009 ). Services for identity theft victims should include help contacting the major credit bureaus to place a temporary freeze or fraud alert on credit reports to prevent criminals from opening new accounts with victims’ stolen credentials.
The socioeconomic and demographic risk patterns found in this study were roughly consistent with the predictions of L-RAT. In general, members of Generation X and the baby boomers, now between the ages of 39 and 73, were at the highest risk of most types of identity theft. This likely reflects the socioeconomic capacity and consumption patterns among Generation X and baby boomers relative to millennials. Together, these older generations constitute the bulk of the U.S. workforce and, therefore, have the economic means to engage in consumer activities where identities may be exposed. Longitudinal data is needed to determine whether the association between middle to late adulthood and increased risk of identity theft is indeed due to lifestyles or whether age has an independent effect.
Compared to Hispanic, Black, and Asian respondents, White respondents and those with higher educational attainment experienced significantly higher risk of existing credit card/bank account identity theft. Individuals with higher socioeconomic status have more purchasing power ( Charron-Chénier et al., 2017 ), have more access to credit ( Haushofer & Fehr, 2014 ), own more internet-enabled devices that store and transfer personal information, and are more likely to use credit cards ( Greene & Stavins, 2016 ). In support of L-RAT, this suggests that the association between existing credit card/bank account identity theft and demographic/socioeconomic profiles is related to lifestyle factors where there is greater reliance on these financial instruments, and thus more opportunities for criminals to intercept account information.
While the NCVS Identity Theft Supplement is one of the most comprehensive sources of data on identity theft, the survey likely underestimates the true extent of the problem. First, the NCVS excluded adult sub-populations who may be particularly vulnerable, such as those living with cognitive impairment and/or in institutional settings. Second, the literature on financial fraud victimization finds that people tend to under-report victimization in survey research ( Beals et al., 2015 ), and this self-report error likely extends to the issue of identity theft. Finally, the nonresponse group is likely disproportionately represented by victims who are reluctant to provide personal information in response to a survey. Another limitation of the study was that data on other potentially important behavioral variables, such as the extent of online downloading, online financial account management, types of websites visited, and presence of malware, hacking or phishing events, were unavailable. To better understand risk of identity theft victimization within the L-RAT paradigm, measures are needed to account for system-level security practices among corporate and government entities, but this is beyond the scope of the NCVS.
Identity theft victimization affects tens of millions of Americans each year. Financial exploitation, in general, is associated with major health-related consequences such as increased rates of hospitalization and all-cause mortality. Victims of identity theft experience severe mental/emotional distress, particularly among minority and older adult populations ( Harrell, 2019 , Golladay and Holtfreter, 2017 ). Given the increasing scope of this problem, the development of effective primary prevention strategies is critically needed and should focus on promoting relatively unintrusive and feasible everyday practices such as routinely changing financial account passwords, shredding documents, and checking credit reports and financial statements. The prevalence of this problem indicates that healthcare professionals will encounter patients who are victimized by identity theft on a regular basis. Healthcare settings represent an important place to both recognize vulnerable adults and provide victims with preventive education to mitigate the risk of identity exposure.
This study comprehensively examined the risk of different forms of identity theft victimization in the U.S. Although other research indicates that Americans have inadequate knowledge of cybersecurity practices ( Olmstead & Smith, 2017 ), findings from the current study demonstrated the importance of this knowledge in keeping personal information safe. Yet individual actions alone are not enough. As investment in cybersecurity grows, criminals respond with increasingly sophisticated and evolving techniques such as hacking, malware, and skimming to overcome these controls ( Pontell, 2009 ). Reducing the incidence of identity theft requires greater public/private investment in robust, dynamic data security systems and encryption tools, and more collaboration between criminal justice and law enforcement agencies to investigate and prosecute identity theft crimes.
David Burnes: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Marguerite DeLiema: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Lynn Langton: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Appendix B Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101058 .
Multiple Correspondence Analysis Discrimination Measures Plot.
The following are the Supplementary data to this article:
Security awareness
Identity fraud occurs when an identity thief obtains pieces of a victim's personal information, such as Social Security number or driver's license numbers, to unlawfully impersonate them.
Identity theft is a way to defraud by using someone else's personal information to access the victim's credit, bank accounts or other sources of money.
Phishing simulations & training
Tampa Woman Sentenced for Stolen Identity Refund Fraud
On April 18, 2017, in Tampa, Florida, Melissa Hayes, of Tampa, was sentenced to 27 months in prison for conspiracy to commit theft of government property and identity theft. Between January and June 2012, Hayes deposited 22 fraudulent government and tax refund checks, totaling over $160,000, into her business bank account. She then withdrew the funds the same day or the following day, spent the money on point-of-purchase items, transferred the money to her bank account and shared the funds with her co-conspirators.
Source: https://www.irs.gov/compliance/criminal-investigation/examples-of-identity-theft-investigations-fiscal-year-2017
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equifax#May-July_2017_security_breach
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Based upon "Identity Theft Literature Review" (Graeme R. Newman and Megan M. McNally, July 2005), this online publication assesses what is known about identity theft and recommends areas that need further research.
The research found that identity theft generally involves three stages: acquisition of the identity information, the thief's use of the information for personal gain to the detriment of the victim of identity theft, and discovery of the identity theft. Evidence indicates that the longer it takes to discover the theft, the greater the loss incurred and the less likely it is that prosecution will be successful. Older persons and those with less education are less likely to discover the identity theft quickly and to report it after discovery. The research also found that access to personal information about potential victims and the anonymity the Internet offers would-be thieves are major facilitators of identity theft. Major topics on identity theft reviewed in this report are the definition of identity theft, the extent and patterns of identity theft, types of identity theft, recording and reporting identity theft, law enforcement issues and response, the cost of identity theft, and issues that need more research. Regarding the latter topic, the researchers recommend more research on the best ways to prevent identity theft crimes. Specifically, research should address practices and operating environments of document-issuing agencies that allow offenders to exploit opportunities to obtain identity documents. Research should also focus on practices and operating environments of document-authenticating agencies that allow offenders access to identity data. Also, the structure and operations of the information systems involved with the operational procedures of the aforementioned agents should be researched. The report reviewed more than 160 literature sources that ranged from traditional journal articles to Web sites and presentations.
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Identity Theft
You arrive home late one night after a difficult day at work. You are exhausted, famished, and in pain, longing to lay down. Upon picking up the mail, you notice an unfamiliar letter from a credit card company. Tentatively, you open the envelope, uncertain of what awaits you. Suddenly, an overwhelming sense of fear engulfs you as you behold a bill totaling over five thousand dollars. Trying to reassure yourself, you think that this must surely be a mistake. You never authorized the opening of this credit card account, yet it bears your name and address. It may be hard to believe, but your identity has been pilfered, and now there is an impostor out there masquerading as you, freely venturing around town with your life in their grasp. The sad reality is that there is little you can do once your show more content.
The history of identity theft in the United States can be traced back to early American history, during a time when fraudulent practices such as voter registration fraud and ballot box stuffing were widespread. In the 1930s, following the end of prohibition, a prevalent form of identity theft known as “fake ID” emerged and persisted for over fifty years. As technology advanced over time, identity theft became more sophisticated, providing individuals with both motive and resources to unlawfully obtain someone else’s identity and money. However, what defines modern identity theft? Modern identity theft occurs when a criminal utilizes another individual’s identification documents (such as their social security number, driver’s license, tax documents, birth certificate, and bank statements) with the intention of assuming their persona.
Various methods can be used to obtain and access information. Phishing is the most common form of identity theft globally. Scammers send individuals fake emails, alleging problems with their PayPal or Amazon accounts. They warn that not promptly providing account details will lead to account suspension. These deceptive emails are often accompanied by manipulative websites that trick people into unknowingly revealing personal information without fully understanding the potential consequences.
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Identity theft state statutes.
Identity theft occurs when an individual impersonates someone else, usually for financial gain. Nebraska penal code 28-608 is referred to as: criminal impersonation; penalty; restitution, and it allows for felonies and misdemeanors depending on how much financial gain was attempted through the use of criminal impersonation. The Texas statute falls under penal Code 32.51
Introduction: Identity theft is one of the fastest growing crimes statistically according to the Federal Trade Commission. Roughly 27. 3 million Americans have fallen victim to this form of theft/fraud. According to last year the loss of money for businesses and financial institutions are in the billions and with consumers out of pocket expenses has
Identity Theft People in the society need to protect their identity. Identity theft is a serious crime that many people seem to get away with. The reason why identity theft is so serious is because many people do not realize that someone has stolen their identity until they end up in debt. One of the
Forensic science
Identity theft today seems to be highest growing white collar crime in our nation and it preys on the economic resources and reputations of its injured parties this includes young children and the deceased. In several cases victims of identity theft have to prove that they are innocent in order for anyone to even notice
While the advancement of technology has—for the most part—changed modern society for the better, it has also changed several aspects of it for the worse. How? Crime. Of particular note is identity theft, which has become significantly more rampant than it has ever been due to the advent of the Internet in the modern age. Identity
Over night, Simon Bunce, a normal man lost his six figure job, the respect of his peers, friends, and family over night, after being arrested, and branded as a pedophile. Someone stole his credit card online and purchased child pornography. (Sigsworth [4]). This is one of the many cases of extreme, online identity theft. Online
The term “identity term” conjures an image of stolen identities, security breaches, fake credit cards, and ransomware plaguing your laptops/phones. And to a large extent these images hold true, but the stark reality is further elaborated with harrowing stories as well as tarnished reputations. To familiarize everybody with the topic of “identity theft”, we first need
Established in 2005 Identity Protection Company, LifeLock, marketed to the world that the organization would monitor its client’s credit scores and numerous other financial dealings to guard their identity. The organization declared that if any of its client’s identity was taken without consent the company would not only repair it but reimburse them for lost
Data theft is extremely basic in global organizations; this circumstance might be because of numerous reasons such as dealing with a displeased worker, and their malicious thought process of making the organization a misfortune. The underlying blueprint of the formal arrangement will comprise the accompanying advances. It is defined as the act of stealing computer-based
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One way to raise awareness about identity theft is through writing essays on the topic. To help get you started, here are 126 identity theft essay topic ideas and examples that you can use as inspiration for your own writing: The growing problem of identity theft in the digital age; The different types of identity theft and how they can impact ...
An example of an identity theft is the case of Abraham Abdalla of Brooklyn, also known as the bus boy. He went online to access people's private financial details. The victims included among the wealthiest people in America. He even had Oprah Winfrey's and Steven Spielberg's credit cards and financial information.
Computer Forensics: Identity Theft. The forensics process that is maintained in the framework of computer-related technologies provides professionals with the opportunity to gather, analyze, and report on the information. We will write. a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts.
The new and stolen identity serves to protect the criminal from charges and/or capture, particularly in a world so reliant upon technologically-driven forms of identification. The single, most effective weapon against identity theft is personal awareness. That is to say, the understanding within an individual that the crime may be attempted on ...
Identity theft is a serious issue that can have devastating consequences for its victims. Writing an essay on identity theft is important because it helps to raise awareness about this crime and provides information on how to protect oneself from becoming a victim.
Methods of Identity Theft. Identity theft can occur through numerous sophisticated and evolving methods. Traditional methods include dumpster diving, where thieves search through garbage for discarded personal information, and mail theft, where sensitive documents are intercepted. However, the rise of digital technology has introduced new ...
Detecting Identity Theft. Early detection is one of the most powerful ways you can protect yourself. The sooner you detect your identity is being used by someone else, the sooner you can act. Some of the most common indications of identity theft include: Unusual Financial Statements: Regularly monitor all your bank and credit card statements.
The purpose of this essay is to provide an overview of identity theft, including what is currently known about the trends and patterns of identity theft, information on offenders and victims, as well as the methods of carrying out identity theft from the available data on offenders. In the next section, we present data from various agencies and ...
Protect Physical Documents: Identity theft isn't limited to the digital realm; physical documents can also be exploited. Secure personal documents in a locked cabinet or safe. When discarding documents containing sensitive information, use a cross-cut shredder to render them unreadable.
Identity theft, a growing concern in our digital age, threatens the very fabric of personal security and privacy. As technology advances, so do the methods used by malicious actors to steal sensitive information. This essay explores effective strategies to prevent identity theft and safeguard individuals... Cyber Crimes Identity Theft.
Locke and Hume's Discussions of the Idea of Personal Identity. He argues that, the identity of a soul alone in an embryo of man is one and same that is the identity of it in a fully grown up man. Bernard Williams The Self and the Future and Psychological Continuity Theory of Personal Identity. The researches and ideas of Bernard Williams are ...
Identity theft is looked at as a crime in the criminal justice field. Sonia Pereira states that, "The terms Identity Theft and Identity Fraud are used when referring to all types of crimes involving the wrongful attainment and use of someone's personal data in a manner that involves fraud or deception, typically for the fraudster's ...
1. Introduction. Identity theft - defined as the intentional, unauthorized use of a person's identifying information for unlawful purposes (Federal Trade Commission, 1998, Koops and Leenes, 2006) - is a growing public health problem.While identity theft is not a new crime, the magnitude of the problem has increased with society's growing reliance on the electronic transfer and storage ...
theft and express their attitudes. The researcher attempted to identify the behaviors and. demographics that individuals engaged in identity theft prevention. Besides, (Holt and Turner, 2012 ...
Cybercrime - Identity Theft. Identify theft is a major challenge for societies of the digital age. In this essay, reflection. is given to the nature of identity theft and its scope, from the ...
Step 7: Manage Your Personal Belongings. Always store your automotive related documents at home. Always carry your wallet in your front protection to avoid being a victim of pickpocketing. Add two layers of Security to protect your home; to protect the outside and the inside premises.
The research found that identity theft generally involves three stages: acquisition of the identity information, the thief's use of the information for personal gain to the detriment of the victim of identity theft, and discovery of the identity theft. Evidence indicates that the longer it takes to discover the theft, the greater the loss ...
· The Pros And Cons Of Identitytheft · Cybercrime Essay · Identity... Free Essays from Bartleby | Identity Theft + Fraud= Identity Crime 20 December 2007 There is a thief that lurks around us everyday; this thief can attack in... (Caroll, 2009) the damage caused by identity theft can take years to be rectified.
writing9. In recent years, loss identity in bank account, social media account, and much more are quite popular, which known lately as a cyber-crime. This essay will examine the main causes of cyber-crime and provide possible solution to the problem | Band: 4.
Topic of "Identity Theft. The term "identity term" conjures an image of stolen identities, security breaches, fake credit cards, and ransomware plaguing your laptops/phones. And to a large extent these images hold true, but the stark reality is further elaborated with harrowing stories as well as tarnished reputations.
A vast proportion of 83 percent believe the government should seize action to help prevent identity theft. WWW. SSA. GOV, 2009) [pic] According to Federal Trade Commission statistics, identity theft has reached a fraction of 72 percent between 2001 and 2002, from 220,000 occurrences to 380,000.
Identity Theft. The act of identity theft can be performed by anyone, it could be family, friends or spouses. The internet provides a faceless median by which even a fourteen year old can partake in this criminal activity. This is the very reason companies are beginning to educate the population on personal... All papers are copyrighted.
The history of identity theft in the United States can be traced back to early American history, during a time when fraudulent practices such as voter registration fraud and ballot box stuffing were widespread. In the 1930s, following the end of prohibition, a prevalent form of identity theft known as "fake ID" emerged and persisted for ...