types of essay writing in urdu

Exploring The Beauty Of Urdu Writing: #1 Easy Guide

• , March 15, 2024

Growing up in New Delhi, I had always been fascinated by the remnants of Mughal architecture dotting the city skyline. But it was the Urdu writing – Urdu tehreer (اردو تحریر) carved on those centuries-old walls and minarets that would catch my attention every time.

Now, it might not be a ‘romance’ language like French, Italian, or Spanish, but many in north India and Pakistan consider Urdu a language of romance. Rekhta (ریختہ), one of its earlier names, is a language of culture – of Adab (ادَب – respectfulness) and Tahzeeb (تَہْذِیب – mannerism). It is the language of mystical Sufism, divine love, and poetry. It is the language of Sukhan (سخن) – speech, language, and Urdu words .

Let’s discover what makes Urdu a beautiful language to learn .

What Are The Features Of Urdu Writing

#1 the urdu script.

As we noted earlier, it uses the Nastaʻliq script and is typically written from right to left. After the Mughal conquest, Nastaʻliq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. The appearance of letters in cursive depends on their context and positions: Isolated form, initial position (starting from left), medial form (both sides), and final position (joined on the right).

#2 The Urdu Alphabet

There are 39 or 40 Urdu letters without any distinct letter case. Now, the ambiguity regarding the number of Urdu alphabet present in this script is quite clear. That’s because it is an ‘abjad’ script that evolved from the Persian script. 

This implies that the Urdu script only identifies consonants and long vowels. The pronunciation of short vowels is left to the reader’s inference. The first letter of the script is  ا  (pronounced:  Alif ), and the second letter is  ب  (pronounced:  Bē ).

#3 Sound System

There are 41 consonant sounds and 11 vowel sounds in this language. It is interesting to note that it has borrowed numerous phonemes (smallest unit of speech) from Perso-Arabic and Indo-Aryan languages. It has adopted 14 Indic sounds with aspirated consonants, retroflex consonants, and additional letters in the form of aspirated and unaspirated sounds.

#4 Word Order

The Urdu sentence structure follows the SOV pattern: Subject + Object + Verb. For instance, one can write the translation of “I am eating food” as میں کھانا کھا رہا ہوں ( Main khaana kha rahaa hoon ). Further, the verbs and adjectives agree with the subject (gender and plurality of nouns).

So, a male would say: میں کھانا کھا رہا ہوں ( Main khaana kha rahaa hoon ) whereas a female would say میں کھانا کھا رہی ہوں ( Main khaana kha rahi hoon ).

#5 Vocabulary

There’s no denying that this Asian language is unique when it comes to the terminologies it uses. In the case of the Urdu language, most of the terms are known to be greatly influenced by Persian, Turkish, and Arabic words that are not commonly found in other languages (as shown in the tables below). So, the next time you’re trying to connect with someone in Urdu, you might want to brush up on these useful words and phrases beforehand.

Fascinating Features Of The Urdu Language

Urdu is the native language of many Indians and Pakistanis, with a vast diaspora settled in the UK, the USA, Canada, Australia, and several Gulf countries. Though born in Delhi of yore, this language enjoys the status of being the official language of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and one of the 22 official languages of the Republic of India. It is also the official state language of several Indian states.

Its Origins

This language was born from the regional Apabhramsha (the literary language of northwestern India’s final phase of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages) in the 12th century. This new language came into existence in the region of present-day Delhi as an amalgamation of the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Urdu was derived from the Turkish word ‘ordu,’ meaning army.

Throughout the centuries, it came to be known by various names – Hindvi, Gujari, Dakkhani, Zaban-e-Hind, Hindi, Zaban-e-Delhi, and so on . In the late 17th and 18th centuries, it was called Hindustani and Zaban-e-Urdu (the language of the army), respectively.

Its Similarities With Hindi

Hindi and Urdu are considered sister languages . One can argue that on many parameters, they are almost identical. For instance, they sound intelligent to each other’s native speakers. At the conversational level, the spoken version of both these languages sounds the same as they both evolved from the same source – Khari Boli – the dialect of the Delhi region during the Delhi Sultanate’s reign.

The primary difference lies in their written forms. While Hindi is written in the Devanagari script from left to right, Urdu uses a modified form of Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq (nastaʿlīq – نستعلیق ) and is written from right to left.

Moreover, the majority of the Hindi lexicon is borrowed from Sanskrit and Prakrit, while Persian, Arabic, and Turkish heavily influence the latter.

Want To Learn Urdu? Try Ling

Now, wasn’t that a solid start to making a foray into writing the Urdu language ? Yes, it might seem quite challenging at the beginning, but which learning curve doesn’t? The most important thing is to make a commitment to your resolve and stay determined to it. For everything else, you can always depend on Ling .

The Ling app offers unique linguistic techniques and modern technology to provide you with a fulfilling language learning experience. With its gamified interface, interactive exercises, and fun quizzes, you are bound to make quick progress in your language-learning journey. Picking up a language has never been this easy! So, without wasting much time, go to your Google Play Store or Apple App Store and download the Ling app for free now!

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Essay Writing Tips in the Urdu Language

• Post author: Mr-Teacher
• Post last modified: February 21, 2023

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Are you learning Urdu and need to write your first essay in the Urdu language? It won’t be as easy as ABC because you must do much research to complete a high-quality paper. Urdu refers to rare languages and has distinctive features and peculiarities. More and more students decide to contact professional academic writers at essay writing services not to fail and submit a flawless essay in Urdu. Want to write an insightful essay that will be evaluated positively? You’ve come to the right place. Here is a collection of expert writing tips from SmartWritingService that will make the essay writing process easier and more effective. 

Choose the Topic You Know the Best

First, choose the topic you can reveal in the Urdu language. If you are a beginner, you shouldn’t pick complex topics. It will be hard to discuss them, and you won’t be able to give information on all the topic issues. Don’t choose too broad or too narrow topics. Brainstorm ideas on the topics you are interested in and feel passionate about discussing. Ensure you know all the necessary Urdu words and terms to discuss the chosen subject.

Conduct Research and Analysis

The second thing you need to do is to search for credible sources of information. You need to use only educational websites and electronic libraries with trusted sources. Don’t use any facts or data until you make sure all the information is true. You can use books, articles from newspapers, and web sources. The more sources you use, the better. Collect all the information on the topic you can find and analyze what pieces of information are valuable for your essay.

Write a Detailed Essay Outline

Now you have a topic and enough material to get started. Make an essay outline to have a clear picture of how to structure your essay paper. Using a good outline you won’t miss any important ideas on the subject. 

Divide Your Content into 3 Parts

Your essay should consist of 3 parts: an introduction, the main body, and the conclusion. You should start with an engaging opening paragraph. The main key to success is to include interesting facts or a story about your topic. You should structure your essay, so the content is easy to perceive and understand. There is a wealth of literature in Urdu. This is the literature of Indian Muslims that dates back to the 13th century. Until the beginning of the 19th century, it was represented mainly by lyric poetry on religious-philosophical themes and was strongly influenced by Persian poetry. It’s a good idea to include poetry in your essay. Find several lines that reflect on your essay topic and use them at the beginning of your essay paper.

Write a short introduction to attract the reader’s attention and proceed to the main part of the essay. Here, you need to discuss all the key issues, give arguments for each of the discussion points, and start any new idea from the new paragraph. Finally, conclude your Urdu essay with several sentences that will make it clear to the reader why he/she has spent time learning the topic. Write about the possibility of further research on the topic. The conclusion should be brief, clear, and concise. 

Pay a Special Attention to Grammar in Urdu

The grammar of Urdu is generally similar to that of Hindi; however, due to the cultural separation of Muslims from Hindus, Urdu has incorporated some elements characteristic of the grammar of Arabic and Persian. 

• Nouns, pronouns, and verbs change in numbers (singular and plural) and cases (direct, indirect, vocative), verbs, some adjectives, and nouns also in gender (masculine and feminine). Some postpositions also vary in gender and number.
• Urdu pronouns are classified into several groups of meanings. Urdu has no negative pronouns; instead, negative constructions with indefinite pronouns are used. By the nature of the changes and functions in the sentence, pronouns are divided into pronouns-nouns, pronouns-adjectives, and pronouns-numerals. There are several types of participles in Urdu. The participles combine verbal and nominal signs. Foreign language (Arabic, Persian) participles in Urdu are used as ordinary adjectives.
• There are several types of verb tenses in Urdu. In terms of the present, there are two kinds, in terms of the past – three, and in terms of the future, the kind can both be expressed (in three forms) and remain unexpressed. Most tenses are formed by creating a nominal predicate from a participle and an auxiliary verb. The imperative mood has several forms, which differ in the degree of politeness. Also, in Urdu, there are “intensive verbs” – combinations of the stem of a verb with one of the 12 service verbs. As a result of this combination, the main verb receives a refined shade of its meaning. Intensive verbs are usually not recorded in dictionaries, they are not separate verbs, and in each particular case, they are formed directly in speech.

Proofread and edit the essay, if necessary. Make sure it doesn’t contain grammar errors, and that the whole essay sounds logical. If you lack essay writing skills or knowledge of the Urdu language, don’t hesitate to ask custom writers to check your paper and make it error-free. Experienced writers will provide a high-quality essay sample on the necessary topic to get inspired and learn how to express your thoughts in Urdu.

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Today's Paper | June 22, 2024

Literary notes: a historical and critical study of urdu essay.

‘MAZMOON’, or essay, is an Arabic word. The Arabic root from which the word ‘mazmoon’ is derived means ‘to contain, comprise or include’. Therefore, the contents or subject matter of a letter or a piece of writing is also called ‘mazmoon’. A subject (a branch of knowledge or discipline) and an essay (an article or composition), too, is ‘mazmoon’ in Urdu.

So the name ‘mazmoon’ points to the fact that it is a piece of writing that contains information or views on any particular topic or issue. But Dr Safia Mushtaq Hashmi, the author of Urdu mazmoon nigari ka irtiqa, a just-published PhD dissertation, could not do justice with the definition of ‘mazmoon’ or essay. While discussing what an essay is, she has just reproduced a few subjective and impressionistic quotations from English works, but those quotations do not define the term essay and emphasise the essayist’s personality and its charm instead. Dr Safia Hashmi says that “there is no predetermined definition of Urdu essay writing” and swiftly moves on to the types of essays, history of Urdu essays, the earliest essayists and the samples of early Urdu essays.

Though the publication of the book must be appreciated as it researches a topic on which one rarely finds new works (a few books written earlier are out of date and out of print), the writer would have made her work more valuable by adding an introductory chapter on the etymology of the word ‘mazmoon’ and the origin of the word ‘essay’. She should have mentioned, objectively, that the genre in English owes both its name and development to the French writer Montaigne. He coined the term ‘essai’ (essay) when his first work appeared in 1580, though the genre was extant in the classical era. The word ‘essay’ is from the French ‘essai’, ‘to attempt or try out’, as an essay is an attempt to capture the essence of an issue or topic. Hence, Roger Fowler says that an essay is “literally, the try-out, in discursive prose, of an idea, judgement or experience”.

What the author does not realise is that definitions of essay in Urdu and English abound. Frances Bacon, for example, had described, in 1597, his essays as “grains of salt which will rather give an appetite than offend the society”. According to Dr Rafiuddin Hashmi, expressing one’s views on any specific topic in writing is known as ‘mazmoon’. Dr Abul Lais Siddiqi says that ‘mazmoon’, or essay, is a genre of prose that expresses views on a specific topic. J. A. Cuddon succinctly wrote under the heading ‘essay’: “a composition in prose (Pope’s ‘Moral Essays’ in verse are an exception), which may be of only a few hundred words (like Bacon’s ‘Essays’) or of a book length (like Locke’s ‘Essay concerning human understanding’), and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics”.

According to M.H. Abrams, an essay is “any brief composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view or persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject whatever”.

The book of Dr Safia , published by Lahore’s Al-Vaqar Publications, is divided into seven chapters. The second chapter says that Urdu essay writing began in 1845 when Aloys Sprenger, an orientalist who was the principal of Delhi College, launched an Urdu weekly Qiraan-us-saadain from his college. At Delhi College the medium of instruction was Urdu and the students were encouraged to write essays and awarded medals for writing good essays in Urdu and/or English. Master Ram Chandr, Moulvi Zakaullah and Pyare Lal Ashob were the pioneers of Urdu essays and they penned the earliest Urdu essays, even before Sir Syed Ahmed Khan who is often dubbed as the father of modern Urdu prose.

The third chapter describes modern Urdu prose and especially Urdu essays written between 1857 and 1899. In addition to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, some other writers, too, contributed a lot towards the development the genre and making it popular in Urdu, such as, Altaf Hussain Hali, Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Mir Nasir Ali, Muhammad Hussain Azad, Shibli Nu’mani and many more.

The fourth chapter takes into account the services of some Urdu periodicals in promoting Urdu essays in the early 20th century and these periodicals include Makhzan, Zamana, Urdu-i-mu’alla, An-Nazir, Mu’aarif, Urdu, Humayun, Nigar, Nairang-i-khayal, Oriental College Magazine, Adabi dunya, Saqi, Adab-i-lateef, and some others. In the fifth chapter the author has surveyed the development and progress of Urdu essay between 1936 and 1947.

Another area that would have made the book all the more worthwhile would have been the mentioning of the controversy over the vagueness of the term ‘inshaiyya’ in Urdu, which has been a bone of contention among some literary circles in recent history. Yet another issue lacking explanation is the term ‘maqala’ (article or research paper) and how it overlaps the definition of essay. It is ‘inshaiyya’ where the issue of personal charm and informal style of a writer comes into account. An ‘inshaiyya’ is in fact a kind of essay, usually referred to as ‘personal essay’ or ‘light essay’.

Aside from that, the book is a much-needed research work that thrashes the issue and discusses the history and development of Urdu essay meticulously with special reference to some essayists.

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Published in Dawn, March 21st, 2016

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Tips for Writing an Urdu Essay in O Level 

By Benjamin Oaks | February 16, 2022

A seemingly accelerating globalization trend and diversity in all social spheres suggest an appetitive for more multilingual professionals. The more languages one knows, the more chances to become a valuable, successful employee. If you are a student, there is no better time to learn a foreign language than now. If Urdu is your second or even third language, you may face challenges along the way, as mastering this language is not an easy task. While assignment writers can help you complete some tasks, most of the work associated with learning this language requires substantial intellectual effort and skills on your part. In this article, grade miners share some top tips for writing a simple, O-level Urdu essay.  

What Is an Urdu O-Level Essay?  

Cambridge O Level stands for ordinary language level. O Level is designed with international students in mind, as they often struggle with learning a new language. Therefore, it has less complex requirements and demands than the advanced level for proficient language learners. However, even O Level may turn out to be an insurmountable barrier for many Urdu language learners if they lack proper guidance and support. The problem is that this Indo-European language is moderately difficult. It may be harder to learn Urdu than master English or German.  

Essay writing is one of the basic assignments designed to help Urdu learners to write and express their ideas. Creating an essay in O Level pursues several goals:

• Expanding vocabulary
• Improving grammar and punctuation
• Learning word order
• Expressing ideas and opinions

Essays are well-suited for different language levels, including Urdu O, because the writing assignments can be adjusted to fit students’ language skills. For example, an advanced Urdu essay may examine more complex topics (e.g., social implications of climate change) and be several pages long. In contrast, O level-students can write on simpler topics and complete short essays (1-2 pages are usually enough).  

How Can I Write an Urdu O-Level Paper?  

Learning a foreign language may be a nightmare, but many pro tips can make this process less daunting. To begin, you need to practice a lot. Although it may be tempting to use the best writing services , you need to complete as many essays as possible to prepare for the language exam. We recommend using the Cambridge O Level books that usually contain all the needed vocabulary and grammar rules. Therefore, look through the book before writing your essay and write down some useful words and phrases that fit the topic. In this way, you will have a broader set of language tools to write your paper. Moreover, Cambridge books also contain grammar rules and other information you will need while writing your O-Level essay.  

Next, you need to be able to work with the literature. Using your own ideas is always welcomed, but you also need to know how to support your arguments with solid evidence and hard facts. Find reliable Urdu sources and quote them to make your essay more impressive.  

Of course, the structure is everything when it comes to essay writing. No matter what language you use, your essay should have the following organization:

• Introduction with a thesis statement
• Body paragraphs

No matter how many witty ideas you discuss or how rich your language is, your Urdu essay does not make sense without this structure. If used effectively, essay structure can make essay writing more manageable because it shows where you should put your ideas.  

Finally, revising and editing are of paramount importance. Essays written by students whose first language is not Urdu are often riddled with multiple errors. Therefore, don’t overestimate your language abilities and never skip editing. When you practice, you can use the best essay writer service for editing your papers to understand your weaknesses better.  

Need inspiration and guidance? Check Urdu O-Level essays online. Samples may help you understand what level of language knowledge you are expected to possess and how your essay should look. Samples are also helpful in expanding your vocabulary (make sure you take notes, though).  

If you are given a chance to choose a topic, never opt for the most impressive one. Choose topics you are familiar with because you need sufficient knowledge to complete a good paper. Moreover, don’t try to be clever but always rely on facts. Last but not least, make sure you know how much time each of the essay parts takes. If you practice much, you should know how to organize your time not to submit a half-finished paper.  

Introducing Benjamin Oaks – the man of many talents, including academic writing. Graderminer to the backbone, Benjamin takes great pride in helping new generations of college graduates in the U.S. to get their diploma successfully and be able to pay off college loans faster. Also, Benjamin is a cool guy to talk to on non-work related topics, from sports to high cuisine.

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Nice Post. Thanks to develop the Writing skills of other Languages.

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Essay Papers Writing Online

Various formats for writing essays – tips and guidelines.

Welcome to the comprehensive guide that will enhance your understanding of various essay writing formats. Crafting a well-structured and organized essay is a crucial skill for students and professionals alike. Different types of essays require adherence to specific formatting guidelines to effectively communicate ideas and arguments.

Whether you are writing a persuasive essay, analytical essay, narrative essay, or any other type, this guide will provide you with valuable insights into the key elements of each format. By mastering the nuances of essay writing formats, you will be able to express your thoughts clearly, logically, and persuasively, captivating your readers and achieving your communication goals.

Through this comprehensive guide, you will learn about the essential components of various essay formats, including thesis statements, introductions, body paragraphs, supporting evidence, and conclusions. By understanding the specific requirements of each format, you can tailor your writing style to meet the expectations of your audience and effectively convey your message.

The Complete Essay Format Guide

Understanding the proper essay format is essential for writing effective essays. Whether you are a student or a professional writer, knowing how to structure your essays can greatly impact the clarity and coherence of your writing. In this guide, we will walk you through the essential elements of essay formats and provide tips on how to structure your essays effectively.

1. Introduction

• The introduction is the first paragraph of your essay and should provide a brief overview of the topic you will be discussing.
• It should also include a thesis statement, which explains the main argument or point of your essay.

2. Body Paragraphs

• The body of your essay should consist of several paragraphs that develop and support your thesis statement.
• Each paragraph should focus on a single idea or point and include evidence or examples to support it.

3. Conclusion

• The conclusion is the final paragraph of your essay and should summarize your main points and restate your thesis.
• It should also provide a closing thought or reflection on the topic you have discussed.

4. Formatting

• Essays should be double-spaced and formatted with a clear font, such as Times New Roman, in 12-point size.
• Margins should be set to one inch on all sides of the page.

By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your essays are well-structured and easy to read. Remember to revise and edit your essays carefully to ensure that they are well-written and coherent.

Understanding Essay Structure Basics

When it comes to writing an essay, understanding the basic structure is essential. A typical essay consists of three main parts: an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each of these sections serves a specific purpose and contributes to the overall coherence of the essay.

• Introduction: This is where you introduce the topic of your essay and provide some background information. The introduction should also include a thesis statement, which is the main idea or argument that you will be discussing in the essay.
• Body Paragraphs: The body of the essay consists of several paragraphs that develop and support the thesis statement. Each paragraph should focus on a single point or idea and provide evidence and examples to support it.
• Conclusion: The conclusion brings the essay to a close by restating the thesis statement and summarizing the main points of the essay. It is also a good place to discuss the broader implications of your argument or suggest areas for further research.

By following this basic structure, you can ensure that your essay is well-organized and easy for readers to follow. Remember to use transitions between paragraphs to help connect your ideas and create a smooth flow of information throughout the essay.

Types of Essay Formats

When it comes to writing essays, there are several different formats that you may encounter. Each format has its own unique structure and requirements. Here are some of the most common types of essay formats:

• Argumentative Essay: This type of essay presents a claim or argument and supports it with evidence and reasoning.
• Descriptive Essay: Descriptive essays focus on describing a person, place, object, or event in detail.
• Narrative Essay: Narrative essays tell a story and often include personal experiences or anecdotes.
• Expository Essay: Expository essays aim to explain and inform the reader about a specific topic.
• Persuasive Essay: Persuasive essays are similar to argumentative essays but focus more on convincing the reader to adopt a particular point of view.
• Compare and Contrast Essay: This type of essay analyzes the similarities and differences between two or more subjects.
• Cause and Effect Essay: Cause and effect essays explore the reasons behind a particular phenomenon and its outcomes.

It’s important to understand the requirements of each essay format and tailor your writing style accordingly to effectively convey your ideas and arguments.

Exploring Common Essay Styles

When it comes to writing essays, there are several common styles that you may encounter. Understanding the different types of essays can help you determine the best approach for your writing task. Here are some of the most common essay styles that you may come across:

1. Narrative Essays: These essays tell a story or recount an event. They often include personal anecdotes and can be quite engaging for the reader.

2. Descriptive Essays: In a descriptive essay, the writer paints a vivid picture of a person, place, object, or event. These essays appeal to the reader’s senses and emotions.

3. Expository Essays: Expository essays provide information, explain a topic, or analyze a concept. They are typically objective and present facts or opinions in a logical manner.

4. Persuasive Essays: Persuasive essays are meant to convince the reader of a particular point of view or argument. They often use evidence and reasoning to support a specific position.

5. Argumentative Essays: Similar to persuasive essays, argumentative essays present a claim or thesis and support it with evidence and analysis. However, argumentative essays also address counterarguments and refute opposing viewpoints.

By familiarizing yourself with these common essay styles, you can better tailor your writing to meet the requirements of your assignment and effectively communicate your ideas to your audience.

Comparing Argumentative and Narrative Essays

When it comes to essay writing, two common types of essays are argumentative and narrative essays. While they both aim to convey a message or argument, they differ in their purpose and structure.

• Argumentative Essays: Argumentative essays are designed to persuade the reader to adopt a particular point of view or take a specific action. These essays present a clear thesis statement and provide evidence to support the argument. They often involve research and logical reasoning to make a compelling case.
• Narrative Essays: Narrative essays, on the other hand, focus on telling a story or recounting an experience. They are often more personal and emotional, using descriptive language to engage the reader. Narrative essays may not have a thesis statement but instead focus on engaging the reader through vivid storytelling.

While argumentative essays rely on facts and evidence to support a specific viewpoint, narrative essays rely on personal experiences and storytelling to draw the reader in. It’s essential to understand the differences between these two essay formats to effectively convey your message and engage your audience.

Elements of a Well-Formatted Essay

Introduction : The introduction sets the stage for your essay, providing an overview of the topic and presenting the thesis statement.

Body Paragraphs : The body of the essay presents your arguments and evidence in support of the thesis statement. Each paragraph should focus on a single idea and provide clear evidence to support it.

Transitions : Transitions help to smoothly move from one idea to the next, connecting paragraphs and ensuring the essay flows logically.

Conclusion : The conclusion restates the thesis statement and summarizes the main points of the essay. It may also provide insights or recommendations based on the arguments presented.

Citations : Proper citations are essential in academic writing to give credit to the sources used and avoid plagiarism. Use the appropriate citation style required by your instructor.

Formatting : Pay attention to formatting elements such as font size, margins, spacing, and referencing style. Consistent formatting enhances readability and professionalism of your essay.

Key Components for a Strong Essay

When crafting a strong essay, there are several key components that you should consider to ensure that your writing is clear, coherent, and effective. These key components include:

1. A clear and concise thesis statement that presents the main argument or point of your essay.

2. Well-developed paragraphs that support and expand upon your thesis statement with relevant evidence and analysis.

3. Smooth transitions between paragraphs and ideas to guide the reader through your essay and maintain coherence.

4. Proper organization and structure, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion that effectively communicate your ideas.

5. Attention to detail, including grammar, punctuation, and spelling to ensure that your writing is polished and professional.

By incorporating these key components into your essay writing, you can create a strong and compelling piece that effectively conveys your message to your audience.

Choosing the Right Format for Your Essay

When it comes to writing an essay, choosing the right format is crucial for effectively communicating your ideas and arguments. There are several different essay formats to choose from, each with its own unique structure and guidelines. Here are some tips to help you select the best format for your essay:

1. Consider your audience: Think about who will be reading your essay and what format would be most appropriate for them. For example, a formal academic essay might require a more structured format, while a personal essay could be more freeform.

2. Determine your purpose: Consider the purpose of your essay and choose a format that will best suit your goals. If you’re trying to persuade your reader, a persuasive essay format might be most effective. If you’re analyzing a topic, an analytical essay format could be more suitable.

3. Follow guidelines: If you’re writing an essay for a class or publication, make sure to follow any specific guidelines provided. This could include requirements for formatting, citation style, and overall structure.

4. Experiment and revise: Don’t be afraid to experiment with different formats to see what works best for your essay. Once you’ve written a draft, revise and refine your work to ensure that the format enhances your message.

By taking these factors into account, you can choose the right format for your essay and ensure that your ideas are conveyed effectively to your readers.

Considerations for Selecting Essay Styles

When selecting an essay style, consider the purpose of your essay. Are you trying to persuade, inform, or analyze? The style you choose should align with your overall goal and message.

Think about your target audience. Are you writing for a scholarly audience, a general audience, or a specific group of readers? The style of your essay should be tailored to resonate with your intended readers.

Consider the requirements of your assignment. Does your instructor specify a particular style or format to follow? Make sure to adhere to any guidelines provided to ensure you meet the expectations of the assignment.

Reflect on your own writing strengths and weaknesses. Are you more comfortable with a formal, structured style, or do you excel in a more creative, narrative format? Choose a style that plays to your strengths as a writer.

Lastly, consider the conventions of the discipline or field you are writing in. Different subjects may have specific expectations for essay styles, so make sure to research and understand the norms of your field.

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A Concise Guide to Urdu Grammar

Edgar Allan Poe believed, “A man’s grammar, like Caesar’s wife, should not only be pure, but above suspicion of impurity.” 

If you want to sanctify your Urdu grammar, you’re in the right place.

The structure of every language hinges upon its grammar. Having a basic understanding of a language’s grammar allows learners to fine-tune their listening comprehension and use the language clearly and accurately. On this page, UrduPod101.com will inspire you to learn Urdu grammar in full by providing you with comprehensive overviews of the Urdu grammar basics and showing you how everything falls together.

• The Urdu Script and Transliteration System
• Urdu Syntax and Word Order
• Verbs and Tenses
• Interrogation

1. The Urdu Script and Transliteration System

Urdu is a complete language with a unique script. It borrows its script from two widely popular oriental languages: Persian and Arabic. خطِ نستعلیق ( khat-e-Nastaliq ) is the standard Urdu writing system, which emerged from a mixture of two different writing scripts called Naskh and Talique . As a rule, you’ll find it written from right to left (instead of left to right, like in English). This writing script includes thirty-eight letters and ten vowel marks (called airaabs ).

2. Urdu Syntax and Word Order

As an English speaker, you’re probably used to the SVO (Subject + Verb + Object) word order. Well, in Urdu grammar, sentences follow the SOV (Subject + Object + Verb) order , where the verb and object switch places.

Urdu is called a ‘verb final’ language because, syntactically, the verb comes at the end of the sentence.

To understand this properly, have a look at the following example:

میں چائے پیتا ہوں۔ mei chaye peeta hun . Subject + Object + Verb

In English, this sentence would be:

I take tea. Subject + Verb + Object

The word order will take some getting used to, but with enough practice and exposure, it will become second-nature to you.

I take tea.

3. Verbs and Tenses

In Urdu grammar, verbs are rather complex. That said, it’s generally best to start learning the Urdu verbs in their basic (infinitive) form.

Urdu Infinitives

Urdu infinitives always end with نا ( na ):

•  بولنا ( bolna ) – “to speak”
• ہنسنا ( hansna ) – “to laugh”
•  دوڑنا ( dodhna ) – “to run”

See our article on the 100+ Must-Know Urdu Verbs on UrduPod101.com to learn the most common verbs and how to use them.

The Conjugation of Urdu Verbs

Once you’ve learned a good number of Urdu infinitives, you’ll be better placed to start learning how to conjugate them. We’ll admit that Urdu verb conjugation is pretty complex, but there are several keys to it that will make the process simpler for you over time.

Urdu verbs conjugate according to the tense, person, number, gender, and mood. For the purposes of this overview, we’ll discuss the two most important factors: tense and gender.

In Urdu grammar, tenses affect conjugation in a consistent manner. To see what we mean, study the example given below.

سونا ( sona ) is the base for the Urdu verb that means “to sleep.” Now, let’s have a look at how it conjugates in the present, past, and future simple tenses.

وہ سوتا ہے۔ woh sota hai. “He sleeps.”

وہ سویا۔ woh soya. “He slept.”

وہ سوئے گا۔ woh soye ga. “He will sleep.”

Gender also plays a vital role in the conjugation of Urdu verbs. Let’s see how gender affects the conjugation of سونا ( sona ), or “to sleep.”

میں سوتا ہوں۔ mein sota hun. “I sleep.”

میں سوتی ہوں۔ mein soti hun. “I sleep.”

You can see that the English translation of the sentence remains the same, while the gender of the subject has conjugated the verb in Urdu. To learn everything about verb conjugation in Urdu, visit our Urdu Verb Conjugation article on UrduPod101.com .

Now that we’ve talked about verbs and their conjugation, let’s spend some time discussing the Urdu nouns.

Every Noun Has a Gender 

Remember: In Urdu, every noun has a gender. This means that it’s necessary for foreigners to learn the nouns with their proper gender. 

For example:

• کرسی ( kursi ) – “chair” [feminine]
• میز ( maze ) – “table” [masculine]

Once you acquire the skill of using Urdu nouns properly, it means that you’ve covered a long distance in your learning and aren’t very far away from total mastery!

Noun Types and Placement in Sentences

The two basic noun types in Urdu are: 

• اسمِ نکرہ ( isme nakirah ) – “common noun”
• اسمِ معرفہ ( isme marfa ) – “proper noun” 

They play the same roles in Urdu as their counterparts do in English. Normally, Urdu nouns are placed between the subject and verb of a sentence.

To know more on this topic, read our Urdu Nouns article on UrduPod101.com .

5. Pronouns

Just like English pronouns, Urdu pronouns play a significant role in the structure and function of sentences. They replace nouns that are mentioned more than once in order to avoid repetition.

Basic Types of Urdu Pronouns

Urdu uses many of the same pronoun types as English does. For example, you’ll find the following groups in Urdu:

• ضمیر متکلم ( zameer mutkallam ) – “first person”
• ضمیر حاضر ( zameer hazir ) – “second person”
• ضمیر غائب ( zameer ghayab ) – “third person”

The Special Case of تم ( tum ) and آپ ( aap )

In Pakistan, always be vigilant when using the second person pronoun “you,” which can be translated two ways: آپ ( aap ) and تم ( tum ). You must use the former with people you don’t know, the elderly, or those who are above you in status; it sounds the most respectful and formal. Use the latter only if you’ve developed a high level of intimacy with the other person. Otherwise, you may face some serious repercussions. To explore this topic further, read our Urdu Pronoun article on UrduPod101.com .

6. Adjectives

Like those in English, Urdu adjectives describe nouns and thus are a crucial element of Urdu grammar. Let’s have a cursory look at the nature and function of Urdu adjectives.

The first thing that you must learn is that the gender of an adjective is determined by the noun:  

• گہرا دریا ( gehra darya ) – “deep river”
• گہری نہر ( gehri nehar ) – “deep canal”

In the first example, the adjective گہرا ( gehra ) is used in masculine form because the noun دریا ( darya ) is masculine. In the second example, the adjective گہری ( gehri ) is used in feminine form because the noun نہر ( nehar ) is feminine. Thus, you can see how Urdu adjectives must agree in gender with the noun they describe.

Also remember that Urdu adjectives are normally placed before the nouns they describe. 

7. Negation

In the Urdu language, نہیں ( nahi ) and نہ ( nah ) are the most important words of negation. They are equivalent to “no” or “not” in English. Being able to use these words of negation in your own Urdu sentences is a huge milestone, as it will allow you to communicate more complex thoughts. 

Here are a couple of examples of how these words can be used:

یہ نہ کرو۔ yeh na karo. “Don’t do this.”

میں تم سے ناراض نہیں ہوں۔ mein tum se naraz nahi hun. “I am not angry with you.”

8. Interrogation

You can hardly imagine a conversation without questions, right? Let’s look at how to form questions in Urdu! 

Words of Interrogation

The first step is to memorize the question words in Urdu. These are:

• کیا ( kia ) – “what”
• کیوں ( kyun ) – “why”
• کب ( kab ) – “when”
• کہاں ( kahan ) – “where”
• کیسے ( kaise ) – “how”

Using These Words in Questions

Got it? Great! Then let’s see how to form interrogative sentences with them. 

You can form questions by placing the appropriate question word at the beginning of the sentence or after the subject. 

کیا تم خوش ہو؟ kia tum khush ho? “Are you happy?”

 تم کیسے ہو؟ tum kaise ho? “How are you?”

تم کیوں ناراض ہو؟ tum kyun naraz ho? “Why are you angry?”

تم کہاں ہو؟ tum kahan ho? “Where are you?”

تم کب آؤ گے؟ tum kab aaoge? “When will you come?”

9. Conclusion

We’ve now guided you on the basic Urdu grammar rules. You can always use this concise Urdu grammar guide as a quick reference point for your Urdu learning in the future. 

How do you feel so far? If you have any questions or concerns about something we covered here, don’t hesitate to let us know! We’ll be glad to help you out. And if you feel like you need to go over this information with fresh eyes, check out our lesson Painless Urdu Grammar . 

If you enjoyed this lesson and want to learn more with us, feel free to explore UrduPod101.com. We are a rich repository of Urdu language learning resources designed to enhance your Urdu vocabulary , pronunciation , and other relevant skills.

Very Happy Urdu Learning! 

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• The four main types of essay | Quick guide with examples

The Four Main Types of Essay | Quick Guide with Examples

Published on September 4, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

An essay is a focused piece of writing designed to inform or persuade. There are many different types of essay, but they are often defined in four categories: argumentative, expository, narrative, and descriptive essays.

Argumentative and expository essays are focused on conveying information and making clear points, while narrative and descriptive essays are about exercising creativity and writing in an interesting way. At university level, argumentative essays are the most common type. 

In high school and college, you will also often have to write textual analysis essays, which test your skills in close reading and interpretation.

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Table of contents

Argumentative essays, expository essays, narrative essays, descriptive essays, textual analysis essays, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about types of essays.

An argumentative essay presents an extended, evidence-based argument. It requires a strong thesis statement —a clearly defined stance on your topic. Your aim is to convince the reader of your thesis using evidence (such as quotations ) and analysis.

Argumentative essays test your ability to research and present your own position on a topic. This is the most common type of essay at college level—most papers you write will involve some kind of argumentation.

The essay is divided into an introduction, body, and conclusion:

• The introduction provides your topic and thesis statement
• The body presents your evidence and arguments
• The conclusion summarizes your argument and emphasizes its importance

The example below is a paragraph from the body of an argumentative essay about the effects of the internet on education. Mouse over it to learn more.

A common frustration for teachers is students’ use of Wikipedia as a source in their writing. Its prevalence among students is not exaggerated; a survey found that the vast majority of the students surveyed used Wikipedia (Head & Eisenberg, 2010). An article in The Guardian stresses a common objection to its use: “a reliance on Wikipedia can discourage students from engaging with genuine academic writing” (Coomer, 2013). Teachers are clearly not mistaken in viewing Wikipedia usage as ubiquitous among their students; but the claim that it discourages engagement with academic sources requires further investigation. This point is treated as self-evident by many teachers, but Wikipedia itself explicitly encourages students to look into other sources. Its articles often provide references to academic publications and include warning notes where citations are missing; the site’s own guidelines for research make clear that it should be used as a starting point, emphasizing that users should always “read the references and check whether they really do support what the article says” (“Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia,” 2020). Indeed, for many students, Wikipedia is their first encounter with the concepts of citation and referencing. The use of Wikipedia therefore has a positive side that merits deeper consideration than it often receives.

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An expository essay provides a clear, focused explanation of a topic. It doesn’t require an original argument, just a balanced and well-organized view of the topic.

Expository essays test your familiarity with a topic and your ability to organize and convey information. They are commonly assigned at high school or in exam questions at college level.

The introduction of an expository essay states your topic and provides some general background, the body presents the details, and the conclusion summarizes the information presented.

A typical body paragraph from an expository essay about the invention of the printing press is shown below. Mouse over it to learn more.

The invention of the printing press in 1440 changed this situation dramatically. Johannes Gutenberg, who had worked as a goldsmith, used his knowledge of metals in the design of the press. He made his type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, whose durability allowed for the reliable production of high-quality books. This new technology allowed texts to be reproduced and disseminated on a much larger scale than was previously possible. The Gutenberg Bible appeared in the 1450s, and a large number of printing presses sprang up across the continent in the following decades. Gutenberg’s invention rapidly transformed cultural production in Europe; among other things, it would lead to the Protestant Reformation.

A narrative essay is one that tells a story. This is usually a story about a personal experience you had, but it may also be an imaginative exploration of something you have not experienced.

Narrative essays test your ability to build up a narrative in an engaging, well-structured way. They are much more personal and creative than other kinds of academic writing . Writing a personal statement for an application requires the same skills as a narrative essay.

A narrative essay isn’t strictly divided into introduction, body, and conclusion, but it should still begin by setting up the narrative and finish by expressing the point of the story—what you learned from your experience, or why it made an impression on you.

Mouse over the example below, a short narrative essay responding to the prompt “Write about an experience where you learned something about yourself,” to explore its structure.

Since elementary school, I have always favored subjects like science and math over the humanities. My instinct was always to think of these subjects as more solid and serious than classes like English. If there was no right answer, I thought, why bother? But recently I had an experience that taught me my academic interests are more flexible than I had thought: I took my first philosophy class.

Before I entered the classroom, I was skeptical. I waited outside with the other students and wondered what exactly philosophy would involve—I really had no idea. I imagined something pretty abstract: long, stilted conversations pondering the meaning of life. But what I got was something quite different.

A young man in jeans, Mr. Jones—“but you can call me Rob”—was far from the white-haired, buttoned-up old man I had half-expected. And rather than pulling us into pedantic arguments about obscure philosophical points, Rob engaged us on our level. To talk free will, we looked at our own choices. To talk ethics, we looked at dilemmas we had faced ourselves. By the end of class, I’d discovered that questions with no right answer can turn out to be the most interesting ones.

The experience has taught me to look at things a little more “philosophically”—and not just because it was a philosophy class! I learned that if I let go of my preconceptions, I can actually get a lot out of subjects I was previously dismissive of. The class taught me—in more ways than one—to look at things with an open mind.

A descriptive essay provides a detailed sensory description of something. Like narrative essays, they allow you to be more creative than most academic writing, but they are more tightly focused than narrative essays. You might describe a specific place or object, rather than telling a whole story.

Descriptive essays test your ability to use language creatively, making striking word choices to convey a memorable picture of what you’re describing.

A descriptive essay can be quite loosely structured, though it should usually begin by introducing the object of your description and end by drawing an overall picture of it. The important thing is to use careful word choices and figurative language to create an original description of your object.

Mouse over the example below, a response to the prompt “Describe a place you love to spend time in,” to learn more about descriptive essays.

On Sunday afternoons I like to spend my time in the garden behind my house. The garden is narrow but long, a corridor of green extending from the back of the house, and I sit on a lawn chair at the far end to read and relax. I am in my small peaceful paradise: the shade of the tree, the feel of the grass on my feet, the gentle activity of the fish in the pond beside me.

My cat crosses the garden nimbly and leaps onto the fence to survey it from above. From his perch he can watch over his little kingdom and keep an eye on the neighbours. He does this until the barking of next door’s dog scares him from his post and he bolts for the cat flap to govern from the safety of the kitchen.

With that, I am left alone with the fish, whose whole world is the pond by my feet. The fish explore the pond every day as if for the first time, prodding and inspecting every stone. I sometimes feel the same about sitting here in the garden; I know the place better than anyone, but whenever I return I still feel compelled to pay attention to all its details and novelties—a new bird perched in the tree, the growth of the grass, and the movement of the insects it shelters…

Sitting out in the garden, I feel serene. I feel at home. And yet I always feel there is more to discover. The bounds of my garden may be small, but there is a whole world contained within it, and it is one I will never get tired of inhabiting.

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Though every essay type tests your writing skills, some essays also test your ability to read carefully and critically. In a textual analysis essay, you don’t just present information on a topic, but closely analyze a text to explain how it achieves certain effects.

Rhetorical analysis

A rhetorical analysis looks at a persuasive text (e.g. a speech, an essay, a political cartoon) in terms of the rhetorical devices it uses, and evaluates their effectiveness.

The goal is not to state whether you agree with the author’s argument but to look at how they have constructed it.

The introduction of a rhetorical analysis presents the text, some background information, and your thesis statement; the body comprises the analysis itself; and the conclusion wraps up your analysis of the text, emphasizing its relevance to broader concerns.

The example below is from a rhetorical analysis of Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech . Mouse over it to learn more.

King’s speech is infused with prophetic language throughout. Even before the famous “dream” part of the speech, King’s language consistently strikes a prophetic tone. He refers to the Lincoln Memorial as a “hallowed spot” and speaks of rising “from the dark and desolate valley of segregation” to “make justice a reality for all of God’s children.” The assumption of this prophetic voice constitutes the text’s strongest ethical appeal; after linking himself with political figures like Lincoln and the Founding Fathers, King’s ethos adopts a distinctly religious tone, recalling Biblical prophets and preachers of change from across history. This adds significant force to his words; standing before an audience of hundreds of thousands, he states not just what the future should be, but what it will be: “The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.” This warning is almost apocalyptic in tone, though it concludes with the positive image of the “bright day of justice.” The power of King’s rhetoric thus stems not only from the pathos of his vision of a brighter future, but from the ethos of the prophetic voice he adopts in expressing this vision.

Literary analysis

A literary analysis essay presents a close reading of a work of literature—e.g. a poem or novel—to explore the choices made by the author and how they help to convey the text’s theme. It is not simply a book report or a review, but an in-depth interpretation of the text.

Literary analysis looks at things like setting, characters, themes, and figurative language. The goal is to closely analyze what the author conveys and how.

The introduction of a literary analysis essay presents the text and background, and provides your thesis statement; the body consists of close readings of the text with quotations and analysis in support of your argument; and the conclusion emphasizes what your approach tells us about the text.

Mouse over the example below, the introduction to a literary analysis essay on Frankenstein , to learn more.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale about the dangers of scientific advancement unrestrained by ethical considerations. In this reading, protagonist Victor Frankenstein is a stable representation of the callous ambition of modern science throughout the novel. This essay, however, argues that far from providing a stable image of the character, Shelley uses shifting narrative perspectives to portray Frankenstein in an increasingly negative light as the novel goes on. While he initially appears to be a naive but sympathetic idealist, after the creature’s narrative Frankenstein begins to resemble—even in his own telling—the thoughtlessly cruel figure the creature represents him as. This essay begins by exploring the positive portrayal of Frankenstein in the first volume, then moves on to the creature’s perception of him, and finally discusses the third volume’s narrative shift toward viewing Frankenstein as the creature views him.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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At high school and in composition classes at university, you’ll often be told to write a specific type of essay , but you might also just be given prompts.

Look for keywords in these prompts that suggest a certain approach: The word “explain” suggests you should write an expository essay , while the word “describe” implies a descriptive essay . An argumentative essay might be prompted with the word “assess” or “argue.”

The vast majority of essays written at university are some sort of argumentative essay . Almost all academic writing involves building up an argument, though other types of essay might be assigned in composition classes.

Essays can present arguments about all kinds of different topics. For example:

• In a literary analysis essay, you might make an argument for a specific interpretation of a text
• In a history essay, you might present an argument for the importance of a particular event
• In a politics essay, you might argue for the validity of a certain political theory

An argumentative essay tends to be a longer essay involving independent research, and aims to make an original argument about a topic. Its thesis statement makes a contentious claim that must be supported in an objective, evidence-based way.

An expository essay also aims to be objective, but it doesn’t have to make an original argument. Rather, it aims to explain something (e.g., a process or idea) in a clear, concise way. Expository essays are often shorter assignments and rely less on research.

The key difference is that a narrative essay is designed to tell a complete story, while a descriptive essay is meant to convey an intense description of a particular place, object, or concept.

Narrative and descriptive essays both allow you to write more personally and creatively than other kinds of essays , and similar writing skills can apply to both.

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Types of CSS ESSAYS By Mureed Hussain Jasra (CSP)

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Types of Essays:

An essay is a piece of writing that methodically analyses and evaluates a topic, a question or an issue. Fundamentally, an essay is designed to get your academic opinion on a particular matter. Many students get confused about the word opinion in essay writing, and think that essay writing should just stick to report the facts and forget about opinion altogether. However, there are major differences between an academic opinion, based on strong evidences, and a personal opinion, based on emotion and feeling without concrete evidence and logic, and it is important to comprehend these when you are putting together an essay. Writing a good and comprehensive essay is not about simply surveying and re-telling existing ideas. Instead, a good essay takes into account various opinions and points of view and puts forward an argument that reflects the writer’s informed opinion and stance. Furthermore; there are many kinds of essays which differ from one another on the basis of formation of outline, selection of words, presentation of facts, organization of arguments, composition of paragraphs, forms of tenses and description or narration of ideas and events. Writing different types of essays effectively has become critical and key requirement to get good marks in essay writing. Students must remember that every type of essay has its own requirements and their different approaches can be obviously seen in structure. There are over a dozen types of essays, so it is easy to get confused. However, essentially there are four major types of essays which are included in CSS. These include;

1. Factual or Social Essays:

The essay that describes socio-economic issues is called factual or social essay. The purpose of such essays is to explain a topic in a logical and straightforward manner. Without bells and whistles, such essays present a fair and balanced analysis of the topic based on facts mostly in the form of causes, impacts and solutions. Furthermore; the key requirement in such essays is to convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or recommendation in simple but flawless language. The writer builds a case using facts, examples, expert opinions, and sound reasoning to get good marks. The writer should present all sides – primary and secondary statements – of the argument in order to facilitate the examiner but must be able to communicate clearly and without equivocation why certain causes, consequences and solutions are more critical. Its ideal length is 2500-3000 words and it always gets only passing marks. Some of its examples are;

• Global Warming: Its Causes and Consequences (2018)
• Energy Crisis: Causes and Consequences (2012)

2. Descriptive Essays:

The descriptive essay provides details about how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, makes one feel, or sounds and this essay paints a picture with words. In CSS/PMS such essay often requires comprehensive description and analysis of some concept, personal event, organization and movement. Analysis does not mean telling the story. Many students fall into the trap of telling the reader what is happening in the text instead of analyzing it. The topic you have chosen to analyze is divided in primary and secondary statements. After stating the problem, elaborate and present your argument. Its ideal length is 2000-2200 words and mostly such essays get good marks.

• Pakistan is Rich in Resources but Poor in Management (2010)
• World as a Global Village: Learning to LiveTogether (2016)

3. Argumentative / Persuasive / Literary Essays:

This is the type of essay where you prove that your opinion, stance, theory or hypothesis about a topic or an issue is correct or more truthful than that of others. This requires a writer to defend a position on a topic using evidence/arguments from personal experience, literature, political science, theology, history, psychology and sociology to support his or her stance/viewpoint. The writer usually uses several different arguments to prove his/her point and you may not quote more than one example from one source. In short, it is very similar to the persuasive essay, but the difference is that you are arguing for your opinion as opposed to others, rather than directly trying to persuade someone to adopt your point of view. The argumentative essay should be based on pros and cons and you have to support one side with solid evidence and examples. Furthermore; it also involves subjectivity of the readers/examiners and thus enables them to award highest as well as lowest marks for the same essay. Some of its examples are;

• Is colonial mentality impeding Pakistan’s progress?
• Are modern wars not holy wars?
• Great nations win without fighting.

4. Narrative Essays:

Best book for CSS Essays WINNING ESSAYS for CSS PMS & other competitive exams by Mureed Hussain Jasra (CSP)

A narrative essay is a description of some past events, and personality in which the writers share their personal experience. Writing a narrative essay provides the examiner an opportunity to get to know and understand you better. During the process of writing a narrative essay, you will learn ways to articulate personal experiences to inform and entertain others. Narrative essays provide human interest, spark our curiosity and draw us close to the storyteller. However, narrative essays never appear in any type of competitive exams like CSS/PMS.

Actually in simple words, the essay has two major types and they are totally different from each other on the basis of formation of outline, composition of introduction, construction of body paragraphs, organization of conclusion, selection of words, presentation of facts, organization of arguments, , forms of tenses and description or narration of ideas and events. These are;

Descriptive Essays:

The type of the essay that always describes concepts, ideas, events, social evil etc. in the farms of primary and secondary statements.

Argumentative Essays:

The type of the essay that requires your stance in the form of yes or no. In short the argumentative essay is a specific type of writing in which a student chooses a topic (often a controversial topic), researches it extensively, and then uses the evidence gathered in the research process to establish his/her opinion or position on the topic in an essay designed to persuade others to share that opinion.

This table will further elaborate and help the students to understand different kinds of essays

About the author

Mureed Hussain Jasra (CSP)

Mr. Mureed Hussain Jasra boasts of a diverse professional background. Being a Civil Servant, he has served at important positions in the Federal Secretariat and autonomous bodies dealing with the important policy level matters. Prior to joining Civil Service of Pakistan, he served as a lecturer of English in the Federal Government of Pakistan and won accolades in academic circles and intelligentsia for his professional commitment and devotion to work. Mureed Hussain Jasra's current fame among the CSS aspirants owes to his stellar success as being the most towering CSS coaching teacher and mentor. Under his careful mentorship, many young men and women have won distinctions in the CSS/PMS competitive examinations and are now serving the nation in different capacities. He regards teaching as the singular driving passion of his life and has founded Civil Services Preparatory School for the young aspirants. Mr. Jasra is an avid reader of books and loves debate on history, culture, literature and governance. He is Masters in English Literature.

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Is the Urdu language the same as Hindi?

Urdu language

Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

• University College London - Urdu
• Omniglot - Urdu
• IndiaNetzone - Urdu Language
• Academia - The Urdu Language Reforms

What language family does the Urdu language belong to?

The Urdu language is a member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages.

The Urdu language is closely related to Hindi. They share the same Indo-Aryan base, are similar in phonology and grammar, and are mutually intelligible. However, they are from different sources: Urdu is from Arabic and Persian, and Hindi is from Sanskrit. The most distinct difference is in terms of writing systems: Urdu uses the Nastaliq ( nastaʿlīq ) script, while Hindi uses Devanagari.

What writing system does the Urdu language use?

The Urdu language uses a modified form of Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq ( nastaʿlīq ).

Where is the Urdu language spoken?

The Urdu language is spoken predominantly in Pakistan and India. It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized in the constitution of India. Significant Urdu communities exist in the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Recent News

Urdu language , member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages. Urdu is spoken as a first language by nearly 70 million people and as a second language by more than 100 million people, predominantly in Pakistan and India . It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized, or “scheduled,” in the constitution of India. Significant speech communities exist in the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom , and the United States as well. Notably, Urdu and Hindi are mutually intelligible.

Urdu developed in the 12th century ce from the regional Apabhramsha of northwestern India, serving as a linguistic modus vivendi after the Muslim conquest. Its first major poet was Amir Khosrow (1253–1325), who composed dohas (couplets), folk songs, and riddles in the newly formed speech, then called Hindvi. This mixed speech was variously called Hindvi, Zaban-e-Hind, Hindi, Zaban-e-Delhi, Rekhta, Gujari, Dakkhani, Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla, Zaban-e-Urdu, or just Urdu, literally ‘the language of the camp.’ Major Urdu writers continued to refer to it as Hindi or Hindvi until the beginning of the 19th century, although there is evidence that it was called Hindustani in the late 17th century. ( Hindustani now refers to a simplified speech form that is the Indian subcontinent’s largest lingua franca .)

Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indo-Aryan base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language. In terms of lexicon , however, they have borrowed extensively from different sources—Urdu from Arabic and Persian , Hindi from Sanskrit —so they are usually treated as independent languages. Their distinction is most marked in terms of writing systems: Urdu uses a modified form of Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq ( nastaʿlīq ), while Hindi uses Devanagari .

Phonologically, the Urdu sounds are the same as those of Hindi except for slight variations in short vowel allophones . Urdu also retains a complete set of aspirated stops (sounds pronounced with a sudden release with an audible breath), a characteristic of Indo-Aryan, as well as retroflex stops. Urdu does not retain the complete range of Perso-Arabic consonants , despite its heavy borrowing from that tradition. The largest number of sounds retained is among the spirants, a group of sounds uttered with a friction of breath against some part of the oral passage, in this case /f/, /z/, /zh/, /x/, and /g/. One sound in the stops category, the glottal /q/, has also been retained from Perso-Arabic.

From the grammatical point of view, there is not much difference between Hindi and Urdu. One distinction is that Urdu uses more Perso-Arabic prefixes and suffixes than Hindi; examples include the prefixes dar- ‘in,’ ba-/baa- ‘with,’ be-/bila-/la- ‘without,’ and bad- ‘ill, miss’ and the suffixes -dar ‘holder,’ -saz ‘maker’ (as in zinsaz ‘harness maker’), -khor ‘eater’ (as in muftkhor ‘free eater’), and -posh ‘cover’ (as in mez posh ‘table cover’).

Although both Urdu and Hindi typically mark the plural by changing the singular suffix -aa to -ee , Urdu uses -aat in some cases, such as kaagazaat ‘papers,’ jawaharaat ‘jewels,’ and makaanaat ‘houses.’ In addition, where Hindi and Urdu both use the suffix -ka ‘of’ in many constructions, Urdu marks the genitive ‘of’ with -e(e) , as in subhe-azadi ‘the morning of freedom’ and khoon-e-jigar ‘the blood of heart.’

Pollution Essay In Urdu

Back to: Urdu Essays List 3

ماحولیات میں آلودگی

پہلے ہندوستان بہت ہی خوبصورت تھا اور اس وقت ہر شے خوبصورت لگتی تھی۔ شہر، قصبے، گاؤں، ندی نالے، چشمے، نہریں، ندیاں، دریا، پہاڑ، سڑکیں، کچے پکے راستے اور کھیت سب کچھ حسین تھا۔ صاف ستھرا ماحول، موسم اپنے وقت پر بدلتے، کسان وقت پر بوتے، وقت پر کاٹتے۔ سب کچھ فطرت کے اصولوں کے مطابق چلتا تھا۔ اس لیے خدا اور بندے دونوں ہی خوش رہتے تھے۔ لکین اب پہلے جیسا ماحول نہیں رہا جیسا کہ پہلے کے وقت میں تھا۔ ایسا محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ اب سب سے زیادہ آلودگی ہندوستان میں ہی پیدا ہو گئی ہے اور کی وجہ انسان ہیں۔

انسان نے اپنی کارستانیوں کی وجہ سے ماحول کو آلودہ کیا ہے۔ اس کی وجہ سے اب ہندوستان کی فضائیں زہریلی ہو چکی ہیں۔ صاف شفاف ہوا آلودہ ہو چکی ہے۔ ندیاں چشمے اور دریا بد بودار ہو چکے ہیں۔ زہریلی گیسوں اور گاڑیوں کے دھوئیں نے آسمان کو بہت زیادہ نقصان پہنچایا ہے۔ خوفناک بیماریاں تیز رفتاری سے پھیل رہی ہیں۔ اور زیادہ تر انسان اس کی گرفت میں مبتلا ہیں۔ پہلے ماحول اتنا آلودہ نہ تھا جتنا آج کے دور میں ہو گیا ہے۔ اب تو ہر طرف آلودگی ہی نظر آتی ہے۔ اور آنے والے وقت میں اس پر روک نہ لگائی گئی تو اس کا منظر اور بھی خوفناک ثابت ہوگا۔ اور فضا کی آلودگی یہ ایک عالمی مسئلہ بھی ہے۔ لیکن ہم عالمی حالات نہیں بدل سکتے ہیں۔ بہتر یہی رہے گا کہ ہم اپنے گھر پر ہی توجہ دیں اور ایسے انتظامات کریں جن سے اس پریشانی کو دور کیا جا سکے۔

آج کل گاؤں، قصبوں اور شہروں میں گاڑیوں کی تعداد اس قدر بڑھ چکی ہے کہ لوگوں کا چلنا محال ہو چکا ہے۔ اس اضافے سے ڈیزل، پٹرول اور گیس کے زیادہ استعمال ہونے کی وجہ سے فضا اس قدر آلودہ کر دی ہے کہ اب ماسک پہننا ضروری قرار دیا جا چکا ہے۔ اس کا حل یہ ہے کہ سڑکوں اور راستوں پر پبلک ٹرانسپورٹ لائی جائے۔ جن سے دھواں نہیں نکلتا ہو اور وہ ماحول کو بھی آلود نہ کر سکیں۔

اندرونی شہروں کا سفر کے لیے ڈبل ڈیکر بسوں کا استعمال کیا جانا چاہیے کہ گاڑیوں کی تعداد میں کچھ کمی ہو سکے۔ اور سڑکوں پر رش بھی کم ہو جائے گا۔اسکولوں اور کالجوں،یونیورسٹیوں کو بسیں مہیا کی جائیں تا کہ طالب علم گاڑیوں ، موٹر سائیکلوں کی بجائے بسوں میں سفر کریں۔

موٹر سائیکل کی تعداد کم کی جائے اور کیونکہ موٹر سائیکل کے چلانے سے ہی فضا سب سے زیادہ آلودہ ہوتی ہے اسلیے سائیک کو رواج دیا جائے۔ سائیکل سواروں کے لیے سڑکوں پر ٹریک بنائے جائیں۔ کم قیمت لیکن عمدہ سائیکلیں لوگوں میں تقسیم کی جائیں۔ اور ایسی سائیکلیں بھی جو پہاڑی علاقوں میں بھی چلائی جا سکیں۔

ملکی سائنسدانوں کو اس مسئلے کے حل کے لیے ترغیب دی جائے اور ان کی حوصلہ افزائی کے لیے انعامات دیے جائیں۔ تاکہ وہ ایسے سامان ایجاد کریں جو آلودگی روکنے میں معاون ثابت ہوں۔

دور کے سفر کے لیے ریل کے سفر کو عام کیا جائے اور اسے جدید اور آرام دہ بنایا جائے۔ دنیا بھر میں اس سفر کوانتہائی محفوظ سمجھا جاتا ہے اور یہ آلودگی کو کم کرنے میں معاون ثابت ہوتا ہے۔ افسوس کہ ہم نے اس محفوظ سواری کو عام کرنے کے لیے بہت لاپرواہی برتی۔ موجودہ حکومت نے اس طرف کسی حد تک توجہ دی، لیکن اب بھی مزید کام کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔

آلودگی کو کم کرنے کے لیے نچلی سطح تک لوگوں میں آگاہی مہم شروع کی جائے۔ تاکہ لوگ اس مسئلے کو سمجھ سکیں۔ اور آلودگی کو کم کرنے میں اپنا کردار ادا کر سکیں۔

درخت لگانا یا شجر کاری کرنا

افسوس کہ اس ملک میں شجر کاری ہر سال کی جاتی ہے لیکن ابھی تک اس کے فوائد نظر نہیں آئے۔ درخت قدرت کی سب سے خوبصورت نعمت میں سے ایک ہیں،اور یہ آلودگی کو ختم کرنے کا سب سے کارآمد نتیجہ ہیں۔ اس سے ہمیں آکسیجن فراہم ہوتی ہیں۔ اس لیے ضروری ہے کہ لوگوں کو درخت لگانے کے فوائد سے آگاہ کیا جائے اور درختوں کو کاٹنا ایک قومی جرم قرار دیا جائے۔اس پر سختی سے عمل کیا جائے تاکہ ہم اس آلودہ ماحول کو کچھ حد تک کم کر سکیں۔ ہمارا مذہب بھی درختوں کے قتل عام سے منع کرتا ہے۔ درختوں کی کٹائی روکنے کے لیے علماء بھی اپنا کردار ادا کرسکتے ہیں۔ شجر کاری بے شک کم کی جائے لیکن جتنی کی جائے وہ نظر آئے

فیکٹریاں اور کارخانے

فیکٹریوں اور کارخانوں کے زہریلے دھویں سے ندیاں، نہریں، تالاب ، دریا آلودہ ہو چکے ہیں۔ اس لیے پینے کے پانی کی کمی ہو رہی ہے۔ اور جو فیکٹریاں اور کارخانے زہریلے مواد کا علاج Treatment نہیں کرتے ان پر نہ صرف جرمانے کیے جائیں بلکہ اگر وہ اپنی حرکتوں سے باز نہ آئیں تو ان کارخانوں اور فیکٹریوں کو بند کر دیا جائے۔

ماحولیات کا محکمہ

افسوس ہے کہ ماحولیات کا محکمہ تو ہمارے ملک میں موجود ہے۔لیکن اس کا ہونا نہ ہونا برابر ہے۔ اگر اس پر عمل کیا جائے تو سال کے اندر اندر اس کے اثرات کم ہوتے نظر آنے لگیں گے اور ہمارا آلودہ پانی اپنی اصل حالت کی طرف لوٹنے لگیں گا۔ ان قلیل المدت منصوبوں پر اگر آج سے ہنگامی بنیادوں پر عمل شروع کیا جائے تو امید کی جا سکتی ہے کہ آئندہ برس فضائی آلودگی میں کافی حد تک کمی ہو جائے گی۔ طویل المدت منصوبوں میں فیکٹریوں ، کارخانوں، اور ندی نالوں کی وجہ سے بند کر کے گاؤں گاؤں جائزہ لے کر ان کا حل تلاش کرنا آسان ہو جاۓ گا۔ فیکٹریوں سے نکلنے والا زہریلا دھواں روکنے کے لیے سائنسی ذرائع اختیار کرنے پڑینگے۔

اس کے علاوہ کارخانوں اور اسپتالوں اور شہروں کا کچرا ٹھکانے لگانے کے لیے مستقل حل تلاش کرنا پڑینگے۔ ملک عزیز سے آلودگی کو جلد از جلد مٹانا انتہائی ضروری ہے اور اگر ہم آلودگی کو نہ مٹا سکے تو آلودگی ہمیں مٹا دے گی۔

Mock Test 13

Your answer:

Correct answer:

Your Answers

• دلچسپ و عجیب
• بچوں کے اسلامی نام
• پرائز بانڈز
• گاڑیوں کی قیمتیں‎
• موٹرسائیکلوں کی قیمتیں‎‎
• اشیاء خوردونوش کی قیمتیں
• پروازوں کے اوقات
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• بسوں کے اوقات
• لائیو ٹی وی چینلز‎
• کیلکولیٹرز‎‎

Online Urdu Editor

Type urdu online - online urdu keyboard with inpage online easy urdu typing.

Urdu Keyboard is used for easy typing and writing the Urdu language. With Urdu Point's online Urdu Keyboard, you can type Urdu text online without installing a keyboard or fonts on smartphones or PCs. You can type directly into the terminal and save or copy the text for typing Urdu for all your personal or official documents. InPage online Urdu typing allows you to design in almost any Perso-Arabic script, including Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Kashmiri, Sindhi, Pushto. There is seamless compatibility with InPage MS Word add-in by UrduPoint, and publishing is easy.

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You can now type English to Urdu with this online Urdu composing keyboard or the Urdu Text Generator. However, the Urdu language is easily typed through the regular keyboard using different devices such as smartphones, desktop computers, and laptops. Further, you can type in Urdu on tablets, iPads, PCs, and mobile devices, either Android and iPhone, with the online keyboard for free.

To copy the text from a tablet or mobile phone, there is a simple process that everyone knows how to operate. All you have to do is simply touch and hold within the text area. Now, paste the data to the destination or the place where you wanted that data to be copied.

Besides, you can copy your data to your Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, or an e-mail application without any hassle.

In the past, typing in Urdu or Type Urdu Nastaleeq Online was a challenging task, and not everyone knows how to do it. But with the help of this straightforward application or Urdu Typing Software, now you can type with a free online easy Urdu typing editor or use an online keyboard to type in Urdu.

Benefits of online urdu keyboard

Urdu Point has developed this new Urdu Editor. Writing in Urdu is made easier with this tool. With this intuitive Urdu typing and editing platform, you can now type and edit Urdu in no time. Without installing an Urdu keyboard, you can type Urdu online quickly with this Urdu Keyboard.

The online keyboard allows you to type Urdu letters from your computer keyboard. Content can also be edited using this simple Urdu keyboard. An accessible Urdu keyboard makes this PC Urdu Editor easy to use. The Urdu Editor is available to all of you so that you can write Urdu online.

If you would like to write Urdu text on your computer in the form of a word document, you can copy and paste it into your file. Further, you can paste this simulated data to any messenger application and prepare your very own Urdu-language message.

There is an application designated for writing Pakistani Urdu, and the name of that application is Inpage. Moreover, Urdu lovers residing in the United States, UK, Saudi Arabia, Canada, and India will simultaneously find this application very useful and helpful.

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