cardiovascular disease essay question

72 Cardiovascular Diseases Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on cardiovascular diseases, ✍️ cardiovascular diseases essay topics for college, 👍 good cardiovascular diseases research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting cardiovascular diseases research titles, 💡 simple cardiovascular diseases essay ideas.

• Cardiovascular System: Lesson Planning
• Cardiovascular Disease: General Information
• The Quiz of Cardiovascular System
• Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
• Cardiovascular Diseases: Causes and Risk Factors
• Cardiovascular Diseases: Effects of Diet and Exercise
• The Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors
• Assignment on Cardiovascular Disease Prolonged chest pain is a symptom that can indicate different conditions and requires immediate attention from a healthcare professional.
• Having a Pet for Cardiovascular Health There is a crucial factor of cardiac care – pet ownership that has tremendous benefits for the heart’s health. Thus, having a pet is a good way to keep a person’s heart healthy.
• Obesity, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Condition Under Hormones The essay discusses heart-related diseases and obesity conditions in the human body. The essay also explains the ghrelin hormone and how it affects the cardiovascular system.
• Effect of Weight on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Each BMI Range The risk of diseases for each BMI range is different: underweight, overweight, obese, and even normal weight directly correlate with cardiovascular disease occurrence.
• Cardiovascular Disease: Study Analysis The current paper states how to address the challenge of cardiovascular disease by embracing lifestyle changes that could have positive health implications.
• Nutritional Therapy and the Management of Cardiovascular Disease The paper aims at evaluating medically acceptable standards on nutritional assessment. It also provides an assessment of nutritional therapy for the prevention and cure of CVDs.
• The Influence of the Pet on Cardiovascular Health Pet ownership has tremendous benefits for the heart’s health. It has been proven that dog ownership helps stabilize blood pressure.
• Cardiovascular Risks: Developing a Clinical Question The paper seeks the cardiovascular disease risk factors intervention that could be implemented without overloading the nurses.
• Cardiovascular Disease Etiology and Prevention This paper argues that although the impact of the outside factors is relatively strong, the inside factors have a strong influence on the development of CVD.
• Circular RNAs in the Heart and Cardiovascular System Lim et al. explore circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the heart and cardiovascular system. It is essential to note that Dr. Lim Teck Beng is an obstetrician and gynecologist from Singapore.
• Cardiovascular Health Promotion in the United States Statistics show that the awareness of central causes of CV problems remains low, and broad populations, especially aged people, possess a poor understanding of the disease.
• The Prevalence and Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases Among Hispanics This paper focuses on one of the minority ethnic groups namely Hispanics/Latinos. It discusses the frequency of CVD risk factors that affect the community.
• Clinical Activity: Cardiovascular Technologist The cardiovascular technologist was selected for a new job after conducting a meeting with the management team.
• Alteration of Cardiovascular System The paper reviews causes of coronary heart failure especially its connection with cardiomyopathy, and its effect on the body.
• Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence in South Florida The purpose of this article is to analyze the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in South Florida between 2000 and 2006.
• The Cardiovascular Disease: Crucial Issues Cardiovascular disease is a significant global, national, and local health problem. Thousands of deaths that are witnessed every year are associated with the disease.
• Effects of Nutrition on Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Control The high prevalence rate of cancer and heart disease has necessitated the need to underline not only the use of drugs but also the role of nutrition in eradicating cancer.
• Arteriosclerosis in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases Summarizing the data on the effect of arteriosclerosis on the development of cardiovascular diseases is the key goal of the research by Argyropoulou et al. (2018).
• Vitamins E and C in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Men The paper that was identified for critical analysis was that of Vitamins E and C in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Men.
• Healthcare IT in Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases The disease is characterized by malfunction conditions like hypertension, stroke, atherosclerosis, hypertensive renal disease and vascular disease among other heart diseases.
• Cardiovascular Disease and Framingham Global Risk Model CVD is primarily caused by dyslipidemia, which, in turn, may cause atherosclerotic CVD. Medical professionals prefer using statin therapy to control blood lipids.
• Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Case of Mrs. J In Mrs. J’s case, the disease history shows that her condition is related to the unhealthy lifestyle that she led, including ongoing smoking.
• Protease Signaling in the Circulatory and Cardiovascular System Inflammatory and tissue-damaging cardiovascular diseases induce PAR-mediated vaso-relaxation, hypotension, and proliferation.
• Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Diabetes Patients The research discusses patient and physician perspectives on the worth of a new technology that can be used to detect cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy.
• Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy and Diabetes The paper updates the cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy guidelines and presents new ideas that can meet the health needs of many patients with diabetes.
• Cardiology: Care Plan Disorder The care plan is based on the notion that no single intervention approach can enhance treatment and patient adherence. Successful outcomes will largely depend on implementing unique attributes.
• Cardiovascular Lab’s Quality Improvement Project The research discusses requirements to the executive summary of a quality improvement project based on the interview with the director of a cardiovascular lab.
• Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Programs in the US This paper includes a brief analysis of the existing programs aimed at the prevention of heart diseases as well as possible steps a community health nurse can undertake.
• Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Disorders: Learning Plan Heart failure problems, associated with cardiovascular disorders, appear to be the issues of general concern and discussion among clinicians and patients on a global scale.
• Cardiovascular & Hematologic Disorders in Children The paper discusses the management of a pediatric patient who has a painful swelling of the hands and feet and concerns physical exam findings and diagnostic results.
• Cardiovascular Disease: Issues and Research Cardiovascular (CVD) disease is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the United States as well as worldwide.
• Cardiovascular Diseases in African Americans The research provides essential information to impact nursing practice because it informs key measures professionals should use to eliminate racial disparities in the prevention of stroke.
• Overweight Diabetes Patients With Cardiovascular Risk Diabetes affects people’s well-being adversely that is why professionals do their best to educate their patients regarding this issue.
• Cardiovascular Disease in African American Population This paper assembly could provide assistance to improve the distinguishing of racial differences in cardiovascular disease in the framework of the context of the United States.
• Physical Activity Role in Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are the prevalent diseases in the world. Researchers study the numerous therapies which can lead to reducing the risks of developing these diseases.
• Extracellular Vesicle-mediated Processes in Cardiovascular Diseases
• Hypertension and Related Cardiovascular Diseases
• Resveratrol and Omega-3 Fatty Acid: Its Implications in Cardiovascular Diseases
• Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety
• Hydroxytyrosol and Potential Uses in Cardiovascular Diseases, Cancer, and Aids
• Money for Health: The Compensating Variation of Cardiovascular Diseases
• Chlamydia Pneumoniae and Cardiovascular Diseases
• Cardiovascular Diseases Affect the Global Population
• Inflammatory Markers for Arterial Stiffness in Cardiovascular Diseases
• Red Blood Cell Distribution Width and Cardiovascular Diseases
• Health and Fitness Criteria for Cardiovascular Diseases
• Symptoms and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
• Causes and Effects of Cardiovascular Diseases
• Cardiovascular Disease: A Disease That Affects the Heart and Blood Vessels
• Controlling Cardiovascular Disease Through Diet and Exercise Health and Social Care
• Novel Therapeutic Targets for Hypoxia-related Cardiovascular Diseases: The Role of Hif-1
• Are Cardiovascular Diseases Bad for Economic Growth
• Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Diseases
• Link Between Smoking and the Occurrence of Cardiovascular Diseases
• Cardiovascular Diseases Among Diabetic Patients
• Metabolic Syndrome Connection With Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases
• Injectable Hydrogel-Based Nanocomposites for Cardiovascular Diseases
• Cardiovascular Diseases and Its Effects on Health and the Economy
• Sedentary Behaviors and Cardiovascular Diseases
• Cardiovascular Diseases: Mortality Rates Among African-Americans and Hispanics
• Low Dose Rivaroxaban for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases
• The Cell Type-specific Functions of Mir-21 in Cardiovascular Diseases
• Cardiovascular Diseases and the Central Nervous System
• Viral, Protozoan, and Helminthic Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
• Probiotics and Their Effect on Cardiovascular Diseases

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Chapter 14 Answers: Cardiovascular System

14.2 introduction to the cardiovascular system: review questions and answers.

• Describe the heart and how it functions. The heart is a muscular organ in the chest that consists mainly of cardiac muscle and pumps blood through blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The heart has four chambers through which blood flows and valves that keep blood flowing in just one direction. Contractions of the heart are controlled by specialized cardiac muscle cells that send out electrical impulses.
• Compare and contrast the pulmonary and systemic circulations. The pulmonary circulation includes just the heart, the lungs, and the blood vessels that connect them. It carries blood between the heart and lungs, where blood is oxygenated. The systemic circulation includes the heart and blood vessels that serve the rest of the body. It carries blood between the heart and all the cells of the body, where it delivers oxygen and other substances to the cells and picks up their wastes.
• Self-marking
• What is blood? What are its chief constituents? Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body in blood vessels. It consists of a liquid part, called plasma, which contains many dissolved substances; and cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.
• Name three different types of substances transported by the cardiovascular system. Answers will vary. Sample answer:  Oxygen, nutrients, and wastes.
• Explain why the heart and lungs need blood from the systemic circulation. Answers may vary. Sample answer:  The heart and lungs need blood from the systemic circulation because it carries substances such as oxygen and nutrients that are needed for these organs to carry out their functions.
• Do blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart get increasingly larger or smaller? Larger.

14.3 Heart: Review Questions and Answers

• What is the heart, where is located, and what is its function? The heart is a muscular organ behind the sternum and slightly to the left of the centre of the chest. Its function is to pump blood through the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system.
• Describe the coronary circulation. The coronary circulation consists of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart muscle cells. There are two coronary arteries that supply the two sides of the heart with oxygenated blood. Cardiac veins drain deoxygenated blood back into the heart.
• Summarize how blood flows into, through, and out of the heart. Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium through veins from the upper and lower body (superior and inferior vena cava, respectively), and oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through four pulmonary veins from the lungs. Each atrium pumps the blood to the ventricle below it. From the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through the two pulmonary arteries. From the left ventricle, oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body through the aorta.
• Explain what controls the beating of the heart. The normal, rhythmic beating of the heart (sinus rhythm) is controlled by the heart’s pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node. Electrical signals from pacemaker cells travel to the atria and cause them to contract. Then the signals travel to the atrioventricular node and from there to the ventricles, causing them to contract. Electrical stimulation from the autonomic nervous system and hormones from the endocrine system can also influence heartbeat.
• What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells in the myocardium? What are the differences between these two types of cells?  Cardiomyocytes and pacemaker cells. Cardiomyocytes make up 99% of the cardiac muscle cells in the myocardium and are the cells that contract to cause the heart to beat. Pacemaker cells make up only 1% of the cardiac muscle cells in the myocardium and conduct electrical impulses that cause the cardiomyocytes to contract rhythmically.
• Explain why the blood from the cardiac veins empties into the right atrium of the heart. Focus on function (rather than anatomy) in your answer. Answers may vary. Sample answer:  The cardiac veins carry deoxygenated blood that was utilized by the heart muscle. It empties into the right atrium so that it can then travel to the right ventricle and out to the lungs, where it can become oxygenated again.

14.4 Blood Vessels: Review Questions and Answers

• What are blood vessels? Name the three major types of blood vessels. Blood vessels are long, hollow, tube-like structures that carry blood throughout the body. The three major types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries.
• Compare and contrast how blood moves through arteries and veins. Blood moves through arteries due to pressure from the beating of the heart. Blood moves through veins by the squeezing action of surrounding skeletal muscles. Valves in veins also help move blood by preventing it from flowing backward.
• What are capillaries, and what is their function? Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, which connect arterioles and venules. They form capillary beds that function to exchange substances between the blood and surrounding tissues.
• Does the blood in most veins have any oxygen at all? Explain your answer. Yes. The blood in most veins has hemoglobin that is 75% saturated with oxygen. This is relatively unsaturated compared to the blood in arteries (which is 95–100% saturated), but there is still some oxygen.
• Explain why it is important that the walls of capillaries are very thin. The walls of capillaries must be very thin because their main function is to exchange substances between the blood and surrounding tissues, including oxygen, water, nutrients, and wastes. The thin walls of capillaries allow these substances to flow easily across them.

14.5 Blood: Review Questions and Answers

• What is blood? Why is blood considered a connective tissue? Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body in the cardiovascular system. Blood is considered to be a connective tissue because it forms in bones.
• Identify four physiological roles of blood in the body. Answers may vary.  Sample answer:   Four roles of blood in the body are supplying tissues with oxygen and nutrients, removing metabolic wastes produced by cells, helping to defend the body from pathogens and other threats, and transporting hormones and other substances.
• Describe plasma and its components. Plasma is the straw yellow liquid component of blood that makes up about 55 per cent of blood by volume. It consists of water and many dissolved substances. It also contains blood cells.

14.6 Cardiovascular Disease: Review Questions and Answers

• What is cardiovascular disease? How much mortality do cardiovascular diseases cause? Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that involve the cardiovascular system. Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality, causing about a third of all deaths annually.
• List risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include advanced age, male sex, smoking, obesity, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, and lack of exercise.
• What is coronary artery disease? Identify two specific coronary artery diseases. Coronary artery disease is a group of diseases that result from atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. Two specific coronary artery diseases are angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack). In angina, cardiac cells receive inadequate oxygen, which causes chest pain. In a heart attack, cardiac cells die because blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. In addition to causing chest pain, a heart attack may cause death or lead to heart arrhythmias, heart failure, or cardiac arrest.
• Explain how a stroke occurs, and how it affects the patient. A stroke occurs when blocked or broken arteries in the brain result in the death of brain cells. This may occur when an artery is blocked by a clot or plaque or when an artery ruptures and bleeds in the brain. In both cases, part of the brain is damaged and functions such as speech and controlled movements may be impaired in the patient, either temporarily or permanently.
• Describe the cause of peripheral artery disease. Peripheral artery disease occurs when atherosclerosis narrows peripheral arteries, usually in the legs, often causing pain when walking.
• What are the similarities between angina and ischemic stroke? Answers may vary. Sample answer: Angina and ischemic stroke both result in reduced or blocked blood flow to the body’s tissues, which causes them to not receive adequate oxygen.
• How can kidney disease be caused by problems in the cardiovascular system?  Answers may vary. Sample answer:  Kidney disease can be caused by problems in the cardiovascular system such as atherosclerosis, because it can result in reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
• Name three components of the plaque that can build up in arteries. Answers will vary. Sample answer:  Cholesterol, white blood cells, and smooth muscle cells.

14.7 Case Study Conclusion and Chapter Summary: Review Questions and Answers

• Is this a normal blood pressure? Why or why not? No, this is not a normal blood pressure because higher than 120/80 mm Hg.
• Which number refers to the systolic pressure? Which number refers to the diastolic pressure? 135 is the systolic pressure; 90 is the diastolic pressure
• Describe what the atria and ventricles of Alex’s heart are doing when the pressure is at 135 mm Hg.  135 mm Hg is the systolic pressure, when the atria relax and fill with blood and the ventricles contract to push blood out of the heart.
• Alex’s doctor would like him to lower his blood pressure. Why do you think he would like Alex to do this, and what are some ways in which he may be able to lower his blood pressure? Answers may vary. Sample answer:  High blood pressure, or hypertension, can lead to several cardiovascular diseases. Since Alex’s blood pressure is high, his doctor would like him to lower it to avoid these serious health risks. Some ways Alex may be able to reduce his blood pressure are: lowering the salt in his diet, adopting a healthier diet, or using medications.
• What are three functions of the cardiovascular system? Answers will vary. Sample answer:  Three functions of the cardiovascular system are to: transport oxygen and nutrients to cells in the body; remove waste products; and defend the body against infection.
• Which are the chambers of the heart that receive blood? The right and left atria. Which are the chambers of the heart that pump blood? The right and left ventricles.
• Valves prevent blood from flowing backward in the cardiovascular system. Why do you think this is important? Answers may vary. Sample answer:  The cardiovascular system needs to carry oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and then remove carbon dioxide and other wastes from those cells. It depends on a one-way flow of blood from the heart, to the body’s cells, and then back again for this to work. Therefore, preventing backwards flow is important because if it were to occur, deoxygenated blood would remain near the body’s cells instead of moving forward to get oxygenated again.
• Compare the coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries, and arteries elsewhere in the body in terms of their target tissues (i.e. where they bring blood to) and whether they are carrying oxygenated or deoxygenated blood. The coronary arteries bring oxygenated blood to the heart. The pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Arteries elsewhere in the body carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues throughout the body.
• Due to a reduction in the amount of oxygen that gets to the cells of the body, anemia causes weakness and fatigue. Explain how oxygen is transported to the cells of the body, and which blood cells are affected in anemia. Oxygen binds to the protein hemoglobin, which is in red blood cells. Erythrocytes transport the oxygen to the cells of the body. It is the erythrocytes that are affected in anemia.
• What are the two conditions that are precursors to virtually all cases of cardiovascular disease? Hypertension (high blood pressure) and atherosclerosis.
• What are the main differences between the coronary circulation, pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation? The coronary circulation carries blood to and from the muscle cells of the heart so that these cells can receive necessary substances and have their wastes removed. The pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs so that deoxygenated blood can become oxygenated. The systemic circulation brings oxygenated blood from the heart out to the cells of the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
• Define sinus rhythm. The sinus rhythm refers to the normal rhythmic beating of the heart.
• Generally speaking, which is a more serious and immediately life-threatening condition: heart failure or cardiac arrest? Explain your answer. Cardiac arrest is generally more serious and immediately life-threatening than heart failure because it occurs when the heart no longer pumps blood or pumps blood so poorly that vital organs can no longer function. This is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention. Heart failure, on the other hand, occurs when the pumping action of the heart is impaired so that tissues get some oxygen, but not enough. This is a chronic condition that tends to get worse over time, although it can be managed with medications.

Human Biology Copyright © 2020 by Christine Miller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Essay: The cardiovascular system

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The cardiovascular system (sometimes called the circulatory system) is practically the most vital part of the human body, without it humanity would’ve been extinct millennia ago. This system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and the veins and arteries that run through the entire human body. Responsible for transporting the nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and the cellular waste products all throughout the body, the cardiovascular system is fueled by the body’s hardest-working organ -the heart. Even at rest, the average human heart easily pumps over five liters of blood throughout the human body every minute. The heart is located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone, where the organs connection to the cardiovascular system keeps the human body alive. It is also the main key organ in the cardiovascular system. The human heart receives commands from the body through the circulatory system, that tells it when to pump more or less blood depending on an individual’s needs. While people are exercising or terrified, the heart pumps even faster to increase the delivery of oxygen due to heightened emotion or activity. There are four chambers that enclose the heart with thick muscular walls. The bottom part of the organ is divided into two chambers called the left and right ventricles, which pump blood out of the heart and throughout the entire body. The interventricular septum is wall that divides the ventricles. The upper part of the heart consists of the other two chambers, called the right and left atria, which receive blood upon entering the heart. The left and right atria are separated from the ventricles by the atrioventricular valves a wall called the interatrial septum divides. These divides are separated by the tricuspid valve, while the mitral valve separates the left atrium and the left ventricle. Another two cardiac valves separate the ventricles and the large blood vessels that carry blood exiting the heart. This is the pulmonic valve, which separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery leading up to the lungs, and the aortic valve, which then separates the left ventricle from the aorta which is the body’s largest blood vessel. Arteries transport blood away from the heart. These are known as the thickest blood vessels, with muscular walls that need to contract to keep the blood moving away from the heart and through the body. In the systemic circulation, oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the heart and into the aorta. The huge artery first curves up and back from the left ventricle, then it flows down in front of the spinal column into the abdomen. At the start of the aorta, two coronary arteries branch off and divide into a network of smaller arteries that administer oxygen and nourish the muscles of the heart. Contrary to the aorta, the pulmonary artery transports oxygen-poor blood. The pulmonary artery divides into left and right branches from the right ventricle, en route to the lungs where blood gains oxygen. As arteries get farther from the heart, they begin to branch out into arterioles, which are smaller and less elastic than where they originate. Veins aren’t as muscular as arteries but they do carry blood back to the heart. They contain valves that are used to prevent blood from flowing backwards. Veins are less flexible and thinner than arteries, but they also have the same three layers as arteries do. The two largest veins are the inferior and superior vena cavae. The terms superior and inferior does not mean that one vein is better than the other vein, but that they are located above and below the heart. A network of tiny capillaries is what connects the arteries and veins. Although they are tiny, the capillaries are one of the most important parts of the cardiovascular system because through them, the nutrients and oxygen are delivered to the cells. In addition, the capillaries also remove waste products such as carbon dioxide. Tissues in the cardiovascular system encompass arteries, the heart, pericardium, and veins. These tissues are handled by researchers for investigations in order to find better methods of diagnosing or remedying such disorders as congestive muscular dystrophy, heart failure, coronary artery disease, or cardiomyopathy. The major tissues of the system would be the muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissues. The epithelial tissue is a type of protective tissue that covers the entire human body. It is built from closely packed cells in one or more layers. The Epithelial tissue is found inside the body and is called endothelium. The tissue is usually positioned on top of a thin layer of connective tissue, which is called the “basement membrane.” In the cardiovascular system, epithelial tissue can be located in the structure of the veins, arteries, and capillaries, as it also protects and covers the heart. Epithelial cells are compacted tightly together, with little to none intercellular spaces and only a small amount of intercellular substance. Regardless of the type, epithelial tissue is usually separated from the underlying tissue by a thin sheet of connective tissue; basement membrane. The basement membrane provides structural support for the epithelium and also binds it to neighboring structures. Muscle tissue is made up of muscle cells that are able to contract, whether it is involuntarily or on command. This tissue enables us to move our whole body, or just certain parts when we wish. Muscle tissue also creates involuntary movement inside our bodies in every organ system. The heart is considered the main organ of the circulatory system, and is considered a muscle, therefore is largely made up of muscle tissue. Such contractions may result in the movement of the whole body or a portion of it, which is if the muscles are attached to a movable part of the skeleton. If the muscle is located in the wall of a hollow organ, its contractions may cause the contents of the organ to move. The main function of the nervous tissue is to react to stimuli and send impulses to various organs through the body. This type of tissue is made up a specialized type of cell called neurons. They cells are highly responsive which means that they react quickly to stimuli. The nerve cell fibers embedded in connective tissue makes up the nervous tissue. This tissue is detrimental to the cardiovascular system because it helps the brain to deliver messages to all of the components of the system. Without this tissue, the circulatory system would not function. Connective tissue is sometimes referred to as the “glue” that holds the body together and is the most common and plentiful type of tissue in the entire human body. The connective tissue consists of widely spread cells and its job is to connect, support, or surround other tissues and organs. The connective tissue is what makes up the structure of not only the cardiovascular system, but all of the other organ systems as well. This tissue can be found in the walls of arteries, veins, and capillaries, and, of course, in the makeup of the heart. The cardiovascular system works closely with other systems in our bodies. It supplies oxygen and nutrients to our bodies by working in rhythm with the respiratory system. Simultaneously, the cardiovascular system helps carry waste and carbon dioxide out of the body. Hormones are produced by the endocrine system and are also transported through the blood in the circulatory system. Hormones, as the body’s chemical messengers, transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. For example, one of the hormones that are produced by the heart helps control the kidneys’ release of salt from the body. When red blood cells pass by the lungs, the carbon dioxide that they are carrying diffuses into the lungs and in return, some oxygen diffuses into the red blood cells. The red blood cells are then transported all throughout the body through the arteries and give nutrients to organs and tissues by using diffusion. Carbon dioxide from the organs and tissues diffuses into the red blood cells just as oxygen diffuses out of the red blood cells. The cells then carry the carbon dioxide back to the lungs where then diffusion occurs, and the cycle begins yet again. Red blood cells also contain a substance called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin are small molecules found within red blood cells that give the blood its rich red color. Red blood cells are first produced in the bone marrow and then released into the bloodstream once they have matured. The lifespan of the cells is about three or four months, once they have aged or become damaged they are subsequently removed from the bloodstream by the spleen. The most important job of the red blood cells is to transport oxygen and other nutrients to every of the part of the body and get rid of wastes in the body, such as carbon dioxide. Blood doping is a performance enhancing process and is frowned upon in athletic competitions worldwide. It is when an athlete removes some of the blood from their body a few weeks prior to a large competition. During these weeks, their body replenishes the blood that they lost, and then just before the competition, they inject the blood back into their body, giving themselves an irregularly high level of red blood cells in the bloodstream. The more red blood cells mean more oxygen, which in turn gives the athlete a higher endurance, and more stamina. Blood doping is a very dangerous and unsanitary process that will result in immediate disqualification from competition due to the fact that it gives an individual an advantage over the other competitors. The cardiovascular system is instrumental in the body’s ability to maintain homeostatic control of several internal conditions. Blood vessels help maintain a stable body temperature by manipulating the blood flow to the surface of the skin. Blood vessels near the skin’s surface open during times of overheating to allow hot blood to dump its heat into the body’s surroundings. When hypothermia occurs, these blood vessels constrict to keep blood flowing only to vital organs in the body’s core. Blood also helps balance the body’s pH balance due to the presence of bicarbonate ions that act as a buffer solution. Finally, the albumins in blood plasma help balance the osmotic concentration of the body’s cells by maintaining an isotonic environment. Several functions of the cardiovascular system can control blood pressure. Autonomic nerve signals from the brain along with certain hormones affect the rate and strength of heart contractions. Greater contractile force and heart rate will lead to an increase in blood pressure, which can also affect blood pressure. Vasoconstriction decreases the diameter of an artery by contracting the smooth muscle in the arterial wall. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system causes vasoconstriction, which leads to increases in blood pressure and decreases in blood flow in the constricted region. Vasodilation is the expansion of an artery as the smooth muscle in the arterial wall relaxes after the fight-or-flight response wears off or under the effect of certain hormones or chemicals in the blood. The volume of blood in the body also affects blood pressure. A higher volume of blood in the body will raise the blood pressure by increasing the amount of blood pumped by each heartbeat. Thicker and more viscous blood from clotting disorders will also raise blood pressure. Hemostasis, the clotting of blood and formation of scabs, is managed by the platelets of the blood. Platelets normally remain inactive in the blood, that is until they reach damaged tissue or leak out of the blood vessels through a wound. Once they are active, platelets change into a spiny ball shape and become very sticky in order to latch on to damaged tissues. Then they release chemical clotting factors and begin to produce the protein fibrin to act as structure for the blood clot. After which they also begin sticking together to form a platelet plug. The platelet plug will serve as a temporary seal to keep blood in the vessel and keep foreign material out of the vessel until the cells of the blood vessel can repair the damage to the vessel wall. The heart is a four-chambered ‘double pump,’ where each side (left and right) operates as a separate pump. The left and right sides of the heart are divided by a muscular wall of tissue known as the septum of the heart. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic veins and pumps it into the lungs for oxygenation. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood originating from the lungs and pumps it through the systemic arteries to the tissues of the body. Each heartbeat results in the simultaneous pumping of both sides of the heart, making the heart a very efficient pump. Thus making the cardiovascular system overall the most essential part of the body for a person to live.

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Free Cardiology Essay Examples & Topics

Cardiology is a tricky subject. Now every student will have ever to write essays about it. However, if you fall under the category, we have several tips and ideas for your benefit. First of all, let’s start with identifying terminology:

Cardiology is a branch of medicine, which examines disorders of the heart. A cardiologist does not perform surgeries. Yet, the training to become one involves ten years of studying.

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its essential function is to provide all parts of the body with nutrients and oxygen. There is also a circulation system comprised of arteries and veins.

In this article, our experts gathered cardiology essay topics that will help you with your work. We also explained how to write a personal statement and why it is needed. Additionally, you will find cardiology essays under the article. You can use them to discover how to organize your arguments or incorporate examples in the text.

Tips on Cardiology Fellowship Personal Statement

To become a good cardiologist, you need to understand the theory behind what you learn. For that, you need to write cardiology essays and research papers. It will prepare you to compose your statement for the cardiology fellowship. It is where you learn about the wide range of coronary and valvular heart diseases.

To get into a cardiology residency program, you need to write a personal statement. Below, you will find tips on composing one. They will also be helpful if you’re working on an essay about cardiology.

Here are some tips on writing a personality statement:

• Write clearly. To do that, choose everyday words. Don’t choose adverbs and adjectives when you are trying to express yourself.
• Avoid including cliches in your statement. The selection committee wants to find out your ideas – not about others. It is advisable to use your own words because it will help you to stand out.
• Your theme should guide your statement. This approach will help you write a well-structured story. As a result, it will not deviate from the primary purpose and claim. Sometimes even great ideas can be poorly delivered if there is a lack of structure.
• Proofread . Your statement should not have any typos and mistakes. Read it again and again to catch any possible spelling and punctuation mistakes. You could also ask your peers to read and review your statement.
• Use samples . In case of writer’s block, check some examples on the Internet. You can read them for inspiration or find some tricks that their authors used.
• Emphasize academic interests. It is excellent to enumerate your hobbies and interests. Yet, do not forget to focus on your academic interests. After all, the selection committee will choose based on them.
• Maintain a balance between professional and personal. Even though it is essential to be professional, you need to include some interesting personal details. It will assist you in standing out among other candidates.

If you need essay examples on cardiology, go to the end of the article. To skim through them faster, you can use our online summarizer .

11 Great Cardiology Essay Topics

Throughout your academic life, you will need to learn how to write not only personal statements but other works too. It can be a cardiac health care essay or a research paper on some topic in this field. Whatever you need, our ideas will help you. You can look them up in our list below or use our topic generator .

Here are some original cardiology essay examples to use:

• The effects of cardiac rehabilitation on cardiovascular disease.
• How does COVID-19 influence the cardiovascular system?
• The impact of lifestyle on the cardiovascular system.
• Heart diseases: symptoms, treatments, and effects on the population.
• The history of invasive and interventional cardiology that changed the medical field.
• The main dilemmas in clinical cardiology.
• Myocardial infarction pathophysiology, studies, and treatments.
• The causes and effects of diabetes mellitus.
• Risk assessment in cardiac disease cases.
• How to prevent cardiovascular diseases with exercising.
• The types of heart problems that can kill young people.

Thank you so much for being so attentive! You can find cardiology essay examples below. Check them out to draw ideas and inspiration.

326 Best Essay Examples on Cardiology

Crayfish cardiac physiology.

• Words: 1560

“How the Heart Works”: Brief Description of the Functions of the Heart

Myocardial infarction.

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The Applications of Calculus in Cardiology

The hypertension condition analysis, summary of symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypertension, the circulatory system: cardiovascular system.

• Words: 1082

Music as a Relaxation Technique

Development of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

• Words: 1491

Atrial Fibrillation: Diagnosis and Management

• Words: 3021

Pathophysiology of Hypovolemic Shock

• Words: 2629

Music Effect on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

• Words: 2954

Cardiovascular Disease and Caffeine Effects

Hypertension and its harmful effects on human’s body, coronary artery disease, friendship’s meaning around the world, static and dymanic exercise impact on cardio system, cardiovascular disorders: pharmacotherapy, types of cardiac arrhythmia resulting from centrifugal acceleration.

• Words: 6956

Analysis of Coronary Heart Disease

Pathophysiology of congestive heart failure, reducing door-to-ekg times for improved patient outcomes.

• Words: 3257

Cardiogenic Shock: The Deteriorating Patient Analysis

• Words: 1851

Friendship Type – Companionship Relationship

Pathophysiology of hypertension.

• Words: 1391

Congestive Heart Failure: The Importance of Diet

Hypertension: orally prescribed medication vs. lifestyle modifications.

• Words: 1100

Discussion: Metoprolol and Hypertension

• Words: 1198

Cardiovascular Health Disparities Among Hispanics

Researching of congenital heart disease.

• Words: 1419

Congenital Heart Disease Among Kids

Cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary disorders, cardiovascular disease among women, cardiovascular disease among hispanic adults in the us, cardiology services for ageing population in australia.

• Words: 2197

Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiology

Effect of moderate physical activity on hypertension patients, ventricular septal defect: congenital heart defect, machine learning in cardiology: impact and potential.

• Words: 1108

Healthcare Practicum Experiences Reflection

• Words: 1727

Hypertension and Congestive Heart Failure

Stroke: pathophysiology and treatment.

• Words: 1951

Heart Diseases in Florida: Cardiology

Hypertension: risk factors and treatment, heart attack: cellular functions and problems, heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output: nervous and chemical factors, coronary heart disease caused by stress, blood pressure about general and central adiposity.

• Words: 1398

Creating Awareness Through Education: Hypertension

• Words: 1280

The Effect of ACE Compared to the ARB on Recurrent Stroke Prevention

Manifest medex application discussion, how the cardiovascular system controls blood pressure, cardiovascular disease in minorities, hypertension: causes, risks, and monitoring, patients with arterial hypertension: healthcare changes, hypertension: prevention and treatment.

• Words: 2035

High Blood Pressure in Middle-Aged Caucasian Women

• Words: 1187

Intermittent Hypoxic Conditioning in Healthy Elderly Subjects

Cardiovascular benefits of intermittent hypoxic conditioning in elderly subjects, hypotension: diagnostics and treatment.

• Words: 1725

COPD, Valvular Disease, and CHF: Risk of Heart Disease

Experiences of elderly men regarding acute myocardial infarction, hypertension in adults, premature ventricular contractions, hypertension intervention: coordinated plan.

• Words: 1385

Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology and Consequences

Obesity and inflammatory diseases in the cardiovascular system.

• Words: 1457

Congestive Heart Failure Treatment Innovations

• Words: 1106

Cardiovascular Therapy: Pathophysiology Scenario

• Words: 1655

Hypertension: Causes and Risk Factors

The prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidemia, myocardial infarction and heart attack, technetium 99m sestamibi: mechanism of action, preventing heart failure: case study, assessment, diagnosis, control, and treatment of transient ischemic attack and stroke, perioperative stroke-related mortality after procedures, cardiovascular health problem among older adults.

• Words: 1407

The Cardiovascular Pathophysiologic Processes

Atrial fibrillation management in an elderly man, pathophysiology of intraoperative hypotension.

• Words: 1136

Analysis of Heart Failure: Diagnosis and Treatment

Care coordination plan: hypertension.

• Words: 1754

Hypertension and Risk of Heart Failure

Cardiomyopathy types, treatment, and consequences.

• Words: 1161

Importance of Cardiac Angiography

Issue of hypertension for elderly, caring for a hypertension patient with the use of telemonitoring.

• Words: 1962

Obesity Problem in Medical Cardiology

Age factor in drug therapy for cardiovascular patient, impact of cognitive dysfunctions on patients with heart failure, strategies to detect early hypertension in african american population of darby township community, threat factors of coronary artery disease, nursing care of myocardial infarction patients, critical health history of cardiorespiratory issues, american heart association on coronary artery disease, researching of the new blood pressure guidelines, heart failure: prevent readmissions and noncompliance with chronic management, stroke as a prevalent chronic condition, diuretic patient management: real-world evidence for medication safety, atrial fibrillations analysis, coronary artery disease causes and related hypotheses, congestive heart failure: diagnosis and treatment, sedation effect on blood pressure in ventilated patients, heart disease: population affected- brooklyn, high blood pressure management in hispanic patient, iot-based heart attack detection and alert system, heart failure: diagnosis and pharmacologic treatment, mediterranean diet affects risk of stroke, arterial hypertension treatment using diuretics, the different types of heart failure, obesity and adolescent hypertension, applying quality improvement to drive patient safety: case study.

• Words: 1340

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): Causes, Treatment and Prevention

Aspirin and heart attacks relations, barlow’s syndrome: genetics of mitral valve prolapse and its clinical impact, systolic and diastolic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, and heart failure: the case study, discussing of arterial thrombosis, ischemia and cerebrovascular accidents correlation, prevention of heart failure hospital readmissions.

• Words: 1162

Cardiovascular Disorders NCLEX Practice Questions (220 Questions)

Welcome to your NCLEX reviewer and practice questions quiz for cardiovascular system disorders. This NCLEX nursing test bank tests your competence in the nursing care and management of patients with dysrhythmias, hematological disorders, hypertension , coronary artery disease , myocardial infarction , heart failure , and peripheral vascular diseases.

Cardiac Disorders Nursing Test Bank

Here are the NCLEX practice questions for cardiovascular system disorders. This nursing test bank set includes 220 NCLEX-style practice questions that cover topics like dysrhythmias, EKG interpretation , heart failure, myocardial infarction , hematologic disorders, and more. Use these questions to help you review for cardiovascular system disorders and as an alternative to Quizlet.

All questions on this set are updated to give you the most challenging questions, along with insightful rationales to reinforce learning .

Quiz Guidelines

Before you start, here are some examination guidelines and reminders you must read:

• Practice Exams : Engage with our Practice Exams to hone your skills in a supportive, low-pressure environment. These exams provide immediate feedback and explanations, helping you grasp core concepts, identify improvement areas, and build confidence in your knowledge and abilities.
• You’re given 2 minutes per item.
• For Challenge Exams, click on the “Start Quiz” button to start the quiz.
• Complete the quiz : Ensure that you answer the entire quiz. Only after you’ve answered every item will the score and rationales be shown.
• Learn from the rationales : After each quiz, click on the “View Questions” button to understand the explanation for each answer.
• Free access : Guess what? Our test banks are 100% FREE. Skip the hassle – no sign-ups or registrations here. A sincere promise from Nurseslabs: we have not and won’t ever request your credit card details or personal info for our practice questions. We’re dedicated to keeping this service accessible and cost-free, especially for our amazing students and nurses. So, take the leap and elevate your career hassle-free!
• Share your thoughts : We’d love your feedback, scores, and questions! Please share them in the comments below.

Quizzes included in this guide are:

Recommended Resources

Recommended books and resources for your NCLEX success:

Disclosure: Included below are affiliate links from Amazon at no additional cost from you. We may earn a small commission from your purchase. For more information, check out our privacy policy .

Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination is often referred to as the best nursing exam review book ever. More than 5,700 practice questions are available in the text. Detailed test-taking strategies are provided for each question, with hints for analyzing and uncovering the correct answer option.

Strategies for Student Success on the Next Generation NCLEX® (NGN) Test Items Next Generation NCLEX®-style practice questions of all types are illustrated through stand-alone case studies and unfolding case studies. NCSBN Clinical Judgment Measurement Model (NCJMM) is included throughout with case scenarios that integrate the six clinical judgment cognitive skills.

Saunders Q & A Review for the NCLEX-RN® Examination This edition contains over 6,000 practice questions with each question containing a test-taking strategy and justifications for correct and incorrect answers to enhance review. Questions are organized according to the most recent NCLEX-RN test blueprint Client Needs and Integrated Processes. Questions are written at higher cognitive levels (applying, analyzing, synthesizing, evaluating, and creating) than those on the test itself.

NCLEX-RN Prep Plus by Kaplan The NCLEX-RN Prep Plus from Kaplan employs expert critical thinking techniques and targeted sample questions. This edition identifies seven types of NGN questions and explains in detail how to approach and answer each type. In addition, it provides 10 critical thinking pathways for analyzing exam questions.

Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-RN® Exam The 10th edition of the Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-RN Exam, 10th Edition. This study guide gives you a robust, visual, less-intimidating way to remember key facts. 2,500 review questions are now included on the Evolve companion website. 25 additional illustrations and mnemonics make the book more appealing than ever.

NCLEX RN Examination Prep Flashcards (2023 Edition) NCLEX RN Exam Review FlashCards Study Guide with Practice Test Questions [Full-Color Cards] from Test Prep Books. These flashcards are ready for use, allowing you to begin studying immediately. Each flash card is color-coded for easy subject identification.

Recommended Links

An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. Keep up the pace and continue learning with these practice quizzes:

• Nursing Test Bank: Free Practice Questions UPDATED ! Our most comprehenisve and updated nursing test bank that includes over 3,500 practice questions covering a wide range of nursing topics that are absolutely free!
• NCLEX Questions Nursing Test Bank and Review UPDATED! Over 1,000+ comprehensive NCLEX practice questions covering different nursing topics. We’ve made a significant effort to provide you with the most challenging questions along with insightful rationales for each question to reinforce learning.

29 thoughts on “Cardiovascular Disorders NCLEX Practice Questions (220 Questions)”

Hi, thank you for these practice NCLEX styled questions! I am currently taking the “Hypertension & Coronary Artery Disease NCLEX Practice Exam #3” and one of the rationale boxes for both the incorrect and correct answers does not seem to correlate with the question nor the answer choices. The question was asking about the most important long term goal for a hypertensive patient. I was wondering is there any way to trouble shoot this so I could receive the correlating rationales? Thank you.

Hi Kat, this has been corrected. Thank you for letting us know :) Good luck!

Thank you for letting me to do this exam I hope to do very well

Thank u so much for your help.. Stay safe, healthy and happy!😊

Thanks a lot i learned many thing it is helpful for us

Hi Matt! I am very thankful for your help. God bless and may the good Lord continue to shower you with more blessings for your generosity. These practice tests would help me pass the NCLEX exam.

Thank you so much Matt! These practice tests have been very helpful!

Your time: 00:17:14

You have reached 50 of 50 point(s), (100%)

Average score 0% Your score 100%

Congratulations, you have completed this quiz!

I play with this every now and then until I finally could come out with this score, am so… looking forward to one day becoming a RN. Thanks for this educative platform

Question 18 about a 56 year old lady having chest pains while climbing stairs to her friend’s house. Some other classmates and I agree that she should probably not take a nitro tablet right before climbing the stairs because she could have a significant drop in BP, get dizzy, and fall down the stairs. We are instructed to always educate the patient to sit down before taking a nitro tablet for safety and to take caution when standing after. Other than that question, these are great and go along with my current nursing exam.

Thanks for letting me do these questions

Thank you for sharing these mind juggling practice questions. I’m preparing for the NCLEX and I use this platform to gauge my understanding in various topics.

Only God almighty will reward you for this good work. Thank you! thank you!! Thank you!!! Only God knows how much you impacted positively in my study life 😭

Very challenge but good since one is forced to think critically.

I love this site. It’s intuitive and helps provide great challenging questions with in-depth rationales. That I, as a nurse educator, love reading! Great job!

Thanks so much for your kind words, Jesi!

For question no 48, I think Cardiac tamponade includes jugular vein distention decreased urine output, not increased urine output as indicated in your answers. Can you please, revisit question no 48 and give more clarification on the answers? Thank you so much. I have learned a lot in this chapter. -Nonye.

Hi Nonye, thanks for bringing this up. I have corrected the choices. Thanks again!

Question 26 on exam 4: Correct Answer: B. Hypertrophic

Cardiac output isn’t affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy because the size of the ventricle remains relatively unchanged. I thought hypertrophic cardiomyopathy leads to decreased filling (diastolic failure) which would then result in decreased stroke volume and thus decreased cardiac output?

Aspirin is an Antiplatelet drug.

Thank you so much for this!! I appreciate it so much, especially the detailed rationales. Also, I just want to note that I don’t think the Schilling test is used anymore for question 9 and 10? Just in case you want to update, but I might be wrong. Much love!!

Hello, Nitroglycerin administer during MI attack pattern is changed.

I love practicing on the questions above and the rational is completely understand.

We were taught to call for help/call code then initate CPR if we are the first person for V. Fib and someone else would bring the AED. Is that just a nursing school thing?

This question below i disagree with answer to start defib. you iniate cpr first not defib’ing the client

When ventricular fibrillation occurs in a CCU, the first person reaching the client should:

Excellent question for health student

I have enjoyed your exam Questions though I got 21/50. Thank you so much 😊

I’m glad there’s an online free reviewer like this, I hope I still have stock knowledge for me to assess myself on taking the exam. Thank you!

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

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Article Contents

Answer to part 1, answer to part 2, answer to part 3, answer to part 4, answer to part 5.

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Educational Case: A 57-year-old man with chest pain

Contributed equally.

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Nikhil Aggarwal, Subothini Selvendran, Vassilios Vassiliou, Educational Case: A 57-year-old man with chest pain, Oxford Medical Case Reports , Volume 2016, Issue 4, April 2016, Pages 62–65, https://doi.org/10.1093/omcr/omw008

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This is an educational case report including multiple choice questions and their answers. For the best educational experience we recommend the interactive web version of the exercise which is available via the following link: http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/omcr/ec01p1.html

A 57 year-old male lorry driver, presented to his local emergency department with a 20-minute episode of diaphoresis and chest pain. The chest pain was central, radiating to the left arm and crushing in nature. The pain settled promptly following 300 mg aspirin orally and 800 mcg glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) spray sublingually administered by paramedics in the community. He smoked 20 cigarettes daily (38 pack years) but was not aware of any other cardiovascular risk factors. On examination he appeared comfortable and was able to complete sentences fully. There were no heart murmurs present on cardiac auscultation. Blood pressure was 180/105 mmHg, heart rate was 83 bpm and regular, oxygen saturation was 97%.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

An ECG was requested and is shown in figure 1.

How would you manage the patient? (The patient has already received 300 mg aspirin).

30 minutes later the patient's chest pain returned with greater intensity whilst waiting in the emergency department. Now, he described the pain as though “an elephant is sitting on his chest”. The nurse has already done an ECG by the time you were called to see him. This is shown in figure 2.

ECG on admission.

ECG 30 minutes after admission.

What would be the optimal management for this patient?

He was taken to the catheterization lab where the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was shown to be completely occluded. Following successful percutaneous intervention and one drug eluding stent implantation in the LAD normal flow is restored (Thrombosis in myocardial infarction, TIMI = 3). 72 hours later, he is ready to be discharged home. The patient is keen to return to work and asks when he could do so.

When would you advise him that he could return to work?

One week later, he receives a letter informing him that he is required to attend cardiac rehabilitation. The patient is confused as to what cardiac rehabilitation entails, although he does remember a nurse discussing this with him briefly before he was discharged. He phones the hospital in order to get some more information.

Which of the following can be addressed during cardiac rehabilitation?

A - Acute coronary syndrome

Although the presentation could be attributable to any of the above differential diagnoses, the most likely etiology given the clinical picture and risk factors is one of cardiac ischemia. Risk factors include gender, smoking status and age making the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome the most likely one. The broad differential diagnosis in patients presenting with chest pain has been discussed extensively in the medical literature. An old but relevant review can be found freely available 1 as well as more recent reviews. 2 , 3

C - Atorvastatin 80 mg, Clopidogrel 300 mcg, GTN 500 mcg, Ramipril 2.5 mg,

In patients with ACS, medications can be tailored to the individual patient. Some medications have symptomatic benefit but some also have prognostic benefit. Aspirin 4 , Clopidogrel 5 , Atenolol 6 and Atorvastatin 7 have been found to improve prognosis significantly. ACE inhibitors have also been found to improve left ventricular modeling and function after an MI. 8 , 9 Furthermore, GTN 10 and morphine 11 have been found to be of only significant symptomatic benefit.

Oxygen should only to be used when saturations <95% and at the lowest concentration required to keep saturations >95%. 12

There is no evidence that diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, is of benefit. 13

His ECG in figure 1 does not fulfil ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) criteria and he should therefore be managed as a Non-STEMI. He would benefit prognostically from beta-blockade however his heart rate is only 42 bpm and therefore this is contraindicated. He should receive a loading dose of clopidogrel (300 mg) followed by daily maintenance dose (75 mg). 14 , 15 He might not require GTN if he is pain-free but out of the available answers 3 is the most correct.

D - Proceed to coronary angiography

The ECG shows ST elevation in leads V2-V6 and confirms an anterolateral STEMI, which suggests a completely occluded LAD. This ECG fulfils the criteria to initiate reperfusion therapy which traditionally require one of the three to be present: According to guidance, if the patient can undergo coronary angiography within 120 minutes from the onset of chest pain, then this represents the optimal management. If it is not possible to undergo coronary angiography and potentially percutaneous intervention within 2 hours, then thrombolysis is considered an acceptable alternative. 12 , 16

≥ 1 mm of ST change in at least two contiguous limb leads (II, III, AVF, I, AVL).

≥ 2 mm of ST change in at least two contiguous chest leads (V1-V6).

New left bundle branch block.

GTN and morphine administration can be considered in parallel but they do not have a prognostic benefit.

E - Not before an exercise test

This patient is a lorry driver and therefore has a professional heavy vehicle driving license. The regulation for driving initiation in a lorry driver following a NSTEMI/ STEMI may be different in various countries and therefore the local regulations should be followed.

In the UK, a lorry driver holds a category 2 driving license. He should therefore refrain from driving a lorry for at least 6 weeks and can only return to driving if he completes successfully an exercise evaluation. An exercise evaluation is performed on a bicycle or treadmill. Drivers should be able to complete 3 stages of the standard Bruce protocol 17 or equivalent (e.g. Myocardial perfusion scan) safely, having refrained from taking anti-anginal medication for 48 hours and should remain free from signs of cardiovascular dysfunction during the test, notably: angina pectoris, syncope, hypotension, sustained ventricular tachycardia, and/or electrocardiographic ST segment shift which is considered as being indicative of myocardial ischemia (usually >2 mm horizontal or down-sloping) during exercise or the recovery period. 18

For a standard car driving license (category 1), driving can resume one week after successful intervention providing that no other revascularization is planned within 4 weeks; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is at least 40% prior to hospital discharge and there is no other disqualifying condition.

Therefore if this patent was in the UK, he could restart driving a normal car one week later assuming an echocardiogram confirmed an EF > 40%. However, he could only continue lorry driving once he has passed the required tests. 18

E - All of the above

Cardiac rehabilitation bridges the gap between hospitals and patients' homes. The cardiac rehabilitation team consists of various healthcare professions and the programme is started during hospital admission or after diagnosis. Its aim is to educate patients about their cardiac condition in order to help them adopt a healthier lifestyle. This includes educating patients' about their diet, exercise, risk factors associated with their condition such as smoking and alcohol intake and finally, about the medication recommended. There is good evidence that adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programmes improves survival and leads to a reduction in future cardiovascular events.​ 19 , 20

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Can Coronary Heart Disease Be Cured?

Much like type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease can be managed in several ways. With this condition, it is especially true that if you take care of your body, it will take care of you. Tom Miller, MD , and cardiologist James Fang, MD , discuss some simple things you can do to effectively manage your coronary disease, and prevention from getting the disease in the first place.

Episode Transcript

Dr. Miller: Can coronary heart disease be cured? Hi, I'm Dr. Tom Miller on Scope Radio. And I'm here with Dr. Jim Fang . Jim Fang is the Chief of the Division of Cardiology here at the University of Utah, and also the Executive Medical Director of the cardiovascular service line. Jim, can coronary disease be cured?

Dr. Fang: Coronary artery disease is a disease, but I think of it as a condition akin to diabetes , hypertension , and/or arthritis. And none of those conditions are per se curable.

Dr. Miller: They can be managed.

Dr. Fang: They can be effectively managed. Absolutely.

Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors

Dr. Miller: And what are the top three risk factors that predispose you to coronary disease?

Dr. Fang: Well, smoking I'm going to put absolutely number one. The good news is here in Salt Lake City, the University of Utah , as opposed to other parts of this country, we see far less of it. The other risk factors include diabetes, hypertension, and that rounds out three.

But I'm going to go on and talk about family history, because certainly if you have a family history of heart disease at an early age, that's very, very powerful, and then of cholesterol. And cholesterol of course is the one that we talk about a lot in the press and the doctor's office.

Modifiable Risk Factors for Heart Disease

Dr. Miller: Now, family history is not necessarily modifiable because we're born with the good and bad traits that our parents give us. What are the modifiable risk factors? You've mentioned smoking. What are the others?

Dr. Fang: Well, the other risk factors are arguably modifiable. So diabetes and hypertension, once you have them it's important that they are under the most rigorous control that you can achieve. Then of course there is cholesterol, and cholesterol we can manage through lifestyle changes. Activity, diet, weight loss, and exercise.

Cholesterol and Heart Disease

Dr. Miller: And if those aren't exactly perfect in terms of getting cholesterol down we have medication.

Dr. Fang: We do. We do. You've already alluded to it. The first strategy, of course, is lifestyle changes. They are cheap but maybe not so easy to implement, but from a health care and health economics standpoint, we all have to always start there.

Once an adequate trial of lifestyle changes has been employed, we absolutely then look at cholesterol. Cholesterol management of course starts with dietary management. Dietary management, again, is inexpensive and should always be done. After that, we're talking about drugs.

High Blood Pressure and Heart Disease

Dr. Miller: Now, just to put it all in the same hat, high blood pressure and diabetes are also managed with aggressive lifestyle changes. And one can be very effective in terms of controlling those problems as well through lifestyle.

Dr. Fang: Absolutely. Absolutely. We certainly know that weight loss, watching alcohol and salt intake will absolutely affect hypertension control.

Preventing Coronary Heart Disease

Dr. Miller: So having coronary disease is something that can be managed. You don't necessarily get rid of it but the top four things that you mentioned would be smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol. And then finally, family history is quite important, but we're born with that, so we can manage the four former risk factors that I just mentioned.

updated: February 22, 2024 originally published: October 27, 2015

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Intermittent fasting may raise cardiovascular death risk in long term

A popular weight loss strategy that limits the hours during which calories can be consumed may nearly double a person’s long-term risk of dying from cardiovascular disease, new research finds, especially among people with underlying cardiovascular disease or cancer.

But questions remain about just how time-restricted eating, which limits calorie consumption to part of the day, affects heart disease and stroke risks. Prior studies have suggested the eating pattern may lower cardiovascular risk factors in the short term.

While the new research is compelling, the reasons why participants chose this style of eating were unknown, said Dr. Kenneth Mukamal, a primary care doctor at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston. Mukamal was not involved in the study, which was presented Monday at the American Heart Association’s Epidemiology, Prevention, Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health conference in Chicago.

“This was a reasonable effort to look at long-term effects of time-restricted eating,” he said. “At first glance, it does not suggest this is likely to be of cardiovascular benefit and indeed it was harmful. But there could be health reasons to eat in a time-restricted manner that would make this appear harmful, when it’s not.”

Mukamal said it is too soon to conclude that people should avoid time-restricted eating if it helps them meet their weight loss goals. “At this point, if people want to eat over a shorter duration and it’s easier for them to maintain their weight that way, I would not use this as a reason not to do it,” he said.

Time-restricted eating, a type of intermittent fasting, typically restricts calorie intake to a window of four to 12 hours. Prior research has shown it may be an effective weight loss strategy, especially when combined with calorie restrictions. Studies also