example of an interview essay in apa format

How to Write an Interview in APA Format

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How to Write Interview Acknowledgement Letters

Speechwriter job description, how to conduct a consultation interview.

• Forecasting Interview Questions
• How to Write a Proposal for Shooting an Interview

When writing an in-depth article, paper or other written work, it may be necessary to interview others to get more information. How to include the contents of the interview varies depending on the style guide you follow for your writing. When using American Psychological Association (APA) style, your interview should either be cited as personal communication or recorded in detail in your text. The APA interview writing format has specific rules for how to write an interview paper.

Explain the Interview

The APA format for interviews expects you to explain the clear purpose of your interview. You should not use an interview for information that can be obtained elsewhere, such as publications or online sources. Before your interview, you should be familiar with the background literature and have clear, concise questions prepared.

Published research does not include a detailed or frank discussion of patient reporting bias in emergency medicine.

Introduce Your Source

Introduce the subject of your interview in-text, describing her qualifications, background and why she is suitable to answer your questions.

I contacted Jane Jones, M.D., Ph.D., for a knowledgeable discussion of patient reporting bias. Dr. Jones is an expert in the field, having practiced for 15 years and published high-profile research studies that accounted for patient reporting bias.

Present the Question

Present the question you asked the interviewee when explaining her response in the text of your paper. This is important to provide the context in which the interviewee presented fact or opinion. Be clear whether the question was open-ended or close-ended.

To assess the methods used to correct for reporting bias, I asked Dr. Jones via telephone, “What are the steps you used in your research to account for reporting bias?” I also asked her to discuss other biases that need to be accounted for in observational studies.

Include Exact Quote

Use quotes, rather than paraphrasing, when citing specific information and facts given by the interviewee. A quote longer than 40 words should be set aside as a block quote, according to APA style.

Dr. Jones answered, “My primary method for correcting reporting bias is a carefully constructed questionnaire in lieu of a free-form patient interview.”

A longer discussion of other biases should be set aside in a block quote.

Properly Cite Your Source

When citing sources using the APA interview format, you must always include an in-text citation in parentheses. The citation must be included directly after a quote or paraphrased text, and include the first initial of the person interviewed, last name, “personal communication” and date the interview took place.

“My primary method for correcting reporting bias is a carefully constructed questionnaire in lieu of a free-form patient interview.” (J. Jones, personal communication, April 9, 2018).

If you mention the interviewee in the text introducing the quote or paraphrased text, their name doesn’t need to be included in the in-text citation.

Dr. Jones contends that a questionnaire allows for more honesty and accuracy in reporting (personal communication, April 9, 2018).

APA interview format does not require a reference to the interview in your reference list since it is not a source that can be found by another person.

• Alliant International University: APA (6th ed.), Citation Style: Citing Personal Communications
• PennState University Libraries: APA Quick Citation Guide
• Include a transcript of the interview or the full text of emails as an addendum to your paper if possible.

Leslie Bloom is a Los Angeles native who has worked everywhere from new start-ups to established corporate settings. In addition to years of business and management experience, she has more than 20 years of experience writing for a variety of online and print publications. She holds degrees in both journalism and law.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to Cite an Interview in APA

How to Cite an Interview in APA

Interviews can be a extremely useful sources of information on almost any topic. Whether it be in the form of a video or an online article, this helpful guide will show you how to cite interviews for your APA-style research paper. All citations follow APA 7th edition.

Guide Overview

Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:

Citing a personal interview

Citing a published interview, interview published as an online article, interview published as youtube video, interview from a research participant, radio interview recording in a digital archive, troubleshooting.

APA reference lists only include works that can be found by the reader. As a personal interview is not published or “findable,” it should not be included in an APA reference list. Instead, a personal interview should be referenced as a parenthetical citation.

Parenthetical citation example:

(J. Smith, personal communication, May 17, 2008).

Any personal interview conducted via the following methods (and that are unpublished) can be considered personal communication:

• in-person interview
• phone interview
• text messages
• online chats
• unrecorded lectures

If you would like to include a personal interview as part of your APA reference list, then include the interviewee, the date of the interview, and the type of interview.

Interview Citation Structure:

Last name, F. (Year, Month date). Personal communication [Communication type].

Interview Citation Example:

Cloyd, A. (2014, July 29). Personal communication [Personal interview].

MacInnes, P. (2021, August 24). Ellie Simmonds: ‘I’ve found the expectations harder as I’ve got older.’  The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/aug/24/ellie-simmonds-expectations-tokyo-paralympics-interview

In-text citation, parenthetical example:

In-text citation, narrative example:

Reference list entry examples:

60 Minutes Australia. (2018, June 23). Meet the tallest man in the world [Video]. YouTube.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjG6qIfoMeI

O’Brien, C. [Team Coco]. (2021, June 11). Tig Notaro full interview – CONAN on TBS [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imMsszmCdr4 

Quotations from a research participant are from your original research; therefore, they are not included in the reference list or treated as personal communications. When citing a direct quotation from a participant’s interview, indicate in the text that the quotation is coming from a participant.

In-text example:

Participant “Steven” described his experience at the company as “difficult but rewarding.”

When referencing an interview that is housed in a digital or a physical archive, you must credit the interviewee as the author.

Krashen, S. (1983, May 4). The basics of writing [Interview]. USC Archive; University of Southern California. https://libraries.usc.edu/locations/special-collections-department/university-archives

Here’s a quick video overview of how to cite an interview in APA:

Solution #1: How to cite a text message or personal email in APA

Personal emails or text messages are considered forms of personal communication. Since they are unpublished and cannot be accessed by anyone else, they should not be included on the reference sheet. An in-text citation should be made indicating that it was obtained through personal communication, including the person’s name and the date that the communication happened.

(Email writer’s first initial and last name, personal communication, date message was received in Month Day, Year format)

(A. Washington, personal communication, December 10, 2021)

Solution #2: How to cite a professor’s lecture you attended in-person in APA

Unless the lecture has been recorded and published, notes and quotes collected from a lecture are considered forms of personal communication. Therefore, it does not need to be included on your reference sheet according to APA guidelines. An in-text citation should be made indicating that the information or quote was obtained through personal communication, the date it was retrieved, and the professor’s name.

In-text citation structure & example:

(Professor’s first initial and last name, personal communication, date of lecture in Month Day, Year format)

(P. Espinoza, personal communication, April 30, 2019)

If it is required to cite the lecture in the reference sheet, the entry needs to include the same information.

Reference list entry structure & example:

Professor’s last name, first initial. (Year, Month Day). Personal Communication. [Lecture]

Espinoza, P. (2019, April 30). Personal Communication. [Lecture]

If the lecture has been recorded and is available online, it must be included in the reference sheet and is no longer considered a form of personal communication.

Professor’s last name, first initial. (Year, Month Day). Lecture name. Source of publication. URL.

Espinoza, P. (2019, April 30). Mesopotamia. University of Chegg. https://example.website.here.

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Parenthetical Citations
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all APA Examples

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To cite an online interview, you need to know what format the interview is in. Was it an online video? An online article? A podcast? Whatever the medium (video, article, podcast, etc.), create a citation as you would normally for that medium.  The author is usually the interviewer’s (or publishing company’s) name.

In-text citation template and examples:

When citing information from an interview, make it clear who the interviewee (the person being interviewed) was. If you are citing a quote, include the location of where the quote came from. That could be a page number (p. 22), paragraph number (para. 12), or timestamp (1:42).

Here is an example of a video interview on YouTube.

Author Surname or Organization (Publication Year)

Manufacturing Intellect (2020) published a video of Romney Wheeler interviewing Bertrand Russell.

Parenthetical:

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

In one interview with Romeny Wheely, the philosopher Bertrand Russell said, “I wanted to know whether there is any truth in realities known, and I thought if there was any, it’s probably in mathematics” (Manufacturing Intellect, 2020, 8:58-9:05).

Reference list entry template and example:

Author Name. (Date published). Title of the video [Format]. Video Site Name. URL

Manufacturing Intellect. (2020, July 10). A conversation with Bertrand Russell [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL_sMXfzzyA (Original work broadcast in 1952)

An interview is a talk or an exchange of information via electronic media. An interview can be published or unpublished, depending upon the type and nature of the interview. Interviews can be any of the following types:

Published interview

Personal interview

Interview of participants in a study

Interviews appearing in newspapers, magazines, television programs, YouTube videos, podcasts, and radio broadcasting will fall under this category. Here is a template and an example of how a published interview is cited in the text:

(Author Last Name, date of interview)

(Fuller, 2018)

If you get details through emails or phone calls to make the statement in your paper effective, you need to cite them as “personal communication,” since they cannot be published. A few examples of interviews that need to be treated as personal communications include:

• interview on the telephone
• text messages or emails

(Author Last Name, personal communication, date of interview)

(Sethusankar, personal communication, December 2, 2016)

If you interview your participants as a part of your study, APA style doesn’t require you to cite them. However, follow the APA guidelines on how to present the interview of participants.

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How to Write an Interview Paper in APA Format

Sometimes writing a specific paper type proves challenging to many students. Couple that with a particular formatting and referencing style, and it becomes more hectic. However, if you know the basics of the paper and the formatting style, it is an easy task.

One of the papers that may appear complex to write is an interview paper. An interview paper follows an interview format and provides a forum for discussion using questions and answers. Despite it sounding unmanageable, writing an interview paper in APA format is relatively easy if you know the following basics.

But if you have never written one, this guide will show you how to write a professional-quality interview paper in APA format.

Here is how to write an interview paper in APA format.

What is an Interview Paper

The interview paper is an essay you write discussing various views on a topic using data gathered through interviews. This paper is an excellent way to develop your analytical, research, and writing skills.

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The purpose of an interview paper is to provide you with practice in organizing, conducting, and writing about topics using primary data. Similarly, it helps readers to understand a specific topic from a primary data perspective.

Also see: Is APA format the same as ASA format? 

Additionally, an interview paper provides information about a particular topic or event that has been documented in other sources but needs further explanation or analysis. This can be done by interviewing participants and analyzing their responses.

What Is the APA format

APA is a writing, formatting, and referencing style paper developed by the American Psychological Association. It is commonly used in business, education, and social sciences papers such as economics and sociology.

The format makes it easy for readers to navigate your paper and present you as a professional in academics. APA-formatted pieces have four major sections, the title, abstract, body, and references.

The general guidelines for formatting any paper are;

• Running head. This is the title found at the top of every page
• The article is double spaced
• Every margin on either side is 1 inch
• This style recommends 11-point Arial or Calibri or 12-point Times New Roman

After completing your interview, it is time to write your paper. Generally, the steps involved in developing an interview paper are

• Explaining the interview. Provide valid and solid reasons for the need for the interview and why you cannot source the information from secondary sources
• Presenting your source. Explain your source’s background and capabilities and why they are the perfect option for the interview
• Presenting the question. Show your readers the question posed to the interviewee and their reactions
• Write exact quotes. Use quotation marks to present your interviewee’s same words, especially if they are figures and explicit data. Ideally, do not summarize important facts your interviewee gives you
• Cite appropriately. Use in-text referencing closed in brackets whenever you quote your interview in APA.

If you were recording the interviews, start by transcribing them and analyzing the data. However, you can write your paper directly while listening to the audio or video. But transcription is the best route to help you better understand the information.

Here are the tips and guidelines on how to write an interview paper in APA format.

Set up your typing document

This is the first step in how to write an interview paper in APA. However, other individuals may prefer to do it after they finish typing. Nevertheless, starting with this step saves you trouble and cases of forgetfulness.

The step involves setting your blank word document on double spacing, 12-point New Times Romans or 11-point Arial or Calibri. Additionally, on the setup menu, select a 1-inch margin on all sides. After this setup, select the header section and set the running head and page numbers.

Creating the title page

This is the first page of your paper that readers see when they open it up, so it’s essential to ensure everything is formatted correctly. APA format requires the title page’s content to be center aligned. The tile is written 3 or 4 lines from the top in bold. If your interview paper has a subtitle, write it below the main title, and remember to put a colon after it.

Other information included is written on their separate lines and are

• Your first and last name
• School name
• Course name and number
• Instructor’s name
• Assignment’s due date

Write the main body

The body is the meat of your interview paper and includes every information you receive during the interview. This part also carries the bulk of the article, including the introduction, interview questions and answers, and conclusion.

To write it in APA format center and bold the title. On the following line, indent and start writing the body.

Explaining the interview’s purpose

This is part of the body and, more specifically, the introduction. In this part, you explain the reason for the interview and its relation to your thesis. In other words, it is the justification for the interview.

Next, explain why you chose this particular subject to be interviewed. If possible, give a few examples of how their experiences or life would be different than yours.

Introducing sources and question topic

It is also found in the introduction. Its purpose is to introduce the interviewee and the topics discussed. The best way to write it is to give the interview’s background and qualifications. This gives more credence to your paper.

Presenting the questions and quotations

Each paragraph in the body should carry a specific question. It is recommended to start the section with the question to give the quotation and answer context. The best way is to write the question as a direct or indirect quotation followed by the responses.

The response is also written as a direct or indirect quote. However, if it exceeds 40 words, place it as a single block and indent half an inch.

Cite the quotations

In every response, remember to include in-text citations. This is a mandatory rule, even if you are interviewing a single individual.

The rules for APA intext citations are

• The interviewee’s first initial and last name
• The phrase ‘personal communication.’
• Month, date, and year of the interview

The punctuation is used after the closing parenthesis citation, except in block quotations, where punctuation comes before the in-text citation.

Writing the conclusion

The conclusion summarizes your body paragraphs’ main points and reiterates your purpose for conducting the interview. You may also want to recommend further research based on what you learned during your interviews. A conclusion will tie together all of these elements, so you must spend some time crafting a strong one that leaves readers satisfied and interested in learning more about your topic.

Typically, the conclusion is the closing part of your body. This section is one or two paragraphs and shows how the responses agree or disagree with your thesis statement. Additionally, this part discusses how and why the interview strengthens or weakens your thesis.

In addition, it must be concise yet comprehensive. Here, you need to summarize and synthesize all the information you have presented in your paper. You may also reflect on what you have learned from the interviewee.

Some tips on how to write an interview paper conclusion include

• Go back and read your introduction to ensure it is clear and concise.
• Write a conclusion summarizing your paper’s main points in a sentence or two.
• Ensure you include all the major points from your body paragraphs (or at least the most important ones).
• Use transitions and connectives like “therefore” and “for example” to help readers understand how everything fits together.
• Don’t end with a boring summary. Instead, end with a strong statement that makes the reader think about what they have just read and perhaps even change their view on something.

Writing the abstract

Having written the main body, the abstract is the next section to write. An abstract is a general summary of your paper, so writing it after the body is recommended. It is also a brief overview of your interview paper’s main points and arguments.

In most cases, it is a 250-word paragraph highlighting the thesis, the reason for the interview, and the impact of the responses.

The best way to write the abstract is to take excerpts from the paper that include the thesis, introduction, and conclusion. Each sentence should address a different aspect of the topic. For example, if you are writing about the impact of social media on teenagers, one paragraph some sentence will address how often they use social media each day, while another might discuss their reasons for using social media so frequently.

Writing the reference page

Writing a reference page is an integral part of any interview paper. It’s where you share the sources you interviewed to write your essay with your readers. Essentially, it is the last page of your paper and has all your sources used in the article.

The reference page should start with the word “References” and be double-spaced. The margins should be one inch on all sides.

Proofread and edit the paper

Now that you’ve done all the hard work, it’s time for a final check to ensure everything is perfect.

Proofread the paper. Check for grammar, spelling, and formatting errors. Grammarly is a helpful tool for checking your writing for grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure mistakes.

Additionally, edit the paper while checking sentence structure and if one point flows smoothly to the next. If possible, have someone else read and check it. This is because they may catch something you didn’t notice. After all, they aren’t familiar with what was said during an interview

Proofreading also involves checking the formatting aspects. To ensure your paper is well-formatted, check these aspects.

• The title page has all information
• The first paragraph is indented
• All pages have a running title
• In-text citations have been used
• There is a reference section
• Each in-text citation is referenced

Additionally, use a word processor to format the paper. While some people still prefer typing things out by hand on paper, a computer will make things easier and ensure all the formatting is correct and consistent throughout your interview paper.

Generally, there are many things to remember when writing an interview paper in APA format. You must keep the formatting correct and consistent from start to finish. Also, remember that using the right style and form will ensure your paper receives a higher grade than if you ignore APA guidelines.

By following these basic instructions, you’ll be able to successfully write an interview paper that follows APA’s format and impresses your instructor. Ideally, write your essay as you would any other but remember to follow the APA rules and to proofread and edit your piece to look professional and avoid errors.

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APA Interview Citation

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How to Reference an Interview in APA

Use the following template to cite an interview using the APA citation format. We also provide style guides for the MLA and Chicago styles. To have your bibliography or works cited list automatically made for you, check out our free APA citation maker .

Once you’re finished with your citations, we can also help you with creating an APA title page .

Important Note on Personal Interviews:

• A personal interview should NOT be included in a reference list in APA. They are not considered recoverable data (they cannot be found by a researcher). You should reference personal interviews as in-text citations instead.
• Example: (J. Doe, personal communication, December 12, 2004)

That being said, there is a general structure if you want to cite a personal interview as part of your APA works cited list:

Author, A. (Year, Month Date). Interview type.

APA format example:

Marino, B. (2014, October 18). Personal Interview.

For more information on how to cite in APA, check out the APA Style Guide .

←Back to APA Citation Guide

“Half of my life is an act of revision.” – John Irving

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As per Sections 8.7 and 8.9 of the APA Publication Manual , 7 th edition, personal interviews are treated as personal communication. Since personal communication cannot be recovered by readers, APA recommends using personal communication only when a recoverable source of communication is not available.

And since personal communications cannot be recovered by readers, they are also not included in the reference list. Instead, the in-text citation for personal communication, including personal interviews, is much more detailed than other APA in-text citations.

When citing a personal interview in an in-text citation, include the first initial and surname of the person interviewed, “personal communication,” and the full date of the interview, rather than just the year.

The following templates and examples show how to cite a personal interview in an in-text citation in APA style.

Narrative citation: Interviewee’s First Initial Surname (personal communication, Month Day Year)

Parenthetical citation: (Interviewee’s First Initial Surname, personal communication, Month Day Year)

Narrative citation: A.J. Forrester (personal communication, May 9, 2014)

Parenthetical citation: (A.J. Forrester, personal communication, May 9, 2014)

Personal interviews should be treated the same way as personal communications, since neither can be recovered by readers. Since these sources cannot be retrieved, there is no need to provide an entry for them in the reference list. A personal interview should just have an in-text citation and NOT an accompanying reference list entry.

Write an A+ Interview Paper Using Our Tips and Examples

06 September, 2021

13 minutes read

Author:  Josh Carlyle

You will quickly find yourself with your back to the wall once your teacher assigns you an interview paper. Studying is often a headache by itself, and now you have to conduct interviews. Worse yet, you probably have no idea how you can do this. Luckily, we will tell you how to write an interview paper step by step in this comprehensive guide. So prepare your favorite drink and learn how to write a top-notch interview paper.

What is an Interview Paper?

An interview paper provides an expert opinion on a specific issue. In essence, it is an interview transcript inserted somewhere between the introduction and conclusion of an academic piece.

How long should it be? It depends on the topic and the length of your interview, but most papers are within the length of 2,000 – 5,000 words. What things should you consider before writing an interview paper in the first place? Let’s check them out below.

General Aspects of Writing an Interview Paper

Academic papers require you to provide arguments based on studies, research pieces, statistics, etc. But an interview paper is different – for this type of essay, you will develop assumptions around an expert’s opinion.

Let’s imagine your essay question reads the following: “Should we ban abortions?” If you write an interview paper, you should ask someone high-powered for their consideration. Let them be an executive director of the American Gynecological & Obstetrical Society.

You would reach them via email or phone or whatever communication channel you prefer and conduct an interview. Afterward, you would put all your findings on paper.

But in practice, writing an interview paper involves many more complexities and challenges, like planning, topic research , drafting, etc.

Let’s speak straight facts: nobody will reschedule their week to meet you because you need to do some homework. You’re one of the millions of students, and the local governor or a famous scientist won’t give you an interview nine times out of ten.

So you would want to target someone less busy, like professors from other faculties of your college or some researchers within your academic environment. Hunting a bigger fish is pointless unless you’re a well-established journalist working for a popular media channel. If you struggle to find someone within your college/university, you can contact people from your circle.

Writing Outline and Structure of an Interview Paper

 As you know, a typical paper consists of three parts:

• Introduction. This part includes background information, the hook, the thesis statement, and the transition.
• Body. It is the longest part of the paper consisting of several paragraphs. It should contain the actual interview.
• Conclusion. The final part summarizes the considerations and insights of your essay.

The question is: ‘where should you put an interview transcript and how do you do this?’

To answer this question, you need to come up with the interview papers format in the first place. There are several of them:

The narrative format implies that you can use either direct or indirect speech when referring to your interviewee. If you choose this path, you can stick to a 5-paragraph essay structure, retell the considerations of your interviewee, and cite their words here and there at your discretion.

You can also choose this format if you contact several people. Check what a narrative interview paper structure looks like when you reach out to several people:

• Introduction.
• Paragraph #1 – the first interviewee’s perspective.
• Paragraph #2 – the second interviewee’s opinion.
• Paragraph #3 – the third interviewee’s thoughts.
• Conclusion.

Alternatively, you can dedicate each paragraph to a particular idea of one person.

“Question and answer” will suit your needs perfectly if you interview one person. It is the simplest format used in online magazines, news reports, and other media. Your interview paper outline will look like this:

• Introduction
• Question #1 – Answer #1
• Question #2 – Answer #2
• Question #3 – Answer #3
• Question #4/5/6/etc. – Answer #4/5/6/etc.
• Interview analysis. You may include your thoughts on the subject matter.

Conversational

Conversational style is informal, and you can use either first-person or second-person narrative and follow a typical 5-paragraph paper structure. But writing interview papers in this lousy style might be perplexing, especially if you deal with this task for the first time.

We advise you to try the Q&A format because it’s the simplest one and takes the least time. Just imagine how much time your paper writing will take if you decide to interview three or five people.

How to Start an Interview Paper?

If you have no idea how to start an interview paper, choose the topic first. Selecting a topic for your interview paper is not a big deal, but you should keep in mind that you may not find appropriate interviewees for it.

Let’s imagine you want to explore whether the government should force people to get vaccines. This topic implies that you need to contact authorities. It might be a local lawyer, governor, or executive director of a local hospital. Well, the chances are these people will politely refuse to give an interview for your homework.

But if you choose to investigate how lockdown impacts intellectual workers, you can contact your friends or family members who work at home. In other words, it’s better to choose topics that reflect the experiences of ordinary people rather than the opinions of untouchable experts.

Asking people for their opinion about well-known facts like the Earth’s shape is a bad idea. You would want to choose high-profile debatable topics you can actually discuss.

Establish the Goal of Your Interview Essay

You have to establish the goal of your essay before researching the topic. For this, ask yourself: “What message should your interview essay deliver?” Sometimes, a topic of your choice might already explain the purpose of your essay.

Conduct Research

Interviewing someone implies that you should ask questions. But you will fail to do so if you know little to nothing about your topic. So read some case studies, news, articles, etc. Once you get the picture of your subject matter, you will come up with dozens of interview questions.

Get to Know Your Interviewee

A good interviewer always refers to the life and experience of their interviewee. If you’re lucky to work with someone you can read about on the Internet, find out as much information about them as possible. If your interviewee publishes any books, articles, or studies, you will better know them as well.

The more you know about the person, the more interview questions you can come up with. You can ask them whether the Internet tells their true story: “Is it true that you, Mr. Interviewee, support flat earthers?”

Draft Your Interview Questions

If you want a person to share their in-depth vision of the topic, you need to ask both open-ended and close-ended (“yes/no”) questions. However, you may struggle to prepare interview questions. Many students get stuck during this stage. To overcome this block, you need to learn some types of interview questions:

• Opinion – What do you think of this topic?
• Behavioral – What would you do in this situation?
• Experience and knowledge – What do you know about the subject?
• Background – How are you connected to the subject? What is your age, occupation, etc?
• Emotional – How do you feel about the subject?
• Sensory – What does the subject taste and feel like?

You can also think of the questions following the interviewee’s “yes” and “no” answers.

Tips for Conducting a Successful Interview

These four tips will help you conduct a productive interview on the first try:

1. Plan Your Meeting

Note that you want to interview a person in a quiet place so that nobody will distract you. This might be some cozy book store or a café. Or, you can arrange an online meeting. Make sure you have at least one hour for the interview.

2. Rehearse a bit

If you will conduct your first-ever interview, you want to practice with your friends/significant other/ family in the first place. This approach will help you identify what stage of your upcoming interview may challenge you the most.

3. Record Your Interview

You will forget about 50% of the information within an hour once you finish the interview. So don’t rely on your memory − bring a recorder instead. Why not take notes? You wouldn’t want to go red while asking your interviewee to repeat what they have just said or wait until you write down their answers.

4. Talk to Your Interviewee for a While Before You Begin

Speaking to someone you don’t know might be uncomfortable. You don’t have to attack them with your interview questions straightaway. Instead, you can exchange some casual phrases or discuss the weather. This will help you relieve stress and get comfortable with each other.

5. Explain Your Interview Protocol

It’s better to explain to your interviewee how you will conduct your interview. Tell them that you will use a recorder and introduce the discussion topic.

Interview Papers Format

In academic writing, you have to explain the purpose of your interview and introduce your interviewee in a specific “scholarly” format. The APA format interview paper has the following requirements:

• Use 12-point Times New Roman.
• Write a title page.
• Use double spacing.
• Introduce your interviewee and provide the background information – explain why this person is suitable for the interview. Mention their name and qualifications.
• Use direct quotes if you cite some facts provided by the interviewee.
• Use block quotes for citations longer than 40 words.

How to Write a Title Page?

The title of your paper must include your name, your institution, department, the course name and number, the teacher’s name, and the assignment date. The rules of writing the title page are the following:

• The title page must be numbered.
• Capitalize all major words in your title and make it bold.
• Place the title of the essay three or four lines down the top of the page.
• There must be one empty line before the student’s name.

Interview Papers Examples

If you’re searching for an interview essay example – check several samples below:

• A narrative interview essay .
• A Q&A interview format paper.
• An interview with a scientist.

Interview Papers Writing Tips

The following writing tips will help you deliver the first-class interview paper:

• Write the introduction at the end. Once you finish your essay, you will likely reconsider some ideas you had before you began. They will help you frame your interview essay with a captivating introduction and conclusion.
• Give yourself a break after finishing your final draft. This will help you look at your paper with a fresh pair of eyes once you start editing.
• Edit one type of error at a time. For example, you can reduce logical errors first and switch to grammatical mistakes afterward.
• Use an active voice. If active voice makes your sentence shorter, use it without hesitation.
• Check for any sample interview paper to decide on the interview questions. Perhaps, some pieces will spark your interest.

Writing Help by Handmadewriting

An interview paper doesn’t seem that intimidating once you learn how to write it step by step. First, you have to choose the subject that allows you to interview ordinary people rather than hard-to-reach ones. Then, you need to research your topic, conduct an interview, and write a paper.

You can get an A+ for this assignment with enough effort and dedication. But a doable task doesn’t necessarily mean that you must do it by yourself. If you have plenty of other assignments to do, you can ask our essay writers to craft an exemplary interview paper for you. For this, you can place an order on our website, and we will do all the dirty work.

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How to Write an Essay in APA Format

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell.

What Is APA Format?

Apa essay format basics.

• Steps to Follow

Frequently Asked Questions

If your instructor has asked you to write an APA format essay, it might at first seem like a daunting task, especially if you are accustomed to using another style such as MLA or Chicago. But you can master the rules of APA essay format, too.

An essay is one type of paper that can be written in APA format; others include lab reports, experimental reports, and case studies. Before you begin, familiarize yourself with some of the basic guidelines for writing a paper in APA format. Of course, it will also be important to follow any other formatting instructions that are part of your assignment.

How do you write an essay in APA format? The basic elements you need to include are:

• A title page
• An abstract
• An introduction, main body, and conclusion
• A reference section
• Proper APA formatting with regard to margins, layout, spacing, titles, and indentations

This article discusses how to write an essay in APA format, including the basic steps you should follow and tips for how to get started.

Whether you’re taking an introductory or graduate-level psychology class, chances are strong that you will have to write at least one paper during the course of the semester. In almost every case, you will need to write your paper in APA format, the official publication style of the American Psychological Association . It is also used for academic journals.

Such rules are generally the same whether you are writing a high school essay, college essay, or professional essay for publication.

APA format is used in a range of disciplines including psychology , education, and other social sciences. The format dictates presentation elements of your paper including spacing, margins, and how the content is structured.

Most instructors and publication editors have strict guidelines when it comes to how your format your writing. Not only does adhering to APA format allow readers to know what to expect from your paper, but it also means that your work will not lose critical points over minor formatting errors. 

While the formatting requirements for your paper might vary depending on your instructor's directions, writing APA essay format means you will most likely need to include a title page, abstract, introduction, body, conclusion, and reference sections.

Your APA format essay should have a title page . This title page should include the title of your paper, your name, and your school affiliation. In some instances, your teacher might require additional information such as the course title, instructor name, and the date.

• The title of your paper should be concise and clearly describe what your paper is about.
• Your title can extend to two lines, but it should be no longer than 12 words.

An abstract is a brief summary of your paper that immediately follows the title page. It is not required for student papers, according to APA style. However, your instructor may request one.

If you include an abstract , it should be no more than 100 to 200 words, although this may vary depending upon the instructor requirements.

Your essay should also include a reference list with all of the sources that were cited in your essay,

• The reference section is located at the end of your paper.
• References should be listed alphabetically by the last name of the author.
• References should be double-spaced.
• Any source that is cited in your paper should be included in your reference section.

When writing in APA essay format, the text will include the actual essay itself: The introduction, body, and conclusion.

• There should be uniform margins of at least one inch at the top, bottom, left, and right sides of your essay.
• The text should be in Times New Roman size 12 font or another serif typeface that is easily readable.
• Your paper should be double-spaced.
• Every page should include a page number in the top right corner.
• The first word of each paragraph in your paper should be indented one-half inch.

For professional papers (usually not student papers), every page of the essay also includes a running head at the top left. The running head is a shortened form of the title, often the first few words, and should be no more than 50 characters (including spaces).

Steps to a Successful APA Format Essay

In addition to ensuring that you cite your sources properly and present information according to the rules of APA style, there are a number of things you can do to make the writing process a little bit easier.

Choose a Topic

Start by choosing a good topic to write about. Ideally, you want to select a subject that is specific enough to let you fully research and explore the topic, but not so specific that you have a hard time finding sources of information.

If you choose something too specific, you may find yourself with not enough to write about. If you choose something too general, you might find yourself overwhelmed with information.

Research Your Topic

Start doing research as early as possible. Begin by looking at some basic books and articles on your topic to help develop it further. What is the question you are going to answer with your essay? What approach will you take to the topic?

Once you are more familiar with the subject, create a preliminary source list of potential books, articles, essays, and studies that you may end up using in your essay.

Remember, any source used in your essay must be included in your reference section. Conversely, any source listed in your references must be cited somewhere in the body of your paper.

Write Your Rough Draft

With research in hand, you are ready to begin. Some people like to create an outline to organize their argument prior to drafting. You may want to start with a very rough outline, and then add details.

Once you have a detailed outline, the next step is to translate it from notes to complete sentences and paragraphs. Remember, this is a first draft. It doesn't have to be perfect.

As you write your paper in APA essay format, be sure to keep careful track of the sources that you cite.

How do you start an APA paper? Your paper should begin with an introduction that includes a thesis statement that presents your main ideas, points, or arguments. Your introduction should start on the third page of your paper (after the title page and abstract). The title of your paper should be centered, bolded, and typed in title case at the top of the page.

Review and Revise

After you have prepared a rough draft of your essay, it's time to revise, review, and prepare your final draft. In addition to making sure that your writing is cohesive and supported by your sources, you should also check carefully for typos, grammar errors, and possible formatting mistakes.

When citing information or quotations taken from an interview, APA format requires that you cite the source, how the information was collected, and the date of the interview. They should not be included in the reference section, however, because they are not something that can be located by a reader in any published source or searchable database.

Instead, the information should be cited parenthetically in the main body of the text. For example: “There was an increase in the number of college students who screened positive for depression/anxiety” (R. Heathfield, personal communication, May 9, 2021).

If the essay is in a chapter of a book, edited collection, or anthology, APA format states that you should cite the last name, first name, title of essay, title of collection, publisher, year, and page range. For example: Smith, John, "The Light House," A Book of Poems , editing by Peter Roberts, Allworth Press, 2005, pp. 20-25.

According to APA format, a two-part essay is formatted the same as an essay, however, you'll need to create two title pages.

If you're including a short direct quote in your APA-format essay, you will need to cite the author, year of publication, and page number (p.) or page number span (pp.). Quotations longer than 40 words should omit the quotation marks and be put in the text using block quotation formatting, on its own line and indented 1/2 inch from the left margin.

The cover page or "title page" in APA essay format should always include the title of your paper, your name, and school affiliation as well as the course title, instructor name, and date, if requested by your teacher.

Nagda S.  How to write a scientific abstract.   J Indian Prosthodont Soc.  2013;13(3):382-383. doi:10.1007/s13191-013-0299-x

American Psychological Association.  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed.). Washington DC: The American Psychological Association; 2019.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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APA Interview Citation – Format & Examples

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Interviews are common sources for academic research. While writing a research paper , you do not need to write references for interviews you conducted. However, if you use published interviews, you must include their sources in the reference list, depending on a specific citation style. This post discusses APA interview citation according to the 7th edition of the APA style  and will include APA examples to assist you in accurately citing these types of sources.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 In a nutshell: APA interview citation
• 2 Definition: APA interview citation
• 3 APA interview citation: Interviews you conducted
• 4 APA interview citation: Published interviews

In a nutshell: APA interview citation

• APA interview citation refers to the basic format for citing interviews, according to the American Psychological Association.
• The APA interview citation formats depend on the nature of the interview. For instance, your interviews should be cited as personal communications, while published interviews should appear in your citation or reference list.
• APA interview citation formats for published interviews also differ depending on the source, like podcasts, newspapers, and YouTube videos.

Definition: APA interview citation

APA is a common formatting style for references in academic writing . Therefore, APA interview citation is the standard format for citing published interviews. It is worth noting that publicly accessed or published interviews should be cited differently than the ones you conduct yourself.

Note that: You should not cite the interviews you conduct as personal communication in the text. In contrast, all published interviews should be included in the reference list and follow standard format rules.

How to avoid point deductions

Point deductions can also be caused when citing passages that are not written in your own words. Don’t take a risk and run your paper through our online plagiarism checker . You will receive the results in only 10 minutes and submit your paper with confidence.

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APA interview citation: Interviews you conducted

The interviews you conducted should not appear in your paper’s reference list because your readers cannot access them publicly. However, you may refer to them in your text by quoting your interviewees or including their transcripts in an appendix.

In contrast, you do not need to include transcripts of informal personal interviews in an appendix. Instead, you may use an APA personal communication citation (interviewee’s initial and last name, “personal communication,” interview date).

Quoting interview participants: Formal interview

• If your research technique includes formal interviews with subjects, then your paper should consist of the discussions in an appendix.
• However, you need not add citations when quoting your interviewees.
• Instead, all you need to do is mention where your reader can find the transcripts.
• Furthermore, you should only mention the transcript once, even if you quote from it severally.

Quoting interview participants: Personal interview

• In APA interview citation, if your research includes personal, informal interviews that help you support your arguments, you do not need an appendix.
• Since these interviews are not published, you may cite them as personal information and not mention them on the reference list.
• When citing them as personal information, you should include the following information: the interviewee’s initial and last name, personal communication, and interview date.

A key participant, Michael, explained that the experience was “novel and challenging” (full interview transcripts presented in Appendix D).

Via phone call, one of the key scholars in the project explained that the impacts were “still present” (K. Micheal, personal communication, January 16, 2002).

APA interview citation: Published interviews

The basic APA interview citation instructions for published interviews depend on the source format in which it was published. Note that the interviewer is usually the interviewer, and the interviewee’s name is not usually included in the reference list.

Additionally, it would be wise to clarify the precise speaker when quoting from an interview you did not conduct. This helps clarify if the interviewer or interviewee speaks the words.

The Department of Justice aims to reinstate its laws regarding immigrant lawbreaking, as highlighted by the head of the department, Nathaniel Dunphy, in a recent interview with CNN: “Our objective is to create precise policies for a just legal system” (Davenport, 200, para. 16).

Podcast interview

When citing an interview from a podcast, you must list the host as the author following the APA interview citation format below.

Newspaper interview

Regarding APA interview citation for newspaper interviews, you should follow the standard newspaper format with the interviewer as the author.

Interview on YouTube

In APA interview citations for YouTube interviews, the person or company that uploaded the video appears as the author instead of the interviewer. Below is the standard format for citing YouTube interviews in academic research papers.

Tips for the final format revision of your thesis

Adjusting the format according to your university’s requirements is typically the final step. After several times of proofreading, many become blinkered to their own work and miss formatting mistakes. A 3D Look inside function representing the real-life version that can be edited virtually creates a fresh eye for formatting mistakes and helps you to detect them again.

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How do you cite an interview in APA?

The format you use depends on the formatting style you apply in your paper, like APA interview citation. Furthermore, the interviews you conduct should be cited in-text as personal communication, while published interviews should appear in the list of references.

How do you cite interviews you conducted?

You can cite interviews you conducted by referring to them in the text. For instance, you can include a transcript of the discussions in an appendix or by quoting research participants.

What are the rules for APA interview citation?

The basic rules for APA interview citation include the interviewee’s last name and first initial, date, and type of interview. So, the basic structure is:

• First name initial, last name, interview type, interview date.

Why is APA interview citation essential?

APA interview citation helps you give your sources credit for the data. It also explains your data source for your readers and enables you to avoid plagiarism .

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A guide to writing an observation paper for child development in apa format, rachel r.n..

• February 23, 2024
• How to Guides

What You'll Learn

Observation papers focusing on child development serve as invaluable tools for gaining deep insights into a child’s behavior, cognitive abilities, and social interactions. Crafting such papers in American Psychological Association (APA) format ensures a standardized and professional presentation of your findings. This comprehensive guide will provide an in-depth exploration of the steps involved in writing an observation paper for child development in APA style.(A Guide to Writing an Observation Paper for Child Development in APA Format)

Preparing for the Observation

•  Selecting the Child

Consider Developmental Stage: Choose a child whose age and developmental stage align with the objectives of your observation. A preschooler, for example, may exhibit different behaviors than an elementary school child.

Parental Consent: Obtain explicit permission from parents or guardians to observe and document the child’s behavior, ensuring ethical considerations are met.

2. Identifying the Setting:

• Relevance of Setting: Determine the appropriate setting for observation, such as a home, school, or daycare center. Ensure it is conducive to observing the specific behaviors of interest.
• Time and Duration: Consider the time and duration of the observation, allowing for a comprehensive view of the child’s behavior across various activities and situations.(A Guide to Writing an Observation Paper for Child Development in APA Format)

3. Conducting the Observation:

Establishing Objectives:

Define Clear Goals: Clearly define the goals and objectives of the observation, specifying the aspects of child development you intend to study, whether it be language development , social interactions, or emotional regulation.

Structured Plan: Develop a structured observation plan, outlining the specific behaviors and interactions you aim to observe. This plan will serve as a roadmap during the observation.

4. Note-Taking and Recording:

• Real-time Documentation: Utilize a notebook or electronic device for real-time note-taking during the observation, capturing details, quotes, and any notable behaviors.
• Event Sequencing: Record specific behaviors, interactions, and any significant events in a chronological sequence, providing a nuanced understanding of the child’s actions.(A Guide to Writing an Observation Paper for Child Development in APA Format)

5. Maintaining Objectivity:

• Neutral Tone: Maintain a neutral and objective tone throughout your notes, avoiding personal biases and interpretations that are not supported by observed behaviors.
• Avoid Assumptions: Refrain from making assumptions or interpretations that may cloud the objectivity of your observations. Stick to observable facts.

Structuring the Observation Paper in APA Format

A. Title Page

Follow APA guidelines for the title page, including the title of the paper, your name, institutional affiliation, and date. Include a running head and page number for consistency.

B. Abstract:

Write a concise abstract (150-250 words) summarizing the purpose, methods, and key findings of the observation, providing a snapshot of your study.

C. Introduction:

Provide detailed background information on the child, setting, and purpose of the observation, highlighting the significance of studying the particular developmental aspects.

Clearly state the objectives of the study, emphasizing how the observation contributes to the broader understanding of child development.(A Guide to Writing an Observation Paper for Child Development in APA Format)

D. Methodology :

Provide a detailed description of the observation methods, including the setting, duration, and any instruments used (e.g., video camera, audio recorder).

Describe ethical considerations and consent procedures, ensuring transparency in the ethical conduct of your study.

E. Results :

Organize your findings logically, using headings and subheadings to delineate different aspects of the child’s behavior and interactions.

Present observed behaviors with supporting examples, providing context and depth to your observations.

F. Discussion:

Analyze and interpret observed behaviors within the context of relevant child development theories, discussing how your findings align or diverge from existing literature.(A Guide to Writing an Observation Paper for Child Development in APA Format)

Discuss the implications of your findings on the child’s overall development, considering potential influences and factors.(A Guide to Writing an Observation Paper for Child Development in APA Format)

G. Conclusion :

Summarize the key findings of your observation, emphasizing their significance in the context of child development.

Suggest potential areas for further research or intervention based on your observations and findings.

IV. Citations and References:

A. Citations:

Cite sources using APA in-text citation guidelines, providing specific details such as author, year, and page when referencing literature or theories.

B. References:

Compile a list of references in alphabetical order, adhering to APA guidelines for formatting and citing various sources.(A Guide to Writing an Observation Paper for Child Development in APA Format)

A. Proofreading:

Review your paper for grammatical errors, clarity, and consistency, ensuring that your writing is precise and articulate.(A Guide to Writing an Observation Paper for Child Development in APA Format)

Verify that your paper adheres to APA formatting guidelines, including font size, margins, and overall presentation.

B. Submission :

Submit your observation paper in accordance with the requirements provided by your instructor or institution.

Include any necessary supporting materials, such as consent forms or additional documentation, to strengthen the credibility of your study.

In conclusion, writing an observation paper for child development in APA format is a meticulous process that requires careful planning, detailed observation, and strict adherence to APA guidelines. By following this comprehensive guide, you can craft a well-structured, professional paper that contributes valuable insights to the field of child development. This approach ensures your work is not only academically rigorous but also ethically sound, promoting a holistic understanding of a child’s developmental journey.(A Guide to Writing an Observation Paper for Child Development in APA Format)

Trawick-Smith, J. (2022).  Early childhood development: A multicultural perspective . Pearson. One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED633607

Whitebread, D., & Neale, D. (2020). Metacognition in early child development.  Translational Issues in Psychological Science ,  6 (1), 8. https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/tps/6/1/8/

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Essay Templates

• 20+ Interview Essay Templates

An interview essay is a simple form of writing that relays the information being gathered through an interview essay template . It is done to make the readers knowledgeable of the items discussed during the interview process. This type of essay allows the writer to relay his or her impressions on the interview that occurred and the precise data from the interview.

Student Interview Essay Template

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Free High School Interview Essay Sample

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Sample College Narrative Interview Essay

Extended Definition Essay with Interview Paper

Professional Student Interview Essay Template

The Process of Creating an Interview Essay

• Think first of the topic that you want to write about. This will serve as your guide on selecting the person that you want to interview.
• Know the purpose of your essay. If you think that interviewing just one person is enough, then it will already do good to Word interview one. It also varies on the mood that you want your writing to have.
• Prepare interview questions. Base your questions on your chosen topic so you can already have a guideline on what to ask. With this, you can already create a structure for your essay as you already have an idea of what is going to be in it. An information Sheet will just vary depending on the answers of your interviewee.
• Quoting your interviewer. If you want to quote the interviewee in some parts of your essay, make sure to write the precise sample statement that he or she has said during the interview. If you cannot write at a fast pace, using an audio-recording device to record the entire interview with the permission of the PDF interviewee is of great help.
• Prepare for the essay. After the interview, construct your thoughts and create a flow of ideas where you can insert the items being answered during the interview.
• Start writing your interview essay and make sure that you are following the pattern that you have created for a cohesive thought pre-construction .

Interview Essays with Journalists and Politicians

Job Interview Essay Report with Introduction

Interview Essay with APA Documentation Style

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Capture the Attention of Your Readers

More in essay templates, interview essay example, interview article template, interview essay in apa documentation style template, personal career case study interview essay template, job interview essay report with introduction template, reflective interview essay template, reflective leadership interview essay template, high school interview essay template, extended definition essay with interview template.

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Reference List: Other Non-Print Sources

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

Please note: the following contains a list of the most commonly cited non-print sources. For a complete list of how to cite non-print sources, please refer to the 7 th edition of the APA Publication Manual.

Interviews fall into three categories: published interviews, personal interviews, and research participant interviews. However, only published interviews require a formal citation in your reference list.

A published interview is found in places like a radio show, newspaper, or magazine. To cite a published interview, adhere to the format for that particular reference type (i.e., if the interview is on a podcast, cite the podcast). For more information on citing sources where an interview might appear, visit the Articles in Periodicals page or the Electronic Sources page.

A personal interview is considered personal communication and does not require a formal citation in your reference list. See below for more information.

A research participant interview is an interview conducted as part of your research project. You might address this in the body of your paper, saying something like, “As part of my study, I interviewed fifty participants about their involvement with intramural sports.” However, you do not need to formally cite this in your reference list.

Presentation at Conference or Symposium

Whether you’re citing a keynote address, a paper presentation as part of a symposium, or a poster presentation, follow the guidelines below. While some presentations are published after they’re given, others do not have a written component. If the presentation is published, follow the guidelines for citation as laid out in the Other Print Sources page. Be sure to include a URL if the publication is available online.

Presentation Without an Online Source

Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution [Description of contribution]. Title of Symposium/Conference, Location.

Matson, E. (2018, Nov. 5). Drones and autonomous vehicles: The latest new technology to come with potential threat [Conference session]. Dawn or Doom 2018 Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.

Presentation With Online Source

Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution [Description of contribution]. Title of Symposium/Conference, Location. URL

Bailey, C. (2019, April 5). How to get your brain to focus  [Address]. TEDxManchester, Manchester, U.K.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hu4Yvq-g7_Y

Individual Presentation in a Larger Symposium/Panel

Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution. In E. E. Chairperson & F. F. Chairperson (Chairs),  Title of larger symposium/panel [Description of symposium/panel] Title of symposium/conference, Location. URL if available

Fabian, J. J. (2020, May 14). UX in free educational content. In J. S. Doe (Chair), The case of the Purdue OWL: Accessibility and online content development   [Panel presentation] Computers and Writing 2020, Greenville, NC, United States.

Unpublished Works

You may find yourself needing to cite a dissertation or a manuscript that has not yet been formally published. To correctly classify the work, describe the work and put that description in square brackets. Be sure the date you list is the year the work was completed, whether it’s the final version or not. 

Unpublished Manuscript

Barkley, S., Chen, M., & McDonald, P. (2018). The effects of sodium on children’s health [Unpublished manuscript]. Department of Biology, University of Cincinnati.

Manuscript in Preparation

Glass, A. (2019). How avocados changed America [Manuscript in preparation]. Department of Sociology, Michigan State University.

Manuscript Submitted for Publication

Jones, R. (2019). Walt Whitman and the American Dream [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Department of English, University of Mississippi.

Personal Communication

Any communication that cannot be directly retrieved by a reader is considered “personal communication.” Emails, phone conversations, text messages, and social media messages are all examples of personal communication. You do not include personal communication in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in your main text only.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2019).

If you reference personal communication in a footnote, as is common practice in certain fields and publications, you can document it in the same way.

1. P. Smith (personal communication, November 3, 2019) also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style.

Although you do not need to cite personal communication, do try to locate a source when possible. For example, if your friend told you about a research study he heard on a podcast, and you want to include that information in your essay, it is best to cite the original podcast, rather than the communication with your friend.