the art of reasoning an introduction to logic and critical thinking pdf

Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking

(10 reviews)

Matthew Van Cleave, Lansing Community College

Copyright Year: 2016

Publisher: Matthew J. Van Cleave

Language: English

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Reviewed by "yusef" Alexander Hayes, Professor, North Shore Community College on 6/9/21

Formal and informal reasoning, argument structure, and fallacies are covered comprehensively, meeting the author's goal of both depth and succinctness. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

Formal and informal reasoning, argument structure, and fallacies are covered comprehensively, meeting the author's goal of both depth and succinctness.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

The book is accurate.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

While many modern examples are used, and they are helpful, they are not necessarily needed. The usefulness of logical principles and skills have proved themselves, and this text presents them clearly with many examples.

Clarity rating: 5

It is obvious that the author cares about their subject, audience, and students. The text is comprehensible and interesting.

Consistency rating: 5

The format is easy to understand and is consistent in framing.

Modularity rating: 5

This text would be easy to adapt.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

The organization is excellent, my one suggestion would be a concluding chapter.

Interface rating: 5

I accessed the PDF version and it would be easy to work with.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

The writing is excellent.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

This is not an offensive text.

Reviewed by Susan Rottmann, Part-time Lecturer, University of Southern Maine on 3/2/21

I reviewed this book for a course titled "Creative and Critical Inquiry into Modern Life." It won't meet all my needs for that course, but I haven't yet found a book that would. I wanted to review this one because it states in the preface that it... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

I reviewed this book for a course titled "Creative and Critical Inquiry into Modern Life." It won't meet all my needs for that course, but I haven't yet found a book that would. I wanted to review this one because it states in the preface that it fits better for a general critical thinking course than for a true logic course. I'm not sure that I'd agree. I have been using Browne and Keeley's "Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking," and I think that book is a better introduction to critical thinking for non-philosophy majors. However, the latter is not open source so I will figure out how to get by without it in the future. Overall, the book seems comprehensive if the subject is logic. The index is on the short-side, but fine. However, one issue for me is that there are no page numbers on the table of contents, which is pretty annoying if you want to locate particular sections.

Content Accuracy rating: 4

I didn't find any errors. In general the book uses great examples. However, they are very much based in the American context, not for an international student audience. Some effort to broaden the chosen examples would make the book more widely applicable.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

I think the book will remain relevant because of the nature of the material that it addresses, however there will be a need to modify the examples in future editions and as the social and political context changes.

Clarity rating: 3

The text is lucid, but I think it would be difficult for introductory-level students who are not philosophy majors. For example, in Browne and Keeley's "Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking," the sub-headings are very accessible, such as "Experts cannot rescue us, despite what they say" or "wishful thinking: perhaps the biggest single speed bump on the road to critical thinking." By contrast, Van Cleave's "Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking" has more subheadings like this: "Using your own paraphrases of premises and conclusions to reconstruct arguments in standard form" or "Propositional logic and the four basic truth functional connectives." If students are prepared very well for the subject, it would work fine, but for students who are newly being introduced to critical thinking, it is rather technical.

It seems to be very consistent in terms of its terminology and framework.

Modularity rating: 4

The book is divided into 4 chapters, each having many sub-chapters. In that sense, it is readily divisible and modular. However, as noted above, there are no page numbers on the table of contents, which would make assigning certain parts rather frustrating. Also, I'm not sure why the book is only four chapter and has so many subheadings (for instance 17 in Chapter 2) and a length of 242 pages. Wouldn't it make more sense to break up the book into shorter chapters? I think this would make it easier to read and to assign in specific blocks to students.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

The organization of the book is fine overall, although I think adding page numbers to the table of contents and breaking it up into more separate chapters would help it to be more easily navigable.

Interface rating: 4

The book is very simply presented. In my opinion it is actually too simple. There are few boxes or diagrams that highlight and explain important points.

The text seems fine grammatically. I didn't notice any errors.

The book is written with an American audience in mind, but I did not notice culturally insensitive or offensive parts.

Overall, this book is not for my course, but I think it could work well in a philosophy course.

Reviewed by Daniel Lee, Assistant Professor of Economics and Leadership, Sweet Briar College on 11/11/19

This textbook is not particularly comprehensive (4 chapters long), but I view that as a benefit. In fact, I recommend it for use outside of traditional logic classes, but rather interdisciplinary classes that evaluate argument read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 3 see less

This textbook is not particularly comprehensive (4 chapters long), but I view that as a benefit. In fact, I recommend it for use outside of traditional logic classes, but rather interdisciplinary classes that evaluate argument

To the best of my ability, I regard this content as accurate, error-free, and unbiased

The book is broadly relevant and up-to-date, with a few stray temporal references (sydney olympics, particular presidencies). I don't view these time-dated examples as problematic as the logical underpinnings are still there and easily assessed

Clarity rating: 4

My only pushback on clarity is I didn't find the distinction between argument and explanation particularly helpful/useful/easy to follow. However, this experience may have been unique to my class.

To the best of my ability, I regard this content as internally consistent

I found this text quite modular, and was easily able to integrate other texts into my lessons and disregard certain chapters or sub-sections

The book had a logical and consistent structure, but to the extent that there are only 4 chapters, there isn't much scope for alternative approaches here

No problems with the book's interface

The text is grammatically sound

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

Perhaps the text could have been more universal in its approach. While I didn't find the book insensitive per-se, logic can be tricky here because the point is to evaluate meaningful (non-trivial) arguments, but any argument with that sense of gravity can also be traumatic to students (abortion, death penalty, etc)

No additional comments

Reviewed by Lisa N. Thomas-Smith, Graduate Part-time Instructor, CU Boulder on 7/1/19

The text covers all the relevant technical aspects of introductory logic and critical thinking, and covers them well. A separate glossary would be quite helpful to students. However, the terms are clearly and thoroughly explained within the text,... read more

The text covers all the relevant technical aspects of introductory logic and critical thinking, and covers them well. A separate glossary would be quite helpful to students. However, the terms are clearly and thoroughly explained within the text, and the index is very thorough.

The content is excellent. The text is thorough and accurate with no errors that I could discern. The terminology and exercises cover the material nicely and without bias.

The text should easily stand the test of time. The exercises are excellent and would be very helpful for students to internalize correct critical thinking practices. Because of the logical arrangement of the text and the many sub-sections, additional material should be very easy to add.

The text is extremely clearly and simply written. I anticipate that a diligent student could learn all of the material in the text with little additional instruction. The examples are relevant and easy to follow.

The text did not confuse terms or use inconsistent terminology, which is very important in a logic text. The discipline often uses multiple terms for the same concept, but this text avoids that trap nicely.

The text is fairly easily divisible. Since there are only four chapters, those chapters include large blocks of information. However, the chapters themselves are very well delineated and could be easily broken up so that parts could be left out or covered in a different order from the text.

The flow of the text is excellent. All of the information is handled solidly in an order that allows the student to build on the information previously covered.

The PDF Table of Contents does not include links or page numbers which would be very helpful for navigation. Other than that, the text was very easy to navigate. All the images, charts, and graphs were very clear

I found no grammatical errors in the text.

Cultural Relevance rating: 3

The text including examples and exercises did not seem to be offensive or insensitive in any specific way. However, the examples included references to black and white people, but few others. Also, the text is very American specific with many examples from and for an American audience. More diversity, especially in the examples, would be appropriate and appreciated.

Reviewed by Leslie Aarons, Associate Professor of Philosophy, CUNY LaGuardia Community College on 5/16/19

This is an excellent introductory (first-year) Logic and Critical Thinking textbook. The book covers the important elementary information, clearly discussing such things as the purpose and basic structure of an argument; the difference between an... read more

This is an excellent introductory (first-year) Logic and Critical Thinking textbook. The book covers the important elementary information, clearly discussing such things as the purpose and basic structure of an argument; the difference between an argument and an explanation; validity; soundness; and the distinctions between an inductive and a deductive argument in accessible terms in the first chapter. It also does a good job introducing and discussing informal fallacies (Chapter 4). The incorporation of opportunities to evaluate real-world arguments is also very effective. Chapter 2 also covers a number of formal methods of evaluating arguments, such as Venn Diagrams and Propositional logic and the four basic truth functional connectives, but to my mind, it is much more thorough in its treatment of Informal Logic and Critical Thinking skills, than it is of formal logic. I also appreciated that Van Cleave’s book includes exercises with answers and an index, but there is no glossary; which I personally do not find detracts from the book's comprehensiveness.

Overall, Van Cleave's book is error-free and unbiased. The language used is accessible and engaging. There were no glaring inaccuracies that I was able to detect.

Van Cleave's Textbook uses relevant, contemporary content that will stand the test of time, at least for the next few years. Although some examples use certain subjects like former President Obama, it does so in a useful manner that inspires the use of critical thinking skills. There are an abundance of examples that inspire students to look at issues from many different political viewpoints, challenging students to practice evaluating arguments, and identifying fallacies. Many of these exercises encourage students to critique issues, and recognize their own inherent reader-biases and challenge their own beliefs--hallmarks of critical thinking.

As mentioned previously, the author has an accessible style that makes the content relatively easy to read and engaging. He also does a suitable job explaining jargon/technical language that is introduced in the textbook.

Van Cleave uses terminology consistently and the chapters flow well. The textbook orients the reader by offering effective introductions to new material, step-by-step explanations of the material, as well as offering clear summaries of each lesson.

This textbook's modularity is really quite good. Its language and structure are not overly convoluted or too-lengthy, making it convenient for individual instructors to adapt the materials to suit their methodological preferences.

The topics in the textbook are presented in a logical and clear fashion. The structure of the chapters are such that it is not necessary to have to follow the chapters in their sequential order, and coverage of material can be adapted to individual instructor's preferences.

The textbook is free of any problematic interface issues. Topics, sections and specific content are accessible and easy to navigate. Overall it is user-friendly.

I did not find any significant grammatical issues with the textbook.

The textbook is not culturally insensitive, making use of a diversity of inclusive examples. Materials are especially effective for first-year critical thinking/logic students.

I intend to adopt Van Cleave's textbook for a Critical Thinking class I am teaching at the Community College level. I believe that it will help me facilitate student-learning, and will be a good resource to build additional classroom activities from the materials it provides.

Reviewed by Jennie Harrop, Chair, Department of Professional Studies, George Fox University on 3/27/18

While the book is admirably comprehensive, its extensive details within a few short chapters may feel overwhelming to students. The author tackles an impressive breadth of concepts in Chapter 1, 2, 3, and 4, which leads to 50-plus-page chapters... read more

While the book is admirably comprehensive, its extensive details within a few short chapters may feel overwhelming to students. The author tackles an impressive breadth of concepts in Chapter 1, 2, 3, and 4, which leads to 50-plus-page chapters that are dense with statistical analyses and critical vocabulary. These topics are likely better broached in manageable snippets rather than hefty single chapters.

The ideas addressed in Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking are accurate but at times notably political. While politics are effectively used to exemplify key concepts, some students may be distracted by distinct political leanings.

The terms and definitions included are relevant, but the examples are specific to the current political, cultural, and social climates, which could make the materials seem dated in a few years without intentional and consistent updates.

While the reasoning is accurate, the author tends to complicate rather than simplify -- perhaps in an effort to cover a spectrum of related concepts. Beginning readers are likely to be overwhelmed and under-encouraged by his approach.

Consistency rating: 3

The four chapters are somewhat consistent in their play of definition, explanation, and example, but the structure of each chapter varies according to the concepts covered. In the third chapter, for example, key ideas are divided into sub-topics numbering from 3.1 to 3.10. In the fourth chapter, the sub-divisions are further divided into sub-sections numbered 4.1.1-4.1.5, 4.2.1-4.2.2, and 4.3.1 to 4.3.6. Readers who are working quickly to master new concepts may find themselves mired in similarly numbered subheadings, longing for a grounded concepts on which to hinge other key principles.

Modularity rating: 3

The book's four chapters make it mostly self-referential. The author would do well to beak this text down into additional subsections, easing readers' accessibility.

The content of the book flows logically and well, but the information needs to be better sub-divided within each larger chapter, easing the student experience.

The book's interface is effective, allowing readers to move from one section to the next with a single click. Additional sub-sections would ease this interplay even further.

Grammatical Errors rating: 4

Some minor errors throughout.

For the most part, the book is culturally neutral, avoiding direct cultural references in an effort to remain relevant.

Reviewed by Yoichi Ishida, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Ohio University on 2/1/18

This textbook covers enough topics for a first-year course on logic and critical thinking. Chapter 1 covers the basics as in any standard textbook in this area. Chapter 2 covers propositional logic and categorical logic. In propositional logic,... read more

This textbook covers enough topics for a first-year course on logic and critical thinking. Chapter 1 covers the basics as in any standard textbook in this area. Chapter 2 covers propositional logic and categorical logic. In propositional logic, this textbook does not cover suppositional arguments, such as conditional proof and reductio ad absurdum. But other standard argument forms are covered. Chapter 3 covers inductive logic, and here this textbook introduces probability and its relationship with cognitive biases, which are rarely discussed in other textbooks. Chapter 4 introduces common informal fallacies. The answers to all the exercises are given at the end. However, the last set of exercises is in Chapter 3, Section 5. There are no exercises in the rest of the chapter. Chapter 4 has no exercises either. There is index, but no glossary.

The textbook is accurate.

The content of this textbook will not become obsolete soon.

The textbook is written clearly.

The textbook is internally consistent.

The textbook is fairly modular. For example, Chapter 3, together with a few sections from Chapter 1, can be used as a short introduction to inductive logic.

The textbook is well-organized.

There are no interface issues.

I did not find any grammatical errors.

This textbook is relevant to a first semester logic or critical thinking course.

Reviewed by Payal Doctor, Associate Professro, LaGuardia Community College on 2/1/18

This text is a beginner textbook for arguments and propositional logic. It covers the basics of identifying arguments, building arguments, and using basic logic to construct propositions and arguments. It is quite comprehensive for a beginner... read more

This text is a beginner textbook for arguments and propositional logic. It covers the basics of identifying arguments, building arguments, and using basic logic to construct propositions and arguments. It is quite comprehensive for a beginner book, but seems to be a good text for a course that needs a foundation for arguments. There are exercises on creating truth tables and proofs, so it could work as a logic primer in short sessions or with the addition of other course content.

The books is accurate in the information it presents. It does not contain errors and is unbiased. It covers the essential vocabulary clearly and givens ample examples and exercises to ensure the student understands the concepts

The content of the book is up to date and can be easily updated. Some examples are very current for analyzing the argument structure in a speech, but for this sort of text understandable examples are important and the author uses good examples.

The book is clear and easy to read. In particular, this is a good text for community college students who often have difficulty with reading comprehension. The language is straightforward and concepts are well explained.

The book is consistent in terminology, formatting, and examples. It flows well from one topic to the next, but it is also possible to jump around the text without loosing the voice of the text.

The books is broken down into sub units that make it easy to assign short blocks of content at a time. Later in the text, it does refer to a few concepts that appear early in that text, but these are all basic concepts that must be used to create a clear and understandable text. No sections are too long and each section stays on topic and relates the topic to those that have come before when necessary.

The flow of the text is logical and clear. It begins with the basic building blocks of arguments, and practice identifying more and more complex arguments is offered. Each chapter builds up from the previous chapter in introducing propositional logic, truth tables, and logical arguments. A select number of fallacies are presented at the end of the text, but these are related to topics that were presented before, so it makes sense to have these last.

The text is free if interface issues. I used the PDF and it worked fine on various devices without loosing formatting.

1. The book contains no grammatical errors.

The text is culturally sensitive, but examples used are a bit odd and may be objectionable to some students. For instance, President Obama's speech on Syria is used to evaluate an extended argument. This is an excellent example and it is explained well, but some who disagree with Obama's policies may have trouble moving beyond their own politics. However, other examples look at issues from all political viewpoints and ask students to evaluate the argument, fallacy, etc. and work towards looking past their own beliefs. Overall this book does use a variety of examples that most students can understand and evaluate.

My favorite part of this book is that it seems to be written for community college students. My students have trouble understanding readings in the New York Times, so it is nice to see a logic and critical thinking text use real language that students can understand and follow without the constant need of a dictionary.

Reviewed by Rebecca Owen, Adjunct Professor, Writing, Chemeketa Community College on 6/20/17

This textbook is quite thorough--there are conversational explanations of argument structure and logic. I think students will be happy with the conversational style this author employs. Also, there are many examples and exercises using current... read more

This textbook is quite thorough--there are conversational explanations of argument structure and logic. I think students will be happy with the conversational style this author employs. Also, there are many examples and exercises using current events, funny scenarios, or other interesting ways to evaluate argument structure and validity. The third section, which deals with logical fallacies, is very clear and comprehensive. My only critique of the material included in the book is that the middle section may be a bit dense and math-oriented for learners who appreciate the more informal, informative style of the first and third section. Also, the book ends rather abruptly--it moves from a description of a logical fallacy to the answers for the exercises earlier in the text.

The content is very reader-friendly, and the author writes with authority and clarity throughout the text. There are a few surface-level typos (Starbuck's instead of Starbucks, etc.). None of these small errors detract from the quality of the content, though.

One thing I really liked about this text was the author's wide variety of examples. To demonstrate different facets of logic, he used examples from current media, movies, literature, and many other concepts that students would recognize from their daily lives. The exercises in this text also included these types of pop-culture references, and I think students will enjoy the familiarity--as well as being able to see the logical structures behind these types of references. I don't think the text will need to be updated to reflect new instances and occurrences; the author did a fine job at picking examples that are relatively timeless. As far as the subject matter itself, I don't think it will become obsolete any time soon.

The author writes in a very conversational, easy-to-read manner. The examples used are quite helpful. The third section on logical fallacies is quite easy to read, follow, and understand. A student in an argument writing class could benefit from this section of the book. The middle section is less clear, though. A student learning about the basics of logic might have a hard time digesting all of the information contained in chapter two. This material might be better in two separate chapters. I think the author loses the balance of a conversational, helpful tone and focuses too heavily on equations.

Consistency rating: 4

Terminology in this book is quite consistent--the key words are highlighted in bold. Chapters 1 and 3 follow a similar organizational pattern, but chapter 2 is where the material becomes more dense and equation-heavy. I also would have liked a closing passage--something to indicate to the reader that we've reached the end of the chapter as well as the book.

I liked the overall structure of this book. If I'm teaching an argumentative writing class, I could easily point the students to the chapters where they can identify and practice identifying fallacies, for instance. The opening chapter is clear in defining the necessary terms, and it gives the students an understanding of the toolbox available to them in assessing and evaluating arguments. Even though I found the middle section to be dense, smaller portions could be assigned.

The author does a fine job connecting each defined term to the next. He provides examples of how each defined term works in a sentence or in an argument, and then he provides practice activities for students to try. The answers for each question are listed in the final pages of the book. The middle section feels like the heaviest part of the whole book--it would take the longest time for a student to digest if assigned the whole chapter. Even though this middle section is a bit heavy, it does fit the overall structure and flow of the book. New material builds on previous chapters and sub-chapters. It ends abruptly--I didn't realize that it had ended, and all of a sudden I found myself in the answer section for those earlier exercises.

The simple layout is quite helpful! There is nothing distracting, image-wise, in this text. The table of contents is clearly arranged, and each topic is easy to find.

Tiny edits could be made (Starbuck's/Starbucks, for one). Otherwise, it is free of distracting grammatical errors.

This text is quite culturally relevant. For instance, there is one example that mentions the rumors of Barack Obama's birthplace as somewhere other than the United States. This example is used to explain how to analyze an argument for validity. The more "sensational" examples (like the Obama one above) are helpful in showing argument structure, and they can also help students see how rumors like this might gain traction--as well as help to show students how to debunk them with their newfound understanding of argument and logic.

The writing style is excellent for the subject matter, especially in the third section explaining logical fallacies. Thank you for the opportunity to read and review this text!

Reviewed by Laurel Panser, Instructor, Riverland Community College on 6/20/17

This is a review of Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking, an open source book version 1.4 by Matthew Van Cleave. The comparison book used was Patrick J. Hurley’s A Concise Introduction to Logic 12th Edition published by Cengage as well as... read more

This is a review of Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking, an open source book version 1.4 by Matthew Van Cleave. The comparison book used was Patrick J. Hurley’s A Concise Introduction to Logic 12th Edition published by Cengage as well as the 13th edition with the same title. Lori Watson is the second author on the 13th edition.

Competing with Hurley is difficult with respect to comprehensiveness. For example, Van Cleave’s book is comprehensive to the extent that it probably covers at least two-thirds or more of what is dealt with in most introductory, one-semester logic courses. Van Cleave’s chapter 1 provides an overview of argumentation including discerning non-arguments from arguments, premises versus conclusions, deductive from inductive arguments, validity, soundness and more. Much of Van Cleave’s chapter 1 parallel’s Hurley’s chapter 1. Hurley’s chapter 3 regarding informal fallacies is comprehensive while Van Cleave’s chapter 4 on this topic is less extensive. Categorical propositions are a topic in Van Cleave’s chapter 2; Hurley’s chapters 4 and 5 provide more instruction on this, however. Propositional logic is another topic in Van Cleave’s chapter 2; Hurley’s chapters 6 and 7 provide more information on this, though. Van Cleave did discuss messy issues of language meaning briefly in his chapter 1; that is the topic of Hurley’s chapter 2.

Van Cleave’s book includes exercises with answers and an index. A glossary was not included.

Reviews of open source textbooks typically include criteria besides comprehensiveness. These include comments on accuracy of the information, whether the book will become obsolete soon, jargon-free clarity to the extent that is possible, organization, navigation ease, freedom from grammar errors and cultural relevance; Van Cleave’s book is fine in all of these areas. Further criteria for open source books includes modularity and consistency of terminology. Modularity is defined as including blocks of learning material that are easy to assign to students. Hurley’s book has a greater degree of modularity than Van Cleave’s textbook. The prose Van Cleave used is consistent.

Van Cleave’s book will not become obsolete soon.

Van Cleave’s book has accessible prose.

Van Cleave used terminology consistently.

Van Cleave’s book has a reasonable degree of modularity.

Van Cleave’s book is organized. The structure and flow of his book is fine.

Problems with navigation are not present.

Grammar problems were not present.

Van Cleave’s book is culturally relevant.

Van Cleave’s book is appropriate for some first semester logic courses.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Reconstructing and analyzing arguments

• 1.1 What is an argument?
• 1.2 Identifying arguments
• 1.3 Arguments vs. explanations
• 1.4 More complex argument structures
• 1.5 Using your own paraphrases of premises and conclusions to reconstruct arguments in standard form
• 1.6 Validity
• 1.7 Soundness
• 1.8 Deductive vs. inductive arguments
• 1.9 Arguments with missing premises
• 1.10 Assuring, guarding, and discounting
• 1.11 Evaluative language
• 1.12 Evaluating a real-life argument

Chapter 2: Formal methods of evaluating arguments

• 2.1 What is a formal method of evaluation and why do we need them?
• 2.2 Propositional logic and the four basic truth functional connectives
• 2.3 Negation and disjunction
• 2.4 Using parentheses to translate complex sentences
• 2.5 “Not both” and “neither nor”
• 2.6 The truth table test of validity
• 2.7 Conditionals
• 2.8 “Unless”
• 2.9 Material equivalence
• 2.10 Tautologies, contradictions, and contingent statements
• 2.11 Proofs and the 8 valid forms of inference
• 2.12 How to construct proofs
• 2.13 Short review of propositional logic
• 2.14 Categorical logic
• 2.15 The Venn test of validity for immediate categorical inferences
• 2.16 Universal statements and existential commitment
• 2.17 Venn validity for categorical syllogisms

Chapter 3: Evaluating inductive arguments and probabilistic and statistical fallacies

• 3.1 Inductive arguments and statistical generalizations
• 3.2 Inference to the best explanation and the seven explanatory virtues
• 3.3 Analogical arguments
• 3.4 Causal arguments
• 3.5 Probability
• 3.6 The conjunction fallacy
• 3.7 The base rate fallacy
• 3.8 The small numbers fallacy
• 3.9 Regression to the mean fallacy
• 3.10 Gambler's fallacy

Chapter 4: Informal fallacies

• 4.1 Formal vs. informal fallacies
• 4.1.1 Composition fallacy
• 4.1.2 Division fallacy
• 4.1.3 Begging the question fallacy
• 4.1.4 False dichotomy
• 4.1.5 Equivocation
• 4.2 Slippery slope fallacies
• 4.2.1 Conceptual slippery slope
• 4.2.2 Causal slippery slope
• 4.3 Fallacies of relevance
• 4.3.1 Ad hominem
• 4.3.2 Straw man
• 4.3.3 Tu quoque
• 4.3.4 Genetic
• 4.3.5 Appeal to consequences
• 4.3.6 Appeal to authority

Answers to exercises Glossary/Index

Ancillary Material

About the book.

This is an introductory textbook in logic and critical thinking. The goal of the textbook is to provide the reader with a set of tools and skills that will enable them to identify and evaluate arguments. The book is intended for an introductory course that covers both formal and informal logic. As such, it is not a formal logic textbook, but is closer to what one would find marketed as a “critical thinking textbook.”

About the Contributors

Matthew Van Cleave ,   PhD, Philosophy, University of Cincinnati, 2007.  VAP at Concordia College (Moorhead), 2008-2012.  Assistant Professor at Lansing Community College, 2012-2016. Professor at Lansing Community College, 2016-

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The Art of FOURTH EDITION Reasoning An Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking DAVID KELLEY n W. W. NORTON & COMPANY, INC. (cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:56)(cid:1)(cid:58)(cid:48)(cid:51)(cid:44)(cid:1)(cid:133)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:45)(cid:48)(cid:47)(cid:37)(cid:48)(cid:47) W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult educa- tion division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees. Editors: Peter Simon, Ken Barton Assistant Editor: Quynh Do Manuscript Editor: Christopher Curioli Project Editor: Rachel Mayer Electronic Media Editor: Cliff Landesman Marketing Manager, Philosophy: Michael Moss Production Manager: Ashley Horna Permissions Manager: Megan Jackson Text Design: Lisa Buckley Art Director: Rubina Yeh Composition: Achorn International Manufacturing: R. R. Donnelly—Crawfordsville The text of this book is composed in Legacy Serif with the display set in AG Book Pro. Copyright © 2014, 1998, 1994, 1990, 1988 by David Kelley All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kelley, David, 1949- The art of reasoning / David Kelley. — Fourth Edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-393-93078-8 (pbk.) 1.Reasoning. 2. Logic. I. Title. BC177.K38 2013 160—dc23 2013016117 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017 wwnorton.com Proudly sourced and uploaded by [StormRG] Kickass Torrents | TPB | ET | h33t W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 About the Author David Kelley is Founder of The Atlas Society in Washington, DC. He has a Ph.D. in philosophy from Princeton University and has taught at Vassar College and Brandeis University. Students whose professors have decided to assign online homework will be able to access the online homework from StudySpace, the student web site that accompanies this textbook. Contents in Brief PART ONE Language and Reasoning CHAPTER 1 Classification 9 CHAPTER 2 Definitions 26 CHAPTER 3 Propositions 47 CHAPTER 4 Argument Analysis 67 CHAPTER 5 Fallacies 103 PART TWO(cid:1) (cid:37)(cid:70)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:45)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:68) CHAPTER 6 Categorical Propositions 145 CHAPTER 7 Categorical Syllogisms 179 CHAPTER 8 Reasoning with Syllogisms 219 CHAPTER 9 Propositional Logic—Propositions 260 CHAPTER 10 Propositional Logic—Arguments 300 CHAPTER 11 Predicate Logic 360 PART THREE(cid:1) (cid:42)(cid:79)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:45)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:68) CHAPTER 12 Inductive Generalizations 417 CHAPTER 13 Argument by Analogy 442 CHAPTER 14 Statistical Reasoning 456 CHAPTER 15 Explanation 483 CHAPTER 16 Probability 509 Contents Preface xi Introduction 1 PART ONE Language and Reasoning Classification Argument Analysis CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 4 1.1 Concepts and Referents 9 4.1 Elements of Reasoning 68 1.2 Rules of Classification 13 4.1A Premise, Conclusion, and Argument 68 1.2A Consistent Principle 13 4.1B Recognizing Arguments 69 1.2B Essential Attributes 15 4.2 Diagramming Arguments 73 1.3 Levels of Organization 18 4.3 Evaluating Arguments 79 Summary 22 4.4 Induction and Deduction 82 Additional Exercises 22 4.5 Implicit Premises 88 4.6 Distilling Arguments 91 Definitions CHAPTER 2 Summary 97 Additional Exercises 98 2.1 The Functions of a Definition 26 2.2 Rules for Definitions 28 Fallacies CHAPTER 5 2.3 Constructing Definitions 36 Summary 42 5.1 Subjectivist Fallacies 104 Additional Exercises 42 5.1A Subjectivism 104 5.1B Appeal to Majority 106 Propositions CHAPTER 3 5.1C Appeal to Emotion 106 5 .1D Appeal to Force (Argumentum ad 3.1 Propositions and Word Meaning 48 Baculum) 108 3.1A Connotations 49 5.2 Fallacies Involving Credibility 111 3.1B Metaphors 50 5.2A Appeal to Authority (Argumentum ad 3.2 Propositions and Grammar 52 Verecundiam) 111 3.2A Propositions and Sentence Structure 52 5.2B Ad Hominem 113 3.2B Connectives 55 5.3 Fallacies of Context 116 3.2C Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses 57 5.3A False Alternative 117 3.2D Noun Clauses 60 5.3B Post Hoc 118 Summary 63 5.3C Hasty Generalization 118 Additional Exercises 63 5.3D Accident 120 vii viii Contents 5.3E Slippery Slope 121 5.4C Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentum ad 5.3F Composition and Division 123 Ignorantiam) 130 5.4 Fallacies of Logical Structure 127 5.4D Diversion 131 5.4A Begging the Question (Circular Summary 135 Argument) 127 Additional Exercises 136 5.4B Equivocation 128 PART TWO Deductive Logic Categorical 7.4C Enthymemes and Rules 196 CHAPTER 6 Propositions 7.5 Venn Diagrams 198 7.5A Diagramming Syllogisms 198 6.1 Standard Form 145 7.5B Enthymemes and Venn Diagrams 203 6.1A Components of Categorical 7.5C Venn Diagrams and Existential Propositions 145 Import 207 6.1B Translating into Standard Form 148 Summary 214 6.2 The Square of Opposition 151 Additional Exercises 214 6.2A Contraries 152 Reasoning with 6.2B Contradictories 152 CHAPTER 8 6.2C Subalternates 153 Syllogisms 6.2D Subcontraries 154 6.3 Existential Import 155 8.1 Disjunctive Syllogisms 220 6.4 Venn Diagrams 158 8.2 Hypothetical Syllogisms 225 6.5 Immediate Inference 163 8.2A Hypothetical Propositions 225 6.5A Conversion 163 8.2B Forms of Hypothetical Syllogism 228 6.5B Obversion 166 8.3 Distilling Deductive Arguments 233 6.5C Contraposition 170 8.3A Identifying the Form of a Syllogism 233 Summary 174 8.3B Nonstandard Quantifiers 237 Additional Exercises 175 8.4 Extended Arguments 242 8.4A Categorical Syllogisms in Extended Categorical Arguments 243 CHAPTER 7 8.4B Hypothetical Syllogisms in Extended Syllogisms Arguments 245 8.4C Extended Arguments with Elements of 7.1 The Structure of a Syllogism 179 Different Types 246 7.2 Validity 184 8.4D Compound Components 248 7.3 Enthymemes 186 8.4E Distilling an Extended Argument 250 7.4 Rules of Validity 187 Summary 253 7.4A Distribution 187 Additional Exercises 254 7.4B The Rules 190 Contents ix Propositional Logic— 10.5 Conditional Proof and Reductio ad CHAPTER 9 Absurdum 341 Propositions 10.5A Conditional Proof 341 9.1 Connectives 261 10.5B Reductio ad Absurdum 344 Summary 351 9.1A Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction 262 Additional Exercises 352 9.1B Conditional and Biconditional 266 Predicate Logic CHAPTER 11 9.1C Truth Functions 271 9.2 Statement Forms 275 11.1 Singular and Quantified Statements 361 9.3 Computing Truth Values 282 11.1A Singular Statements 361 9.4 Formal Properties and Relationships 287 11.1B Quantified Statements 364 9.4A Tautologies, Self-Contradictions, and Con- 11.2 Categorical Statements 366 tingencies 287 11.3 Quantifier Scope and Statement Forms 371 9.4B Equivalence, Contradiction, and 11.3A Compound Statements Within the Scope Consistency 289 of a Quantifier 371 Summary 297 11.3B Combining Quantified Statements 373 Additional Exercises 298 11.4 Proof 377 11.4A Using Propositional Rules 377 Propositional Logic— CHAPTER 10 11.4B Equivalence Rule: Quantifier Arguments Negation 379 11.4C Inference Rules 382 10.1 Truth Table Test of Validity 301 11.4D Strategies for Proof 388 10.2 Truth Table Test: Short Form 306 11.4E Conditional Proof and Reductio ad 10.3 Proof 311 Absurdum 393 10.3A Rules of Inference 311 11.5 Relations and Multiple Quantification 397 10.3B Rules of Inference (Continued) 316 11.5A Relations 397 10.3C Constructing a Proof 322 11.5B Overlapping Quantifiers 399 10.4 Equivalence 329 11.5C Proof with Relational Statements 403 10.4A Rules of Equivalence 330 Summary 409 10.4B Rules of Equivalence (Continued) 335 Additional Exercises 410 PART THREE Inductive Logic Inductive Argument by CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 13 Generalizations Analogy 12.1 Generalizing 417 13.1 Analogy and Similarity 442 12.1A Three Rules for Generalizing 419 13.2 Analysis and Evaluation 445 12.2 Causality 423 13.2A Finding the Connecting Term 447 12.3 Agreement and Difference 425 13.2B Evaluation 449 12.4 Concomitant Variations and Residues 431 Summary 453 Summary 438 Additional Exercises 453 Additional Exercises 438

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The Art Of Reasoning: An Introduction To Logic And Critical Thinking [PDF]

• Authors: Kelley , David
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A Critical Thinking Library

•   Book Recommendations For New Critical Thinkers
•   Introduction: A Few Thoughts About Critical Thinking Textbooks
•   Critical Thinking (Richard Epstein)
•   A Short Course in Intellectual Self-Defense (Normand Baillargeon)

  The Art of Reasoning (David Kelley)

•   Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking (Merrilee Salmon)
•   Reason in the Balance: An Inquiry Approach to Critical Thinking (S. Bailin and M. Battersby)
•   Good Reasoning Matters: A Constructive Approach to Critical Thinking (L. Groarke and C. Tindale)
•   Introduction: Psychology and Cognitive Biases
•   Thinking, Fast and Slow (Daniel Kahneman)
•   Predictably Irrational (Dan Ariely)
•   Mindware: Tools for Smart Thinking (Richard Nisbett)
•   Mistakes Were Made (but not by me) (Carol Tavris)
•   Introduction: Psychology and Persuasion
•   Influence: Science and Practice (Robert Cialdini)
•   Methods of Persuasion (Nick Kolenda)
•   Tricks of the Mind (Derren Brown)
•   Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness (R. Thaler and C. Sunstein)
•   Introduction: Formal Logic
•   If A then B: How the World Discovered Logic (M. Shenefelt and H. White)
•   The Power of Logic (F. Howard-Snyder)
•   Formal Logic: Its Scope and Limits (R. Jeffrey)
•   Logic: The Laws of Truth (Nicholas Smith)
•   Introduction: Scientific Reasoning and Science Literacy
•   The Science Class You Wish You Had (D. E. Brody and A. R. Brody)
•   Bad Science: Quacks, Hacks, and Big Pharma Flacks (Ben Goldacre)
•   What is This Thing Called Science? (Alan Chalmers)
•   Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science (Peter Godfrey-Smith)
•   Introduction: Probability, Statistics and Scientific Reasoning
•   Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences (John Allen Paulos)
•   Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers From the Media, Politicians and Activists (Joel Best)
•   Naked Statistics: Stripping the Dread From the Data (Charles Wheelan)
•   The Cartoon Guide to Statistics (Larry Gonick and Woollcott Smith)
•   Data Matters: Conceptual Statistics for a Random World (Nicholas Maxwell)
•   What is a P-Value Anyway?: 34 Stories to Help You Actually Understand Statistics (Andrew Vickers)
•   The Improbability Principle (David Hand)
•   The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (Nassim Taleb)
•   Introduction: Critical Thinking and Skepticism
•   The Demon-Haunted World (Carl Sagan)
•   How We Know What Isn't So (Thomas Gilovich)
•   The Believing Brain (Michael Shermer)
•   How to Think About Weird Things (T. Schick and L. Vaughn)
•   Introduction: Creativity and Critical Thinking
•   Creativity for Critical Thinkers (Anthony Weston)
•   Wired to Create: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Creative Mind (Scott Kaufman and Caroyn Gregoire)
•   Thinkertoys: A Handbook of Creative-Thinking Techniques (Michael Michalko)

A standard logic-oriented critical thinking text that is commonly used in introductory logic and critical thinking courses taught in philosophy departments. There's enough here for a two-term course, or you could pick a selection of topics for a one-term course.

Part One covers foundational principles that involve relationships between language and reasoning: the nature of definitions, propositions, argument analysis, and fallacies.

Part Two is a thorough introduction to symbolic logic: propositional logic, categorical logic, and predicate logic.

Part Three covers topics in inductive logic: reasoning about generalizations, arguments by analogy, statistical reasoning, explanations, and probability.

I used to teach courses like this, but over the years I began to appreciate how limited this perspective was, if our goal is really to teach critical thinking. The lack of any discussion of cognitive biases and the psychology of human judgment, or the rhetorical dimensions of human communication, renders this approach fundamentally incomplete, in my eyes.

But this type of text embodies the standard way of teaching critical thinking in philosophy departments. I couldn't do it anymore, so I started creating my own reading packages with selections from other perspectives on critical thinking (psychology, rhetoric, creativity, power and propaganda, etc.).

Of course, the reality of time constraints means that adding other perspectives forces you to cut or dilute sections from the standard textbook topics. There's always a trade-off between breadth and depth.

But the larger issue is the assumption that one can package all that is important to critical thinking into a single course. A two or three-course sequence would make more sense, if teaching the foundations of critical thinking is really your goal. But I've never encountered an undergraduate program that offered more than one critical thinking course within a single department.

That's one of the reasons why I created the Critical Thinker Academy -- to give people an exposure to a wider range of perspectives on how to improve our thinking and decision-making.

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The Art of Reasoning: An Introduction to Logic Fifth Edition

How students learn logic best

• ISBN-10 0393421716
• ISBN-13 978-0393421712
• Edition Fifth
• Publisher W. W. Norton & Company
• Publication date December 1, 2020
• Language English
• Dimensions 7.6 x 1 x 9.2 inches
• Print length 800 pages
• See all details

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Book description, about the author, product details.

• Publisher ‏ : ‎ W. W. Norton & Company; Fifth edition (December 1, 2020)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 800 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0393421716
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0393421712
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 2.42 pounds
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 7.6 x 1 x 9.2 inches
• #22 in Logic (Books)
• #238 in Philosophy of Logic & Language
• #7,858 in Unknown

About the author

David kelley.

David Kelley, Ph.D., is the founder of The Atlas Society in Washington, DC, which promotes open Objectivism, the philosophy originated by novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand.

He is an internationally-known expert in Ayn Rand’s philosophy of Objectivism. A former college professor of philosophy, he has written and lectured extensively on issues in epistemology, ethics, politics, social issues, and public policy. He has also been a consultant to the film adaptation of Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged.

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