gender discrimination essay in tamil

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Last Updated : 08 Mar, 2021 10:26 AM

Published : 08 Mar 2021 10:26 AM Last Updated : 08 Mar 2021 10:26 AM

பாலினப் பாகுபாடும் பெண்கள் தினமும்

ஆணும் பெண்ணும் சமம்; பாலினத்தை காரணம் காட்டி உரிமைகள் மறுக்கப்படக் கூடாது என்று சட்டங்கள் கூறுகின்றன. ஆனால், யதார்தத்தில் பெண்களின் நிலைமை எப்படி இருக்கிறது? சில வாரங்களுக்கு முன்பு வெளியான ஆக்ஸ்ஃபாம் அறிக்கையில், உலகில் தற்போது நிலவும் அதீத ஏற்றத்தாழ்வுக்கு பாலினப் பாகுபாடு ஒரு முக்கிய காரணம் என்று குறிப்பிட்டுள்ளது.

ஒரு பெண்ணுக்கு பொருளாதார சுதந்திரமே உண்மையான சுதந்திரம் என்று கூறப்படுவதுண்டு. ஆனால், இந்தியாவில் பெண்கள் பொருளாதார சுதந்திரத்தை அடைவதற்கான பாதை அவ்வளவு எளிதானதாக இல்லை. 15 முதல் 18 வயதுக்குட்ட இளம் பெண்களில் 40 சதவீதம் பேர் பள்ளிக்குச் செல்வதில்லை என்று ஆய்வுகள் கூறுகின்றன. பெண்களை திருமண வாழ்வுக்கு தயார் செய்வதுதான் இந்திய சமூகத்தின் அடிப்படை பணியாக இருக்கிறது.

ஒரு பெண், நல்ல நிறுவனத்தில் நல்ல வேலையைப் பெற்றாலும், திருமணத்துக்குப் பிறகு, குடும்பக் கடமைகளையும் குழந்தை வளர்ப்பு பொறுப்புகளையும் காரணம் காட்டி வேலைக்குப்போவதைத் தடுத்துவிடுகிறார்கள். வீட்டு வேலைக்குச் செல்லும் பெண்ணிலிருந்து, பெப்சி கோ நிறுவனத்தின் உயர் பதவி வகித்த இந்திரா நூயி வரைக்கும் இந்தப் பிரச்சினை இருக்கிறது.

படிப்பைப் பாதியில் விடுவது, வேலையிலிருந்து நிற்பது எல்லாம் பெண்களின் வாழ்க்கையில் இயல்பான நிகழ்வாகிவிட்டது. பெரும் போரட்டத்துக்குப் பிறகு வேலைக்குச் சேர்ந்தாலும், பணியிடங்களில் பாலினப் பாகுபாடு எனும் சவாலை எதிர்கொள்ள வேண்டிய நிலைக்கு ஆளாகின்றனர். ஆசிய பசிபிக் பிராந்தியத்தில் ஏனைய நாடுகளை விடவும் இந்தியாவில்தான் பெண்கள் பணியிடங்களில் அதிகப் பாகுபாடை எதிர்கொள்வதாக லிங்டுஇன் ஆய்வு கூறுகிறது.

அதில் இந்தியாவில் 85 சதவீப் பெண்கள் பாலினப் பாகுபாடு காரணமாக பதவி உயர்வு, ஊதிய உயர்வு உள்ளிட்டவற்றில் வாய்ப்புகளை இழக்கின்றனர் என்று அந்த ஆய்வு கூறுகிறது. இந்திய நிறுவனங்களில் உயர் பதவிகளில் பெண்களின் எண்ணிக்கை வெறும் 3.7 சதவீதமாக இருக்கிறது. ஊதியமும் ஆணுக்கும் பெண்ணுக்கும் வேறுபடுகிறது. ஆண் ஒரு மணி நேரத்தில் ஈட்டும் ஊதியத்தை அதே வேலையை செய்வதற்கு அந்த ஊதியத்தில் 65 சதவீதம்தான் பெண்ணுக்கு வழங்கப்படுகிறது. கரோனா காலகட்டத்தில் பெண்களின் நிலைமை இன்னும் மோசமாக மாறி இருக்கிறது.

இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் 48 சதவீதம் பெண்கள்தான். ஆனால், இந்திய வேலைசார் பங்களிப்பில் பெண்களின் எண்ணிக்கை 20 சதவீதம் மட்டுமே. ஆண்களுக்கு நிகரான அளவில் பெண்களுக்கும் வேலைவாய்ப்பு உருவாக்கப்பட்டால், 2025ல் இந்தியாவின் ஜிடிபி கணிப்பை விட 60 சதவீதம் உயரும் என்று மெக்கென்சி க்ளோபல் இன்ஸ்டிடியூட் ஆய்வறிக்கை கூறுகிறது. அந்த வகையில் இந்தியாவின் வளர்ச்சி பாலினப் பாகுபாடு காரணமாக தடைபடுகிறது.

இந்தியாவில் பெண்கள் சந்திக்கும் சாவால்களை படிப்பு, வேலை, குடும்பம் என்பதோடு மட்டும் குறுக்கிவிடக்கூடாது. தெருவில்,சாலையில் ஒரு பெண் பாதுகாப்பாக உணரமுடிவதில்லை. எப்போதும் மிகுந்த எச்சரிக்கை உணர்வுடன் இருக்க நிர்பந்திக்கப்பட்டு இருக்கின்றனர். வன்முறையின் நடுவே அவர்களது அன்றாடப் பயணம் இருந்துகொண்டிருக்கிறது. இப்படியான ஒரு சூழலில்தான் நாம் பெண்கள் தினத்தை ஒவ்வோராண்டும் கொண்டாடிக்கொண்டிருக்கிறோம்!

அன்பு வாசகர்களே....

இந்த ஊரடங்கு காலத்தில் வீட்டை விட்டு வெளியே வராமல் நமக்கு நாமே சமூக விலகல் ( Social Distancing) செய்து கொள்வோம். செய்தி ஊடகங்களின் வழியே உலகுடன் தொடர்பில் இருப்போம். பொதுவெளியில் இருந்து தனிமைப்படுத்திக் கொண்டு கரோனா பரவலைத் தடுப்பதில் நம் பங்கை முழுமையாக இந்த சமூகத்துக்கு அளிப்போம்.

CoVid-19 கரோனா தடுப்பு / விழிப்புணர்வு கையேடு - இலவசமாக டவுன்லோடு செய்து பயன்பெறுங்கள்!

- வாசகர்கள் நலனில் அக்கறையுடன் இந்து தமிழ் திசை

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பால் மற்றும் பாலினம் வேறுபாடு.

மூன்றாம் பால் (திருநங்கைகள், திருநர்)

பாலின செயல்பாடு.

பாலினச் சமத்துவம்

பாலினச் சமத்துவத்தின் முக்கியத்துவம், ஆண்-பெண் சமத்துவம் கலந்துரையாடல், பெண்கள் மற்றும் பெண் குழந்தைகளுக்கான பாதுகாப்புச் சட்டங்கள், பெண்கள் அவசர உதவி எண்.

• நல்ல மற்றும் கெட்ட தொடுதல் (GOOD TOUCH AND BAD TOUCH) பற்றிய அறிவை முதலில் ஆண் குழந்தைகளுக்கும் பின்பு பெண் குழந்தைகளுக்கும் ஏற்படுத்துதல். புதிய நபர்களிடம் பழகும் முறையையும், அவர்களின் நடத்தை நோக்கத்தையும் புரிந்துகொள்ளும் திறனை பெண் குழந்தைகளிடம் வளர்த்தல்.
• தவறான முறையில் அணுகும் நபர்களிடம் எவ்வாறு நடந்துகொள்ள வேண்டும் என்ற அறிவையும், தற்காப்பு நடவடிக்கைகளை மேற்கொள்ளும் திறனையும் பெண் குழந்தைகளிடம் வளர்த்தல். தங்களது புகைப்படங்கள், கைபேசி எண்கள் மற்றும் இதர சுயம் சார்ந்த தகவல்களைச் சமூக வலைதளங்களில் பதிவிடுதலைத் தவிர்த்தல்.
• பெண் குழந்தைகள் வெளியில் செல்லும்போது அவர்களுக்கான பாதுகாப்பை உறுதி செய்யும் அம்சங்களைப் பற்றிய அறிவினை வளர்த்தல் மற்றும் பாதுகாப்பு உதவிகளைப் பெறும் வழிமுறைகளைப் பற்றிய விழிப்புணர்வு ஏற்படுத்துதல்.
• பெண்களைப் பற்றிய உயர்வான எண்ணத்தையும், பாலினச் சமத்துவம் பற்றிய விழிப்புணர்வையும் பொதுமக்களிடம் ஏற்படுத்துதல்.
• பெண் குழந்தைகளிடம் தைரியத்தையும், தன்னம்பிக்கையும் வளா்க்கும் வழிமுறைகளை கற்றுத் தருதல்
• பெண் குழந்தைகளுக்கு சம உரிமைகள் கிடைத்திட வழிவகை செய்தல்

பாலினச் சமத்துவத்தில் பள்ளி மேலாண்மை குழுவின் பங்கு

• குழந்தைகளை பள்ளியில் சேர்த்தல்
• குழந்தைகளை கற்றல் அடைவை பெறுதல்
• குழந்தைகளுக்கான அரசின் நலத்திட்டங்களை பெறுதல்
• குழந்தைகளை சமநோக்குடன் கையாளுதல்
• பள்ளி நிகழ்வுகளில் சமவாய்ப்புகளை பெறுதல் போன்றவை.

Paradoxes Of Working Women In Tamil Cinema

Editor’s Note:  FII’s #MoodOfTheMonth for May 2022 is  Gender at Workplaces . We invite submissions on the many layers of this theme throughout the month. If you’d like to contribute, kindly refer to our  submission guidelines  and email your articles to  [email protected]

Trigger warning: Gender violence, caste-discrimination

Tamil Nadu, as a state, is progressive and driven by social welfare schemes enabling women’s empowerment and career growth. Tamil Nadu’s gender-wise employable ratio  includes  67% women and 50% men. With government initiatives such as free bus fees, a Two-wheeler scheme for working women, and promising self-help group aid, women are empowered socially and financially. The on-ground reality of women reflects their trait of the enterprising and determined soul with their wings all set to reach great heights and the government’s consistent efforts to support their dream.

Given the premise of Tamil Nadu’s sustainable and holistic approach toward working women professionals, the world of working women on the screen constantly contradicts. The depiction of working women observed in Tamil films across decades and yesteryear films has always been different from reality, and it hasn’t outgrown the regressive stereotypes.

Also read: Dear Tamil Cinema, Let Brown Women Play The Role Of Brown Women

Tamil Nadu, as a state, is progressive and driven by social welfare schemes enabling women’s empowerment and career growth. Tamil Nadu’s gender-wise employable ratio  includes  67% women and 50% men. With government initiatives such as free bus fees, a Two-wheeler scheme for working women, and promising self-help group aid, women are empowered socially and financially.

Though it’s a laudable  fact   that Indian films represent more working women characters when compared to other global language films, the true nature of portrayal and how close the reel characters resonate with real-life working women needs to be addressed and modified.

According to an MIT Manipal  article , Indian cinema, in general, lacks balance and underrepresents women. They cast working women in roles that are synonymous with nurturing and submissive. These roles and characters reinforce gender stereotypes and seed a theme that’s far from reality. Regarding the male gaze and female representation, the blog post quotes the work of English art critic and novelist John Berger that reads, “Men act, women appear.” That stands true irrespective of the genres and language of the film. 

There is a distinguished and evident difference in the way women characters are described when compared to men, which is an outcome of gender bias rooted in film directors and reflected in gender-based disparity in the screentime. With films that speak about women’s empowerment and all the women-centric movies, they reek of the saviour complex where a ‘Man’ is looked up to for rescue. Women are repeatedly portrayed as “others” who are not capable of surviving and facing the world without depending on men. More often than not, the mainstream films speak about how women’s decision-making is flawed and ends up in mansplaining. For instance, the film Padayappa , portrays Neelambari( a well-educated woman with modern thoughts who gets schooled and ridiculed by the protagonist on the do’s and don’t’s of women).

The overall tonality of a woman character in Tamil cinema does not move beyond loose ponnu template (a meek girl who is made to believe she is cute), or mother (same old glorification of sacrifice) or supporting actor with no scope (sister, lover and friend). Women empowerment/centric movies have their own set of conditioning that they apply to the independent woman (wears a modern outfit, is indisciplined, selfish, and every other feature to make viewers hate her).

Also read: Tamil Cinema And Its Misogyny Endorsing The Vain Macho-Hero Image

Even after decades of evolution and multiple changemakers/ trendsetters, no efforts have been made to alter the existing female characterisation in Tamil cinema. These age-old patterns of gender stereotypes and problematic portrayal of women can be used to analyse the working women’s representation in Tamil Cinema. 

One of the primary observations about mainstream Tamil cinema starring mass heroes is that the woman (so-called lead) gets to be a voiceless character used only as a charming icon. Women leads barely have any dialogues and have a minuscule impact on the story. In the majority of the films, the profession/occupation of the women is always anonymous. Apart from being the shadow, love interest of the hero, and mere screen presence, their roles carry no weight and purpose. In Sivakarthikeyan’s Velaikaran, Nayanthara is shown to be a public icon voicing out in favour of women empowerment in a television talk show, but once the hero rescues her from the trolls/attacks she faces because of her opinion, the movie entirely shifts away from her onto how she supports (read, exists silently while sharing screen and gets life only for duet) and stands for him and his vision.

In the movie Mr. Local, Nayanthara is a successful business professional yet gets mansplained and humiliated by the hero (because he is the hero, his qualifications and job becomes insignificant). This is the regular pattern in Kollywood of the working women narrative, which is either about the man’s career or the man sabotaging women for having a career and being a powerful people.

Working women characters are written through a sexist lens. For instance, in some films, the female character is made to feel bad/guilty for choosing a career over a family. That as a woman, family and caretaking is her primary role as a woman is constantly reinstated in Tamil cinema. To mention 36 Vayathinile, Jyothika’s success as a woman gets accomplished only after her husband’s validation. Her initiative of terrace gardening and choice to follow her dreams gets invisible at the end of the movie and how she is accepted by her husband for her question to PM becomes the winner. 

Any woman not complying with the society’s conditioning of women gets judged and slut shamed for exercising the right to choose for her life. Film characters are no different and cannot escape the misogyny of writers who want to feed the patriarchal minds of viewers. In the movie Taramani, Andrea plays the role of an IT employee. The casual assumption that women from IT smokes and are party animal has been a norm on screen. Films about gender crimes mostly use working women as victims of the crime, which indirectly instills fear among women from marginalized and remote backgrounds, giving them an intimidating picture of the real world.

To quote Pink and Nerkonda Parvati, all the three victims are working professionals staying alone in a city. Though the film emphasizes the message ‘No means No,’ films, when remade from other languages, should do justice to the representation and adapt to the region-based crisis. The film’s portrayal of upper caste/class women is on the surge, and women from socially backward communities get left out as the issues they face are entirely different, which haven’t found a space in pop culture yet. 

Another problematic pattern followed in films with working women is the normalizing struggles of women in regard to work-life balance. The movies re-establish that women don’t and shouldn’t have it easy like men and glorify the hardships of the multiple hats that women are forced to wear. They believe that “Yes, every working mother is struggling to feed her family. You are not a special one to be exempted from pain.” Movies should break the narrative that women and pain are inseparable and portray progressive thoughts.

Any woman not complying with the society’s conditioning of women gets judged and slut shamed for exercising the right to choose for her life. Film characters are no different and cannot escape the misogyny of writers who want to feed the patriarchal minds of viewers.

Tamil films with convincing working women characterisation end up in disappointment. Nayanthara playing the role of a collector in Aram was a stellar performance and solid writing dealing with how women make decisions and handle a crisis. Unfortunately, the film ends with her resigning from her job for her inability to deal with injustice and power structure. 

In most of these portrayals and discussions, the focus, even when meagre, caters only to cis-women and tends to be trans exclusionary.

One breath of relief amidst the problematic women characterisation was when Magalir Mattum featuring Urvasi , Revathi and Rohini was released. It was one of the most realistic portrayals of working women from different backgrounds and how they stand up against the harassment/discrimination they face at the workplace.

Researcher Peter (2018)  suggests   that even if the woman is portrayed to be working in an IT company or some media-related work such as journalists, she is always shown to be in a mid-level position and not in the power of authority. Women do not get featured as STEM professionals, and even on the rarest occasion, the depiction is about a man/villain. For instance, Immaika Nodikal has Nayanthara as a cop, but the crux of the film deals with her smart and witty way of taking revenge on people who killed her husband. It is difficult to find a working woman character sketch written independently from her family role. The new Magalir Mattum with Jyothika in the lead revolves around families and struggles. 

The takeaway lesson from all the working women characters seen on screen in Tamil films is that the industry needs to do a lot of in-depth research to get an insight into the world of working women. Working women are written to satisfy patriarchy and meet the checklist of culturally driven women, and this has to be erased. On the whole, working women characters should come to life if written either by women or from a women’s point of view and not from how a man perceives working women.

Lavanya is a communication media professional and passionate writer/storyteller. She is in the journey of learning, unlearning and relearning every aspect of equality, and a proud, strong advocate of social justice in everyday life who is interested in dialogues and discussions around society and empowerment for all. 

Featured Image Source: Times Of India , Moviegalleri.net

I don’t agree with most of the things written here. For example, it’s right to show a glimpse of the working women’s family in movies. Only then the audience can get a better understanding of who she and where she is coming from. I actually felt that they could have shown something of nayantara’s personal life in aram. And the guilt of prioritising career over family is a real thing. It’s not something construed from a male perspective of how working women should be. I myself feel guilty very often that I’m not spending enough time with my child.

Irrespective of gender, everyone needs validation from their families/friends. So, I didn’t find anything odd when jyothika finally feels happy about the validation from her husband.

It’s true sometimes they are portrayed in that way but it is in the case of film industry not only tamil cinema right?

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Being Tamil in a Different Way: A Feminist Critique of the Tamil Nation

Co-author: Radhika Coomaraswamy. This essay explores the history of gender and Tamil nationalism from the colonial context until the final round of peace talks in the early two thousands in Sri Lanka. The paper explores different feminist arguments made about women impacted by Tamil nationalism. Key to this paper is the role of women in militant movements like the Tamil Tigers of Sri Lanka, and in protest movements like The Mothers Fronts.

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The protracted civil war between the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE) came to end in 2009 by defeating the LTTE militarily. Since 2009, the GOSL has focused on liberal peacebuilding through the policy of rehabilitation, reintegration and reconstruction (Thiranagama, 2011; Salter, 2015; Stokke and Uyangoda, 2012). After the war ended, the LTTE also became a spot of light in research stream.The narratives of the LTTE members basically reveal the everyday life of the rebellion in the liberation movement. The key objective of this paper is to understand the narrations and perceptions of the former LTTE combatants on their lives and struggle. The paper, thereby, examines the LTTE point of view on human rights, peacebuilding and freedom. In addition, the paper explores how the women's role has been constructed in the liberation movement.

Journal of Gender Studies

Rohini Hensman

How have women in general and feminists in particular related to Sinhalese and Tamil nationalism in Sri Lanka.? It is no doubt true that some women have supported them; in the case of Sinhala Buddhism, this has taken the form of ideological support, while in the case of Tamil nationalism, young women have also taken part in the armed struggle of the LTTE and other militant groups. However, the role of women in the nationalist struggles has been at best marginal and subordinate, whereas they have been at the forefront in the movement for human rights and peace. Most women spontaneously reject the violence, destruction and suffering which ethnic nationalism has entailed in Sri Lanka; their reasons are not simply humanitarian but also economic, showing an understanding of the incredible wastage of all the labour which has been invested in building houses, industries and infrastructure, tilling fields, and rearing and educating children and young people. At a more theoretical level, feminists like Rajani Thiranagama have tried to show why this kind of nationalism is incompatible with feminism.

Samyukta: A Journal of Gender and Culture

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The paper focuses on how hierarchical gender relations that form the basis of the patriarchal Sri Lankan society allows women a very limited role within nationalist politics. It explores both Sinhalese and Tamil nationalism, exposes their inherently patriarchal nature and their respective nationalist imagination of women. It further sheds light on the myriad ways that Sinhalese and Tamil women submit to or subvert this nationalist expectation of them through their actions.

Zuzana Hrdlickova

Athula Withanawasam

Even though the civil war in Sri Lanka officially ended in 2009, the hardship created by war is long-lasting and will take years to reconcile. This research is about the impact of war politics on women of Tamil community in the Ampara district of Sri Lanka during the period of armed conflict. The findings of this study reveal that the girls of the Tamil community were forcefully recruited to join the Tamil militant groups. Hence, parents found the only way to rescue their children and to assure their existence was to arrange teenage marriages. Most of those marriages were not legally registered. This paved the way for the male partners to abandon their spouses, often with children. The women whose children were forcefully recruited to militant forces and whose life was lost in the battle filed were given the dignity of ‘Veera Thai’ (Heroine Mother) with an allowance as gratitude for bearing such a war hero. However, it was revealed the title itself had resulted in many types of hard...

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Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Setting the Stage, Gendering the Nation: John de Silva's Nationalist Theatre and the Entrance of Anie Boteju Chapter 3 Framing the Nation's Respectability: Anil Marcia de Silva's Rite of Passage Chapter 4 A Question of Identity: Jean Arasanayagam's Landscape of the Nation Chapter 5 Agent or Victim? The Sri Lanka Woman Militant in the Interregnum Chapter 6 Crossing the Issues-Mother Politics and Women's Politics: Notes on the Contemporary Sri Lanka Women's Movement

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Rural development and gender equality: A Case study in Tamil Nadu

Relevance: Mains: G.S paper I: Society and Social Issues

Tamil Nadu has to develop a policy framework to achieve employability through quality secondary education for women, shifting focus from only enrolment of girls in primary education

Tamil Nadu continues to be one of the fastest-growing states in India, despite some major declines due to political instability, rampant corruption, and populist measures at the cost of development. Tamil Nadu leads the rest of India in effective social engineering, largely attributable to the Dravidian Movement, which focused more on socio-economic development.

With no obligation to conform to national parties at the Centre, Tamil Nadu has shaped a path of development by shielding interference from New Delhi. Despite the portrayal of success in education and economic growth, the state has done little in reducing gender wage gap, especially in rural areas.

According to a 2017 World Bank report, the state’s female labour force participation is around 40 per cent and women contribute slightly more than men in casual wage jobs. Tamil Nadu’s literacy gap stands at 13 per cent as opposed to 16 per cent of the national average, reiterating the success of various schemes that have increased the gross enrolment of girls in schools.

However, as the literacy gap has narrowed, a visible gender wage gap in the rural casual labour sector has been observed. The fundamental model of development endorses equity extended to the labour market; but a wide gender wage gap illustrates the absence of skills among women or a gender bias leading to insufficient skill development for women.

Gender wage gap might be one of the outcomes of social discrimination but it could also be a symptom of erroneously-designed policies for the labour market.

Education, skills, and minimum wage among women

Per day wage difference between men and women is 31 per cent as on 2011-12 in Tamil Nadu, which is not much lower than the national average difference of 35 per cent. Casual women labourers in rural Tamil Nadu deserve attention as 62 per cent of women are employed in this sector — a much higher figure than men who make up only 51 per cent.

The southern states of India, often cited as model states for development, have missed the debate on gender inequality since they employ more than half the women in rural areas.

With an 80 per cent literacy rate, Tamil Nadu has performed well in achieving the social objective of close to universal education. But it is hard to conclude that a successful reduction in the literacy gap has translated to an optimal and equitable labour market.

In contrast, education is a key determinant of wage inequality. As education increases, women tend to withdraw from the labour force due to less availability of suitable jobs. There could be social reasons that could restrict women from working, like family and household chores which are not considered as economic activities.

Despite the reasons of education and social factors, the casual labour sector continues to attract a large number of women, primarily unskilled, despite low wages.

  Percentage of men and women workers receiving Less than Minimum Wage (LMW)

A direct comparison of wage differential would be misleading as the informal sector wages are highly determined by the performance and labour market of the concerned state. To present a more comprehensive picture of gender wage gap among three north and south Indian states, a simple calculation of percentage of male and female workers receiving ‘ Less than Minimum Wage (LMW) of INR 122’  is presented in the graph above.

The data clearly reveals a paradox in states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, which exhibit higher wage differential in casual workforce (average of farm and non-farm). In Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, the number of persons receiving less than minimum wage set by the government is higher but that relates to weak labour market movement and poor state regulations.

It is crucial for a state to understand that enrolment in education is not a panacea for growing unemployment. Evidences support that unemployment increases with higher levels of education; in rural Tamil Nadu 126 individuals per 1,000 postgraduates are unemployed and almost every non-literate is engaged in the labour market.

Educated unemployment is a widespread problem in India; the state has to rekindle the labour market demand by incentivising business within the framework. Enrolment of girls in education alone will not guarantee growth in workforce participation, it is a priority but there is incongruity between labour skills possessed and skills demand in market.

Despite higher literacy rate if the free market discriminates wages based on gender, it points to a facile design of labour market which is likely to adversely impact the state’s economy. Reduction in gender literacy gap has to penetrate down the informal economic sphere by paying equal wages to men and women with better state regulation.

A mere increase in the number of enrolment would hold little relevance if gender discrimination exists in economic activity and is made worse with weak social security mechanism. The much adulation received by Tamil Nadu for improving social indicators needs to be analytically viewed.

In actuality, the state needs to focus on skill augmentation among women and provide employability without discrimination through economic channels.

Skill development as a tool to combat wage inequality

Traditionally, as women are positioned in the lower strata of the social pyramid, labour market wages need to evolve a model highly dependent on performance and not on gender.

A large gender wage gap in Tamil Nadu, despite presumably good socio-economic indicators and no explicit evidence of men having productive superiority over women, points to two elements.

Firstly, women being paid less for the same job even as the law mandates equal pay highlight the discrimination that potentially can discourage women from entering the labour market in the future.

Secondly, the inability of the state to provide necessary skills to women creates an asymmetry in competence, leading to their withdrawal from the labour market. Where increase in employment figures do not manifest into inclusive development, it needs deeper analysis to recognise the causal factors of skill deficiencies.

The informal sector provides cheap labour for the industries but results in a general downtrend in wages and that is a concern as the majority of population is engaged in this sector. Further, gender wage gap is a sign of weak condition of informal labour market and poor efforts of the government to enhance skill levels in India.

The objective of laying down a minimum wage is to ensure a basic standard of living; huge difference in providing minimum wage based on gender proves underlying patriarchy covertly allowed by the state. The case of development has to be holistically viewed; the various programmes of a state have to address fundamental social problems through policy intervention.

The image of the state as one with the best socio-economic indicators tends to camouflage the fundamental reality of gender discrimination on a significant scale. The state needs to address this issue urgently to ensure a fair and equitable society.

Tamil Nadu’s vocational education is primarily imparted by private institutions and women tend to be less in number for such training. Incremental human resource requirement for Tamil Nadu is estimated to be 135 lakhs by 2022, the third-highest in India followed by Maharashtra and Sikkim.

The state government needs to proactively enhance the skill development programmes for women to meet growing demand of the industrial sector and to address the skill gap. High levels of skills would also ensure better bargaining power for women; social discrimination would soon be eliminated if economics is influenced by the state.

It is impossible to dismiss the labour productivity argument for a differential wage but wage rates determined purely by the labour market with no formal yardsticks to measure productivity can be attested to market failure.

The routine exploitation of female labourers in rural areas has to be recognised as a major social problem. Skill development programmes and vocational training based on available jobs have to be integrated with secondary education.

Different states of India are characterised by various socio-economic layers of issues that need customised, systematic policy interventions. Tamil Nadu has to develop a policy framework to achieve employability through quality secondary education for women shifting focus from only enrolment of girls in primary education.

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Gender Inequality Essay

500+ words essay on gender inequality.

For many years, the dominant gender has been men while women were the minority. It was mostly because men earned the money and women looked after the house and children. Similarly, they didn’t have any rights as well. However, as time passed by, things started changing slowly. Nonetheless, they are far from perfect. Gender inequality remains a serious issue in today’s time. Thus, this gender inequality essay will highlight its impact and how we can fight against it.

  About Gender Inequality Essay

Gender inequality refers to the unequal and biased treatment of individuals on the basis of their gender. This inequality happens because of socially constructed gender roles. It happens when an individual of a specific gender is given different or disadvantageous treatment in comparison to a person of the other gender in the same circumstance.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Impact of Gender Inequality

The biggest problem we’re facing is that a lot of people still see gender inequality as a women’s issue. However, by gender, we refer to all genders including male, female, transgender and others.

When we empower all genders especially the marginalized ones, they can lead their lives freely. Moreover, gender inequality results in not letting people speak their minds. Ultimately, it hampers their future and compromises it.

History is proof that fighting gender inequality has resulted in stable and safe societies. Due to gender inequality, we have a gender pay gap. Similarly, it also exposes certain genders to violence and discrimination.

In addition, they also get objectified and receive socioeconomic inequality. All of this ultimately results in severe anxiety, depression and even low self-esteem. Therefore, we must all recognize that gender inequality harms genders of all kinds. We must work collectively to stop these long-lasting consequences and this gender inequality essay will tell you how.

How to Fight Gender Inequality

Gender inequality is an old-age issue that won’t resolve within a few days. Similarly, achieving the goal of equality is also not going to be an easy one. We must start by breaking it down and allow it time to go away.

Firstly, we must focus on eradicating this problem through education. In other words, we must teach our young ones to counter gender stereotypes from their childhood.

Similarly, it is essential to ensure that they hold on to the very same beliefs till they turn old. We must show them how sports are not gender-biased.

Further, we must promote equality in the fields of labour. For instance, some people believe that women cannot do certain jobs like men. However, that is not the case. We can also get celebrities on board to promote and implant the idea of equality in people’s brains.

All in all, humanity needs men and women to continue. Thus, inequality will get us nowhere. To conclude the gender inequality essay, we need to get rid of the old-age traditions and mentality. We must teach everyone, especially the boys all about equality and respect. It requires quite a lot of work but it is possible. We can work together and achieve equal respect and opportunities for all genders alike.

FAQ of Gender Inequality Essay

Question 1: What is gender inequality?

Answer 1: Gender inequality refers to the unequal and biased treatment of individuals on the basis of their gender. This inequality happens because of socially constructed gender roles. It happens when an individual of a specific gender is given different or disadvantageous treatment in comparison to a person of the other gender in the same circumstance.

Question 2: How does gender inequality impact us?

Answer 2:  The gender inequality essay tells us that gender inequality impacts us badly. It takes away opportunities from deserving people. Moreover, it results in discriminatory behaviour towards people of a certain gender. Finally, it also puts people of a certain gender in dangerous situations.

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Exploring the discrimination and stigma faced by transgender in Chennai city–A community-based qualitative study

Gayathri kumar.

1 Research Fellow, Trichy SRM Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India

2 Associate Professor, Trichy SRM Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India

Deodatt M. Suryawanshi

3 Professor, Trichy SRM Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India

4 Associate Professor, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India

Divya Rajaseharan

5 Assistant Professors, Trichy SRM Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India

Kalaipriya Gunasekaran

Background:.

Transgender people experience widespread prejudice discrimination, violence and other harms of stigma and trans-phobia (dislike of or prejudice against trans-sexual or transgender people). To study various modes in which transgenders experience the stigma and discrimination and to understand situations and circumstances under which they are vulnerable toward stigma and discrimination.

Materials and Methods:

The present study was a mixed-method study which was conducted during the months of January to June 2019 among 43 study participants. Focus group discussion and in-depth interview was conducted with these participants with subsequent transcription. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used for analysis.

Transgenders face discrimination and stigma in various setting including education, employment, healthcare, and various public setting. Difficulties in getting government identity cards (ID), facing difficulties in changing ID cards after transition, discrimination in getting bank loan, homelessness, travelling rejections were considered as major obstacles and discrimination by the study participants.

Conclusion:

Multilevel interventions are needed for transgender populations, including legal protections, improvement of various settings. Inclusive measures should be taken to improve their status focusing on social stigma coupled with psychological pain and economic hardship.

The third gender, that is, “Transgender” signifies those individuals who are different in their biological constructions. They are different for the stereotype gender roles. Their gender makes them different and compelled to face discrimination in society. According to the definition, transgender, often shortened as trans, is an umbrella term; in addition to including people whose gender identity is the opposite of their assigned sex (trans men and trans women), it may also include people who are non-binary or genderqueer.[ 1 ] Despite of all the constitutional rights, they are denied to have their basic rights like Right to Personal Liberty, Freedom of Expression, and Right to Education, Empowerment, and Right against discrimination, exploitation and violence etc.[ 2 ] The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (UTS) is the largest survey examining the experiences of transgender people in the United States, with 27,715 respondents from all 50 states, provides a detailed look at the experiences of transgender people.[ 3 ] There is a pervasive pattern of discrimination and prejudice against transgendered people within society. Both economic discrimination and experiencing violence could be the result of a larger social climate that severely sanctions people for not conforming to society’s norms concerning gender; as such, both would be strongly associated with each other. Most of the studies have relied on fairly limited measures of discrimination, focusing primarily on workplace discrimination[ 4 ] not exploring in detail on the overall discrimination and stigma faced. We are exploring the importance of the measures to reduce discrimination, stigma and violence in various settings including education, employment, healthcare, and public settings which has not been explored in detail in India in the past. This research explores the lived realities of transgenders who enter the Hijra community and the various forms of social exclusion that these individuals face.

To explore various modes in which transgenders experience the stigma and discrimination and to understand situations and circumstances under which they are vulnerable toward stigma and discrimination.

Materials and Methods

The present study was a qualitative study done in Chennai city focusing mainly on the in depth interview. A total of 8 focus group discussions and 14 in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted along with free listing and pile sorting. The study was conducted during the months of January to June 2019 among 43 study participants (Transgender of all age groups).Exclusion criteria being cisgenders, lesbians, gays, bisexuals, non-consenting transgender.They were recruited using a non-probability snowball sampling technique. The study participants were interviewed at the location and at the time of their convenience and after obtaining written informed consent. Institutional ethics committee clearance was obtained before start of study.

Qualitative methodology

To explore various modes in which transgenders experience the stigma and discrimination and to understand situations and circumstances under which they are vulnerable toward stigma and discrimination investigators conducted a total eight focus group discussions and 14 in-depth Interview (IDI). Also, free listing and pile sorting were used to collect relevant qualitative data.

The following steps were done for Focussed Group Discussion (FGD):

• A topic guide was prepared
• The study participants were chosen by snowball sampling method
• Sampling was done mainly through the contacts of known transgenders selected throughout Chennai city
• The participants were requested to join the scheduled interview and discussions at a specific time convenient for them also
• Necessary arrangements were made for uninterrupted FGD
• Written informed consent was obtained for participation and audio recording of the proceedings was done
• FGDs were conducted with the transgenders who are the study participants, who were willing to participate.
• Each FGD lasted for about 45 minutes.
• Each FGD comprised a maximum of 10 participants (minimum 8 participants) from the Community. The study population comprised the transgenders of various age groups.
• Data was collected till information got saturated

Topic guide and interview schedule for the FGD and IDI

The analysis of FGDs was done through a conventional content analysis approach. Data were analyzed and managed simultaneously by sketching ideas, taking field notes, summarizing field notes, identifying codes, reducing codes into themes in Microsoft Excel, and finally developing categories. Smith’s salience score was calculated and the reasons with higher Smith’s S values were pile sorted. Smith’s S value refers to the importance, representativeness, or prominence of items to individuals or to the group. The analysis of free list and pile sort data was done using Anthropac software.

Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was also used for this research as it involves sensitive psychological issues.

A total of 43 participants throughout Chennai city participated in the study through 8 FGD (8–10 participants in each FGD), 14 IDI, free listing, and pile sorting. The majority of the participants are from the age group 35–45 (48.5%), followed by 25–35 (41.1%). The majority belonged to Hindu religion (61.7%) and more than half of them had primary level of education (51.4%). Majority of the women were involved in begging whereas there was one professional who is not working. To explore about the various discrimination and stigma faced, the free listing exercise was done [ Table 1 ].

Perceived discrimination and stigma among transgender population

A multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were done with pile sort data to get a collective picture of discrimination and sigma faced by transgenders. Results were categorized as: “school dropout’, physical bullying”, “lack of family support”, “lack of job opportunities”, “ harassment in work place”, “ negligence in healthcare setting”, “homelessness”, “travelling rejections”, “difficulty in accessing public toilet”, “ difficulties in getting ID cards”, “ challenges in taking loans”.

Focussed Group Discussion

A total of 8 FGDs were conducted to explore more about the situations and circumstances under which they are vulnerable toward stigma and discrimination. Totally 43 people participated and each FGD had 8–10 participants. The results of the FGD are reported according to the themes in [ Table 2 ]. Main themes and categories discussed in FGD.

Response for circumstances under which transgender population face discrimination: Each domain discussed in FGD

In-Depth Interview

A total of 14 depth interviews were conducted until the point of saturation. The themes that emerged from the IDIs are presented below as headings and supported by quotes from the participants. Each quote is accompanied by the occupation and age of the participant in parentheses [ Table 3 ].

Themes and verbatim obtained from in depth interview:

In the present study, transgenders admit that they face discrimination and stigma in various setting including education, employment, healthcare, and various public settings. Also difficulties in getting government identity cards (ID), facing difficulties in changing ID cards after transition, discrimination in getting bank loan, homelessness, travelling rejections were considered as major obstacles and discrimination by the study participants. Perceived violence and stigma among our study participants are comparable to the other study findings from various setting.[ 5 , 6 , 7 ]

During the study one of the study participants discussed that they need more peer support and opportunities to earn which is similar to the findings from the study conducted in Mumbai city.[ 8 ] Issues faced by our study participants in various settings are compared to the study results of Indian research where lack of family support leading to various psychosocial consequences are highlighted.[ 9 ] Our study participants admit that they face discrimination in accessing healthcare which is also highlighted in another research article from India[ 10 ] where socio-economic barriers, lack of health insurance, exclusion from social protection schemes, and health systems barriers are addressed.

One of the major strength of our study is we included transgender population from various sectors covering most of the occupations. There are also limitations of the study where coping strategies for the various discrimination and stigma is not explored to greater extent. Also social desirability bias when reporting sensitive information, and some nuances may have been overlooked in translating interviews.

As evident from the qualitative analysis, transgender individuals have specific healthcare and social needs; however, they face multiple obstacles to accessing quality healthcare ranging from social stigma and discrimination to lack of awareness and inferior services. Community mobilization interventions offer a promising vulnerability reduction strategy for transgenders, and could be effective in safeguarding transgender rights and reducing disease vulnerability. Strengthening legal protection, inclusive measures along with multilevel interventions to address transgender issues is needed.

Key points and take home message

Since not much research especially qualitative studies have been done among transgenders from various sectors, this article will definitely contribute for their welfare measures. Challenges and obstacles faced in various settings have been explored in detail. There is an imperative need for enhancing interventions along with legal measures to address specific issues.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

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Essay on Gender Discrimination

• Updated on  
• Jul 14, 2022

One of the challenges present in today’s society is gender discrimination. Gender discrimination is when someone is treated unequally based on their gender. Gender discrimination is not just present in the workplace but in schools, colleges and communities as well. As per the Civil Rights Act of 1964,  gender discrimination is illegal in India. This is also an important and common essay topic in schools and competitive exams such as IELTS , TOEFL , SAT , UPSC , etc. Let’s explore some samples of essay on gender discrimination and tips for writing an impactful essay.

Tips for Writing an Impactful Essay

If you want to write a scoring and deep impact essay, here are some tips for writing a perfect informative essay:

• The most important and first step is to write an introduction and background information about and related to the topic
• Then you are also required to use the formal style of writing and avoid using slang language
• To make an essay more impactful, write dates, quotations, and names to provide a better understanding
• You can use jargon wherever it is necessary as it sometimes makes an essay complicated
• To make an essay more creative, you can also add information in bulleted points wherever possible
• Always remember to add a conclusion where you need to summarise crucial points
• Once you are done read through the lines and check spelling and grammar mistakes before submission

Essay on Gender Discrimination in 200 Words

One of the important aspects of a democratic society is the elimination of gender discrimination. The root cause of this vigorous disease is the stereotypical society itself. When a child is born, the discrimination begins; if the child is male, he is given a car, bat and ball with blue, and red colour clothes, whereas when a child is female, she is given barbie dolls with pink clothes. We all are raised with a mentality that boys are good at sports and messy, but girls are not good at sports and are well organised. This discriminatory mentality has a deeper impact when girls are told not to work while boys are allowed to do much work. This categorising males and females into different categories discriminating based on gender are known as gender discrimination. Further, this discriminatory behaviour in society leads to hatred, injustice and much more. This gender discrimination is evident in every woman’s life at the workplace, in educational institutions, in sports, etc., where young girls and women are deprived of their rights and undervalued. This major issue prevailing in society can be solved only by providing equality to women and giving them all rights as given to men.

Essay on Gender Discrimination in 300 Words 

Gender Discrimination, as the term signifies, is discrimination or discriminatory behaviour based on gender. The stereotypical mindset of people in the past has led to the discrimination that women face today. According to Kahle Wolfe, in 2015, women earned 83% of the income paid to men by working the same hours. Almost all women are not only discriminated against based on their salaries but also on their looks.

Further, most women are allowed to follow a certain dress code depending upon the work field and the dress women wear also decides their future career.

This dominant male society teaches males that women are weak and innocent. Thus women are mostly victims and are targeted in crimes. For example, In a large portion of the globe, women are blamed for rapes despite being victims because of their clothes. This society also portrays women as weaker and not eligible enough to take a stand for themselves, leading to the major destruction of women’s personalities as men are taught to let women down. This mindset of people nowadays is a major social justice issue leading to gender discrimination in society.

Further, gender-based discrimination is evident across the globe in a plethora of things, including sports, education, health and law. Every 1 out of 3 women in the world is abused in various forms at some point in their lives by men. This social evil is present in most parts of the world; in India, women are burnt to death if they are incapable of affording financial requirements; in Egypt, women are killed by society if they are sensed doing something unclean in or out of their families, whereas in South Africa baby girls are abandoned or killed as they are considered as burden for the family. Thus gender discrimination can be only eliminated from society by educating people about giving equal rights and respect to every gender.

Top Universities for Gender Studies Abroad

UK, Canada and USA are the top three countries to study gender studies abroad. Here’s the list of top universities you can consider to study abroad for Indian students if you planning to pursue gender studies course abroad:

We hope this blog has helped you in structuring a terrific essay on gender discrimination. Planning to ace your IELTS, get expert tips from coaches at Leverage Live by Leverage Edu .

Sonal is a creative, enthusiastic writer and editor who has worked extensively for the Study Abroad domain. She splits her time between shooting fun insta reels and learning new tools for content marketing. If she is missing from her desk, you can find her with a group of people cracking silly jokes or petting neighbourhood dogs.

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Home — Essay Samples — Social Issues — Gender Discrimination — Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: Challenges and Solutions

Gender Discrimination in The Workplace: Challenges and Solutions

• Categories: Gender Discrimination Gender Wage Gap

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Words: 738 |

Published: Sep 7, 2023

Words: 738 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read

Table of contents

The prevalence of gender discrimination, the impact of gender discrimination, strategies for addressing gender discrimination, tailoring solutions to workplace contexts.

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What Is Title IX? Schools, Sports, and Sex Discrimination

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After a long wait, the Biden administration has officially made its mark on Title IX, the landmark federal law prohibiting sex discrimination in schools, with a revision to the law’s regulations finalized earlier this spring.

However President Joe Biden isn’t the first president to rewrite regulations implementing the historic law or change how it’s enforced. For the past three presidential administrations, Title IX has been an easy place for presidents to flex their political muscle on education and make value statements about the rights of women and LGBTQ+ people in educational settings.

In the Biden administration’s case, the latest revision strengthens the rights of LGBTQ+ students and staff. The revised rule explicitly states that schools cannot discriminate against students based on sexuality or gender identity.

Before releasing the revised regulation, the U.S. Department of Education already interpreted Title IX to prohibit discrimination based on sexuality and gender identity, based on a 2020 Supreme Court ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County, Va., that found that federal employment law prohibits discrimination based on gender identity and sexuality. However, the new rule makes that explicit under Title IX without room for interpretation.

“Since day one the Biden-Harris administration has been committed to ensuring Title IX works for all students,” Education Secretary Miguel Cardona said in an April 18 news conference about the new rule. “These regulations make crystal clear that everyone can access schools that are safe, welcoming, and that respect their rights.”

The change has set off a flurry of lawsuits against the Education Department from at least 15 Republican-led states, conservative advocacy organizations, and some school districts that argue, among other points, that the rule violates women’s rights. By allowing nonbinary and transgender people to benefit from Title IX protections, the lawsuits, argue the department is stripping away protections from cisgender women. In addition to the lawsuits, some Republican-led states have instructed school districts not to adhere to the revised regulation .

The debate over the law and how it applies to schools will likely only be amplified in the coming months as the department prepares to release another Title IX rule revision that would prohibit schools from banning all transgender students from joining school athletic teams that align with their gender identity. If finalized as proposed, that revision would directly challenge at least 25 state laws or regulations banning transgender athletes from teams consistent with their gender identity.

Regardless of what happens, educators can bet on changes to Title IX. Read on for more on the background of Title IX, misconceptions about the law, its day-to-day application in schools, and how it’s enforced.

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News | LA lifeguard alleges religious discrimination…

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News | LA lifeguard alleges religious discrimination in lawsuit over pride flags

Capt. Jeffrey Little, who describes himself as a devout evangelical Christian who has worked for Los Angeles County for more than 22 years, stated in the lawsuit that he took down three Pride Flags at his workplace in Pacific Palisades last June hoisted in support of LGBTQ residents because he did not want to work “in these conditions.”

Last year, the county’s Board of Supervisors voted to require that many government buildings — including the facilities where Little worked at Will Rogers Beach, home to an LGBTQ-friendly section known as Ginger Rogers Beach — fly the Progress Pride Flag throughout June, which is Pride Month.

“The views commonly associated with the Progress Pride Flag on marriage, sex, and family are in direct conflict with Captain Little’s bona fide and sincerely held religious beliefs on the same subjects,” according to the suit filed in Los Angeles federal court. “His bona fide and sincerely held religious beliefs require him to reject those views.”

Little’s suit, which names the fire department and three chief officers in the lifeguard division as defendants, alleges that after he took down the flags, he was suspended from his role with the department’s background investigation unit, which investigates emergencies on the beach.

A representative for the L.A. County Fire Department, which oversees lifeguards, said the department cannot comment on personnel issues or any ongoing litigation.

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• Israeli Views of the Israel-Hamas War

1. Views of the Israel-Hamas war

Table of contents.

• Views of the Israeli military response against Hamas
• Attitudes toward Israel’s war cabinet
• Current concerns about the war
• Confidence in Biden
• Views of how Biden is handling the Israel-Hamas war
• Who is Biden favoring in the conflict, or is he striking the right balance?
• Views of the U.S.
• Who Israelis want to play a role in diplomatically resolving the war
• Success against Hamas
• Israel’s future national security
• The future of Gaza
• Views of Palestinian leaders
• Palestinian statehood and coexistence
• Acknowledgments
• Methodology

At the time of the survey in March and early April, Israelis voiced differing views of the war. Reactions to the military response against Hamas were generally mixed, as were attitudes toward the principal decision-makers – the three members of Israel’s war cabinet . However, most Israelis shared concerns that the war could expand across the region and last a long time.

When asked to assess their country’s military response against Hamas in Gaza, about four-in-ten Israelis say it has been about right. Another 34% say it has not gone far enough, while 19% say it has gone too far.

Israeli Arabs are much more critical of the military response, with 74% saying it has gone too far. Only 4% of Israeli Jews agree.

Views of the military response are divided along ideological lines. Roughly half of those who place themselves on the right (52%) say the military response has been insufficient. About a quarter of those in the center (24%) agree and only 9% of Israelis on the left say the same.

On the other hand, a majority of Israelis on the ideological left (55%) say the military response to Hamas has gone too far. Only 15% of those in the center and 5% of those on the right share this view.

Among Israelis who have a favorable view of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, roughly half (49%) say the response to Hamas has been about right, but another 45% say it has not gone far enough. Only 1% of those who favor Netanyahu think the military response has gone too far.

In the days following the Oct. 7 attack on Israel, the country’s then-governing coalition struck a deal with National Unity, an opposition party, to join an emergency government . The leader of the party, Benny Gantz, together with Netanyahu and Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant, formed the core of the new war cabinet , which was tasked with navigating the course of the conflict. (The survey was conducted before Gantz threatened to leave the war cabinet .)

Of the cabinet’s three voting members, Gallant enjoys the most public support in our survey: 61% of Israelis say they have a very or somewhat favorable view of him. Around half say the same about Gantz. As for Netanyahu, approximately four-in-ten Israelis have a positive view of the prime minister. 

For more on views of Palestinian leaders, refer to Chapter 3 .

The majority of Israelis (58%) see their prime minister in a negative light. The share of Israelis who have a somewhat or very unfavorable view of Netanyahu is the largest it has been since the Center first started asking the question in 2013, up 6 percentage points from last year.

Related: A growing share of Americans have little or no confidence in Netanyahu

Netanyahu’s favorability ratings have fallen among Jews and Arabs alike. However, roughly half of Israeli Jews still see him positively, compared with only 7% of Israeli Arabs.

Favorability among right-leaning Israelis – the mainstay of Netanyahu’s political coalition – has also declined. In this group, 69% have a favorable view of Netanyahu, compared with 85% last year.

Views of the three members of Israel’s war cabinet vary by ethnicity, ideology and levels of religious observance.

• About three-quarters of Israeli Jews have a favorable view of Gallant, but only 9% of Israeli Arabs agree. Of the three war cabinet members, Gantz has the highest share of support among Israeli Arabs (30%).

• Among those on the ideological right, about two-thirds have a favorable view of the prime minister. Only 18% of centrists and 8% of those on the left share this view. Gantz, a centrist party leader, is favored by 71% of Israelis in the center and a smaller majority (56%) of those on the left.
• Most Hiloni (“secular”) Jews in Israel (76%) say they have a favorable view of Gantz – more than double the share of Haredim (“ultra-Orthodox”) and Datiim (“religious”) who say the same (32%). Netanyahu, who relied on religious parties and their voters to build his governing coalition, is seen favorably by 88% of Haredi and Dati Jews, but by only 21% of the Hiloni public.

Most who have a favorable view of the prime minister feel similarly about Gallant, his minister of defense and fellow Likud member (84% have a favorable view of him). Gantz has less appeal among those who express a favorable view of Netanyahu – only about a third in this group also hold a favorable view of his political rival.

Thinking about the course of the war, most Israelis express a great deal of concern about its scope and duration.

Around six-in-ten are extremely or very concerned about the war expanding to other countries in the region, and about seven-in-ten are seriously worried about the war lasting a long time. (The survey was fielded amid escalating conflict along Israel’s border with Lebanon but prior to Iran’s missile attack on Israel in mid-April.)

Jewish and Arab Israelis are equally concerned that the war might expand to other countries (61% in each group voice this concern), though Arabs are slightly more likely than Jews to say they worry about a long war (77% vs. 66%).

Approximately a quarter of Israelis on the ideological left and in the center are extremely concerned about the war expanding across the region – roughly double the share of right-leaning Israelis who express the same level of alarm.

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South Carolina Bans Gender Transition Care for Minors

By Adeel Hassan

South Carolina’s Republican governor, Henry McMaster, signed a bill on Tuesday that bars health professionals from performing gender-transition surgeries, prescribing puberty blocking drugs and overseeing hormone treatments for patients under 18. The state now joins about two dozen others that have passed laws restricting or banning what doctors call gender-affirming care for minors.

The law, which goes into effect immediately, also requires principals, teachers and other school staff members to tell parents when their children want to use a name other than their legal one, or pronouns that do not match their sex assigned at birth.

South Carolina lawmakers tried to pass similar legislation in 2021 and 2022 but failed to get them through the State House of Representatives. In 2022, the clock ran out on a broader bill banning transition care for minors, but lawmakers put a clause in the state budget that banned a pediatric clinic at a public hospital from using state funds on transition care for people under 16. The clinic soon went further, ending hormonal treatments to anyone under 18.

This year, House Republicans made gender-transition treatment a priority. “When God created us, he created us male and female, that’s it,” said David Hiott, the House majority leader and a co-sponsor of the bill, at the start of the legislative session in January. “All these other folks that want to change that from birth, change that through their life, we need to stand up against that.”

The measure, known as House Bill 4624, was passed by the legislature earlier this month. The new legislation not only expands the ban on care for minors to all providers statewide, but also bars adults under 26 from using Medicaid to cover the costs for such care.

In a social media post on Tuesday, Mr. McMaster said the bill “protects our state’s children from irreversible gender transition procedures” and added that he would meet with its supporters at a ceremonial signing next week.

At a House committee hearing in January, Dr. Elizabeth Mack, president of the South Carolina chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics, criticized the measure, saying there was “no mainstream organization that doesn’t support gender-affirming care.”

“Gender-affirming care is evidence-based, suicide-prevention care,” she said at the time. She added that gender-transition surgery was currently not being performed in South Carolina, and that transition care was being done only after much deliberation between doctors, parents and children.

Why It Matters

Before Tuesday, South Carolina was one of just two states in the South without a ban on gender-transition care for minors; Virginia is now the only one.

Lawsuits have been filed in many states that have the bans, and courts have issued mixed rulings. In three states, the laws have been blocked.

The U.S. Supreme Court could agree to hear the case against Tennessee’s ban on transition care for minors, which may affect the legal challenges in other states with similar bans.

According to a recent survey , transgender and nonbinary Americans face stark rates of unemployment and harassment. The survey, which included more than 92,000 participants, also found that a vast majority of them were satisfied with their decision to transition.

“There’s clear data and medical opinion on one side,” Jace Woodrum, the executive director of the South Carolina chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, said. “And then on the other side, an uncited science.”

What’s Next

Mr. Woodrum, who is the first transgender director of an A.C.L.U. state chapter, said that his organization was weighing a lawsuit over the South Carolina ban. Other groups that support transgender rights have said that they would immediately try to help families with grants and other financial support to travel to other states for care.

Adeel Hassan is a reporter and editor on the National Desk. He is a founding member of Race/Related , and much of his work focuses on identity and discrimination. He started the Morning Briefing for NYT Now and was its inaugural writer. He also served as an editor on the International Desk.  More about Adeel Hassan