research papers on procurement and supply chain management

Advertisement

Supply chain disruptions and resilience: a major review and future research agenda

• S.I. : Design and Management of Humanitarian Supply Chains
• Published: 08 January 2021
• Volume 319 , pages 965–1002, ( 2022 )

Cite this article

• K. Katsaliaki 1 ,
• P. Galetsi 1 &
• S. Kumar   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4592-9502 2  

115k Accesses

129 Citations

14 Altmetric

Explore all metrics

Our study examines the literature that has been published in important journals on supply chain disruptions, a topic that has emerged the last 20 years, with an emphasis in the latest developments in the field. Based on a review process important studies have been identified and analyzed. The content analysis of these studies synthesized existing information about the types of disruptions, their impact on supply chains, resilience methods in supply chain design and recovery strategies proposed by the studies supported by cost–benefit analysis. Our review also examines the most popular modeling approaches on the topic with indicative examples and the IT tools that enhance resilience and reduce disruption risks. Finally, a detailed future research agenda is formed about SC disruptions, which identifies the research gaps yet to be addressed. The aim of this study is to amalgamate knowledge on supply chain disruptions which constitutes an important and timely as the frequency and impact of disruptions increase. The study summarizes and builds upon the knowledge of other well-cited reviews and surveys in this research area.

Similar content being viewed by others

Artificial intelligence-driven innovation for enhancing supply chain resilience and performance under the effect of supply chain dynamism: an empirical investigation

Predictive big data analytics for supply chain demand forecasting: methods, applications, and research opportunities

Artificial intelligence and big data analytics for supply chain resilience: a systematic literature review

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

1 Introduction

Driven by the globalization of markets and the competitive business environment, lean supply chain management (SCM) practices have become very popular (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ) calling for continuous flow processing with low inventory volumes, levelled and just-in-time production and accurate scheduling of transport for cross-docking operations leading to more cost-effective and responsive supply chains (SCs). Furthermore, the pressure for cost reductions has led to the outsourcing and offshoring of many manufacturing and R&D activities, especially the sourcing from low-cost countries. These trends place enormous pressure for undistracted operations and stable environments, but also increase their vulnerability to disruptions which consequently increases the operational and financial impact of supply chain (SC) disruptions (Zsidisin et al. 2005 ). Given that more than 56% of companies globally suffer a SC disruption annually, firms have started taking SC disruptions more seriously (BCI-Business Continuity Institute 2019 ). Therefore, the need for designing resilient SCs and preparing contingency plans is of paramount importance.

Supply chain disruptions may occur due to climate change or human factors. Based on the site of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which keeps a record regarding the number of disasters and their associated costs in the U.S, there have been 212 disasters since 1980 resulting in approximately $1.2 trillion in damage. A typical year in the 1980s experienced, on average, 2.7 such disasters in the U.S, 4.6 in the 1990s, 5.4 in the 2000s, and 10.5 in the 2010s. The occurrence of costly disasters has mounted. The same phenomenon is observed globally based on the OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database with less than 200 disasters per year in the 1980s and over 300 in the 2010s. Natural disasters like the Thailand flood and Japan’s earthquake and tsunami in 2011 immediately affected the SCs of several products from firms such as Apple, Toshiba, General Motors, Nissan Motor and Toyota Motor causing negative results in these companies’ reputations and earnings (Chongvilaivan 2011 ). Statistics show that about 40–60% of small businesses never reopen following a disaster (FEMA 2015 ).

On the other hand, recent examples of human factor disruptions include the tariffs imposed on billions of products for US importers in 2018–19, specifically to steel and aluminum, which led to import delays due to an inability of companies to adjust their current customs clearance programs and absorb the extra cost. This left a negative impact on the relations of the US with China, whose companies have been affected the most. Moreover, the wake of Brexit at the beginning of 2020 increases production failure risks to just-in-time auto manufacturers and others with similar operations (Banker 2019 ). The civil war in Syria has created humanitarian logistics problems with refugees’ flows in Turkey and EU which based on the situation had to change supply chain strategies from serving populations on the move to serving dispersed but static groups of people, by supplying refugee camps, etc. (Dubey et al. 2019a , b , c ). Recently, the deadly coronavirus outbreak in a major industrial and transport hub of central China has triggered lockdowns in Chinese (and many other) cities and factories which have severely restricted production and transport routes globally (Araz et al. 2020 ).

The issue of SC disruptions has been greatly emphasized in the literature. It is a topic that increasingly challenges the SC of products and their focal firms, as SCs have become very complex and interdependent and disruptions create a snowball effect with serious consequences to all related SC echelons. This propagation, the ripple effect as is denoted in the literature (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ) amplifies the impact of disruptions.

Although companies have high awareness about SC risks, more than 80% have been concerned about SC resilience (Marchese and Paramasivam 2013 ; Wright 2013 ), about 60% believe they have not yet developed and applied effective SC risk management practices (Sáenz and Revilla 2014 ). Therefore, managing risk in SCs is an important topic of supply chain management and has been the focus of research through reviews (Ho et al. 2015 ; Kleindorfer and Saad 2005 ), case studies (Ferreira et al. 2018 ) and an analysis of management models (Tomlin 2006 ). Related studies have exhibited a rich academic structure that encourages research in the field by identifying SC risks’ types, ways to detect and assess them and apply the right methods to react to them by linking theory with strategy and managerial practices (Nakano and Lau 2020 ).

However, there is evidence of a shift away from traditional risk management thinking as a reactive tactic to disruptions and towards more proactive strategies such as building SC resilience which increases the chances of achieving business continuity in turbulent cases (Christopher and Peck 2004 ). Building resilience is a capability that enables the SC to anticipate, adapt and promptly respond to unpredictable events (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ), and therefore greatly appeals to the firms. However, its effective application requires the development of certain operational capabilities aligned across the SC partners (Ali et al. 2017 ).

Supply chain disruptions and resilience have developed to become a well-defined research area, exhibiting a rich academic output. Indicative are the special issues in prestigious journals such as in the Supply Chain Management: An International Journal in 2019 on “New Supply Chain Models: Disruptive Supply Chain Strategies for 2030” (Wilding and Wagner 2019 ) and in the International Journal of Production Research (IJPR) in 2016 on “supply chain dynamics, control and disruption management” (Ivanov et al. 2016a , b ). Among the publications, numerous theoretical developments as well as review studies can be found exploring certain aspects of SC disruptions. There are also a few scientometric studies investigating mitigation methods (Bier et al. 2019 ), methods for building resilience (Centobelli et al. 2019 ; Hosseini et al. 2019a ) and the connection between SC risk and artificial intelligence (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ).

From an academic standpoint, it is significant to classify and synthesize the output of research in a specific field, so that those interested can follow the field’s developments and trends (Merigó and Yang 2017 ). Bibliometrics is one method of conducting such a classification, which guides academics toward a discipline’s most influential studies (Gaviria-Marin et al. 2019 ; Godin 2006 ). On the other hand, the synthesis of knowledge can be performed through review and content analysis methods for classifying research and presenting a more analytical view of the developments of the field.

Our study examines the literature published in important journals on SC disruptions and resilience, a topic that has emerged the last 20 years, with an emphasis in the latest developments in the field.

The methodology is comprised of a profiling of our article pool, which is followed by a thorough review of advances in the field, completed by combining knowledge and providing information about supply chain disruptions, their impact and remedies, with a special focus on the ripple effect reduction, through the analysis of state of the art literature and comparisons. Finally, a review of the related technology advances draws a picture for the future of supply chain management against disruptions and provides a list of research ideas to gain a further understanding of the phenomenon, helping to better develop the field and prepare firms. Through this process managerial insights are offered for decision makers in the industry. Therefore, the manuscript aims to address: (1) how the literature has helped to advance theoretical debates and influence decision-making and (2) how the future is shaped, what the research gaps are that published papers have not yet addressed and constitute the future research agenda on SC disruptions. The study’s contribution is to complement prior research and provide a broad picture of SC disruptions and remedies at a time when the existing literature has matured, the interest of firms on the topic has mounted, especially due to the COVID19 pandemic lockdowns, and there are new ways emerging that require further investigation.

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. The second section discusses the study’s methodology. The third section presents the profile of research on SC disruptions with an emphasis on the most influential papers. The findings from the content analysis of the related papers are described in the fourth section under eight subsections, focusing on the types of disruptive events, SC propagation-ripple effect, the impact of SC disruptions, resilience methods and recovery strategies, modeling approaches for SC disruptions, cost–benefit analysis of SC resilience, popular IT tools for resilience and response to disruptions and finishing with a future research agenda. The last section on discussion presents the research and managerial implications of this study.

2 Methodology

The paper’s main research methodology follows a step by step review approach by using explicit methods and adopts a bibliometric technique to identify research streams in the analyzed literature and also a content analysis method to provide a description of research evidence.

The data collection process of the relevant articles on SC disruptions is described below. The Web of Science (WoS) database was queried for articles and reviews written in English that were published between the years of t and 2019 inclusive and contain in their title the terms “supply chain*” AND in the topic (title, abstract or keywords) the term disrupt* (*with its derivatives). The search identified 951 studies, which were analyzed based on their profile. Figure  1 presents a detailed schema of the methodology which is divided in three stages: preparation of dataset, profiling and content analysis and paper writing. The tools of the WoS database were utilized to derive profiling results such as the distribution of papers per year, the journals and affiliations with the most published papers and the citation report. The content analysis was completed with the help of EndNote capabilities and two of the authors reading a selection of the articles. The criteria for an article’s participation in the content analysis was based on the thematic area under investigation. A positive inclination was towards papers belonging to the top 10 journals that publish relevant subjects or towards highly cited papers (based on total citation or average citations per year). Around 250 papers were read in full and a number of them sketched the content of the specific categories. The content analysis categories include the types of disruptions (hierarchized by reason and frequency of occurrence), the impact that SC disruptions create (e.g. ripple-snowball effect), resilience, response and recovery methods, cost–benefit analysis of responses to disruptions, the most popular modeling approaches for applying resilience and mitigation strategies (topped with indicative examples and a special focus on the ripple effect), the IT tools and technological trends that enhance resilience and response to disruptions and research gaps that require further investigation. For this last section of future research, we also included ideas from 5 studies published in 2020 which cover issues related to the enormous SC disruption caused by the COVID19 pandemic.

Methodology schema

3 Profiling research on SC disruptions

A look into the yearly distribution of the 951 related articles shows that the first papers on the topic were published as recently as in 2004, followed by continuous interest after that year. After 2015 there is a dramatic annual increase in the number of papers in the subject by around 30% from year to year. Around 30% of these papers are published in the following 10 journals: International Journal of Production Research, International Journal of Production Economics, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, International Journal of Logistics Management, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, Omega: International Journal of Management Science, Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review, European Journal of Operational Research, Computers & Industrial Engineering, and Annals of Operations Research. A lot of the work in the subject is conducted in the Russian Academy of Sciences, the University of Tehran and the Berlin School of Economics and Law.

3.1 Most influential papers and their contribution

If we assume that citation reports indicate the most read and referenced papers in the field, the most popular paper in the subject as of March 2020, is a framework for classifying SC risk management literature (Tang 2006 ), followed by one discussing SC disruptions in particular (Kleindorfer and Saad 2005 ).

Overall, the analysis of the 10 most important papers’ contribution (Appendix Table  3 ) indicate that in their great majority are a) review papers about: (1) managing SC risks [either through a conceptual framework (Tang 2006 ) or as a textbook style (Chopra and Sodhi 2004 ) or a citation-review analysis (Tang and Musa 2011 )], (2) managing SC disruptions (Kleindorfer and Saad 2005 ), (3) explaining SC resilience (Ponomarov and Holcomb 2009 ) and (b) survey papers discussing about: (1) the different levels of severity of SC disruptions through interviews (Craighead et al. 2007 ), (2) the impact of disruptions’ announcements to the firms’ stock price performance (Hendricks and Singhal 2005 ), (3) the perceptions of SC professionals of how SC agility is achieved (Braunscheidel and Suresh 2009 ) and (4) of their approaches to risk in global SCs (Manuj and Mentzer 2008 ). There is also one paper in this list which presents an inventory optimization model to assess sourcing strategies under disruptions (Tomlin 2006 ). Almost all of these papers have been published before 2010 (only one in 2011). Therefore, apart from their important content, the time that have been available is also a crucial parameter of their popularity.

A further investigation on trending WoS papers* (10 more recent papers with increasing citations - Appendix Table  4 ) revealed a focus on the digitalization of SCs and its impact on SC risk control, such as the effect of digital technology and Industry 4.0 on SC disruptions (Ivanov et al. 2019 ), the effect of the use of blockchain (Saberi et al. 2019 ) and employees’ perceptions in using it (Queiroz and Wamba 2019 ). Altogether these 10 studies constitute a collection of (1) reviews about quantitative methods for modelling SC disruptions and aiding decision-making (Dolgui et al. 2018 ; Heckmann et al. 2015 ; Ho et al. 2015 ; Hosseini et al. 2019a ; Snyder et al. 2016 )], (2) conceptual frameworks of certain approaches on the subject (Ivanov and Dolgui 2019 ) and (3) surveys of professionals’ knowledge on SC disruptions and adoption of mitigation tactics (Queiroz and Wamba 2019 ; Sodhi et al. 2012 ).

4 Content analysis results

In this section, a review of the selected studies is presented. The review is organized under the following areas: types and reasons of disruptions, the ripple effect, impact analysis of SC disruptions, resilience-response-recovery strategies to disruptions, popular quantitative approaches for the analysis of SC disruptions, cost–benefit analysis of resilience Vs disruptions, IT tools for enhanced resilience and research gaps for future research directions. All the subsections’ information is generated through a content analysis of the important papers of our dataset that is enhanced with other external sources when necessary. Many sections are supported by tables that provide an account of the reported analysis.

4.1 Types of disruptive events

There is a vast literature which names and analyses the reasons for disruptions in SCs. Selectively, some of the most relevant studies are the following: (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ; Chopra and Sodhi 2014 ; Christopher and Peck 2004 ; Dolgui et al. 2018 ; Ivanov 2017 ; Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ; Rao and Goldsby 2009 ; Tang and Tomlin 2008 ; Thun and Hoenig 2011 ; Vilko and Hallikas 2012 ; Zsidisin et al. 2016 ) which reveal the main reasons for the disruptions’ occurrence. There are also a number of annual surveys on SC disruptions and resilience which are triggered by the Business Continuity Institute (BCI-Business Continuity Institute 2019 ) and other older surveys from Hendricks and Singhal ( 2005 , Hendricks et al. ( 2009 ).

The literature provides several ways of grouping the reasons for disruptions/glitches:

Based on the SC echelons are clustered under (a) production, (b) supply and (c) transportation disruptions (Ivanov et al. 2017 );

Based on the reason that caused the disruption, form 9 groups: (a) disasters (e.g. natural disasters, terrorism, war, etc.), (b) delays (e.g. inflexibility of supply source), (c) systems (e.g. information infrastructure breakdown), (d) forecast (e.g. inaccurate forecast, bullwhip effect, etc.), (d) intellectual property (e.g. vertical integration), (e) procurement (e.g. exchange rate risk), (f) receivables (e.g. number of customers), (g) inventory (e.g. inventory holding cost, demand and supply uncertainty, etc.) and (h) capacity (e.g. cost of capacity) (Chopra and Sodhi 2014 );

Based on their frequency of occurrence, SC risks that occur regularly are: supply risks, process risks, demand risks, intellectual property risks, behavioral risks, and political/social risks (Tang and Tomlin 2008 );

Based on their nature and their source are classified under 5 categories: (a) process risk, (b) control risk, (c) demand risk, (d) supply risk and (e) environmental risk (Christopher and Peck 2004 );

Based on who they affect, from broad to specific, disruptions are: (a) external to the SC network and are termed environmental, (b) internal to the SC network but external to the focal firm, called network or industry risks (c) internal to the firm, called organizational disruptions, (d) problem-specific and (e) decision-maker specific (Rao and Goldsby 2009 ).

Moreover, disruptive events are characterized by their type, intensity, duration (Dolgui et al. 2019 ), source and impact. Below we provide examples from the literature based on these characterizations.

The disruptive events may have an individual impact (e.g. affect only one supplier, e.g. equipment breakdown, fire etc.), a local impact for suppliers in a geographic area (e.g. labor strike triggered by new worker’s legislation of a State, etc.) or a global impact that affects all suppliers or SC echelons simultaneously. Such global events may include an economic crisis, a widespread labor strike in a transportation sector, etc. Suppliers may suffer all three types (individual, local, global) of disruption risks (Sawik 2014 ).

Natural disasters and catastrophic events are considered to have low probability, but are high impact events with significant consequences to the SC network. On the other hand, high probability and moderate impact disruptions are: unanticipated demand, rush orders, shortage in supply, company buyouts, delivery coordination and sourcing constraints (Scheibe and Blackhurst 2018 ). 589 professionals who participated in a survey in 2011 indicated that delivery chain disruptions were higher in their organizations than most other risks, but with less than average impact (Thun and Hoenig 2011 ). Aligned with the latter, the results of a Finish survey identified time delays (as opposed to financial and quality risks) as the most serious in terms of likelihood of occurrence (Vilko and Hallikas 2012 ). Earlier, Hendricks and Singhal ( 2003 ) reported that of the 14 primary SC disruption categories that were identified, parts shortages was by far the most frequent reported cause, and delivery disruptions was one of the leading causes of parts shortages. Another survey showed that infrastructural events are the cause of more than half of the disruptions (Zsidisin et al. 2016 ). The latest reports show that SC disruptions, such as cyber-attack, data breach and loss of talent/skills have become more evident since 2014. Consistently high rated causes of disruption in the 2010s include unplanned IT and telecommunication outages, as well as adverse weather, transport network disruption and outsourcer failure which have rarely dropped from the top five causes (BCI-Business Continuity Institute 2019 ).

Synthesizing the analysis of the individual papers referring to the types of disruptions, and survey papers and reports that have estimated their frequency of occurrence, in Table  1 we provide a summary of disruptive event categories, hierarchized by frequency of occurrence, from low to high. We also provide indicative references from our review database which refer to the specific category’s events.

4.2 Supply chain propagation and the ripple effect

Given the geographical diversification, the number of tiers and the nature of product failure in an echelon of the SC may not only be a local problem but a far-reaching one which affects many echelons of the SC, but most importantly the end-customer. Perturbations originating in a localized point have the potential to be passed onto subsequent tiers of a SC with possible amplification effects (Wu et al. 2007 ).

The most-known such SC amplification effect is the bullwhip effect, which is caused by changes in customer demand that can propagate through the SC, amplifying in magnitude as the change passes to adjacent tiers (Lee et al. 1997 ). However, the bullwhip effect only describes one type of demand-side disruption which is caused by order batching, promotions, shortage gaming and mainly from a lack of coordination among the SC tiers as well as the lack of information sharing and transparency. This is a problem that has been cured in recent years with the use of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, cloud services and other online sharing means.

On the other hand, the amplification effect which is caused by any type of disruption in the SCs is called the ripple effect (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ; Liberatore et al. 2012 ). The ripple effect describes the disruption propagation in the SC, the resulting SC structural dynamics and the performance impact of this propagation (Sokolov et al. 2016 ). Disruptions may occur upstream from interruptions in the supply-side (supplier/production failure, product quality problems, resource constraints) or downstream originated from demand-side and legal, regulatory and financial unexpected changes in the markets. An upstream example is the case of a supplier that has produced some components with harmful properties for the environment, which are supplied to the next upstream tier and further to tier-one, where the component should be suspended and recalled, resulting in delays for the whole SC of the final product (Levner and Ptuskin 2018 ).

The ripple effect describes the SC amplification and propagation effects of unpleasant events in broader terms and its consequences which may be much more severe than these of the bullwhip effect (Ivanov et al. 2017 ). The disruption frequency is usually lower, but the performance impact is higher than this of the bullwhip effect (Dolgui et al. 2018 ). The ripple effect has also been regarded with the snowball effect (Swierczek 2016 ) and domino effect (Khakzad 2015 ), which have similar definitions. However, the term ripple effect has dominated the literature and in many papers has been related with low-frequency high-consequence chains of accidents (Ivanov et al. 2017 ). Often, the ripple effect has a tremendous impact on the whole supply chain’s performance, its ability to deliver to the end-customer and ultimately to the financial survival of its network of companies (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ; Kamalahmadi and Mellat-Parast 2016 ).

4.3 The impact of SC disruptions

Companies find it difficult to measure the effects of supply-chain disruptions and empirical evidence remains limited (Wagner and Neshat 2012 ). However, there are a few surveys and case studies that have attempted to shed some light and quantify the impact of disruptions. Additionally, there is a list of notable large scale disruptive events and their consequences (Dolgui et al. 2018 ) which are often used in the literature as outstanding examples. Indicative is the plant fire (infrastructural event) of Philips microchip in 2000 in New Mexico which caused a shortage of chips in the market. The undelivered supplies resulted in $400 million lost sales for the cellphone producer Ericsson. Similarly, in 2011 the flood in Thailand and the earthquake-tsunami in Japan (catastrophic event), where many component manufacturers are concentrated, resulted in huge losses for these companies. This also affected the reputation, earnings and shareholder returns of several international industries such as Apple, Toshiba, General Motors, etc., as companies are increasingly dependent on the supply chains’ business continuity (Chongvilaivan 2011 ). In 2016, a contact dispute (legal event) between Volkswagen and two of its parts suppliers caused a production halt in 6 of the carmaker’s German plants. Around 28,000 workers were laid off or made part-time (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Therefore, taking also into account the ripple effect, it is understood that disruptions cause many negative consequences to the entire SC and the individual firms involved. The relevant literature analyses a number of these consequences. Also, the accumulated knowledge from surveys of the last decade show that loss of productivity is the number one consequence followed by increased working cost, impaired service, customer complaints, loss of revenue and damage to brand reputation (BCI-Business Continuity Institute 2019 ).

In broad terms, the effect of SC disruptions may include a sales decrease and cost increase (Ponomarov and Holcomb 2009 ), from which many companies never recover (Wagner and Neshat 2012 ).

Sales decreases occur due to failure to meet end-customer demand as a result of product unavailability, partially fulfilled orders in terms of quantity and late deliveries. These lead to customer complaints, damaged image and brand reputation and loss of customers. The financial consequences then follow with lower sales, loss of revenues and reduced market share.

On the other hand, higher costs may occur (a) due to the use of alternative transportation means for product deliveries, and higher administrative costs for dealing with backorders, (b) due to premium supplier contacts for ensuring delivery of the limited resources from alternative geographical areas and firms, (c) due to production rescheduling as a consequence of stockouts of certain resources, or worse (d) due to production shutdowns (e.g. fire) and hampered productivity (e.g. labor strike, slack times in manufacturing) and lower assets and capacity utilization (Jabbarzadeh et al. 2018 ). Extra costs may incur also e) due to penalties for breaching contracts and failure to meet legal or regulatory requirements (Wagner and Neshat 2012 ). Overall the decreasing sales and increasing costs ultimately lead to loss of profitability and a decrease in the company’s value (Ivanov 2017 ). Table  2 presents this degradation process.

Empirical research has shown that SC disruptions cause on average of a 107% drop in profitability (operating income), bring about 7% lower sales growth and an 11% growth in costs (Hendricks and Singhal 2005 ).

Poor firm performance is one of the most acknowledged effects of disruptions, but its negative impact is not consistent across all types of risks (Wagner and Bode 2008 ). Empirical research has shown that if recovery is possible, it takes up to 50 trading days (e.g. restart production) (Knight and Pretty 1996 ) and lower performance is observed for a period of two years after disruptions (Hendricks and Singhal 2005 ). The non-recoverers suffer a net negative cumulative impact of almost 15% up to one year after the catastrophe. Moreover, the more frequent the occurrence of a disruption within a focal manufacturing firm, the more likely it is that plant performance, relative to its competitors, will diminish. Consequently the higher the frequency of supply disruptions, the lower the plant performance (Brandon-Jones et al. 2015 ).

Another major impact that has been extensively studied is the financial impact of disruptions. Empirical findings indicate that financial markets react more dramatically to catastrophic and restrictive regulatory events, factors that usually cannot be easily controlled or avoided by firms, as compared to supply-side reasons, where some of them may be controlled or mitigated by firms through process improvement and early identification (Zsidisin et al. 2005 ).

At first sight, these findings indicate that managers should prioritize actions for contingency plans and the mitigation of catastrophic and regulatory-related disruptions, as these seem to have the highest financial impact. Nevertheless, apart from the severity of events, another factor that managers should consider when prioritizing actions related to disruptions is the frequency of occurrence of these disruptions and their cumulative financial impact. Therefore, low-impact but frequently occurring disruptions, combined, may have a more severe impact on shareholder wealth than infrequent high-impact events. Consequently, it is not irrational for managers to prioritize actions that could mitigate low-impact, high-likelihood events and especially these, mainly supply-side disruptions, that could be prohibited through process improvements (Zsidisin et al. 2016 ), good scheduling, appropriate maintenance and training, balancing inventory and capacity across the SC, etc. It is also empirically supported that firms with more operational slack, more days of inventory (inventory on hand) and a smaller sales over assets ratio (unutilized capacity), experience a less negative stock market reaction when disruptions occur, as slack provides resources and the required flexibility to handle disruptions (Hendricks et al. 2009 ).

Nonetheless, comparative surveys (Hendricks and Singhal 2003 ; Zsidisin et al. 2016 ) show that disruptions have a less detrimental impact to firm financial performance than in the past. The investigation of the impact to the firms’ stock price of SC glitches’ announcements (> 500) showed a dramatic fall that has smoothed throughout the years. Specifically, the effect of a SC disruption announcement (resulting in a production or shipment delay) on shareholder value meant an average reduction of above 10% on the stock market in the 90s (Hendricks and Singhal 2003 ), which has reduced to 2% in the 2000s (Zsidisin et al. 2016 ) probably due to an increased awareness and mitigation actions regarding disruptions and fast recovery (Wagner and Neshat 2012 ). Albeit the considerable advancements that have been achieved, disruptions now occur in greater frequency and intensity, therefore the consequences are still, in many cases, dramatic (Wagner and Neshat 2012 ). Realizing this negative impact, businesses are recognizing the importance and are attempting to create and be part of more resilient SCs (Jabbarzadeh et al. 2018 ).

4.4 Resilience methods and recovery strategies

To successfully recover from a SC disruption, a firm needs to activate effective methods (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ). According to the literature, managers need to respond to such incidents by following three identified stages of response: first detecting the volume of disruption, then designing or selecting a predesigned recovery method to tackle the disruption and finally deploying the solution (Chopra and Sodhi 2014 ). Several literature reviews have described the stages, methods and techniques of firm reaction and recovery after a disruption (Dolgui et al. 2018 ; DuHadway et al. 2019 ; Ivanov 2020b ; Ivanov et al. 2017 ; Sawik 2019 ).

According to the literature (Chowdhury and Quaddus 2017 ; Dolgui et al. 2018 ) resistance (proactive approach) and recovery (reactive approach) are included in the resilience concept. A firm needs to maintain redundancy (high safety-stock, additional production capacity) and flexibility (alternative suppliers for sourcing, alternative transportation depots and modes for delivery) to resist against disruptions and use them effectively to reduce their impact. Likewise, the recovery stage incorporates some of the same tactics as the resistance approach, such as the use of backup suppliers for sourcing, the use of the buffer stock for satisfying customer orders and redundant capacity for continuing the production (Ivanov et al. 2017 ).

Other important mitigation strategies for disruptive events focus on better demand forecasting (Scheibe and Blackhurst 2018 ), better coordination amongst the SC echelons before and after the disruption with the use of information-sharing (Dubey et al. 2019a b c ), joint relationship efforts, and decision synchronization (Nakano and Lau 2020 ) by deploying supply chain management software (such as warehouse and transport management systems and vendor managed inventories) connected to the ERP and business intelligence software add-ons (Brusset and Teller 2017 ).

However, surveys show that firms address disruptions most commonly with increased safety-stock, dual or multi-sourcing, and better forecasting. Although they consider coordination between the SC nodes very significant to recover from disruptions, in reality they act in isolation and their visibility of the SC extends only to one tier above and one tier below (Scheibe and Blackhurst 2018 ). Low collaboration and responsiveness has emerged as a great vulnerability (Pettit et al. 2013 ). Real-time supply-chain reconfiguration software could enhance responsiveness against specific situations (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ) and improve coordination and decision-making by recomputing, for example, optimal routes and facility selection to maximize demand fulfillment and minimize penalties and delay costs due to the disruption (Banomyong et al. 2019 ).

A representative example of the backup sourcing recovery option is the incident concerning the fire at the Philips microchip plant in Albuquerque. Ericson experienced a production shutdown because its materials were sourced only from that plant while Nokia took advantage of its emergency backup sourcing strategy to obtain chips from other suppliers (Chen and Yang 2014 ). A resilient design of a SC that promotes flexibility is described through the BASF example. BASF built a resilient SC with safety and risk prevention measures that included globally valid guidelines and requirements for capacity and security trainings for staff. In 2016 a pipeline at BASF facility in Germany exploded and destroyed a terminal for the supply of raw materials, limiting the access to key raw materials and product inventories. During this time, logistics was temporarily shifted from ships and pipelines to trucks and trains. BASF was prepared for an incident and was in close contact with its customers to keep them informed about the current availability of products to minimize the impact on customer deliveries, which resulted in smaller than expected economic consequences from the accident (Dolgui et al. 2018 ). Another example of flexibility importance is the case of the 2015 Nepal earthquake in which humanitarian organizations offering aid to locals were met with great disruptions (delays) in relief delivery. They identified the significance of developing a flexible network with the most influential factors being IT support, fleets’ (re)scheduling, and relief packages’ volume (Baharmand et al. 2019 ).

Firms belonging to specific SCs can utilize practical assessment tools from the literature that were developed to measure their own SC resiliece (Chowdhury and Quaddus 2017 ; Pettit et al. 2013 ). This is a first step to ackowledge their readiness to resist and respond to disruptions and understand where they should make efforts to improve.

4.5 Popular modeling approaches

4.5.1 modeling approaches for sc disruptions.

Mitigation and recovery are very important procedures and the adoption of these “recovery strategies” include processes based on quantitative methods (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ), which usually evaluate the effectiveness of each strategy prior to its implementation. Quantitative analysis methods for anticipating operational and disruption SC risks mainly include mathematical optimization, simulation, and control theory to control risk, respond and stabilize the execution process in case of disruptions and to recover or minimize the middle-term and long-term impact of deviations (Ivanov et al. 2017 ). Mathematical optimization offers optimal solutions by using algorithmic models; simulations are models that provide the “what if’ scenarios” and control theory provides additional analytical tools often used to analyze system dynamic performances over time (Yang and Fan 2016 ).

More specifically, optimization models offer analytical solutions which determine the impact of disruptions and identify resilient SC policies. Such models can incorporate a large variety of parameters and objectives (e.g. minimization of disruption cost). Mixed-integer programming (MIP) is a category of optimization problems that has been repeatedly used to model SC disruptions (Ivanov et al. 2017 ). However, a major limitation of optimization models is that they cannot capture the dynamic nature of SCs (e.g. disruptions are modeled as static events, without considering their duration or erratic impact) and therefore make a high number of assumptions (e.g. known demand, suppliers’ reliability, etc.). On the other hand, stochastic programming modeling allows for the insertion of some uncertainty through probability distributions depicting disruption event scenarios and leads to optimal solutions by taking into account multiple objective functions (Sawik 2014 ). Stochastic programming models incorporate a set of discrete scenarios with a given probability of occurrence. The probability distributions may describe demand uncertainly, disruption impact uncertainly, costs uncertainty for applying response and recovery strategies, etc. Stochastic programming techniques have also been used to model disruptions in SC, however, the scenario-based approach of stochastic programming modelling exponentially increases the number of variables and constraints and makes these models difficult to implement and run.

Simulation methods are more flexible than stochastic optimization models as they are used to replicate system behavior and allow for a dynamic approach of randomness in disruption and recovery policies, as well as they incorporate and handle more complexity (more probabilistic scenarios for more variables simultaneously), incorporate the time dimension and even offer real-time analysis, and multiple results under each what-if scenario. Simulation can also be applied to enhance the optimization results or be used as a simulation-based optimization technique. Simulation techniques such as discrete-event simulation, system dynamics, agent-based modeling, optimization-based simulation and graph theory-based simulation have been applied to describe and model the impact of the ripple effect in SC disruptions (Ivanov et al. 2017 ) among other things.

Control theory has also the analytical ability to execute SCs over time and is used to analyze eventual system dynamic performances. The development of control models is usually related to specific operational risks which constitute the key control metrics (such as, demand fluctuation, degree of information sharing, speed of convergence) for quantifying disruption recovery performance (Ivanov and Sokolov 2019 ; Yang and Fan 2016 ).

Another technique which is apparent in the analysis of SC disruptions is graph theory (e.g. Bayesian network, decision trees) which, through mathematical structures, describes the interrelationships of the SC and based on the predictions and decision scenarios model pairwise relations between entities (Hosseini and Ivanov 2019 ). Finally, game theory (e.g. Stackelberg game) is another type of mathematical modeling which focuses on the strategic interaction among rational decision-makers and, given the order of decisions from decision-makers, certain scenarios are deployed about their reactions in SC disruptions.

Needless to say, inventory theory is dominantly used for modeling SC disruptions. It incorporates popular inventory models (deterministic or stochastic optimization models), such as economic order quantity models and periodic review models which determine safety stock, optimal ordering and production quantities during the design of resilient SCs and the recovery period to minimize total costs, capturing the trade-offs between inventory policies and disruption risks. These models can be two-echelon or multi-echelon models based on the length of the SC.

In the examined articles, we have identified that most papers use optimization methods, followed by papers that apply simulation techniques. There are also studies that present statistical analysis of database data or survey, e.g. (Brusset and Teller 2017 ) or that use graph theory, e.g. (Nakatani et al. 2018 ) and game theory, e.g. (Fang and Shou 2015 ). From the optimization methods notable is the use of stochastic programing e.g. (Snoeck et al. 2019 ), mixed-integer programming, e.g. (Amini and Li 2011 ) and multi-objective programing e.g. (Teimuory et al. 2013 ). The simulation methods used are discrete-event simulation, e.g. (Ivanov et al. 2017 ), system dynamics, e.g. (Kochan et al. 2018 ) and agent-based modeling, e.g. (Hou et al. 2018 ). Looking into our article pool, the papers that have developed quantitative analysis methods model resilience, response and recovery strategies. (Appendix Table  5 shows 10 indicative papers as examples of the variety of quantitative methods used in the relevant literature with a brief explanation of the model’s purpose.)

Quantitative techniques offer a great range of analysis which varies from solving single, simple problems to very complex and interrelated ones. The latter more precisely describes the need of SC modeling. Operations and supply chain managers can choose from the available quantitative tools for different application areas of SC disruptions and determine an optimal or near optimal solution.

4.5.2 Modeling approaches for the ripple effect

Special attention is given in the most recent literature (after 2014) with regards to the ripple effect and the ways to manage it/reduce it through tactics that are tested in quantitative models. From a search in the Web of Science database regarding the literature on the ripple effect of SCs (keywords: “ripple effect” and “supply chain”), 31 journal papers have been identified, 18 of which are published in the IJPR, 3 in the International Journal of Production Economics (IJPE) and the remaining 10 each in different journals. Prof Ivanov is the author in 21 of these, establishing the ripple-effect as a scientific topic in the area of SC disruption management, by using an analogy to computer science where ripple effect determines the disruption-based scope of changes in the system (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ).

Α thorough analysis of the ripple effect in SCs is given in a review paper (Ivanov et al. 2014a , b ) and its follow-up (Dolgui et al. 2018 ) which provides a framework for the reasons of the ripple effect (sourcing strategy, production planning, inventory management, and control), presents its quantitative modelling approaches (including mixed-integer programming, simulation, control theory, complexity and reliability theory) and provides an analytic count down of future research avenues. Adding to the latter an overview paper demonstrates the positive impact of technology (big data analytics, 3D printing, blockchain, etc.) on the ripple effect mitigation (Ivanov et al. 2019 ). Attention is also drawn to case studies. For example a highly cited paper published in IJPE (Koh et al. 2012 ), assesses impact of actions for greening the SC and the triggering of the ripple effect and another one based on the analysis of the 2009 Italian earthquake uses MIP to model protection plans of regional disruptions by identifying which facilities to protect first (Liberatore et al. 2012 ).

The majority of the remaining papers in the literature on ripple effect are focused on modelling the phenomenon, which requires the inclusiosn of many SC echelons and thus more complex processes in the model, and exploring mitigation tactics. This is done by the use of mathematical models e.g. (Hosseini and Ivanov 2019 ; Ivanov et al. 2015 ; Ivanov et al. 2013 ; Kinra et al. 2019 ; Pavlov et al. 2019 ; Sokolov et al. 2016 ) or by simulation techniques which are frequently used to present the ripple effect phenomenon (Dolgui et al. 2019 ; Hosseini et al. 2019b ; Ivanov 2017 ; Ivanov et al. 2016a , b ). (Appendix Table  6 gives an overview and a categorization of the main papers focusing on the phenonmenon and their contribution).

Research on papers that focus on the ripple effect is dominated by the performance analysis of disruptions probabilities, especially for supplier failure. There is an urge for studies to explore other characteristics too by applying new modelling approaches with real company data and visualization techniques (Dolgui et al. 2018 ; Kinra et al. 2019 ). Forward and backward propagation analysis with the use of Bayesian networks and inclusion of the dynamic recovery time and cost by applying multi-objective stochastic optimization and agent-based models are some of the approaches that can be tried out (Hosseini et al. 2019a ).

4.6 Cost–benefit analysis of supply chain resilience

Since disruption implies serious commercial costs, the mechanisms for resilience, response and recovery are of vital importance to all SC echelons. An approach to reducing the costs of disturbance events is to highly motivate the managers to implement risk mitigation programs in the firm and engage in knowledge development activities (Cantor et al. 2014 ). Therefore, SCs should be protected in anticipation of disruptions by means of mitigation actions such as having safety stock, capacity reservations, backup sources and other methods, which nevertheless raise the level of management complexity and end-up being costly solutions themselves, especially if no disruption happens (Ivanov et al. 2019 ). So, resilient SC designs result in costly systems, which could negatively influence SC’s financial performance. To overcome the resulted costs, an efficient combination of resilient elements must be implemented, such as structural variety and complexity reduction, process and resource utilization flexibility and non-expensive parametric redundancy together with decision-support systems for SCs (Ivanov et al. 2019 ). Nevertheless, researchers have come to the conclusion that the cost for building resilience by using slack resources and visibility is smaller than the cost of SC disruptions (Jabbarzadeh et al. 2018 ).

Unfortunately, cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is not common in studies that present SC control models (Ivanov et al. 2019 ). The beneficial portion of the CBA can be modelled via the reduction of the disruption risk by a given percentage or its incurring costs, the shortening of the period of the disruption impact or via sustaining the service level (Namdar et al. 2018 ). On the other hand, although the cost of risk mitigation is considered visible (e.g. performance measures include fixed and variable costs, disruption costs, recovery cost), its accurate calculation is made difficult by the fact that recovery costs are generated by the adoption of a combination of proactive and reactive policies while cost analysis can also be extended to the operative losses and long-term future impact of deviation and recovery (Ivanov et al. 2017 ).

Nevertheless, there are many studies in the literature that, in their modeling approach, incorporate in the objective function the cost element and then by running what-if scenarios can measure the impact of certain policies and the overall benefit. For example, a study (Mori et al. 2014 ) developed a risk simulator for a multi-tier supply chain to evaluate the cost of retailer’s decentralized ordering and the effect of risk mitigation, identifying the cost–benefit relationship. Another study used a MIP which enables what-if analyses of cost and performance trade-off options in the SC (Das and Lashkari 2015 ).

Therefore, the use of quantitative models are viable methods for testing ways of minimizing costs of disruptions and contributing to the responsiveness and flexibility of the entire SC. Another identified way is for companies to choose to invest in social responsibility in order to balance disruption costs and resilience planning. Even though investment in corporate social responsibility activities could bring more cost to the company, it is also capable of increasing profit and reducing risk by decreasing production inefficiencies and increasing sales, access to capital and new markets (Cruz 2009 ). In line with this, it is the firm’s investment in good communication infrastructure, with the help of professionally qualified marketing agencies, that help problems with demand risks (e.g. demand decline) be mitigated (Diabat et al. 2012 ) or the implementation of pre-disaster/pre-disruption defense measures, such as insurance purchasing (Song and Du 2017 ). In any of these cases top management commitment is essential for building robust SC connectivity and information sharing systems to accomplish efficient SC integration (Shibin et al. 2017 )

4.7 Popular IT tools for resilience and response to disruptions

Modeling methods paired together with digitization enabled the development of tools that have led to many interesting applications for aiding SCs in general and SC resilience and real-time response to disruptions in specific. Many papers in our database offer very interesting overviews of digital technologies and their impact in mitigating disruption risks in the SC.

Computerized planning systems tools, such as materials requirements planning, manufacturing resource planning and enterprise resource planning (ERP) were the first software to help with the scheduling of operations and timely rescheduling in the case of disruptions and the retrieval of enterprise data from a single access point for informed decision-making (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ), especially in cases of emergency interventions. Moreover, flexible manufacturing systems with sensors and advanced robots for more precise, reliable and easily adaptable production processes; automated guided vehicles and automated tracking and tracing technologies for safe, accurate and fast fulfillment of orders from wholesalers; radio frequency identification (RFID) for inventory control; geographic positioning systems (GPS) for timely and less costly distribution of goods are all technologies that have highly been adopted in the last decades and have greatly aided the SCs and reduced their response time, especially with their real-time capabilities for fast implementation of contingency plans (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ).

Then, the Internet of Things (IoT) have taken these technologies a step forward. The IOT is a dynamic network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities of interoperable physical devices (Things), such as wireless sensors, smart devices, RFID chips, GPS, which can monitor, report and exchange data using intelligent interfaces seamlessly integrated into the information (Wi-Fi or data) network (Kranenburg 2008 ). The IOT can effectively track and authenticate products and shipments and inform on the location of goods, their storage condition and their time of arrival. Enhanced with augmented reality, which adds digital elements to a live view by using a camera, the IOT combines the real with the virtual world. A few examples of the uses of augmented reality in SCs are: the easier navigation of workers or tracing systems in the warehouse with the help of a graphic overlay of the space and its products, the reduction in the searching time of courier drivers for a box in the truck for the next delivery with a graphic overlay of the initial loading of products in the truck, informing the customers in real-time about prices and stock availability of items on the shelves by incorporating virtual labels viewable from smartphone cameras or google glasses. Like this, IoT and augmented reality technologies offer SC visibility and traceability, sending early warnings of internal and external disruptions that require attention, reducing uncertainty and enhancing effective internal operations and collaboration among all SC players (Ben-Daya, Hassini, & Bahroun, 2019 ).

Moreover, Industry 4.0, 3D printing, big data analytics (BDA), as well as blockchain also constitute tools of the new era that quickly find their way into the business world.

With the help of the IOT, Industry 4.0 is the smart factory of cyber-physical systems, like internet-connected workstations, conveyors and robotics, which autonomously control and monitor the route of products in the assembly line offering customized configuration (Katsaliaki and Mustafee 2019 ). Hence, Industry 4.0 enables the production of customized goods at the cost of mass production, with shorter lead times and better capacity utilization. Cost risks are minimized while higher market flexibility and responsiveness to customers is offered with customized products and risk diversification (Ivanov et al. 2019 ). On the other hand, 3D printing (additive manufacturing) builds a 3D object from a computer-aided design model by sequentially adding material layer by layer. This method of production, which progressively broadens the range of products it offers, constitutes a disruptive technology to the traditional SC configuration as products can be manufactured to SC echelons closer to the customer and even at the retailer’s site. The shorter lead times and the reduction in demand risks as manufacturing comes closer to the customer are the main contributions made by this technology (Ivanov et al. 2019 ) to aid in the reduction of disruptions.

With recent revolutions in technology, data is generated much quicker from different sources and technologies are in place capable for their storage, categorization and analysis. Statistical analysis and reliability become stronger with the increased data volume and the high number of factors for analysis. Therefore, predictive methods have better explanatory power (Gunasekaran et al. 2016 ) and together with machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI) that allows computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data (Chen and Zhang 2014 ) offer answers to demanding questions and what-if scenarios through prescriptive analytics. Big data analytics and machine learning methods came to the foreground as enablers of value creation from massive data, offering new competitive advantages to companies (Chen et al. 2012 ). They have increased SC data visibility and data transparency and can reduce information disruption risks and behavioral uncertainty as well as demand risks through predictability (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ; Brintrup et al. 2019 ); all of which are positively linked to SC resilience.

Blockchain technology is a distributed database of records or shared public/private ledgers of all digital events that have been executed and shared among participating blockchain agents (Crosby et al. 2016 ). Blockchains can be considered a disruptive technology for the general management of SCs, specifically in the field of suppliers’ contracts. Distributed contract collaboration platforms using blockchain technology could guarantee the traceability and authenticity of information, along with smart contracts (computer protocols which digitally verify or enforce the agreed terms between the members of a contract without third parties’ involvement). These transactions are trackable and irreversible and validate transactions (Saberi et al. 2019 ). This brings a new era in SCs and a remedy to fraudulent acts and security risks (Wang et al. 2019 ).

Especially for the ripple effect, information technology can have a very positive mitigation influence. RFID technology can offer feedback control and SC event management systems can communicate disruptions to the other SC tiers and assist in revising and adapting schedules. For example, Resilience360 at DHL is a cloud-based analytics platform for managing disruption risks by mapping end-to-end SC partners, building risk profiles, identifying critical hotspots in order to initiate mitigation actions and alert in near-real time mode about events that could possibly disrupt the SC (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

4.8 Future research agenda

Following a content analysis of selective papers on SC disruptions, future directions have been identified which we hope will inspire new scholars to establish their research agenda in this field. The selection of the research topics was made primarily on the grounds of managerial applicability without diminishing the importance of theory advancements. The great majority of the papers include a shorter or longer future research section but, in many cases, this is targeted to the advancement of their modelling technique, of their data collection approach, or the hypothesis testing which are out of the scope of this study’s agenda. Below we take a practical approach of the field and we try to map research on SC disruptions especially with regards to the use of new tools and resilience approaches. There is a list of 34 research directions organized in seven themes. These relate to research about (a) effective resilience strategies, (b) SC disruptions in specific sectors, (c) a special focus on human resources management (HRM) and behavioral analysis, (d) modelling approaches with an emphasis on the ripple effect, e) combination of modeling approaches with new information technologies (IT), f) research about the implementation of these new IT/digital technologies and g) research driven by the recent enormous disruptions due to the COVID19 pandemic. It is notable that about 1/3rd of these topics are related to the use of digital technologies which greatly enhance modeling capabilities and decision-making to tackle and resist SC disruptions. Each research direction begins with a short title in bold, depicting its aim and its methodology approach.

4.9 Resilience strategies

Resilience Strategies—Multi-method (modelling, survey) Which strategy or combination of strategies: redundancy (excess inventory, spare capacity, multiple sourcing), flexibility (flexible production systems and distribution channels, multi-skilled workforce), collaborative planning (information-sharing, joint relationship efforts, decision synchronization), contingency planning (back-up suppliers-transportation modes) is most effective for building resilient SCs to disruption risks? (Centobelli et al. 2019 )

Resilience Strategies—Survey, case study Is it true that SCs that adopt a flexibility strategy utilize a higher degree of information sharing and collaboration through higher ICT utilization in comparison to adopting a redundant strategy? Is it true that redundant strategies are more expensive to implement (need more capital and operating cost) than flexibility strategies? (Nakano & Lau, 2020 ).

Resilience Strategies—Survey What is the effect and relative importance of specific disruptions (such as, ineffective suppliers’ management, lack of information sharing and risk assessment) so managers can prioritize the allocation of resources to tackle them? (Centobelli et al. 2019 ).

Risk metrics—Survey What are the most effective, as opposed to the most used SC risk metrics (performance measurement system), among recovery time, safety stock, customer service level, total cost and others, for managers to focus on and under which circumstances (e.g. ripple effect)? (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

4.10 Certain sectors of SC disruptions’ application areas

Military—Mixed methods Exploring effective disaster resilience approaches for the military (Centobelli et al. 2019 ).

Perishable products—Modelling Modelling disruptions in the SC of perishable products and their limited resilience strategies as redundancy strategies may not be an option (freshness, write-offs) but others may be, such as customer segmentation by requirements for freshness and product batching (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Food—Mixed methods Analysis of the use of the IoT and other recent technologies for preventing avoidable food waste generation, food safety and efficiency throughout the food SC (Ben-Daya et al. 2019 ).

Information Systems disruptions—Mixed methods Research on disruptions in the information systems and the networked cloud-based digital SC environment (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Reverse logistics—Modelling Studying the disruptions that take place in the reverse logistics flows of SCs (e.g. unavailability/limited space in the warehouse that stores the collected recyclable materials) for analyzing their impact to the overall SC performance and identifying effective response and mitigation strategies (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Humanitarian aid—Modelling Analysis of the fair allocation of the limited resources in situations of severe regional disasters which usually simultaneously lead to humanitarian emergency and industrial crisis, in order to balance human life rescue, everyday life and the recovery of the industrial sector (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Behavioral analysis—Modelling Employing agent-based simulation to model managerial decisions subject to individual risk perceptions, such as collaboration issues (trust and information sharing) and SC risk management culture (leadership and risk-averse behavior) (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Behavioral analysis—Mixed methods Analysis of the patterns of human behavior when managers are faced with real data or the dashboards of big data and visualization/cognitive computing approaches (that their development mechanisms may or may not be trusted) and the nature of their governance and decision-making, especially when related decision refer to disasters causing humanitarian crises (de Oliveira and Handfield, 2019 ).

Training—Survey Analyzing ways that offer successful training to company staff in the related departments to effectively cope with SC disruptions, which create a stressful environment and require preparedness (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

4.12 Modelling methods about SC disruptions

Ripple effect—Multiple models Modelling SC disruptions by considering the dynamic recovery time/cost. More modelling approaches are needed for capturing the disruption propagation and SC design survivability and for evaluating recovery policies and their implementation (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Ripple effect—Stochastic modelling Development of two-stage stochastic models with the first-stage objective function to minimize the traditional SC cost (procurement, supplier evaluation, transportation costs) and the second-stage objective function to measure the SC resilience under all possible disruption scenarios (Hosseini et al. 2019a ).

Ripple effect—Model validation Practical validation of the simulation and optimization models for preventing and mitigating the ripple effect in the SC with real company data, such as coordinated contingency plans (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Ripple effect—Model visualization Adding visualizing features to the simulation models of the ripple effect (Dolgui et al. 2018 ).

Ripple effect—Bayesian Networks Forward and backward propagation analysis using Bayesian Networks (a unique capability of this method) by entering any number of disruption observations to analyze the ripple effect in complex supply networks with a large number of nodes and links (Hosseini et al. 2019a ).

Resilience Vs Sustainability—Multi-objective stochastic optimization Developing multi-objective stochastic optimization models capable of making trade-offs between resilience (that requires capacity buffer, surplus inventory, multiple sourcing) and sustainability decisions (which on the contrary requires less redundancy) (Hosseini et al. 2019a ).

Large supply networks—Modelling Toolbox Development of a common language to facilitate the development of reference models for supply networks with a standardized toolbox of supply network representations and identification of suitable methods for analyzing risks in complex supply networks (Bier et al. 2019 ) and will accelerate comprehension and execution.

4.13 Hybrid models combined with IT

Predicting SC disruptions—Prediction and machine learning algorithms Development of prediction models and adaptation of SC disruptions management practices with the use of prediction algorithms and machine learning techniques such as unsupervised learning algorithms which can be used to mine SC data, identify patterns related to certain risks and be trained to recognize risk patterns and their incurring probability (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ).

Risk management practices—Mathematical programming, Multi agent systems, Semantic reasoning, Machine learning techniques and BDA Development of hybrid models to analyze risk management practices by combining mathematical programming (effective in modelling highly complex systems for SC risk avoidance and mitigation), with agent-based approaches, BDA and machine learning techniques (capable of automated decision-making by creating automated rule-based reasoning and learning and handling of big and variable data) in order to select an appropriate response strategy (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ; Hosseini et al. 2019a ).

Digital SC twin—Simulation, optimization and BDA Analysis of the combination of simulation, optimization and data analytics to create a digital SC twin – a model that represents the state of the network in real-time (Ivanov et al. 2019 ) offering end-to-end SC visibility when all players are included. A disruption in a SC echelon can be reported by a risk data monitoring tool and transmitted to the simulation model. The simulation model in the digital twin can measure disruption propagation and impact, test recovery policies and adapt the contingency plans based on the situation (e.g. considering back-up routes on-the-spot) (Hosseini et al. 2019a ; Ivanov et al. 2019 ).

IoT – Modelling Modelling SC problems (procurement, production planning, inventory management, quality, maintenance) in an IoT environment. Decision-making in an IoT context requires new tools and models to exploit the new environment, such as big data generated from sensors and connected things (Ben-Daya et al. 2019 ).

Resilience strategies—BDA and AI Analysis of how BDA and AI techniques can help with SC disruptions and the mechanics for achieving it. For example in global SCs where sales volumes and product variability are high and disperse, the analysis of SC big data (sales, buying behavior, product inventory, transportation channels, distribution frequency and production rates) can reduce demand uncertainty and sensor data in distribution centers which can mitigate logistics risks and increase visibility and trust among suppliers (Baryannis et al. 2019a , b ). Some evidence also exists (Griffith et al. 2019 ) that the BDA and AI technologies can assist visibility (e.g. with open-source imagery tools and analytic mapping tools) in disaster relief chains and humanitarian logistics but how this can be done is a question that requires further investigation (Dubey et al. 2019a b c ).

Identification of suppliers based on proximity—machine learning algorithm Development of a learning algorithm to deduce location-based relationships of suppliers by identifying the localization of suppliers from public data sources (Brintrup et al. 2019 ).

Large supply chain networks—BDA Analysis of large-scale complex supply networks and their risks (as in their majority researchers illustrate their contributions using small cases) with the use of current digital technologies which facilitate collection of big data from across the SC. Having such test datasets of realistic size and complexity for SCs would result in more empirical insights (Bier et al. 2019 ).

4.14 Digital technologies

Blockchain—Survey, case study Testing the hypothesis that implementing blockchain technology in SCs decreases opportunistic behavior of SC players like subtle violation of agreements and concealing of critical information due to the transparency, security, and auditability that the technology promotes (Saberi et al. 2019 ).

Blockchain—Survey, case study Supply chain governance structure characteristics need to be evaluated for effectiveness in understanding blockchain-based SCs where no central authority is responsible for information management and validation. Analysis is required regarding who and what governs transactions, rules, and policies. Will operational relationships improve their outcome due to the features of blockchain technology, which do not require strategic formal coordination (Saberi et al. 2019 )?

IoT—Survey, case study Provision of guidance for IoT adoption from companies as to which process and where in the SC they should deploy IoT, given that SC partners may be at different stages of the IoT implementation (Ben-Daya et al. 2019 ).

4.15 Disease outbreaks/pandemics/COVID19

Pandemic—Mixed Methods Measuring how the Covid-19 or other pandemics affect firms, employees, consumers, and markets for formulating effective policy responses to the challenges posed by the crisis (Hassan et al. 2020 ).

Pandemic—Modelling Development of a contingency plan framework with operating policies for specific SCs deriving from the analysis of modeling techniques that simulate disease breakouts, as unlike other disruption risks, epidemic outbreaks start small but spread fast and disperse over many geographic regions creating increased uncertainty (Ivanov 2020a ). A special case are products with high demand during disease outbreaks such as medical face masks, sanitizers, etc. Evaluation of the SC behaviors of adaptation, digitalization, preparedness, recovery, ripple effect, and sustainability during and after pandemics (Queiroz et al. 2020 ).

Pandemic—Modelling, case study How do changing regulations due to the pandemic (lockdowns, changing working patterns, etc.) impact productivity throughout the supply chain? How do dark (fully automated) warehouses and other operational solutions for contactless or zero interaction among employees or employees with customers impact firms’ performance, employees’ work environments and customer experience? (Mollenkopf et al. 2020 )

Pandemic/digital technologies—Modelling, case study Investigation of the utilization of digital technologies, such as digital SC twins, omnichannel, additive and digital manufacturing, to support decision-making in long-term disruptions caused by pandemic outbreaks (Ivanov and Dolgui 2020 ).

5 Discussion

In this study, we aimed to present an overview of the literature in order to provide a picture of SC disturbances and resilience methods. We first mapped all relevant studies and provided a profile of the popular articles. The second part of the paper, through content analysis, presented the knowledge offered in selected articles in a comprehensive and narrative way. Both methods concluded in a synthesis of knowledge about SC disruptions and resilience methods which we believe are useful to researchers and managers alike.

5.1 Research implications

Our study has numerous implications for researchers. First, it provides a useful introduction to the field through the profiling study which focuses on the key literature. It shows that publications about SC disruptions started appearing after 2004 but the field has matured fast and in these 15-20 years is populated by many studies which explain and evaluate the impact of the adoption of certain response strategies to SC disruptions and risks. However, this is not to say that the field has been over-researched but on the contrary it has become as hot as ever due to the recent pandemic of COVID19 and the enormous disruptions that has caused to the whole world. Therefore, more research is required for specific and new types of disruptions but also in general for all types as innovative ways of building resilience are created by utilizing modelling techniques and new digital technologies. Two popular review studies on SC disruptions and risks are (Kleindorfer and Saad 2005 ; Tang 2006 ) and two more trending papers deal with Industry 4.0 (Ivanov et al. 2019 ) and blockchain (Saberi et al. 2019 ).

As SC disruptions occur in greater frequency and intensity (Zsidisin et al. 2016 ), we hierarchized them based on the literature by type, impact and occurrence, starting from the catastrophic events of low frequency and high impact and concluding with the infrastructural events of high occurrence but lower impact. Although the urge so far has been to research high occurrence but lower impact SC disruptions which cumulative cause a nonnegligible and continuous problem to SCs (Zsidisin et al. 2016 ), the new unforeseen pandemic seems to rush research towards the other direction as already in 2020 a number of papers have been published in the particular topic, e.g.(Ivanov 2020a ; Queiroz et al. 2020 ). Our study also examined the growing research on the ripple/snowball effect of perturbations originating in a localized point which amplifies consequences for the downstream SC echelons, as opposed to the bullwhip effect which impacts the SC upstream. The realizations of the ripple effect consequences is another reason for more research in SC disruptions with models that take into considerations many echelons across the SC.

Moreover, the study presents an analysis supported with examples of quantitative approaches which were used to model the SCs based on risk factors, their impacts, mitigation tactics’ costs and benefits and what-if scenarios for testing certain strategies (Das and Lashkari 2015 ). Optimization is the mathematical method most often used for this purpose (stochastic programing, mixed-integer programing, multi-objective programing) followed by simulation techniques (system dynamics, discrete-event simulation, agent-based model and Monte-Carlo simulations) that can handle more uncertainty and complexity. Statistical analysis, graph theory and game theory are also among the modeling methods that are distinguished in the papers of our review. Many models incorporate a function of cost to measure the impact of disruptions and provide a cost–benefit analysis of mitigation or resilience actions.

There is also an attempt to benefit, with regards to data promptness and accuracy, from the operability with new digital solutions (e.g. IOT, BDA, machine learning) to build real-time reconfigurable SC models based on the incurring disruption and knowledge that has been accumulated from past reactions. These trends call for new principles and models to support SCM and populate the future research agenda. Such promising methods for dynamic supply-chain models are Agent-based models, which are configurable distributed software components that continually realign goals and processes (Blackhurst et al. 2005 ). In the research agenda of SC disruptions and the ripple effect, notable is the call for the development of quantitative decision-making models coupled with the new digital technologies’ capabilities including blockchain contracts. Another area is the behavioral analysis of managers who interpret the automated generated knowledge and the importance of receiving training for tackling SC disruptions and increasing the level of preparedness. The study offers a long list of topics in the field that require immediate investigation from interested researchers. While the research dealing with disease outbreaks from the humanitarian logistics aspect provides a substantial body of knowledge, e.g. (Banomyong et al. 2019 ; Dubey et al. 2019a b c ), the literature on analyzing the impact of pandemics from a business point of view is still limited (Ivanov 2020a ) but growing fast. Therefore a special focus is required with regards to SC disruptions caused due to pandemics, such as COVID19. New and fast changing regulations for lockdowns, transport guidelines and employees’ working conditions call for urgent understanding and evaluation of their effect in the SCs and identification of appropriate ways to react and adapt with the minimum possible distraction.

5.2 Managerial implications

The review part of this study has also identified several interesting points with managerial applicability.

The literature brings up several recovery and resilient strategies and methods that firms choose to adopt either in isolation or in coordination with the other SC echelons. The aim should be to build resilience to reduce or avoid disruptions (Hosseini et al. 2019a ). Popular resilience strategies are redundancy building through safety stock, capacity reservations and multiple sourcing but more effective is considered the flexibility acquisition strategy through alternative suppliers, contingency plans and the adoption of ICT for information access, tracing, monitoring, warning, reporting and prediction of SC risk for fast response and rescheduling of operations (Centobelli et al. 2019 ). Moreover, information-sharing, collaborative communication with the other SC echelons, joint relationship efforts from the product/service design until its delivery and the reverse logistics flow and decision synchronization utilizing ICT capabilities (Nakano and Lau 2020 ) are all cost-effective ways for building resilience to SC disruptions and minimizing the occurrences and the duration of man-made disruptions.

Digital technologies have also played a crucial role, maybe the most important of all, in the improvement of SC performance enabling new capabilities of real-time reconfigurations and fast response and implementation of emergency plans in cases of disruptions. While the individual contributors (e.g. robots, sensors, RFID, agents, modular factories, etc.) are not new, they are becoming more approachable and companies more receptive to using them to stay competitive. More recent technologies, such as the IOT, augmented reality, Industry 4.0, 3D printing, BDA, artificial intelligence and blockchain are all examples of tools that are progressively changing the way SCs are organized. The level of accuracy, transparency, traceability and flexibility is immensely growing, transforming SCs to systems which continuously evolve and can be reconfigured on demand. Involvement of such technologies, which are often characterized as disruptive to the traditional SC model, have the potential to shrink SCs, and also produce better quality, reduce product development times, increase customized offerings to customers (Viswanadham 2018 ) and be more prepared for timely reactions to perturbations. Applicability studies of these technologies in the business environment are part of the future agenda. More importantly at the current situation of the rapid-spreading pandemic which has caused so many SC disruptions the whole business world is changing the business model by fast-tracking digital transformation to increase chances of survival.

Natural disasters and disease outbreaks consequences can be mitigated through resilient management of the relief SC operation. Development of trust between humanitarian organisations and other partners/stakeholders is necessary for coping with complex tasks during disaster relief and following standard code of ethics (Awasthy et al. 2019 ). Therefore, a focus on metrics and performance measurement such as delivery time, number of saved lives, the quantity of distributed relief items, and operations’ costs is essential in order to empower the effectiveness and long-term relationships of the humanitarian aids and relief SCs (Baharmand et al. 2019 ). Foremost, research emphasizes the development of flexible resiliency strategies with assisting technological solutions, such as BDA and AI technologies offering open-source imagery tools and analytic mapping tools in humanitarian logistics, for improving responsiveness through information and materials pipeline visibility and increased effectiveness of processes through better management of the scene (Griffith et al. 2019 ). Flexible networks with prompt rescheduling functions can achieve the required balance between speed and quality of the survival processes.

6 Conclusions

IT professionals continually develop new applications with big data capabilities to help stakeholders increase value (Galetsi et al. 2019 ), thus there are expectations for the allocation of higher budgets towards IT infrastructure and BDA experts (Galetsi et al. 2020 ). Investing in appropriate technology and quality information sharing helps with SC visibility, enhances trust and cooperation among SC partners and eventually leads to a more resilient SC (Dubey et al. 2019a , b , c ; Kamalahmadi and Mellat-Parast 2016 ) against disruptive events. This should be the focus of the top administration of each firm alone and in collaboration with the other echelons of their SC. Supply chains should embrace the TQM (total quality management) philosophy of prevention, as studies have shown that building resilience is less costly than recovering from problems (Jabbarzadeh et al. 2018 ). Yet, it is impossible to completely avoid disruption and attention should also be drawn to the recovery policies regardless of what caused the disruption. Therefore, human-driven adaptation first, followed by computer-driven adaptation, is needed to change SC plans, inventory policies and schedules to achieve the desired performance, which is the precondition of stability and robustness (Ivanov et al. 2013 ). As SCs become more global and complex, the impact of any disruption intensifies. The answer is building resilience by incorporating longer term partnerships, government policy that enables flexibility, an IT approach that fosters business continuity (Wright 2013 ) and a culture of readiness in contingency actions.

Ali, A., Mahfouz, A., & Arisha, A. (2017). Analysing supply chain resilience: Integrating the constructs in a concept mapping framework via a systematic literature review. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 22 (1), 16–39.

Article   Google Scholar  

Amini, M., & Li, H. (2011). Supply chain configuration for diffusion of new products: An integrated optimization approach. Omega, 39 (3), 313–322.

Araz, O., Choi, T., Olson, D., & Salman, F. (2020). Data analytics for operational risk management. Decision Sciences . https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12443 .

Atadeniz, S. N., & Sridharan, S. V. (2019). Effectiveness of nervousness reduction policies when capacity is constrained. International Journal of Production Research, 58, 4121.

Awasthy, P., Gopakumar, K. V., Gouda, S. K., & Haldar, T. (2019). Trust in humanitarian operations: a content analytic approach for an Indian NGO. International Journal of Production Research, 57 (9), 2626–2641. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1566652 .

Baghalian, A., Rezapour, S., & Farahani, R. Z. (2013). Robust supply chain network design with service level against disruptions and demand uncertainties: A real-life case. European Journal of Operational Research, 227 (1), 199–215.

Baharmand, H., Comes, T., & Lauras, M. (2019). Defining and measuring the network flexibility of humanitarian supply chains: Insights from the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Annals of Operations Research, 283 (1), 961–1000.

Banker, S. (2019). Supply chain trends to watch in 2019. Forbes, Transportation https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevebanker/2019/01/05/supply-chain-trends-to-watch-in-2019/#2b4b4f5a323d .

Banomyong, R., Varadejsatitwong, P., & Oloruntoba, R. (2019). A systematic review of humanitarian operations, humanitarian logistics and humanitarian supply chain performance literature 2005 to 2016. Annals of Operations Research, 283 (1–2), 71–86.

Baryannis, G., Dani, S., & Antoniou, G. (2019a). Predicting supply chain risks using machine learning: The trade-off between performance and interpretability. Future Generation Computer Systems, 101, 993–1004.

Baryannis, G., Validi, S., Dani, S., & Antoniou, G. (2019b). Supply chain risk management and artificial intelligence: State of the art and future research directions. International Journal of Production Research, 57 (7), 2179–2202. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1530476 .

BCI-Business Continuity Institute. (2019). Supply chain resilience 10 year trend analysis. 2009–2018. Zurich Insurance Group https://www.b-c-training.com/img/uploads/resources/Supply-Chain-Resilience-10-year-trend-analysis.pdf .

Ben-Daya, M., Hassini, E., & Bahroun, Z. (2019). Internet of things and supply chain management: A literature review. International Journal of Production Research, 57 (15–16), 4719–4742.

Bier, T., Lange, A., & Glock, C. H. (2019). Methods for mitigating disruptions in complex supply chain structures: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Production Research, 58, 1835.

Blackhurst, J., Craighead, C. W., Elkins, D., & Handfield, R. B. (2005). An empirically derived agenda of critical research issues for managing supply-chain disruptions. International Journal of Production Research, 43 (19), 4067–4081. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540500151549 .

Brandon-Jones, E., Squire, B., & Van Rossenberg, Y. G. T. (2015). The impact of supply base complexity on disruptions and performance: The moderating effects of slack and visibility. International Journal of Production Research, 53 (22), 6903–6918. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2014.986296 .

Braunscheidel, M. J., & Suresh, N. C. (2009). The organizational antecedents of a firm’s supply chain agility for risk mitigation and response. Journal of operations Management, 27 (2), 119–140.

Brintrup, A., Pak, J., Ratiney, D., Pearce, T., Wichmann, P., Woodall, P., et al. (2019). Supply chain data analytics for predicting supplier disruptions: a case study in complex asset manufacturing. International Journal of Production Research, 58, 3330.

Brusset, X., & Teller, C. (2017). Supply chain capabilities, risks, and resilience. International Journal of Production Economics, 184, 59–68.

Cantor, D. E., Blackhurst, J., Pan, M., & Crum, M. (2014). Examining the role of stakeholder pressure and knowledge management on supply chain risk and demand responsiveness. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 25, 202.

Centobelli, P., Cerchione, R., & Ertz, M. (2019). Managing supply chain resilience to pursue business and environmental strategies. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29, 1215.

Google Scholar  

Chen, K. B., & Yang, L. (2014). Random yield and coordination mechanisms of a supply chain with emergency backup sourcing. International Journal of Production Research, 52 (16), 4747–4767. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2014.886790 .

Chen, C. P., & Zhang, C. Y. (2014). Data-intensive applications, challenges, techniques and technologies: A survey on Big Data. Information Sciences, 275, 314–347.

Chen, H., Chiang, R. H. L., & Storey, V. C. (2012). Business intelligence and analytics: From big data to big impact. MIS Quarterly, 36 (4), 1165.

Chongvilaivan, A. (2011). Managing global supply chain disruptions: Experience from Thailand’s 2011 flooding. Regional Economic Studies Programme, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), 30

Chopra, S., & Sodhi, M. (2004). Supply-chain breakdown. MIT Sloan Management Review, 46 (1), 53–61.

Chopra, S., & Sodhi, M. (2014). Reducing the risk of supply chain disruptions. MIT Sloan Management Review, 55 (3), 72–80.

Chowdhury, M. M. H., & Quaddus, M. (2017). Supply chain resilience: Conceptualization and scale development using dynamic capability theory. International Journal of Production Economics, 188, 185–204.

Christopher, M., & Peck, H. (2004). Building the resilient supply chain. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 15 (2), 1–14.

Craighead, C. W., Blackhurst, J., Rungtusanatham, M. J., & Handfield, R. B. (2007). The severity of supply chain disruptions: Design characteristics and mitigation capabilities. Decision Sciences, 38 (1), 131–156.

Crosby, M., Nachiappan Pattanayak, P., Verma, S., & Kalyanaraman, V. (2016). Blockchain technology: Beyond bitcoin. Applied Innovation Review, June, Issue No. 2. Sutardja Center for Entrepeneurship and Technology, Berkeley .

Cruz, J. M. (2009). The impact of corporate social responsibility in supply chain management: Multicriteria decision-making approach. Decision Support Systems, 48 (1), 224–236.

Das, K., & Lashkari, R. S. (2015). Risk readiness and resiliency planning for a supply chain. International Journal of Production Research, 53 (22), 6752–6771. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1057624 .

de Oliveira, M. P. V., & Handfield, R. (2019). Analytical foundations for development of real-time supply chain capabilities. International Journal of Production Research, 57 (5), 1571–1589. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1493240 .

Diabat, A., Govindan, K., & Panicker, V. V. (2012). Supply chain risk management and its mitigation in a food industry. International Journal of Production Research, 50 (11), 3039–3050. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2011.588619 .

Dolgui, A., Ivanov, D., & Sokolov, B. (2018). Ripple effect in the supply chain: an analysis and recent literature. International Journal of Production Research, 56 (1–2), 414–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1387680 .

Dolgui, A., Ivanov, D., & Rozhkov, M. (2019). Does the ripple effect influence the bullwhip effect? An integrated analysis of structural and operational dynamics in the supply chain(dagger). International Journal of Production Research . https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1627438 .

Dubey, R., Altay, N., & Blome, C. (2019a). Swift trust and commitment: The missing links for humanitarian supply chain coordination? Annals of Operations Research, 283 (1), 159–177.

Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Childe, S. J., Papadopoulos, T., Blome, C., & Luo, Z. (2019b). Antecedents of resilient supply chains: An empirical study. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 66 (1), 8–19.

Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., & Papadopoulos, T. (2019c). Disaster relief operations: Past, present and future. Annals of Operations Research, 283 (1–2), 1–8.

DuHadway, S., Carnovale, S., & Hazen, B. (2019). Understanding risk management for intentional supply chain disruptions: Risk detection, risk mitigation, and risk recovery. Annals of Operations Research, 283 (1), 179–198.

Dupont, L., Bernard, C., Hamdi, F., & Masmoudi, F. (2018). Supplier selection under risk of delivery failure: A decision-support model considering managers’ risk sensitivity. International Journal of Production Research, 56 (3), 1054–1069. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1364442 .

Dwivedi, Y. K., Shareef, M. A., Mukerji, B., Rana, N. P., & Kapoor, K. K. (2018). Involvement in emergency supply chain for disaster management: A cognitive dissonance perspective. International Journal of Production Research, 56 (21), 6758–6773. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1378958 .

Elzarka, S. M. (2013). Supply chain risk management: The lessons learned from the Egyptian revolution 2011. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 16 (6), 482–492.

Fan, Y., Schwartz, F., & Voß, S. (2017). Flexible supply chain planning based on variable transportation modes. International Journal of Production Economics, 183, 654–666.

Fang, Y., & Shou, B. (2015). Managing supply uncertainty under supply chain Cournot competition. European Journal of Operational Research, 243 (1), 156–176.

FEMA. (2015). Make your business resilient: Business infographic. Federal Emergency Management Agency https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/108451 .

Ferreira, F. D. A. L., Scavarda, L. F., Ceryno, P. S., & Leiras, A. (2018). Supply chain risk analysis: A shipbuilding industry case. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 21 (5), 542–556.

Galetsi, P., Katsaliaki, K., & Kumar, S. (2019). Values, challenges and future directions of big data analytics in healthcare: A systematic review. Social Science and Medicine, 241, 112533.

Galetsi, P., Katsaliaki, K., & Kumar, S. (2020). Big data analytics in health sector: Theoretical framework, techniques and prospects. International Journal of Information Management, 50, 206–216.

Gaviria-Marin, M., Merigó, J. M., & Baier-Fuentes, H. (2019). Knowledge management: A global examination based on bibliometric analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 140, 194–220.

Ghadge, A., Weib, M., Caldwell, N., & Wilding, R. L. (2019). Managing cyber risk in supply chains: A review and research agenda. Supply Chain Management, 25 (2), 223.

Godin, B. (2006). On the origins of bibliometrics. Scientometrics, 68 (1), 109–133.

Griffith, D. A., Boehmke, B., Bradley, R. V., Hazen, B. T., & Johnson, A. W. (2019). Embedded analytics: improving decision support for humanitarian logistics operations. Annals of Operations Research, 283 (1–2), 247–265.

Gunasekaran, A., Kumar Tiwari, M., Dubey, R., & Fosso Wamba, S. (2016). Big data and predictive analytics applications in supply chain management. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 101, 525–527.

Gunessee, S., Subramanian, N., & Ning, K. (2018). Natural disasters, PC supply chain and corporate performance. International Journal of Operations & Production Management . https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-12-2016-0705 .

Hassan, T. A., Hollander, S., van Lent, L., & Tahoun, A. (2020). Firm-level exposure to epidemic diseases: Covid-19, SARS, and H1N1 (0898-2937). Retrieved from

Heckmann, I., Comes, T., & Nickel, S. (2015). A critical review on supply chain risk–Definition, measure and modeling. Omega, 52, 119–132.

Hendricks, K. B., & Singhal, V. R. (2003). The effect of supply chain glitches on shareholder wealth. Journal of Operations Management, 21 (5), 501–522.

Hendricks, K. B., & Singhal, V. R. (2005). An empirical analysis of the effect of supply chain disruptions on long-run stock price performance and equity risk of the firm. Production and Operations Management, 14 (1), 35–52.

Hendricks, K. B., Singhal, V. R., & Zhang, R. (2009). The effect of operational slack, diversification, and vertical relatedness on the stock market reaction to supply chain disruptions. Journal of Operations Management, 27 (3), 233–246.

Ho, W., Zheng, T., Yildiz, H., & Talluri, S. (2015). Supply chain risk management: A literature review. International Journal of Production Research, 53 (16), 5031–5069. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1030467 .

Hosseini, S., & Ivanov, D. (2019). A new resilience measure for supply networks with the ripple effect considerations: A Bayesian network approach. Annals of Operations Research . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-019-03350-8 .

Hosseini, S., Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2019a). Review of quantitative methods for supply chain resilience analysis. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 125, 285–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.03.001 .

Hosseini, S., Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2019b). Ripple effect modelling of supplier disruption: integrated Markov chain and dynamic Bayesian network approach. International Journal of Production Research, 58, 3284.

Hou, Y., Wang, X., Wu, Y. J., & He, P. (2018). How does the trust affect the topology of supply chain network and its resilience? An agent-based approach. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 116, 229–241.

Ivanov, D. (2017). Simulation-based ripple effect modelling in the supply chain. International Journal of Production Research, 55 (7), 2083–2101. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2016.1275873 .

Ivanov, D. (2018). Revealing interfaces of supply chain resilience and sustainability: A simulation study. International Journal of Production Research, 56 (10), 3507–3523. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1343507 .

Ivanov, D. (2020a). Predicting the impacts of epidemic outbreaks on global supply chains: A simulation-based analysis on the coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) case. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 136, 101922.

Ivanov, D. (2020b). Viable supply chain model: integrating agility, resilience and sustainability perspectives—lessons from and thinking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Operations Research , 1.

Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2019). Low-Certainty-Need (LCN) Supply Chains: A new perspective in managing disruption risks and resilience. International Journal of Production Research, 57 (15–16), 5119–5136.

Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020). Viability of intertwined supply networks: extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. A position paper motivated by COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Production Research, 58 (10), 2904–2915.

Ivanov, D., & Sokolov, B. (2019). Simultaneous structural–operational control of supply chain dynamics and resilience. Annals of Operations Research, 283 (1–2), 1191–1210.

Ivanov, D., Sokolov, B., & Pavlov, A. (2013). Dual problem formulation and its application to optimal redesign of an integrated production-distribution network with structure dynamics and ripple effect considerations. International Journal of Production Research, 51 (18), 5386–5403. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2013.774503 .

Ivanov, D., Pavlov, A., & Sokolov, B. (2014a). Optimal distribution (re) planning in a centralized multi-stage supply network under conditions of the ripple effect and structure dynamics. European Journal of Operational Research, 237 (2), 758–770.

Ivanov, D., Sokolov, B., & Dolgui, A. (2014b). The Ripple effect in supply chains: Trade-off ‘efficiency-flexibility-resilience’ in disruption management. International Journal of Production Research, 52 (7), 2154–2172. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2013.858836 .

Ivanov, D., Hartl, R., Dolgui, A., Pavlov, A., & Sokolov, B. (2015). Integration of aggregate distribution and dynamic transportation planning in a supply chain with capacity disruptions and the ripple effect consideration. International Journal of Production Research, 53 (23), 6963–6979. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2014.986303 .

Ivanov, D., Mason, S. J., & Hartl, R. (2016a). Supply chain dynamics, control and disruption management. International Journal of Production Research, 54 (1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1114186 .

Ivanov, D., Sokolov, B., Solovyeva, I., Dolgui, A., & Jie, F. (2016b). Dynamic recovery policies for time-critical supply chains under conditions of ripple effect. International Journal of Production Research, 54 (23), 7245–7258. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2016.1161253 .

Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., Sokolov, B., & Ivanova, M. (2017). Literature review on disruption recovery in the supply chain. International Journal of Production Research, 55 (20), 6158–6174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1330572 .

Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., & Sokolov, B. (2019). The impact of digital technology and Industry 4.0 on the ripple effect and supply chain risk analytics. International Journal of Production Research, 57 (3), 829–846. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1488086 .

Jabbarzadeh, A., Fahimnia, B., & Sabouhi, F. (2018). Resilient and sustainable supply chain design: Sustainability analysis under disruption risks. International Journal of Production Research, 56 (17), 5945–5968. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1461950 .

Kamalahmadi, M., & Mellat-Parast, M. (2016). Developing a resilient supply chain through supplier flexibility and reliability assessment. International Journal of Production Research, 54 (1), 302–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1088971 .

Katsaliaki, K., & Mustafee, N. (2019). Distributed simulation of supply chains in the industry 4.0 Era: A state of the art field overview. In: Simulation for industry 4.0 (pp. 55–80): Springer.

Khakzad, N. (2015). Application of dynamic Bayesian network to risk analysis of domino effects in chemical infrastructures. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 138, 263–272.

Kinra, A., Ivanov, D., Das, A., & Dolgui, A. (2019). Ripple effect quantification by supplier risk exposure assessment. International Journal of Production Research, 58, 5559.

Kleindorfer, P. R., & Saad, G. H. (2005). Managing disruption risks in supply chains. Production and Operations management, 14 (1), 53–68.

Knight, R., & Pretty, D. (1996). The impact of catastrophes on shareholders. Retrieved on September, 10, 2007.

Kochan, C. G., Nowicki, D. R., Sauser, B., & Randall, W. S. (2018). Impact of cloud-based information sharing on hospital supply chain performance: A system dynamics framework. International Journal of Production Economics, 195, 168–185.

Koh, S. C., Gunasekaran, A., & Tseng, C. S. (2012). Cross-tier ripple and indirect effects of directives WEEE and RoHS on greening a supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 140 (1), 305–317.

Kranenburg, R. V. (2008). The Internet of Things: A critique of ambient technology and the all-seeing network of RFID: Insitute of Network Cultures.

Lee, H. L., Padmanabhan, V., & Whang, S. (1997). The bullwhip effect in supply chains. Sloan Management Review, 38, 93–102.

Levner, E., & Ptuskin, A. (2018). Entropy-based model for the ripple effect: Managing environmental risks in supply chains. International Journal of Production Research, 56 (7), 2539–2551. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1374575 .

Liberatore, F., Scaparra, M. P., & Daskin, M. S. (2012). Hedging against disruptions with ripple effects in location analysis. Omega, 40 (1), 21–30.

Maiyar, L. M., & Thakkar, J. J. (2019). Robust optimisation of sustainable food grain transportation with uncertain supply and intentional disruptions. International Journal of Production Research, 58, 5651.

Manuj, I., & Mentzer, J. T. (2008). Global supply chain risk management strategies. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management . https://doi.org/10.1108/09600030810866986 .

Marchese, K., & Paramasivam, S. (2013). The Ripple Effect How manufacturing and retail executives view the growing challenge of supply chain risk. Deloitte Development LLC.

Merigó, J. M., & Yang, J.-B. (2017). A bibliometric analysis of operations research and management science. Omega, 73, 37–48.

Mishra, D., Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., & Hassini, E. (2019). Evolution of supply chain ripple effect: a bibliometric and meta-analytic view of the constructs. International Journal of Production Research . https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1668073 .

Mollenkopf, D. A., Ozanne, L. K., & Stolze, H. J. (2020). A transformative supply chain response to COVID-19. Journal of Service Management . https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0143 .

Mori, M., Kobayashi, R., Samejima, M., & Komoda, N. (2014). Cost-benefit analysis of decentralized ordering on multi-tier supply chain by risk simulator. Studies in informatics and control, 23 (3), 230.

Nakano, M., & Lau, A. K. (2020). A systematic review on supply chain risk management: using the strategy-structure-process-performance framework. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications , 23 (5), 443–473.

Nakatani, J., Tahara, K., Nakajima, K., Daigo, I., Kurishima, H., Kudoh, Y., et al. (2018). A graph theory-based methodology for vulnerability assessment of supply chains using the life cycle inventory database. Omega, 75, 165–181.

Namdar, J., Li, X. P., Sawhney, R., & Pradhan, N. (2018). Supply chain resilience for single and multiple sourcing in the presence of disruption risks. International Journal of Production Research, 56 (6), 2339–2360. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1370149 .

Ni, J., Flynn, B. B., & Jacobs, F. R. (2016). The effect of a toy industry product recall announcement on shareholder wealth. International Journal of Production Research, 54 (18), 5404–5415. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1106608 .

Pavlov, A., Ivanov, D., Werner, F., Dolgui, A., & Sokolov, B. (2019). Integrated detection of disruption scenarios, the ripple effect dispersal and recovery paths in supply chains. Annals of Operations Research . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-019-03454-1 .

Pettit, T. J., Croxton, K. L., & Fiksel, J. (2013). Ensuring supply chain resilience: Development and implementation of an assessment tool. Journal of business logistics, 34 (1), 46–76.

Ponomarov, S. Y., & Holcomb, M. C. (2009). Understanding the concept of supply chain resilience. The International Journal of Logistics Management . https://doi.org/10.1108/09574090910954873 .

Queiroz, M. M., & Wamba, S. F. (2019). Blockchain adoption challenges in supply chain: An empirical investigation of the main drivers in India and the USA. International Journal of Information Management, 46, 70–82.

Queiroz, M. M., Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., & Wamba, S. F. (2020). Impacts of epidemic outbreaks on supply chains: Mapping a research agenda amid the COVID-19 pandemic through a structured literature review. Annals of Operations Research . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7 .

Rao, S., & Goldsby, T. J. (2009). Supply chain risks: A review and typology. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 20 (1), 97–123.

Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. J. (2019). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International Journal of Production Research, 57 (7), 2117–2135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261 .

Sáenz, M. J., & Revilla, E. (2014). Creating more resilient supply chains. MIT Sloan management review, 55 (4), 22–24.

Sarkar, S., & Kumar, S. (2015). A behavioral experiment on inventory management with supply chain disruption. International Journal of Production Economics, 169, 169–178.

Sawik, T. (2014). Optimization of cost and service level in the presence of supply chain disruption risks: Single vs. multiple sourcing. Computers & Operations Research, 51, 11–20.

Sawik, T. (2019). Disruption mitigation and recovery in supply chains using portfolio approach. Omega, 84, 232–248.

Scheibe, K. P., & Blackhurst, J. (2018). Supply chain disruption propagation: A systemic risk and normal accident theory perspective. International Journal of Production Research, 56 (1–2), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1355123 .

Sheffi, Y. (2001). Supply chain management under the threat of international terrorism. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 12 (2), 1–11.

Shibin, K., Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Hazen, B., Roubaud, D., Gupta, S., et al. (2017). Examining sustainable supply chain management of SMEs using resource based view and institutional theory. Annals of Operations Research, 290, 301.

Snoeck, A., Udenio, M., & Fransoo, J. C. (2019). A stochastic program to evaluate disruption mitigation investments in the supply chain. European Journal of Operational Research, 274 (2), 516–530.

Snyder, L. V., Atan, Z., Peng, P., Rong, Y., Schmitt, A. J., & Sinsoysal, B. (2016). OR/MS models for supply chain disruptions: A review. IIE Transactions, 48 (2), 89–109.

Sodhi, M. S., Son, B. G., & Tang, C. S. (2012). Researchers’ perspectives on supply chain risk management. Production and Operations management, 21 (1), 1–13.

Sokolov, B., Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., & Pavlov, A. (2016). Structural quantification of the ripple effect in the supply chain. International Journal of Production Research, 54 (1), 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1055347 .

Song, M., & Du, Q. (2017). Analysis and exploration of damage-reduction measures for flood disasters in China. Annals of Operations Research, 283, 795.

Swierczek, A. (2016). The “snowball effect” in the transmission of disruptions in supply chains: The role of intensity and span of integration. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 27 (3), 1002–1038.

Tang, C. S. (2006). Perspectives in supply chain risk management. International Journal of Production Economics, 103 (2), 451–488.

Tang, O., & Musa, S. N. (2011). Identifying risk issues and research advancements in supply chain risk management. International Journal of Production Economics, 133 (1), 25–34.

Tang, C., & Tomlin, B. (2008). The power of flexibility for mitigating supply chain risks. International Journal of Production Economics, 116 (1), 12–27.

Teimuory, E., Atoei, F., Mohammadi, E., & Amiri, A. (2013). A multi-objective reliable programming model for disruption in supply chain. Management Science Letters, 3 (5), 1467–1478.

Thun, J. H., & Hoenig, D. (2011). An empirical analysis of supply chain risk management in the German automotive industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 131 (1), 242–249.

Tomlin, B. (2006). On the value of mitigation and contingency strategies for managing supply chain disruption risks. Management Science, 52 (5), 639–657.

Vilko, J. P. P., & Hallikas, J. M. (2012). Risk assessment in multimodal supply chains. International Journal of Production Economics, 140 (2), 586–595.

Viswanadham, N. (2018). Performance analysis and design of competitive business models. International Journal of Production Research, 56 (1–2), 983–999. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1406171 .

Wagner, S. M., & Bode, C. (2008). An empirical examination of supply chain performance along several dimensions of risk. Journal of Business Logistics, 29 (1), 307–325.

Wagner, S. M., & Neshat, N. (2012). A comparison of supply chain vulnerability indices for different categories of firms. International Journal of Production Research, 50 (11), 2877–2891. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2011.561540 .

Wang, Y., Han, J. H., & Beynon-Davies, P. (2019). Understanding blockchain technology for future supply chains: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal . https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-03-2018-0148 .

Wilding, R., & Wagner, B. (2019). New Supply Chain Models: Disruptive Supply Chain Strategies for 2030 (Systematic Literature Reviews): Emerald group publishing ltd Howard house, Wagon lane, Bingley

Wright, J. (2013). Taking a broader view of supply chain resilience. Supply Chain Management Review, 17 (2), 26–31.

Wu, T., Blackhurst, J., & O’Grady, P. (2007). Methodology for supply chain disruption analysis. International Journal of Production Research, 45 (7), 1665–1682. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540500362138 .

Yang, T. J., & Fan, W. G. (2016). Information management strategies and supply chain performance under demand disruptions. International Journal of Production Research, 54 (1), 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2014.991456 .

Yang, Y. Y., Pan, S. L., & Ballot, E. (2017). Mitigating supply chain disruptions through interconnected logistics services in the Physical Internet. International Journal of Production Research, 55 (14), 3970–3983. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2016.1223379 .

Zsidisin, G. A., Melnyk, S. A., & Ragatz, G. L. (2005). An institutional theory perspective of business continuity planning for purchasing and supply management. International Journal of Production Research, 43 (16), 3401–3420. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540500095613 .

Zsidisin, G. A., Petkova, B. N., & Dam, L. (2016). Examining the influence of supply chain glitches on shareholder wealth: Does the reason matter? International Journal of Production Research, 54 (1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1015751 .

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Economics, International Hellenic University, 14th km Thessaloniki-N.Moudania, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece

K. Katsaliaki & P. Galetsi

Opus College of Business, University of St. Thomas Minneapolis Campus, 1000 LaSalle Avenue, Schulze Hall 435, Minneapolis, MN, 55403, USA

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Kumar .

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

See Tables  3 , 4 , 5 , 6 .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Katsaliaki, K., Galetsi, P. & Kumar, S. Supply chain disruptions and resilience: a major review and future research agenda. Ann Oper Res 319 , 965–1002 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03912-1

Download citation

Accepted : 17 December 2020

Published : 08 January 2021

Issue Date : December 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03912-1

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Supply chain
• Disruptions
• Ripple effect
• Modeling techniques
• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

•  We're Hiring!
•  Help Center

Purchasing and Supply Chain Management

• Most Cited Papers
• Most Downloaded Papers
• Newest Papers
• Save to Library
• Entrepreneur Follow Following
• Sustainable Competitive Advantage Follow Following
• Public Procurement Follow Following
• Kosovo Follow Following
• Procurement Follow Following
• Desicion Making Follow Following
• Management of Information Systems Follow Following
• Human Resource Practices Follow Following
• FMCG industry Follow Following
• LOGISTICS & SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Follow Following

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• Academia.edu Publishing
•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

• Browse Works
• Social & Management Sciences

Procurement and Supply Chain Management

Procurement and supply chain management research papers/topics, a study on route planning in logistics, using load distance model.

The study aimed to identify how route planning for logistic companies can efficiently implemented. Route Planning explains basic transportation strategies and frameworks, as well as crucial functional needs, while considering contemporary changes in distribution planning. Companies may save mileage, fuel use, and carbon emissions by using a route planning system that calculates the most effective routes. Businesses may better recognize unforeseen deviations and communicate proactively to...

Environmental Sustainability Strategies in Organizations: The Case Study of Apparel Companies

Companies are often seen as money making entities that place less emphasis on social concerns and promote inequality. However, many companies are coming to terms with their responsibility to make meaningful contributions to society. There have been growing needs for sustainable operations in all industries. This focus has turned to how companies can be more socially and environmentally responsible and sustainable. Sustainability is the design of human and industrial systems to ensure that hum...

Supply Chain Analytics

A wealth of data is continually being produced by supply chain networks. This data contains trends and patterns that can be found using analytics to provide useful information. The supply chain network's overall effectiveness and efficiency can then be stated to benefit greatly from analytics. The value and function of analytics in the supply chain industry are examined in this study through a critical analysis of the prior literature, a look at some major obstacles to supply chain analytics ...

Inventory Management Systems and Performance of Selected Foreign Super Markets in Kampala, Uganda

ABSTRACT The study sought to assess the effect of inventory management systems on performance of super markets in Kampala Uganda. It was guided by three specific objectives, that included; to determine the effect of just-in-time inventory on performance of super markets in Kampala Uganda, to establish the effect of vendor managed inventory on performance of super markets in Kampala Uganda and to establish the effect of material requirements planning on performance of super markets in Kampala...

The Effectiveness of Clearing and Forwarding Procedures on the Procurement Efficiency Case Study Somalia Port Authority

Table of Contents Title page ............................................................................................ .i Table of contents .................................................................................... .ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ .iv LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................ .ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................

Donor Procurement Requirements and Supply Chain Management in Selected NGOs in Bangui, Central African Republic

ABSTRACT The study was confined on Donor Procurement Requirements and Supply Chain Management in Selected NGOs in Bangui, Central African Republic. The study was guided by the following objectives: To determine the social demographic characteristics of respondents in terms of; Gender, Age, Educational qualification, Marital status; To determine the level of Donor Procurement Requirements; To determine the level of Supply Chain Management in Selected NGOs; To establish if there is a significan...

Appraisal of the Deployment of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Traffic Management in Port Harcourt Metropolis

Traffic demand is growing steadily in the world today, the authorities are with daily challenges, such as the road and time spent travelling, there should certainty added global concern about the protection of the environment different kinds of contaminations including noise and vibration caused by todays level motorization. The aim of this study is to appraise the deployment of ICT in the management and control of traffic in the Port Harcourt metropolis. This study used empirical evidence fo...

Logistics Support and Achievements of Concern Worldwide Programs in Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

ABSTRACT  The study establishes the relationship between Logistics support and achievements of Concern Worldwide programs in Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo. The study was guided by the following objectives:- To determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: gender, age, educational qualification and length of experience in procurement and supply activities; to determine the level of Logistic support in Concern Worldwide programs in terms of;-communication, ...

The Impact of Maritime Fraud on Shopping Operations in the Nigerian Port Authority

A STUDY OF MARITIME FRAUD  Abstract: This study examined maritime fraud and its effects on world seaborne trade. The Nigeria port authority is in charge of seaport and other marine elements in Nigeria and responsible for the regulations of shipping and other international trade in the country. This study adopted a doctrinal method. That is, library oriented using a qualitative research design. The internet was also consulted. Materials consulted are statute books, international treaties, t...

Procurement Best Practices and the Performance of Public Sector A Case of Tanzania Buildings Agency in Tanzania

ABSTRACT  The study assessed Procurement Best Practices on the Performance of Public Sector. The specific objectives of the study were; to assess the level of compliance to best public procurement practices by TBA, to analyze the barriers of best procurement practices in the public sector and to determine the relationship between best public procurement practices and performance of public sector’. The study adopted descriptive research design. The population of the study was 120 employees ...

Procurement Management Information System and Procurement Performance in Selected Nongovernmental Organizations in Kigali, Rwanda

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to describe the contribution of Procurement Management Information system (PMIS) on the performance of Procurement in selected nongovernmental organizations in Kigali, Rwanda and validating theory regarding the topic under investigation. Four research objectives have been formulated to guide the study, namely to establish the profile of the respondents; to determine the extent of Procurement Management Information system usage, to determine the level of ...

Procurement Planning and Accountability of Local Government in Bosaso Puntland, Somalia

ABSTRACT The study examined the relationship between procurement planning and accountability of local government in Bosaso Puntland Somalia. The study was guided by three objectives, determine; extent of procurement planning, extent accountability of local government, and whether there was a significant relationship between procurement planning and accountability of local government in Bosaso Puntland Somalia. The study comprised of a population of 190 respondents who included local governmen...

Procurement Planning and Value for Money Among Selected Districts in Rwanda

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of procurement planning on value for money Among Selected Districts in Southern Province, Rwanda. The study was limited to the following objectives: i) to determine the effect of procurement packaging on value for money Among Selected Districts in Southern Province, Rwanda ii) to establish the effect of procurement method on value for money Among Selected Districts in Southern Province, Rwanda and iii) to find out the effect of procurement schedulin...

Procurement Practices and Organizational Performance in Selected Telecommunication Industry in Hargeisa, Somaliland

ABSTRACT  The study was to assess the effect of procurement practices on organizational performance in selected telecommunication industry in Hargeisa, Sornaliland. It was guided by three specific objectives, that included; to examine the effect of procurement planning on organizational performance in selected telecommunication industry in Hargeisa, Somaliland, to examine the effect of ethical procurement practices on organizational performance in selected telecommunication industry in Harge...

Procurement Planning and Service Delivery in Jinja Local Government, Uganda

ABSTRACT  The study established the effect of procurement planning on service delivery in Jinja district Local Government, three specific objectives guided this study and these were; (i) to examine the effect of budget plans on service delivery in Jinja district Local Government, (ii) to establish the effect of procurement methods on service delivery in Jinja district Local Government, and (iii) to assess the effect of quality plans on service delivery in Jinja district Local Government. The...

Procurement research topics, Supply chain management research topics, Procurement projects, thesis, dissertations, research papers, seminars. Supply chain management projects, thesis, dissertations, research papers

Popular Papers/Topics

Procurement practices and organisational performance of private universities in greater accra, the effect of information and communication technology (ict) on inventory management of organization.case study: kenya ports authority (kpa) mombasa, effect of supply chain management practices on the performance of supermarkets in luanda town, kenya, the role of a purchasing department in the performance of an. organization. a case study of tana delta irrigation project (tdip), effect of e - procurement on supply chain performance of county governments in kenya: case study of busia county government, assessing procurement committees and procurmeent laws in the northern region of ghana, "the impact of negotiation strategies on procurement efficiency in an organization"case study world food programme-uganda, relationship betweengreen manufacturing practices and performance of kibos sugar and allied industries limited kisumu, kenya, effect of lean practices on operational performance of vihiga county government, kenya, analysis of the relationship between strategic procurement techniques and corporate performance of united millers, kisumu, effect iof irisk iassessment ipractices ion isupply ichain iperformance iin ipublic icorporations: case iof ikenya ipower icompany, electronic procurement and organizational performancf~ a case stui)y of spear motors ugani)a ltd, buyer-supplier relationship on supply chain performance a case study of byeyogere steelworks ltd, relationship between supply chain risks, supply chain strategies and performance of large scale manufacturing firms in kenya, quality control measures and efficiency in manufacturing indutries: a case study of mukwano industries limited.

Privacy Policy | Refund Policy | Terms | Copyright | © 2024, Afribary Limited. All rights reserved.

Lead the future with supply chain networks

Reimagine, build and operate your supply chain network to orchestrate change, simplify life and positively impact business, society and the planet.

Supply chain networks now

is the average revenue growth opportunity that businesses are missing each year due to vulnerability to disruption

of emissions come from Tier 2 suppliers and beyond

of total working hours in supply chain roles can be transformed by generative AI

of companies take over 120 days to recover from disruption

How to reinvent supply chain networks

Continuously evolve your strategy to meet current and future needs.

Power functional solutions with technology, skills and new ways of working

Embed sustainability by design for a positive impact on people and the planet.

Run supply chains that continuously improve and innovate at pace

Areas we support.

Enable greater resiliency, sustainability and efficiency with end-to-end capabilities, eco-design simulations and a connected organization.

Design and engineer new products and services that your customers will love—faster, more sustainably, and at a lower cost.

Improve planning by leveraging visibility, AI and decision intelligence to optimize your inventory strategy and network to meet service requirements.

Find new competitive advantages in sourcing and procurement using AI and automation.

Use data and AI to connect demand and production, embedding resilience, productivity and sustainability in the way you make your products.

Leverage intelligent technologies to increase warehouse and logistics performance, reduce costs and embed responsible business practices.

Enable as-as-service business models and aftermarket service and repair with advanced supply chain capabilities.

What’s trending in supply chain networks

Accenture highlights how intelligent supply chain visibility increases the likelihood of maintaining revenue, profit, and share price performance.

Can you see and act on emissions across all supplier tiers? You can now. Learn more about Accenture’s research and new tools to shed light on Scope 3.

Risk is a growing concern for supply chains. New technologies and approaches can help companies more effectively manage risk by automating many risk management activities and providing greater insights into vulnerabilities.

Accenture reports on the benefits of a flexibly architected Supply Chain Control Tower solution and its ability to increase enterprise value.

Cracking the supply chain strategy in the cloud.

Tomorrow’s demands, forecasted today.

There’s never been a better time for big change. Businesses must embed resilience across their engineering, supply, production and operations. And they must do it now, before disruption strikes next.

Generative AI promises a radical reinvention of work. And it’s opening up a new world of possibility for supply chain leaders. Here’s how CSCOs can turn this technology’s immense potential into higher business performance.

Partners in change

Helping unlock the value of your SAP application portfolio with the power of intelligence, innovation and industry.

Leverage the experience of AWS and Accenture with proven technology offerings and industry-ready solutions.

The largest global Microsoft practice. Eighteen-time Microsoft Global Alliance SI Partner of the Year. Powered by Avanade. Runs on Microsoft.

The winning combination for unlocking your cloud potential.

See our extended partner ecosystem

Awards and recognition

A leader in supply chain service.

Accenture has been strongly positioned in Horizon 3, which is the strongest positioning in the HFS Horizons Report – Supply Chain Services 2023.

Accenture maintains its position as a Leader

Accenture named a Leader in supply chain SAP, Oracle, and all other ecosystem services IDC MarketScapes.

Our leaders

Kris Timmermans

Lead – Supply Chain & Operations

Patty Riedl

Managing Director – Strategy & Consulting, Supply Chain & Operations, North America Lead

Pierre-François Kaltenbach

Senior Managing Director – Strategy & Consulting, Supply Chain & Operations, EMEA Lead

Prashant Sanghvi

Managing Director – Capability Network, Supply Chain & Operations

Grow your careers at the heart of change