long essay on terrorism in india

Essay on Terrorism in India for Students and Children

500 words essay on terrorism in india.

Terrorism in India has a long history. It is a cowardly act by the terrorist groups who wish to disturb the peace of the country. It aims to create a state of panic amongst the people. They want to keep the people in a constant state of fear to stop the country from prospering.

Time to time, they carry out terrorist acts to remind people of the fear they want them to live in. Consequently, there are roughly 100 terrorist cells that are operating in India. They have to an extent successfully created an atmosphere of tension amongst the citizens. Terrorism impacts the country gravely and has dangerous repercussions.

Impact of Terrorism in India

As discussed earlier, terrorism has a major impact on any country. When we look at a developing country like India, it is all the more harmful. Firstly, it creates a state of panic amongst the citizens. The bomb blasts or firing impacts the mental health of people. This causes the untimely death of various citizens or leaves them handicapped. The anxiety and fear one has to live in restrict their way of living to a great extent.

Moreover, terrorism has a major impact on the tourism industry. As tourists avoid visiting places that are vulnerable to terrorist attacks, the tourism industry faces a blow. India is a country that earns a lot of its revenue from tourism. When these attacks happen, they cause fear amongst the tourists as well. The ones planning to visit cancel their trips. Similarly, the ones staying presently shorten their trip and leave.

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Furthermore, terrorist attacks create a sense of doubt in the foreign investors of India. After all, who would want to invest in a country prone to terrorism? They avoid the risk and instead opt for safer alternatives. This causes a huge blow to the business of India depending on them.

Thus, it damages the economy. As terrorist attacks cause loss of life and property, the replenishment takes up a lot of capital. It also results in people leaving the country to settle abroad for a safer environment. This makes India lose a lot of potential doctors, engineers, artists and more.

Major Terror Attacks in India

India has faced a number of terror attacks over time. The worst of them is definitely the 26/11 terror attack which took place in Mumbai. The terrorists captured renowned places like Nariman House, Hotel Oberoi Trident and Hotel Taj. They killed almost 170 people and injured around 300 people. All these victims were police officers, security personnel, or tourists.

The Mumbai Train Blasts were also very deadly. They took place in the local trains of Mumbai and happened at seven railway stations. It claimed 210 lives and injured 715 people.

The Indian Parliament Attack was also very surprising. As the parliament is one of the safest buildings. The terrorist managed to kill three parliament staff members and six police officers. It remains shocking as one wonders how such a safe place could come under attack. In short, terrorism in India needs to be eradicated to safeguard the country and help it prosper.

FAQs on Terrorism in India

Q.1 How does terrorism impact India?

A.1 Terrorism in India has a deep impact on the people and economy of the country. It causes panic amongst people and affects the tourism industry. Furthermore, it also has adverse effects on the economy of the country and its foreign investments.

Q.2 Name some of the most deadly terrorist attacks in India.

A.2 India has had some of the most dangerous terrorist attacks. The major ones include the one on Hotel Taj known as the 26/11 attack. The Mumbai serial bomb blasts were also very deadly where more than 1,000 people were injured. Moreover, the Indian Parliament attack was also quite dangerous.

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Terrorism in India Essay - 100, 200, 500 Words

Essay on terrorism in india -.

Terrorism refers to acts of violence committed by individuals or groups with the intention of creating fear and alarm in a population, and often involves the targeting of innocent civilians. These acts are meant to influence and manipulate governments or other organisations and can take many forms, including bombing, hijacking, kidnapping, and assassination. Terrorism is considered a threat to global peace and security, and is widely condemned by the international community .

100 Words Essay On Terrorism in India

Terrorism in India has been a significant concern for the country for several decades. The problem has its roots in political, social and economic issues and is often fueled by religious and ethnic tensions.

Over the years, the Indian government has taken a number of measures to combat terrorism, including strengthening security forces and intelligence agencies and implementing laws and regulations to curb terrorist activities. Despite these efforts, terrorist attacks continue to occur in various parts of the country.

While the Indian government has taken steps to combat terrorism, the problem remains a significant concern for the country. Addressing the underlying issues that fuel terrorism and implementing a unified and comprehensive strategy, along with the support of the international community, is crucial in effectively tackling the problem.

200 Words Essay On Terrorism in India

Terrorism is a global threat that has affected many countries, including India. The problem of terrorism in India has its roots in the country's complex history and ongoing political conflicts. India has faced terrorism in various forms for decades.

A challenge in the fight against terrorism in India is the lack of a unified and comprehensive strategy to address the problem. Different states in the country have their own approach to dealing with terrorism, which often results in a lack of coordination and cooperation among the various agencies involved.

Measures Taken

The government of India has taken effective measures to combat terrorism, including increasing security and surveillance, strengthening border control, and launching military operations against terrorist groups.

India has also been actively participating in global efforts to combat terrorism and promote peace and stability in the region.

India has been a strong advocate of the Zero tolerance policy against terrorism.

India has also been vocal in raising its concern in various international forums against state sponsorship of terrorism and cross-border terrorism.

Terrorism is a severe problem in India that has caused much suffering and loss of life. While the Indian government has taken steps to combat terrorism, it remains a major concern. India continues to work towards peace and stability in the region and advocates for a zero-tolerance policy towards terrorism globally.

500 Words Essay On Terrorism in India

Terrorism is a major problem that affects not only India but also the world as a whole. It refers to the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political or ideological goals. The problem of terrorism in India is complex and multifaceted, and it has a significant impact on the security and stability of the country

Origin of Terrorism in India

Terrorism in India has its roots in a variety of factors, including political and ideological differences, religious extremism, and ethnic and separatist movements. The problem has been exacerbated by the presence of various terrorist groups that operate within the country.

Current Situation of Terrorism in India

Terrorism continues to be a significant problem in India, with a number of incidents occurring on a regular basis. These incidents range from small-scale attacks on individuals to large-scale attacks on civilians and government buildings.

Major Incidents of Terrorism in India

Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008 | The Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008, also known as 26/11, were a series of terrorist attacks that occurred in the Indian city of Mumbai. The attacks were carried out by a group of terrorists and resulted in the deaths of 164 people and the injury of over 300 others.

2001 Indian Parliament attack | The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was a terrorist attack that occurred on December 13, 2001, when a group of heavily armed terrorists entered the Parliament of India in New Delhi. The attack resulted in the deaths of 14 people and the injury of 18 others.

1993 Bombay Bombings | The 1993 Bombay Bombings were a series of bombings that occurred on March 12, 1993, in the Indian city of Bombay (now Mumbai). The bombings resulted in the deaths of 257 people and the injury of over 700 others.

Steps to Fight Terrorism in India

Strengthening security and intelligence agencies | India has several security and intelligence agencies that play a crucial role in fighting terrorism. These agencies need to be strengthened and given the necessary resources to effectively carry out their duties.

Enhancing border security | India's borders are vast and porous, making it easy for terrorists to infiltrate the country. Measures such as strengthening border security, deploying more troops, and increasing the use of technology such as surveillance cameras can help to prevent terrorist infiltration.

Addressing the root causes of terrorism | It is important to address the underlying issues that lead to terrorism, such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of education. By addressing these issues, it will be possible to reduce the appeal of terrorist groups and prevent the emergence of new ones.

International cooperation | Terrorism is a global problem and requires a global response. India needs to work closely with other countries to share intelligence and coordinate efforts to fight terrorism.

Terrorism is a major problem that affects India and the world as a whole. For the fight against the cause of terrorism to be successful, it is imperative that security and intelligence agencies be strengthened, border security enhanced, issues of communalism addressed, and international collaboration is increased. Our country can be safer for everyone if we work together.

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Essay on Terrorism in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Terrorism in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

Understanding terrorism.

Terrorism is a grave issue in India. It’s a violent act to create fear, often for political reasons. Terrorists use threats and violence to intimidate or coerce.

Impact on India

India has suffered a lot due to terrorism. Many innocent lives have been lost, and property destroyed. It has also affected India’s image internationally.

Root Causes

The reasons for terrorism are complex. Some are political, others are religious or social. Often, it’s a mix of these factors.

Combating Terrorism

India is fighting terrorism with law enforcement, intelligence, and military power. Education and social development are also key in preventing terrorism.

Also check:

Speech on Terrorism in India

250 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

Introduction.

Terrorism in India is a complex and multifaceted issue, deeply rooted in sociopolitical, economic, and religious contexts. It’s a threat that has undermined the country’s security and stability, causing widespread fear and disruption.

Types of Terrorism

Terrorism in India manifests in various forms, including ethno-nationalist terrorism, religious terrorism, and left-wing terrorism. Ethno-nationalist terrorism is predominantly seen in the northeastern states and Punjab, driven by demands for secession or autonomy. Religious terrorism, often linked to communal tensions, has caused significant unrest. Left-wing extremism, primarily from Naxalite groups, poses a considerable threat in central and eastern India.

Impact on Society and Economy

Terrorism has a profound impact on India’s social fabric and economic development. It not only causes loss of lives and property but also instigates fear and insecurity among the population. Economically, terrorism disrupts business operations, deters investment, and diverts resources from development to security.

Counter-Terrorism Measures

India’s counter-terrorism strategy involves a combination of legal, administrative, and security measures. The government has enacted stringent laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and established specialized agencies like the National Investigation Agency. However, the challenge lies in effectively implementing these measures without infringing upon human rights.

Addressing terrorism in India requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond security-centric measures. It involves addressing underlying socio-economic disparities, fostering communal harmony, and strengthening regional cooperation. Only through such a holistic approach can the menace of terrorism be effectively tackled.

500 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

India, a nation known for its rich cultural heritage and diversity, has been a victim of numerous terrorist attacks over the years. Terrorism in India is a complex issue, with roots in historical, political, and socio-economic contexts. It poses a significant threat to the country’s security, peace, and development.

Historical Context

Terrorist activities in India can be traced back to the pre-independence era, but the intensity and frequency have escalated dramatically in recent decades. The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 triggered communal tensions, which have since been exploited by various extremist groups. The Kashmir issue, which arose following the partition, has also been a significant contributor to terrorism in the country.

Forms of Terrorism

Terrorism in India manifests in various forms, including ethno-nationalist terrorism, religious terrorism, left-wing terrorism, and narco-terrorism. Ethno-nationalist terrorism is primarily driven by separatist movements, like those in Punjab and the Northeastern states. Religious terrorism, on the other hand, is often linked to communal tensions between different religious groups. Left-wing terrorism, mainly represented by Naxalism, is a significant concern in central and eastern India. Narco-terrorism, which involves the use of drug trafficking to fund terrorist activities, is another emerging threat.

Terrorism has severe implications for India’s society and economy. It not only leads to loss of lives and property but also instills fear and insecurity among citizens. It disrupts normal life, hampers economic activities, and deters foreign investment. Moreover, it strains India’s relations with neighboring countries, affecting regional peace and cooperation.

India has taken numerous measures to counter terrorism. These include legislative actions, like the enactment of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and the National Investigation Agency Act, and operational measures, like the establishment of specialized counter-terrorism forces. India also engages in international cooperation against terrorism through platforms like the United Nations and SAARC.

Challenges and the Way Forward

Despite these efforts, India faces significant challenges in countering terrorism. These include issues related to intelligence gathering, inter-agency coordination, and legal complexities. Moreover, addressing the root causes of terrorism, like socio-economic disparities and communal tensions, is a daunting task.

While the fight against terrorism is a long one, it is not insurmountable. India needs to adopt a multi-pronged approach that combines stringent security measures, diplomatic efforts, socio-economic development, and communal harmony. Public awareness and participation are also crucial in this regard.

Terrorism in India is a grave concern that requires comprehensive and concerted efforts to tackle. While the journey is challenging, a resilient India stands firm in its resolve to eradicate terrorism and ensure a peaceful and prosperous future for its citizens.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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Terrorism in India & Successful Counter-Terrorism Strategies

One of the most read articles of 2020 is from the 2017 GTI, in which Lt General VK Ahluwalia writes about the drivers of terrorism in India.

One of the most read articles of 2020 is from the 2017 Global Terrorism Index where Lt General VK Ahluwalia writes about the drivers of terrorism in India.

A Spotlight on Terrorism in India

Easy access to sophisticated weapons and disruptive advances in technology, especially the cyber world masks the identity of the terrorists, facilitates real time secure communications and the flow of funds and provides access to an infinite resource of DIY kits on issues ranging from making bombs to executing beheadings.

These elements have collectively made terrorism the most preferred means of waging war. Despite the grave threat, the international community is far from reaching a consensus on how to fight this menace collectively.

So deep are the fissures that even adopting a common definition of terrorism and violent extremism has met stiff resistance.

The history of terrorism in India

India’s tryst with terrorism and violent extremism can be traced back partly to the religion based partition in 1947, which ripped the sub-continent into two nations: India and Pakistan.

The sub-continent remained witness to the most horrifying ethnic riots in modern history, which were marked by extreme violence and acts of terrorism.

Following the partition, after a brief period of neutrality, the then Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), Hari Singh formally acceded to India; however, this act of accession has not, and continues not to be recognised by Pakistan which lays claims to the Muslim majority region.

This territorial dispute lies at the core of the long standing conflict between the two nations with both nations each vehemently rejecting the other’s claims.

Further, India views Pakistan as perpetuating the on-going cross border conflict and for sponsoring militant activity in a bid to destabilise the state of J&K and other parts of the country.

In addition, considering the number of ongoing insurgencies in India, terrorism and violent extremism is also a manifestation of:

politico-religious violence
ethnic-sub regional nationalism
socio-economic conditions
politics of identity

The relationship between terrorism and insurgency

What were the causes that led to the genesis of terrorism and its drivers in India? While seeking answers to this question, we will also dwell upon the terrorist initiated incidents and terrorists groups operating in India.

We will explore the complementary relationship between terrorism and insurgency, analyse various forms in which terrorism morphs and finally, establish the contours of successful counterterrorism strategies.

The primary causes of terrorism and insurgency in India are based on political, religious, ethnic, ideological, identity driven, linguistic or socio-economic grievances.

Terrorism in India, can be broadly categorised in three distinct parts:

Cross border terrorism in J&K.
Terrorism in the hinterland.
Extreme violence and terrorism as an integral part of the ongoing insurgencies.

India’s richly diverse society provides a fertile ground for terrorism to thrive in many areas:

politics of communalism and criminalisation
fanatic religious movements and irresponsible statements by political and religious leaders
human rights excesses
marginalised minority communities
high levels of youth unemployment
poor governance
prolonged delays in criminal justice

Quite often, incidents relating to a particular religious or ethnic group act as a catalyst. They also act as an initiator to indoctrinate/ radicalise youth (and not necessarily only the poor and marginalised) to indulge in extreme forms of violence and terrorism.

Considering the fact that intensity of violence due to religious terrorism has always been very severe, strict law should be framed expeditiously against those delivering ‘hate speeches’ that incite a religious/ ethnic community’s passions.

India also remains highly vulnerable to terrorism by foreign terrorists, due to porous borders with all its neighbours and a long coast line. Resultantly, the terrorists and the insurgents continue to receive material support and funds from many sources.

India has experienced almost all forms of terrorist attacks:

hijacking and blowing up of aircrafts
sabotaging railway tracks
kidnapping hostages for meeting political demands
suicide attacks
the assassination of two of its Prime Ministers
attacks on places of worship, transportation systems, security forces and financial hubs
communal riots followed by extreme violence
attacks both by religious and non-religious terrorist groups.

The modus operandi of terrorism has remained dynamic to achieve its goals and objectives.

This is an edited extract from an essay that appeared in the Global Terrorism Index 2017.

Lt General VK Ahluwalia

Expert contributor.

Lt General VK Ahluwalia, Indian Army’s Central Command

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Terrorism Essay

An act of violence intended at the unsuspecting civilians or military personnel who are not in a combat, is termed as terrorism. Generally it is carried out for political gain and to destabilize a government. Those who carry out such attacks are called terrorists. World had been suffering from terrorism since long, yet there is no relief. People die and government’s struggle to end terrorism. Terrorism has also become global making its elimination difficult. There is a need to fight together against terrorism and make the world a better place to live.

Long and Short Essay on Terrorism in English

Now-a-days people are really afraid of the terrorism and terrorists attack all time. It has become a warm topic as it is a big social issue .

We have provided below long and short essay on terrorism in English for your information and knowledge.

These Terrorism Essays have been written in simple English to make it easily understandable and presentable when required.

You can use following terrorism essay in your school events and occasions like essay writing, debate and speeches.

Terrorism Essay 1 (100 words)

Terrorism is the unlawful act of violence which is used by the terrorists to make people fear. Terrorism has become a common social issue. It is used to threaten common public and government. Terrorism is used by various social organizations, politicians and business industries to achieve their goals in very easy way.

A group of people who take support of terrorism are known as terrorists. Explaining terrorism is not so easy as it has spread its roots very deep. Terrorists have any rule and law; they only use violent acts intending to create and enhance level of terror in the society and country.

Terrorism Essay 2 (150 words)

Terrorism has become a big national and international problem all over the world. It is a global issue which has affected almost all the nations throughout the world directly or indirectly. Opposing terrorism has been tried by many countries however; terrorists are still getting support by someone. Terrorism is a violent act of terrifying the common public anytime in the day or night. Terrorists have many objectives such as spreading threat of violence in the society, fulfilling political purposes, etc. They make civilians of the country their primary target.

Some of the examples of terrorism are bombing of US Embassy, atom bomb attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, etc. The main goal of the terrorists is fulfillment of their demands by the government of a specific country. They contact online social media or newspaper, magazine, etc to spread their voices to the public and government. Sometimes, terrorists attack is done to fulfill the religious and ideological goal.

Terrorism Essay 3 (200 words)

India is a developing country who has faced many challenges in the past and currently, terrorism which a big national problem. It has faced challenges like hunger death, illiteracy , poverty , inequality, population explosion and terrorism which have affected its growth and development to a great extent.

Terrorism is a big threat fighting with a government and common public for the purpose of religion, motherland, and other unreasonable motives of the terrorists. Terrorists call themselves brave soldiers however, they are not real soldiers. Real soldiers never hurt common public and they fight only to save their country from the enemies. Real soldiers fight to fulfill the purpose of a nation. Whereas terrorists fight to fulfill their own, individual and unfair purposes.

A national soldier is fully responsible for his all the responsibilities however a terrorist never do that. Terrorists got their name from the word terror. Earlier, terrorism was limited to some specific areas like state of Jammu and Kashmir however; now-a-days, it has spread to almost all the areas especially regions of north eastern India. Recently, the terrorist attack in India was in Taj Hotel and Nariman house in Mumbai. In that attack, India had lost lives of many people and suffered financial loss.

Terrorism Essay 4 (250 words)

Terrorism is a big national issue which is using the human mind to get complete victory. Terrorism is terrifying the mind of the human being to make them weak so that they can rule the nation again. It needs to be solved on international level. We all should think about terrorism together to finish it from the root. We should make a strong policy to completely destroy its kingdom as well as removing the striking terror from the human minds. Terrorism uses violent ways to achieve the purpose and get positive result.

Terrorism is the act of violence performed by the group of people called terrorist. They become very common people and somehow they lost their control over the mind because of some unfair natural disasters or unfair activities with them by others which make them unable to fulfil desires in normal and accepted ways. Slowly they are taken under the confidence of some bad people in the society where they are promised to get fulfilled all the desires. They get together and form a group of terrorists to fight with their own nation, society and community. Terrorism has affected all the youths of the country, their growth and development.

It has pulled the nation many years back from the proper development. Terrorism is ruling the country just like Britishers, from which we again need to be free. However, it seems that terrorism would always continue spreading its root to deep because some rich people from our nation are still supporting them to fulfill their unfair purposes.

Terrorism Essay 5 (300 words)

India had faced lots of challenges such as poverty, population growth, hunger, illiteracy, inequality, and many more however, terrorism is highly dangerous till now affecting the mankind and humanity. It is more than dangerous and frightening disease which is affecting the people mentally and intellectually. Whether it exists in the small (Ireland, Israel, etc) or big (USA, Russia, etc) countries; it has challenged both to a same level. Terrorism is act of using international violence by the group of frustrated people means terrorists to achieve some political, religious or individual goals. The spread of terror by the terrorists is increasing day by day.

Terrorism has no any rule and laws, it only attacks on society or colony or crowd of the innocent people living in order to spread terror as well as give pressure to government to complete their demands. The demands of the terrorist become very specific to fulfil only what they want. It is a greatest threat to mankind. They never compromise their friends, family, innocent kids, woman and old people. They only want to explode atom bomb at the place of people crowd. They shoot on crowd, hijack flight and other terror activities.

Terrorist target to spread terror in their preferred areas, region or country within minimum time. Previously, it is supposed that terrorist’s activities were limited to the Kashmir only however, it has spread its roots to all over the country. There are many terrorist groups exists in the nation with their special name depending on their name. Two main types of terrorism are political terrorism and criminal terrorism depends on their works. Terrorists are well-trained group of people prepared to perform some specific purpose. More than one terrorist group are trained to perform different purposes. It is like a disease which is spreading regularly and need some highly effective medicine for permanent removal.

Terrorism Essay 6 (400 words)

Terrorism is the process unfair and violent activities performed by the group of trained people called terrorists. There is only one boss who gives strict orders to the group to perform particular activity in any ways. They want money, power and publicity for the fulfilment of their unfair ideas. In such conditions, it is media which really helps to spread the news about terrorism in the society of any nation. Group of terrorist also take support of the media by especially contacting them to let them know about their plan, ideas and goals.

Various groups of the terrorists are named according to their aims and objectives. Acts of terrorism affects the human mind to a great extent and makes people so fear that they fear to go outside from their own home. They think that there is terror everywhere outside the home in the crowd like railway station, temple, social event, national event and so many. Terrorists want to spread terror within specific area of high population in order to publicize for their act as well as rule on people’s mind. Some recent act of terrorism are 9/11 attacks on the U.S. and 26/11 attack in India. It has affected the financial status and humanity to a great extent.

In order to reduce the terror and effect of terrorism from the nation, a tight security arrangement is done on the order of government. All the places which are crowded because of any reasons like social programmes, national events like Republic day, Independence Day, temple and etc. Each and every person has to follow the rules of security arrangement and has to pass from the automatic machine of full body scanner. Using such machines, security get help in detecting the presence of terrorists. Even after arrangement of such tight security, we are still unable to make it effective against the terrorism.

Our country is spending lots of money every year to fight against the terrorism as well as remove the terrorist group. However, it is still growing like a disease as new terrorists are getting trained on daily basis. They are very common people like us but they are trained to complete some unfair act and forced to fight against their one society, family and country. They are so trained that they never compromise their life, they are always ready to finish their life while fighting. As an Indian citizen, we all are highly responsible to stop the terrorism and it can be stopped only when we never come into the greedy talk of some bad and frustrated people.

All the above essay on terrorism are written in such a simple way so that students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc can use very easily without any difficulty in understanding. Terrorism is an important social issue which urgently needs to be solved and ended in order to maintain a peaceful life all over the world. Terrorism essay written above may greatly help students to take part in the essay writing competition or get good marks in the exam. You can also get other related essays and related information such as:

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Essay on Terrorism in India for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Below we have provided long essay on Terrorism in India in English. This Terrorism in India Essay has been written in simple English language for you to make it easy to remember and presented. After going through this terrorism in India essay you will know when and how this problem originated, what steps did the governments took to counter it; who is the main source of terrorism; how the world community has united globally to fight terrorism etc. This essay will be useful to you in your school assignments and events wherein you need to write, give a speech or take part in a debate.

Long Essay on Terrorism in India in English

Terrorist groups aim to create panic amid people. They intend to see people living in constant fear and for this purpose they carry out various big and small terrorist activities from time to time. There are around 100 terrorist cells operating in India and they have succeeded in creating an atmosphere of tension in the country. Numerous terrorist activities have been carried out by these terrorist groups. India has also been hit by terrorist acts done by its neighbouring countries mainly Pakistan.

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Also Check: Essay on Terrorism

Chief Terrorist Groups Operating in India

Here are some of the chief terrorist groups operating in India:

Jaish–e-Muhammad: This is a Pakistan based terrorist group operating in Jammu and Kashmir. It aims to occupy Jammu and Kashmir and has instigated several terrorist attacks in the valley to further their aim.
Lashkar-e-Taiba (Let): This is an Islamist militant group which is operating in Pakistan and even in India’s Jammu and Kashmir region. It is said to be funded by Pakistan and is responsible for carrying out many massive terrorist attacks in India.
Maoist: This terrorist group was created by merger of Naxalite groups after talks between leftist militants and Indian government broke in the year 2004.
United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA): This terrorist group is responsible for carrying out various terrorist activities in the Indian state of Assam.

The irony is that even though these terrorist groups take onus of the bomb blasts and other terrorist activities carried out by them, most of the times the government is not able to reach them and take the required action against them.

Also Check: Article on Terrorism

Causes of Terrorism in India

There are a number of causes of the wide spread terrorism in India. There are mainly four types of terrorism in India. This includes Religious Terrorism, Narco Terrorism, Left Wing Terrorism and Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism. While terrorists belonging to different terrorist cells may have come together for different causes, the main aim of all the terrorist cells running under them are same and that is to ensure widespread fear and panic among the general public.

Here are the main causes of terrorism in India:

India is a land of diverse religions. While people belonging to different religions largely live with peace and harmony in the country there are many religious extremists that aim to create a rift between them. These groups boast about the teachings of their religion and try to prove that it is superior to the others. Several violent movements carried out by these groups in the past have disrupted the peace and harmony of the country. Numerous people have been injured and several others have been killed in such outbreaks.

Ethno-Nationalism

This type of terrorism is provoked by the extremist groups. It occurs when major part of the population of a state expresses the desire to break away and form their own separate state/ country. The Khalistan Movement in Punjab is one of the examples of this type of terrorism. The beautiful Indian state of Kashmir is also suffering because of this type of terrorism as certain Kashmiri Islamic groups want Kashmir to become a part of Pakistan. Similarly, Nagaland, Tripura, Assam and Tamil Nadu have also suffered due to this type of terrorism.

Also Check: Slogans on Terrorism

Political Scenario

Dissatisfied with the political system of the country, certain terrorist groups are formed to threaten the government. Left wing extremists in India, known as Naxalites, have been invoked because of this. The Naxalites are highly disappointed with the political system in the country. They have carried out several terrorist attacks in the past and aim to overthrow the government with an armed revolution. They intend to bring their own kind of government.

Socio-Economic Disparity

India is known for its socio-economic disparity. The rich in the country are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer day by day. This creates a sense of disparity among the poor class who join terrorist cells to destroy the upper class people. They mostly carry out terrorist attacks in posh localities and target celebrities and people in power.

Effects of Terrorism in India

Terrorism has caused a widespread impact on the country. Here is a look at the effects of terrorism in India:

Panic among People

Terrorism in India has created panic among the general public. Every now and then there is a blast, firing or some other sort of terrorist activity in the country. Due to this, several people die untimely and many others are left handicapped for the rest of their lives. Each of these attacks causes an atmosphere of stress and anxiety among the general public. People fear to go out of their houses days after such attacks.

Effect on Tourism Industry

People fear visiting the places that are prone to terrorist attacks. The tourism industry in India has suffered a great deal owing to the terrorist activities carried out by different terrorist groups within the country as well as those outside that threaten the peace of the country. The tourism industry particularly sees a deep for several months after the terrorist attacks.

Also Check: Speech on Terrorism

Foreign Investment

Foreign investors think twice before investing in India and other nations prone to terrorism. This is because the risk involved is quite high. They look for safer alternatives. Indian businesses have suffered a great deal owing to this.

Damaged Economy

Terrorism has had an adverse effect on India’s economy. Many Indian cities have been hit by major terrorist attacks that have led to a loss of property and businesses. The resurrection cost involved is quite high in such cases. The country’s wealth that can be used in productive tasks is invested in replenishing the loss caused by terrorist attacks. Besides, the dip in the tourism industry, the reluctance of foreign investors to invest in India and the rise in the rates of international trade that are all a result of terrorism in India, have had a major negative impact on the country’s economy.

Brain Drain

Many talented youths in India do not want to live in the country anymore owing to the low quality of life and uncertainties caused by terrorism. They relocate to developed nations such as the United States, Canada and United Kingdom that are less prone to terrorist attacks and financially strong. Thus, the terrorist activities have also resulted in brain drain.

Global Terrorism

Terrorism is not just limited to India but is a global problem. The reasons for the formation of terrorist groups in different countries remain more or less the same as that in India. The reasons mainly include socio-economic disparity, discrimination/ alienation, dissatisfaction with the functioning of the ruling party, religious extremism and ethno nationalism.

Almost every country in this world is suffering from one or the other problems mentioned above and this has led to the formation of various terrorist cells within these countries. These terrorist cells carry out terrorist attacks within the country from time to time to create an atmosphere of fear among the general public. Rivalry among different countries gives rise to transnational terrorism. This rivalry or feeling of hatred may be caused due to difference in religious sentiments, economic disparity, lack of aid provided to developing nations and more. Attacks on India by Pakistan and Pakistan’s attack on various other nations are a clear example of transnational terrorism.

Countries such as Pakistan, Syria, India, Russia, Egypt, Iraq, Libya, Nigeria, Israel, Philippines, Colombia, Somalia, Thailand, Turkey, Yemen and Nepal have been hit by numerous terrorist attacks in the past two decades. They have suffered from both domestic as well as transnational attacks. The 9/11 incident that happened in the United States has been one of the most heinous and major terrorist attacks on a first world country.

Also Check: Speech on Global Terrorism

Terrorist Attacks in India

India has seen several terrorist attacks that have created major fear among the public and have caused mass destruction. Here are some of the major terrorist attacks that hit India in the last few years:

1991 Punjab Killings
1993 Bombay Bomb Blasts
1993 RSS Bombing in Chennai
2000 Church Bombing
2000 Red Fort Terrorist Attack
2001 Indian Parliament Attack
2002 Mumbai Bus Bombing
2002 Attack on Akshardham Temple
2003 Mumbai Bombing
2004 Dhemaji School Bombing in Assam
2005 Delhi Bombings
2005 Indian Institute of Science Shooting
2006 Varanasi Bombings
2006 Mumbai Train Bombings
2006 Malegaon Bombings
2007 Samjhauta Express Bombings
2007 Mecca Masjid Bombing
2007 Hyderabad Bombing
2007 Ajmer Dargah Bombing
2008 Jaipur Bombings
2008 Bangalore Serial Blasts
2008 Ahmedabad Bombings
2008 Delhi Bombings
2008 Mumbai Attacks
2010 Pune Bombing
2010 Varanasi Bombing
2011 Mumbai Bombing
2011 Delhi Bombing
2012 Pune Bombing
2013 Hyderabad Blasts
2013 Srinagar Attack
2013 Bodh Gaya Bombings
2013 Patna Bombings
2014 Chhattisgarh Attack
2014 Jharkhand Blast
2014 Chennai Train Bombing
2014 Assam Violence
2014 Church Street Bomb Blast, Bangalore
2015 Jammu Attack
2015 Gurdaspur Attack
2015 Pathankot Attack
2016 Uri Attack
2016 Baramulla Attack
2017 Bhopal Ujjain Passenger Train Bombing
2017 Amarnath Yatra Attack
2018 Sukma Attack

Also Check: Essay on Global Terrorism

Agencies Fighting Terrorism in India

Many police, intelligence and military organizations in India have formed special agencies to fight terrorism in the country.

Anti Terrorism Squad (ATS)

Anti Terrorism Squad (ATS) operates in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan. It is a special police force that has stopped many terrorist attacks in India. It has adopted various special tactics to bar terrorism.

Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)

Established in the year 1968, RAW is the foreign intelligence agency of India. It is involved in neutralising terror elements that are a threat to the country, promoting counter proliferation and guarding India’s nuclear programme.

National Investigation Agency (NIA)

This agency has been set up by the Government of India to fight terrorism in the country. It came into being after the unfortunate 2008 Mumbai terror attacks. It has been given the right to take action against terrorist groups/ activities occurring in any Indian state without seeking any special permission from the states.

India has adversely been affected by terrorism. It is sad to see thousands of innocent lives gone because of terrorist attacks. Despite the formation of anti-terrorist agencies and their high end strategies, the terrorist groups still succeed in carrying out terrorist activities.

The Indian government’s response to terrorist attacks has never been as stern as it should be. It lacks proper strategic response to the terrorist activities and this encourages the terrorist cells to carry out such activities fearlessly.

Essay on Terrorism in India FAQs

What is the problem of terrorism in india.

Terrorism in India involves violent acts targeting civilians or property, causing fear and instability.

What is the rank of India in terrorism?

India has faced various terrorist incidents but ranking varies based on different assessments.

Which agency is against terrorism in India?

Several agencies like National Security Guard (NSG), National Investigation Agency (NIA), and state police forces work against terrorism in India.

What is a short note on terrorism?

Terrorism involves using violence or threats to create fear for political or ideological aims.

What is terrorism in India essay?

Terrorism in India refers to acts of violence causing harm, fear, and disruption to achieve certain goals or ideologies.

Indian government ordered killings in Pakistan, intelligence officials claim

Allegations of up to 20 assassinations since 2020 follow Canada’s accusation of Delhi role in murders of dissidents

The Indian government assassinated individuals in Pakistan as part of a wider strategy to eliminate terrorists living on foreign soil, according to Indian and Pakistani intelligence operatives who spoke to the Guardian.

Interviews with intelligence officials in both countries, as well as documents shared by Pakistani investigators, shed new light on how India’s foreign intelligence agency allegedly began to carry out assassinations abroad as part of an emboldened approach to national security after 2019. The agency, the Research & Analysis Wing (Raw), is directly controlled by the office of India’s prime minister, Narendra Modi, who is running for a third term in office in elections later this month.

The accounts appear to give further weight to allegations that Delhi has implemented a policy of targeting those it considers hostile to India. While the new allegations refer to individuals charged with serious and violent terror offences, India has also been accused publicly by Washington and Ottawa of involvement in the murders of dissident figures including a Sikh activist in Canada and of a botched assassination attempt on another Sikh in the US last year.

The fresh claims relate to almost 20 killings since 2020, carried out by unknown gunmen in Pakistan. While India has previously been unofficially linked to the deaths, this is the first time Indian intelligence personnel have discussed the alleged operations in Pakistan, and detailed documentation has been seen alleging Raw’s direct involvement in the assassinations.

The allegations also suggest that Sikh separatists in the Khalistan movement were targeted as part of these Indian foreign operations, both in Pakistan and the west.

According to Pakistani investigators, these deaths were orchestrated by Indian intelligence sleeper-cells mostly operating out of the United Arab Emirates. The rise in killings in 2023 was credited to the increased activity of these cells, which are accused of paying millions of rupees to local criminals or poor Pakistanis to carry out the assassinations. Indian agents also allegedly recruited jihadists to carry out the shootings, making them believe they were killing “infidels”.

Pakistani Sikhs hold placards and a banner during a protest over the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar

According to two Indian intelligence officers, the spy agency’s shift to focusing on dissidents abroad was triggered by the Pulwama attack in 2019 , when a suicide bomber targeted a military convoy in Indian-administered Kashmir, killing 40 paramilitary personnel. The Pakistan-based terror group Jaish-e-Mohammed claimed responsibility.

Modi was running for a second term at the time and was brought back to power in the aftermath of the attack.

“After Pulwama, the approach changed to target the elements outside the country before they are able to launch an attack or create any disturbance,” one Indian intelligence operative said. “We could not stop the attacks because ultimately their safe havens were in Pakistan, so we had to get to the source.”

To conduct such operations “needed approval from the highest level of government”, he added.

The officer said India had drawn inspiration from intelligence agencies such as Israel’s the Mossad and Russia’s KGB, which have been linked to extrajudicial killings on foreign soil. He also said the killing of the Saudi journalist and dissident Jamal Khashoggi, who was murdered in 2018 in the Saudi embassy, had been directly cited by Raw officials.

“It was a few months after the killing of Jamal Khashoggi that there was a debate among the top brass of intelligence in the prime minister’s office about how something can be learned from the case. One senior officer said in a meeting that if Saudis can do this, why not us?” he recounted.

“What the Saudis did was very effective. You not only get rid of your enemy but send a chilling message, a warning to the people working against you. Every intelligence agency has been doing this. Our country cannot be strong without exerting power over our enemies.”

Senior officials from two separate Pakistani intelligence agencies said they suspected India’s involvement in up to 20 killings since 2020. They pointed to evidence relating to previously undisclosed inquiries into seven of the cases – including witness testimonies, arrest records, financial statements, WhatsApp messages and passports – which investigators say showcase in detail the operations conducted by Indian spies to assassinate targets on Pakistani soil. The Guardian has seen the documents but they could not be independently verified.

Pakistani security forces member with gun

The intelligence sources claimed that targeted assassinations increased significantly in 2023, accusing India of involvement in the suspected deaths of about 15 people, most of whom were shot at close range by unknown gunmen.

In a response to the Guardian, India’s ministry of external affairs denied all the allegations, reiterating an earlier statement that they were “false and malicious anti-India propaganda”. The ministry emphasised a previous denial made by India’s foreign minister, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, that targeted killings in other countries were “not the government of India’s policy”.

In the killing of Zahid Akhund , an alias for the convicted Kashmiri terrorist Zahoor Mistry who was involved in the deadly hijacking of an Air India flight, the Pakistani documents say a Raw handler allegedly paid for information on Akhund’s movements and location over a period of months. She then allegedly contacted him directly, pretending to be a journalist who wanted to interview a terrorist, in order to confirm his identity.

“Are you Zahid? I am a journalist from the New York Post,” read messages in the dossier shown to the Guardian. Zahid is said to have responded: “For what u r messaging me?”

Millions of rupees were then allegedly paid to Afghan nationals to carry out the shooting in Karachi in March 2022. They fled over the border but their handlers were later arrested by Pakistani security agencies .

According to the evidence gathered by Pakistan, the killings were regularly coordinated out of the UAE, where Raw established sleeper cells that would separately arrange different parts of the operation and recruit the killers.

Investigators alleged that millions of rupees would often be paid to criminals or impoverished locals to carry out the murders, with documents claiming that payments were mostly done via Dubai. Meetings of Raw handlers overseeing the killings are also said to have taken also place in Nepal, the Maldives and Mauritius.

“This policy of Indian agents organising killings in Pakistan hasn’t been developed overnight,” said a Pakistani official. “We believe they have worked for around two years to establish these sleeper cells in the UAE who are mostly organising the executions. After that, we began witnessing many killings.”

Aftermath of a protest in Jammu, India, after the Pulwama terror attack in 2019

In the case of Shahid Latif , the commander of Jaish-e-Mohammed and one of India’s most notorious militants, several attempts were allegedly made to kill him. In the end, the documents claim, it was an illiterate 20-year-old Pakistani who carried out the assassination in Pakistan in October, allegedly recruited by Raw in the UAE, where he was working for a minimal salary in an Amazon packing warehouse.

Pakistani investigators found that the man had allegedly been paid 1.5m Pakistani rupees (£4,000) by an undercover Indian agent to track down Latif and later was promised 15m Pakistani rupees and his own catering company in the UAE if he carried out the killing. The young man shot Latif dead in a mosque in Sialkot but was arrested soon after, along with accomplices.

The killings of Bashir Ahmad Peer , commander of the militant outfit Hizbul Mujahideen, and Saleem Rehmani, who was on India’s most-wanted list, were also allegedly planned out of the UAE, with transaction receipts from Dubai appearing to show payments of millions of rupees to the killers. Rehmani’s death had previously been reported as the result of a suspected armed robbery .

Analysts believe Pakistani authorities have been reluctant to publicly acknowledge the killings as most of the targets are known terrorists and associates of outlawed militant groups that Islamabad has long denied sheltering.

In most cases, public information about their deaths has been scant. However, Pakistani agencies showed evidence they had conducted investigations and arrests behind closed doors.

The figures given to the Guardian match up with those collated by analysts who have been tracking unclaimed militant killings in Pakistan. Ajay Sahni, the executive director of the Institute for Conflict Management in Delhi, said his organisation had documented 20 suspicious fatalities in Pakistan by unknown attackers since 2020, though two had been claimed by local militant groups. He emphasised that because of Pakistan’s refusal to publicly investigate the cases – or even acknowledge that these individuals had been living in their jurisdiction – “we have no way of knowing the cause”.

“If you look at the numbers, there is clearly a shift in intent by someone or other,” said Sahni. “It would be in Pakistan’s interest to say this has been done by India. Equally, one of the legitimate lines of inquiry would be possible involvement of the Indian agencies.”

Pakistan’s foreign secretary, Muhammad Syrus Sajjad Qazi, publicly acknowledged two of the killings in a press conference in January, where he accused India of carrying out a “sophisticated and sinister” campaign of “extraterritorial and extrajudicial killings” in Pakistan.

Islamabad’s accusations were met with scepticism by others, due to the longstanding animosity between the two neighbouring countries who have gone to war four times and have often made unsubstantiated accusations against the other.

For decades India has accused Pakistan of bankrolling a violent militant insurgency in the disputed region of Indian-administered Kashmir and of giving a safe haven to terrorists. In the early 2000s, India was hit by successive terrorist attacks orchestrated by Pakistan-based Islamist militant groups, including the 2006 Mumbai train blasts , which killed more than 160 people, and the 2008 Mumbai bombings , which killed 172 people.

Both countries are known to have carried out cross-border intelligence operations, including small bomb blasts. However, analysts and Pakistani officials described the alleged systematic targeted killings of dissidents by Indian agents on Pakistani soil since 2020 as “new and unprecedented”.

The majority of those allegedly killed by Raw in Pakistan in the past three years have been individuals associated with militant groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, and in several cases have convictions or proven links to some of India’s deadliest terrorist incidents, which have killed hundreds of people. Others were seen to be “handlers” of Kashmiri militants who helped coordinate attacks and spread information from afar.

According to one of the Indian intelligence officers, the Pulwama attack in 2019 prompted fears that militant groups in Pakistan were planning a repeat of attacks such as the 2008 Mumbai bombings.

“The previous approach had been to foil terrorist attacks,” he said. “But while we were able to make significant progress in bringing the terrorist numbers down in Kashmir, the problem was the handlers in Pakistan. We could not just wait for another Mumbai or an attack on parliament when we are aware that the planners were still operating in Pakistan.”

In September, the Canadian prime minister, Justin Trudeau, told parliament there were “credible allegations” that Indian agents had orchestrated the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a prominent Sikh activist who was gunned down in Vancouver. Weeks later, the US Department of Justice released an indictment vividly detailing how an Indian agent had attempted to recruit a hitman in New York to kill another Sikh activist, later named as Gurpatwant Singh Pannun.

Both men had been major advocates of the Khalistan movement , which seeks to create an independent Sikh state and is illegal in India. India denied any involvement in the killing of Nijjar, while according to a recent report , India’s own investigation into the Pannun plot concluded that it had been carried out by a rogue agent who was no longer working for Raw.

According to one Indian intelligence official, Delhi recently ordered the suspension of targeted killings in Pakistan after Canada and the US went public with their allegations. No suspicious killings have taken place so far this year.

Two Indian operatives separately confirmed that diaspora Khalistani activists had become a focus of India’s foreign operations after hundreds of thousands of farmers, mostly Sikhs from Punjab, descended on Delhi to protest against new farm laws. The protest ultimately forced the government into a rare policy U-turn, which was seen as an embarrassment .

The suspicion in Delhi was that firebrand Sikh activists living abroad, particularly those in Canada, the US and the UK, were fuelling the farmers’ protests and stirring up international support through their strong global networks. It stoked fears that these activists could be a destabilising force and were capable of reviving Khalistani militancy in India.

“Places were raided and people were arrested in Punjab, but things were actually being controlled from places like Canada,” said one of the Indian intelligence operatives. “Like other intelligence agencies, we had to deal with it.”

In the UK, Sikhs in the West Midlands were issued “threat to life” warnings, amid growing concern about the safety of separatist campaigners who Sikhs claim are being targeted by the Indian government.

Before the US and Canadian cases, a high-profile Khalistani leader, Paramjit Singh Panjwar , was shot dead in Lahore last May. Pakistani investigators claimed they had warned Panjwar that his life was in danger a month before he was killed and said another Khalistani activist living in Pakistan has also faced threats to his life.

Panjwar’s assassination is among those alleged to have been carried out by Indian operatives using what Pakistani agencies described as the “religious method”. According to the documents, Indian agents used social media to infiltrate networks of Islamic State (IS) and units connected to the Taliban, where they recruited and groomed Pakistani Islamist radicals to carry out hit jobs on Indian dissidents by telling them they were carrying out “sacred killings” of “infidels”.

These agents allegedly sought help from former IS fighters from the Indian state of Kerala – who had travelled to Afghanistan to fight for IS but surrendered after 2019 and were brought back through diplomatic channels – to get access to these jihadist networks.

According to an investigation by the Pakistani agencies, Panjwar’s killer, who was later caught, allegedly thought he was working on the instructions of the Pakistan Taliban affiliate Badri 313 Battalion and had to prove himself by killing an enemy of Islam.

The killing of Riyaz Ahmad , a top Lashkar-e-Taiba commander, in September last year was allegedly carried out by Raw in a similar manner. His killer, Pakistan believes, was recruited through a Telegram channel for those who wanted to fight for IS, and which had been infiltrated by Raw agents.

They have claimed the assassin was Muhammad Abdullah, a 20-year-old from Lahore. He allegedly told Pakistani investigators he was promised he would be sent to Afghanistan to fight for IS if he passed the test of killing an “infidel” in Pakistan, with Ahmed presented as the target. Abdullah shot and killed Ahmed during early morning prayers at a mosque in Rawalkot, but was later arrested by Pakistani authorities.

Walter Ladwig, a political scientist at King’s College London, said the alleged shift in strategy was in line with Modi’s more aggressive approach to foreign policy and that just as western states have been accused of extrajudicial killings abroad in the name of national security, there were those in Delhi who felt “India reserves the right to do the same”.

Daniel Markey, a senior adviser on south Asia at the United States Institute of Peace, said: “In terms of India’s involvement, it all kind of adds up. It’s utterly consistent with this framing of India having arrived on the world stage. Being willing to take this kind of action against perceived threats has been interpreted, at least by some Indians, as a marker of great power status.”

The allegations of extrajudicial killings, which would violate international law, could raise difficult questions for western countries that have pursued an increasingly close strategic and economic relationship with Modi and his Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata party (BJP) government, including pushing for intelligence-sharing agreements.

A former senior Raw official who served before Modi’s premiership denied that extrajudicial killings were part of the agency’s remit. He confirmed that nothing would be done without the knowledge of the national security adviser, who would then report it to the prime minister, and on occasion they would report directly to the prime minister. “I could not do anything without their approval,” he said.

The former Raw official claimed that the killings were more likely to have been carried out by Pakistan themselves, a view that has been echoed by others in India.

Pakistani agencies denied this, pointing to a list of more than two dozen dissidents living in Pakistan to whom they had recently issued direct warnings of threats to their lives and instructed them to go into hiding. Three individuals in Pakistan said they had been given these warnings. They claimed others who had not heeded the threats and continued their normal routines were now dead.

South and central Asia

"In Today's India, Uri Is Our Reply...": S Jaishankar On Stance Against Terrorism

The external affairs minister highlighted prime minister narendra modi's leadership in handling security challenges..

The minister also praised the dedication and resilience of India's armed forces.

External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar on Wednesday reaffirmed India's unwavering stance against cross-border terrorism, particularly highlighting Prime Minister Narendra Modi's leadership in handling security challenges.

Reflecting on past experiences, Mr Jaishankar drew attention to India's stance on cross-border terrorism before PM Modi's era, and underscored a notable shift since the Mumbai attacks in 2008, stating, "That era is now behind us. Since the Mumbai attacks on 26/11, we haven't witnessed any major terrorist incidents in our country. In today's India, be it any terrorist incident, Uri is our reply."

Mr Jaishankar emphasised the criticality of security in border regions, acknowledging its paramount importance to every citizen.

"Security is a significant concern in these border districts, and it holds immense importance in the minds of every citizen," he said while addressing a press conference in Bikaner.

Highlighting the challenges faced on the northern borders, the external affairs minister praised the dedication and resilience of India's armed forces. "Even in the northern borders, despite facing various hardships such as extreme weather conditions and pandemics, our forces stand firm, ready to confront any adversity," he asserted.

#WATCH | Bikaner, Rajasthan: EAM Dr S Jaishankar says, "...Earlier, India used to tolerate terrorism from across the border. That time is over now. What happened in Mumbai on 26/11 -never happened in the country under PM Modi...Our response to any terrorist attack is that of… pic.twitter.com/5KWQxXHbvm — ANI (@ANI) April 10, 2024

Mr Jaishankar emphasised the transformative impact of PM Modi's leadership, drawing a clear distinction between the governance of the past and the present. "The difference lies in Modi ji. Earlier, PM Modi wasn't there, now PM Modi is here. That's why there's been a difference in the last 10 years," he explained.

Drawing from his extensive experience in government roles, Mr Jaishankar highlighted the importance of strong leadership and clarity in decision-making. "When the system perceives strong leadership, there's clarity in directives, making it easier for us to articulate our stance and act decisively," he noted.

"It's easier for us to state our case, and even if we need to take some action, there's no doubt for us. We know that we have 100 per cent backing, and we don't hesitate to act," the minister said.

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"I've been in government for 47 years, so I've seen many Prime Ministers; I've seen many administrations. But I can tell you that in the last 10 years, when I talk about foreign policy, if you go to other ministries, delve into different issues, look at governance, you'll see that when there's good governance, when there's leadership, when there's commitment, when there's a connection with the public, you see these results," Mr Jaishankar added.

(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)

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Sensible Ways to Fight Terrorism

More from our inbox:, the quake, as felt in manhattan, r.f.k. jr.’s claim of ‘censorship’, obstacles to liberalism, prioritizing and valuing care jobs.

A long-exposure photo of crowds of people walking past a pile of bouquets of flowers.

To the Editor:

Re “ The West Still Hasn’t Figured Out How to Beat ISIS ,” by Christopher P. Costa and Colin P. Clarke (Opinion guest essay, April 1):

Two clear lessons have emerged in the decade since ISIS exploded on the world scene. First, as the authors note, pulling all U.S. troops and intelligence assets from fragile conflict zones is a boon to globalized terror movements. Despite political promises, the full U.S. withdrawal from Iraq in 2011 and Afghanistan in 2021 did not “end” those wars; it transformed them into more complex and potentially more deadly challenges.

Second, we must reckon with the underlying grievances that make violent anti-Western ideologies, including militant jihadism, attractive to so many in the first place. These include the ill effects of globalization, and a “rules-based” world order increasingly insensitive to the needs of developing countries and regions.

Simply maintaining a military or intelligence presence in terror hot spots does nothing to reduce the sticky recruiting power of militant movements. Unless the United States and its allies and partners begin offering tangible policies that counter jihadi ideology and propaganda, we will just continue attacking the symptoms, not the causes.

Stuart Gottlieb New York The writer teaches American foreign policy and international security at Columbia University.

The Islamic State’s territorial caliphate in Iraq and Syria may have been eliminated years ago, but as Christopher P. Costa and Colin P. Clarke write, the terrorist group itself is very much in business. ISIS-K, its branch in Afghanistan, has conducted two large-scale external attacks over the last two months — one in Iran that killed more than 80 people and another near Moscow that took the lives of more than 130.

If the United States and its allies haven’t found a way to defeat ISIS-K in its entirety, it’s because terrorism itself is an enemy that can’t be defeated in the traditional sense of the term. This is why the war on terror framework, initiated under the George W. Bush administration immediately after the 9/11 attacks, was such poor terminology. Terrorism is going to be with us for as long as humanity exists.

Viewed this way, terrorism is a conflict management problem, not one that can be solved. While this may sound defeatist to many, it’s also the coldhearted truth. Assuming otherwise risks enacting policies, like invading whole countries (Iraq and Afghanistan), that are likely to create even more anti-U.S. terrorism than we started with.

Of course, all countries should remain vigilant. Terrorism will continue to be a part of the threat environment. The U.S. intelligence community must ensure that its counterterrorism infrastructure is well resourced and continues to focus on areas, like Afghanistan, where the U.S. no longer has a troop presence. But for the U.S., a big part of the solution is keeping our ambitions realistic and prioritizing among terrorist threats lest the system gets overloaded or pulled in too many directions at once.

While all terrorism is tragic, not all terrorist groups are created equal. Local and even regional groups with local objectives aren’t as important to the U.S. as groups that have transnational aims and the capabilities to strike U.S. targets. This, combined with keeping a cool head instead of trafficking in threat inflation, is key to a successful response.

Daniel R. DePetris New Rochelle, N.Y. The writer is a fellow at Defense Priorities, a foreign policy think tank in Washington.

Re “ Earthquake Rattles Northeast, but Little Damage Is Reported ” (live updates, nytimes.com, April 5):

I’m lying in bed Friday morning, on 14th Street in Manhattan. Suddenly I feel and see the bed start to shake!

My first thought — OMG, I’m in “The Exorcist.” Then an alert on my phone tells me that it’s an earthquake in New York City.

Frankly, I’m not sure which one scared me more.

Steven Doloff New York

Re “ Kennedy Calls Biden Bigger Threat to Democracy Than Trump ” (news article, April 3):

Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s concern about the Biden administration’s “censorship” of misinformation might be viewed as legitimate if the American public demonstrated more responsibility about fact-checking what they see and hear on social media and other information platforms masquerading as legitimate sources of news.

Sadly, many in this country, and indeed the world, have abdicated responsibility for being factually informed about current events. As long as bad actors have unfettered access to social media platforms, it will be necessary to “censor” the misinformation they claim as fact. The world has become the proverbial crowded theater where one cannot yell “fire.”

Helen Ogden Pacific Grove, Calif.

Re “ The Great Struggle for Liberalism ,” by David Brooks (column, March 29):

In face of growing populism at home and abroad, Mr. Brooks issues a cri de coeur on behalf of liberal democracy and democratic capitalism, which provide the means to a “richer, fuller and more dynamic life.”

His impassioned plea for “we the people” of these United States to experience a sense of common purpose, to build a society in which culture is celebrated and families thrive, is made despite existential challenges to American liberalism:

1) We do not share an overarching belief in who we are as a people, as a nation.

2) Trust in our three branches of government, in checks and balances, is broken amid warring partisanship.

3) There is, for many, as Mr. Brooks notes, an “absence of meaning, belonging and recognition” that drives a tilt to authoritarianism in search of the restoration of “cultural, moral and civic stability” by any means necessary.

The ballot box in a free and open society allows for choice, and there are those who, in exercising their right to vote, would choose to cancel the aspirational hopes of the preamble to our Constitution.

David Brooks sees the full measure of the choices facing America and the world in 2024. Do we?

Michael Katz Washington

Re “ New Ways to Bring Wealth to Nations ,” by Patricia Cohen (news analysis, Business, April 4):

Ms. Cohen is right to argue that the service sector will be the key to economic growth in the future. However, it’s essential to consider what service jobs are — and who will be doing them.

Of course, the service industry includes office workers in tech hubs like Bengaluru, as highlighted by Ms. Cohen. Currently, these jobs are held predominantly by men, so to spur inclusive growth, employers and governments must make sure women have equal access.

But the service sector also includes hundreds of millions of people — mostly women — who are teachers and who care for children, older people and those with disabilities and illnesses. To seize the opportunity ahead, governments must position care jobs as careers of the future for women and men, alongside tech jobs. This requires making sure these positions provide good pay and working conditions.

If the goal is sustainable growth, the best approach leverages the critical care sector to generate income in the short run and prepare healthy, well-educated young people, which maintains progress in the long run.

Anita Zaidi Seattle The writer is president of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s Gender Equality Division.

Essay: The New Idea of India

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From the middle of April until early June, staggered over the course of several weeks, the world’s biggest election will take place. More than 960 million Indians—out of a population of 1.4 billion—are eligible to vote in parliamentary elections that polls strongly suggest will return Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to power for a third consecutive term.

Modi is probably the world’s most popular leader. According to a recent Morning Consult poll , 78 percent of Indians approve of his leadership. (The next three highest-ranked leaders, from Mexico, Argentina, and Switzerland, generate approval ratings of 63, 62, and 56 percent, respectively.) It is not hard to see why Modi is admired. He is a charismatic leader, a masterful orator in Hindi, and widely perceived as hard-working and committed to the country’s success. He is regarded as unlikely to turn to nepotism or corruption, often attributed to the fact that he is a 73-year-old man without a partner or children. Modi has few genuine competitors. His power within his party is absolute, and his opponents are fractured, weak, and dynastic—a quality usually equated with graft. Whether it is through maximizing his opportunity to host the G-20 or through his high-profile visits abroad, Modi has expanded India’s presence on the world stage and, with it, his own popularity. New Delhi is also becoming more assertive in its foreign policy, prioritizing self-interest over ideology and morality—another choice that is not without considerable domestic appeal.

Modi’s success can confuse his detractors. After all, he has increasingly authoritarian tendencies: Modi only rarely attends press conferences, has stopped sitting down for interviews with the few remaining journalists who would ask him difficult questions, and has largely sidestepped parliamentary debate. He has centralized power and built a cult of personality while weakening India’s system of federalism. Under his leadership, the country’s Hindu majority has become dominant. This salience of one religion can have ugly impacts, harming minority groups and calling into question the country’s commitment to secularism. Key pillars of democracy, such as a free press and an independent judiciary, have been eroded.

Yet Modi wins—democratically. The political scientist Sunil Khilnani argued in his 1997 book, The Idea of India , that it was democracy, rather than culture or religion, that shaped what was then a 50-year-old country. The primary embodiment of this idea, according to Khilnani, was India’s first prime minister, the anglicized, University of Cambridge-educated Jawaharlal Nehru, who went by the nickname “Joe” into his 20s. Nehru believed in a vision of a liberal, secular country that would serve as a contrast to Pakistan, which was formed explicitly as a Muslim homeland. Modi is, in many ways, Nehru’s opposite. Born into a lower-caste, lower-middle-class family, the current prime minister’s formative education came from years of traveling around the country as a Hindu community organizer, sleeping in ordinary people’s homes and building an understanding of their collective frustrations and aspirations. Modi’s idea of India, while premised on electoral democracy and welfarism, is substantially different from Nehru’s. It centers culture and religion in the state’s affairs; it defines nationhood through Hinduism; and it believes a powerful chief executive is preferable to a liberal one, even if that means the curtailment of individual rights and civil liberties. This alternative vision—a form of illiberal democracy—is an increasingly winning proposition for Modi and his BJP.

Hindus represent 80 percent of India’s population. The BJP courts this mega-majority by making them feel proud of their religion and culture. Sometimes, it aids this project by stirring up resentment of the country’s 200 million Muslims, who form 14 percent of the population. The BJP also attempts to further a version of history that interprets Hindus as victimized by successive hordes of invaders. Hindus hardly comprise a monolith, divided as they are by caste and language, but the BJP requires only half their support to win national elections. In 2014, it secured 31 percent of the national vote to gain a majority of seats in Parliament—the first time in three decades a single party had done so. It did even better in 2019, with 37 percent of the vote.

An illiberal, Hindi-dominated, and Hindu-first nation is emerging, and it is challenging—even eclipsing—other ideas of India, including Jawaharlal Nehru’s.

At least some part of the BJP’s success can be attributed to Modi’s name recognition and tireless performances on the campaign trail. But focusing too much on one man can be a distraction from understanding India’s trajectory. Even though Modi has acquired a greater concentration of power than any Indian leader in a generation, his core religious agenda has long been telegraphed by his party, as well as by its ideological parent, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu social society and paramilitary group that counts more than 5 million members. While Modi has been the primary face of the BJP since 2014, the party itself has existed in its current form since 1980. (The RSS, to which Modi traces his true ideological roots, is even older. It will mark its 100th anniversary next year.) The BJP’s vision—its idea of India—is hardly new or hidden. It is clearly described in its election manifestos and, combined with Modi’s salesmanship, is increasingly successful at the ballot box.

Put another way, while India’s current political moment has much to do with supply—in the form of a once-in-a-generation leader and few convincing alternatives—it may also have something to do with shifting demand. The success of the BJP’s political project reveals a clearer picture of what India is becoming. Nearly half the country’s population is under the age of 25. Many of these young Indians are looking to assert a new cultural and social vision of nationhood. An illiberal, Hindi-dominated, and Hindu-first nation is emerging, and it is challenging—even eclipsing—other ideas of India, including Nehru’s. This has profound impacts for both domestic and foreign policy. The sooner India’s would-be partners and rivals realize this, the better they will be able to manage New Delhi’s growing global clout. “The Nehruvian idea of India is dead,” said Vinay Sitapati, the author of India Before Modi . “Something is definitely lost. But the question is whether that idea was alien to India in the first place.”

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Indians bristle at reports of how their country has fallen in recent years on key markers of the health of its civil society. It is nonetheless worth contending with those assessments. According to Reporters Without Borders, India ranked 161st out of 180 countries for press freedom in 2023, down from 80th out of 139 countries in 2002. Freedom House, which measures democracy around the world, marked India as only “partly free” in its 2024 report, with Indian-administered Kashmir receiving a “not free” designation. Only a handful of countries and territories, such as Russia and Hong Kong, experienced a greater decline in freedom over the last decade than India. The World Economic Forum’s 2023 Global Gender Gap Index ranks India 127th out of 146 countries. The World Justice Project ranks India 79th out of 142 countries for adherence to the rule of law, down from 59th in 2015. As one legal scholar wrote in Scroll.in , the judiciary has “placed its enormous arsenal at the government’s disposal in pursuit of its radical majoritarian agenda.” Consider, as well, access to the web: India has administered more internet shutdowns than any country in the last decade, even more than Iran and Myanmar.

The social indicator that worries observers of India the most is religious freedom. Troubles between Hindus and Muslims are not new. But in its decade in power, Modi’s BJP has been remarkably successful in furthering its Hindu-first agenda through legislation. It has done so by revoking the semi-autonomous status of majority-Muslim Kashmir in 2019 and later that year—an election year—passing an immigration law that fast-tracked citizenship for non-Muslims from three neighboring countries, each of which has a large Muslim majority. (The law, which makes it more difficult for Indian Muslims to prove their citizenship, was implemented in March. The timing of this announcement seemed to highlight its electoral benefits.)

Perhaps more damaging than these legislative maneuvers has been the Modi administration’s silence, and often its dog whistles of encouragement, amid an increasingly menacing climate for Indian Muslims. While Nehru’s emphasis on secularism once imposed implicit rules in the public sphere, Hindus can now question Muslims’ loyalty to India with relative impunity. Hindu supremacy has become the norm; critics are branded “anti-national.” This dominance culminated on Jan. 22, when Modi consecrated a giant temple to the Hindu god Ram in the northern Indian city of Ayodhya. The temple, which cost $250 million to build, was constructed on the site of a mosque that was demolished by a Hindu mob in 1992. When that happened three decades ago, top BJP leaders recoiled from the violence they had unleashed. Today, that embarrassment has morphed into an expression of national pride. “It is the beginning of a new era,” said Modi, adorned in a Hindu priest’s garb at the temple’s opening, in front of an audience of top Bollywood stars and the country’s business elite.

“The BJP’s dominance is primarily demand-driven,” Sitapati said. “Progressives are in denial about this.”

Modi’s vision of what it means to be Indian is at least partly borne out in public opinion. When the Pew Research Center conducted a major survey of religion in India between late 2019 and early 2020, it found that 64 percent of Hindus believed being Hindu was very important to being “truly Indian,” while 59 percent said speaking Hindi was similarly foundational in defining Indianness; 84 percent considered religion to be “very important” in their lives; and 59 percent prayed daily. “The BJP’s dominance is primarily demand-driven,” said Sitapati, who also teaches law and politics at Shiv Nadar University Chennai. “Progressives are in denial about this.”

Sitapati has critics on the left who claim his scholarship underplays the militant roots of the BJP and RSS, helping to rehabilitate their image. But on the question of demand and supply: The BJP’s dominance is limited to the country’s north, where most people speak Hindi. In the wealthier south, where tech firms are flourishing, literacy rates are higher, and most people speak languages such as Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam, the BJP is decidedly less popular. Southern leaders harbor a growing resentment that their taxes are subsidizing the Hindi Belt in the north. This geographic cleavage could come to a head in 2026, when a national process of redistricting is expected to take place. Opposition leaders fear the BJP could redraw parliamentary constituencies to its advantage. If the BJP succeeds, it could continue winning at the polls long beyond Modi’s time.

Despite all this, Sitapati contends that the country remains democratic: “Political participation is higher than ever. Elections are free and fair. The BJP regularly loses state elections. If your definition of democracy is focused on the sanctity of elections and the substance of policies, then democracy is thriving.” In Indian society, he said, culture is not centered on liberalism and individual rights; Modi’s rise must be viewed within that context.

Liberal Indians who might disagree are vanishing from the public eye. One clear exception is the Booker Prize-winning novelist Arundhati Roy. Speaking in Lausanne, Switzerland, last September, she described an India descending into fascism . The ruling BJP’s “message of Hindu supremacism has relentlessly been disseminated to a population of 1.4 billion people,” Roy said. “Consequently, elections are a season of murder, lynching, and dog-whistling. … It is no longer just our leaders we must fear but a whole section of the population.”

Is the mobilization of more than a billion Hindus a form of tyranny of the majority? Not quite, says Pratap Bhanu Mehta, an Indian political scientist who teaches at Princeton University. “Hindu nationalists will say that theirs is a classic nation-building project,” he said, underscoring how independent India is still a young country. Populism, too, is an unsatisfying term for describing Modi’s politics. Even though he plays up his modest background, he is hardly anti-elitist and in fact frequently courts top Indian and global business leaders to invest in the country. Sometimes, they directly finance Modi’s success: A 2017 provision for electoral bonds brought in more than $600 million in anonymous donations to the BJP. The Supreme Court scrapped the scheme in March, calling it “unconstitutional,” but the ruling is likely too late to have prevented the influence of big donors in this year’s election.

Mukul Kesavan, a historian based in New Delhi, argues that it would be more accurate to describe the BJP’s agenda as majoritarianism. “Majoritarianism just needs a minority to mobilize against—a hatred of the internal other,” he said. “India is at the vanguard of this. There is no one else doing what we are doing. I am continually astonished that the West doesn’t see this.”

What the West also doesn’t always see is that Modi is substantially different from strongmen such as Donald Trump in the United States. While Trump propagated an ideology that eclipsed that of the Republican Party, Modi is fulfilling the RSS’s century-old movement to equate Indianness more closely with Hinduism. Surveys and elections both reveal this movement’s time has come.

“People aren’t blinkered. They’re willing to accept trade-offs,” said Mehta, explaining how growing numbers of Indians have accepted the BJP’s premise of a Hindu state, even if there are elements of that project that make them uncomfortable. “They don’t think the majoritarian agenda presents a deal-breaker.” For now, at least. A key question is what happens when majoritarianism provokes something that challenges public acceptance of this trade-off. The greatest risk here lies in a potential surge of communal violence, the likes of which have pockmarked Indian history. In 2002, for example, 58 Hindu pilgrims were killed in Godhra, in the western state of Gujarat, after a train that was returning from Ayodhya caught fire. Modi, then chief minister of Gujarat, declared the incident an act of terrorism. After rumors circulated that Muslims were responsible for the fire, a mob embarked on three days of violence in the state, killing more than a thousand people. An overwhelming majority of the dead were Muslim. Modi has never been convicted of any involvement, but the tragedy has followed him in ways both damaging and to his advantage. Liberal Indians were horrified that he didn’t do more to stop the violence, but the message for a substantial number of Hindus was that he would stop at nothing to protect them.

Twenty-two years later, Modi is a mainstream leader catering to a national constituency that is much more diverse than that of Gujarat. While the riots once loomed large in his biography, Indians now see them as just one part of a complicated career in the public eye. What is unknown is how they might react to another mass outbreak of communal violence and whether civil society retains the muscle to rein in the worst excesses of its people. Optimists will point out that India has been through tough moments and emerged stronger. When Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in 1975, giving her the license to rule by decree, voters kicked her out of power the first chance they got. Modi, however, has a stronger grip on the country—and he continues to expand his powers while winning at the ballot box.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi greets a crowd in Varanasi, India, on March 4, 2022. Ritesh Shukla/Getty Images

Just as citizens can’t subsist purely on the ideals of secularism and liberalism, it’s the same with nationalism and majoritarianism. In the end, the state must deliver. Here, Modi’s record is mixed. “Modi sees Japan as a model—modern in an industrial sense without being Western in a cultural sense,” Sitapati said. “He has delivered on an ideological project that is Hindu revivalism mixed with industrialization.”

India is undertaking a vast national project of state-building under Modi. Since 2014, spending on transport has more than tripled as a share of GDP. India is currently building more than 6,000 miles of highways a year and has doubled the length of its rural road network since 2014. In 2022, capitalizing on a red-hot aviation market, New Delhi privatized its creaky national carrier, Air India. India has twice as many airports today than it did a decade ago, with domestic passengers more than doubling in quantity to top 200 million. Its middle classes are spending more money: Average monthly per capita consumption expenditure in urban areas rose by 146 percent in the last decade. Meanwhile, India is whittling down its infamous bureaucratic hurdles to become an easier place for industry. According to the World Bank’s annual Doing Business report, India rose from a rank of 134th in 2014 to 63rd in 2020. Investors seem bullish. The country’s main stock index, the BSE Sensex, has increased in value by 250 percent in the last decade.

Strongmen are usually more popular among men than women. It is a strange paradox, then, that the BJP won a record number of votes by women in the 2019 national election and is projected to do so again in 2024, as voter participation , and voting by women, continues to climb. Modi has targeted female voters through the canny deployment of services that make domestic life easier. Rural access to piped water, for example, has climbed to more than 75 percent from just 16.8 percent in 2019. Modi declared India free of open defecation in 2019 after a campaign to build more than 110 million toilets. And according to the International Energy Agency, 45 percent of India’s electricity transmission lines have been installed in the last decade.

The most transformative force in the country is the ongoing proliferation of the internet, as I wrote in my 2018 book, India Connected . Just as the invention of the car more than a century ago shaped modern America, with the corresponding building out of the interstate system and suburbia, cheap smartphones have enabled Indians to partake in a burgeoning digital ecosystem. Though it didn’t have much to do with the smartphone and internet boom, the government has capitalized on it. India’s Unified Payments Interface, a government-run instant payment system, now accounts for three-fourths of all non-cash retail transactions in the country. With the help of digital banking and a new national biometric identification system, New Delhi has been able to sidestep corruption by directly transferring subsidies to citizens, saving billions of dollars in wastage.

Modi is projecting an image of a more powerful, muscular, prideful nation—and Indians are in thrall to the self-portrait.

The private sector has been a willing participant in India’s new digital and physical economy. But it has also been strangely leery of investing more, as two leading economists describe in this issue (Page 42). Businesses remain concerned that Modi has a cabal of preferred partners in his plans for industrialization—for example, he is seen as too cozy with the country’s two richest men, Mukesh Ambani and Gautam Adani, both of whom hail from his native state of Gujarat. Fears abound that New Delhi’s history of retroactive taxation and protectionism could blow up the best laid corporate plans.

Because he has corralled great power, when Modi missteps, the consequences tend to be enormous. In 2016, he suddenly announced a process of demonetization, recalling high-value notes of currency as legal tender. While the move attempted to reduce corruption by outing people with large amounts of untaxed income, it was in fact a stunt that reduced India’s growth by nearly 2 percentage points. Similarly, panicked by the onset of COVID-19 in 2020, Modi announced a sudden national lockdown, leading to millions of migrant workers racing home—and likely spreading the virus. A year later, New Delhi largely stood by when the delta variant of COVID-19 surged through the country, killing untold thousands of Indians. No amount of nationalism or pride could cover up for the fact that, on that occasion, the state had let its people down.

Now, with a population hungry for good news, India is looking to take advantage of the best foreign-policy deals. There are plenty to be struck in a shifting global order. The United States’ power is in relative decline, China’s has risen, and a range of so-called middle powers are looking to benchmark their status. Modi is projecting an image of a more powerful, muscular, prideful nation—and Indians are in thrall to the self-portrait.

Modi is seen through a video camera as he speaks at the final session of the G-20 summit in New Delhi on Sept. 10, 2023. Dan Kitwood/Getty Images

One window into India’s newfound status on the world stage came last September, after Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau made the stunning announcement that Ottawa was investigating “credible allegations” that Indian government agents had orchestrated the murder of a Sikh community leader in British Columbia. New Delhi flatly denied his accusations, calling them “absurd.” The person who was killed, Hardeep Singh Nijjar, had sought to establish a nation called Khalistan, carved out of territory in his native Punjab, a state in northwestern India. In 2020, New Delhi declared Nijjar a terrorist.

A Canadian leader publicly accusing India of a murder on Canadian soil could have been a major embarrassment for Modi. Instead, the incident galvanized his supporters. The national mood seemed to agree with the government line that New Delhi didn’t do it but with an important subtext: If it did, it did the right thing.

“It’s this idea that ‘We have arrived. Now we can talk on equal terms to the white man,’” Sitapati said. It’s not just revisionism to examine how colonial powers masterminded the plunder of India’s land and resources; even the word “loot” is stolen from Hindi, as the writer and parliamentarian Shashi Tharoor has pointed out. The BJP’s project of nation-building attempts to reinstill a sense of self-pride, often by painting Hindus as the victims of centuries of wrongs but who have now awoken to claim their true status. This is why the Jan. 22 opening of the Ram temple took on epic significance, reviving among Hindus a sense that they were rightfully claiming the primacy they once enjoyed.

The flashier the stage, the better. For much of 2023, India flaunted its hosting of the G-20, a rotating presidency that most other countries see as perfunctory. For Modi, it became a marketing machine, with giant billboards advertising New Delhi’s pride in playing host (always alongside a portrait of the prime minister). When the summit began in September, TV channels dutifully carried key parts live, showing Modi welcoming a series of top world leaders.

Weeks earlier, Indians united around another celebratory moment. The country landed two robots on the moon, making it only the fourth country to do so and the first to reach the moon’s southern polar region. As TV channels ran a live broadcast of the landing, Modi beamed into mission control at the key moment of touchdown, his face on a split screen with the landing. The self-promotion can seem garish, but it feeds into a sense of collective accomplishment and national identity.

Also popular is New Delhi’s stance on Moscow, thumbing its nose at Western countries seeking to sanction Russia after its invasion of Ukraine. While Russia exported less than 1 percent of its crude to India before 2022, it now sends more than half of its supplies there. China and India are together purchasing 80 percent of Russia’s seaborne oil exports—and they do so at below-market rates because of a price cap imposed by the West. There is little consideration for morality, in part because Indians, like many in the global south, now widely perceive the West as applying double standards to world affairs. As a result, there’s no moral benchmark. For India, an advantageous oil deal is just that: good economics and smart politics. (India and Russia also share a historic friendship, which both sides are keen to continue.)

New Delhi’s growing foreign-policy assertiveness stems from a knowledge that it is increasingly needed by other countries. Allies seem aware of this new dynamic. For the United States, even if India doesn’t come to its aid in a potential tussle with China in the Taiwan Strait, merely preventing New Delhi from growing closer to Beijing represents a geopolitical win that papers over other disagreements. For other countries, access to India’s growing market is paramount. Despite the BJP’s hostility to Muslims, Modi receives a red-carpet welcome when he visits countries in the Persian Gulf.

India’s embrace of its strategic interests—and its confidence in articulating that choice—is of a piece with broader changes in how the country views itself. Modi and his BJP have succeeded in furthering an idea of India that makes a virtue of sacrificing Western liberalism for a homegrown sense of self-interest. By appealing to young people’s economic aspirations and their desire for identity in an increasingly interconnected world, the BJP has found room to advance a religious and cultural agenda that would have been unimaginable a generation ago. This vision cannot be purely top-down; the will of a nation evolves over time. In the future, there will likely be further contests among other ideas of India. But if Modi’s BJP continues to win at the ballot box, history may show that the country’s liberal experiment wasn’t just interrupted—it may have been an aberration.

Ravi Agrawal is the editor in chief of Foreign Policy . Twitter: @RaviReports

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Pakistan slams Indian minister’s remarks on pursuing suspects across border

Islamabad said the comments undermine peace and impede the prospect of constructive engagement.

India's Defence Minister Rajnath Singh speaks

Pakistan has denounced “provocative remarks” made by Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, who said in an interview that India would enter Pakistan to kill anyone who escapes over its border after trying to carry out attacks.

Singh’s comments on Friday came after the Guardian newspaper published a report stating that India had killed about 20 people in Pakistan since 2020 as part of a broader plan to target “terrorists residing on foreign soil”.

Keep reading

Is india behind targeted killings in pakistan what we know, more than a dozen pakistani judges receive letters with ‘toxic’ powder, pakistan’s pti slams poll body after senate election delayed in a province, pakistan court suspends imran khan’s prison sentence in state gifts case.

“India’s assertion of its preparedness to extra-judicially execute more civilians, arbitrarily pronounced as ‘terrorists’, inside Pakistan constitutes a clear admission of culpability,” Pakistan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs said in a statement on Saturday.

The ministry also said that such “myopic and irresponsible behaviour” not only undermines regional peace but also impedes the prospect of constructive engagement in the long term.

“Pakistan stands resolute in its intent and ability to safeguard its sovereignty against any act of aggression,” the ministry added.

During his interview with local broadcaster CNN News18 on Friday, the Indian defence chief was asked about the Guardian report, and responded: “If they run away to Pakistan, we will enter Pakistan to kill them.”

“India always wants to maintain good relations with its neighbouring countries … But if anyone shows India the angry eyes again and again, comes to India and tries to promote terrorist activities, we will not spare them,” Singh added.

Tense relations

Pakistani security officials, speaking to Al Jazeera on condition of anonymity, acknowledged at least six killings took place in 2023, and two in the year before.

They said they believed these killings were carried out by a “hostile intelligence agency” – code for India’s external spy agency, the Research and Analysis Wing – and were investigating.

Relations between India and Pakistan have worsened since a 2019 suicide bombing of an Indian military convoy in Kashmir was traced to Pakistan-based fighters and prompted New Delhi to carry out an air raid on what it said was a fighter base in Pakistan.

Pakistan said earlier this year it had credible evidence linking Indian agents to the killing of two of its citizens on its soil. India said it was “false and malicious” propaganda.

Canada and the United States last year accused India of killing or attempting to kill people in those countries.

Canada said in September that it was pursuing “credible allegations” linking India to the death of a Sikh separatist leader shot dead in June – claims that India said were “absurd and motivated”.

A top Canadian official said in January that India was cooperating in the matter and bilateral ties were improving.

The US similarly said in November that it had thwarted an Indian plot to kill a Sikh separatist leader and announced charges against a person it said had worked with India to orchestrate the attempted murder.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has said India will investigate any information it receives on the matter.

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Terrorism and The Rule of Law: an Indian Perspective
Terrorism and the Rule of Law: An Indian Perspective 35 India seems to fulfill all these five elements. She effectively implemented all these "five Ds" long before they were formulated by the UN. India has used the methods of democratic dialogue, persuasion and reforms. Special provisions for Jammu & Kashmir and the seven sister
Is Terrorism Declining in India?
According to the GTI Report, in 2019, the country saw a 20 percent reduction in deaths from terrorism and attacks in India. As compared to the other nine countries in the top 10, which had an ...
Long and Short Essay on Terrorism in English
We have provided below long and short essay on terrorism in English for your information and knowledge. ... Terrorism Essay 5 (300 words) India had faced lots of challenges such as poverty, population growth, hunger, illiteracy, inequality, and many more however, terrorism is highly dangerous till now affecting the mankind and humanity. ...
PDF Terrorism in India
In India, Jammu and Kashmir are the most affected regions by Terrorism. According to the Global Terrorism Index 2019, India is in the 7th rank in terms of most affected countries by Terrorism. National Investigation Agency was formed after the 26/11 attack on Mumbai to fight Terrorism in the country. India also has Research and Analysis Wing ...
PDF Terrorism in India: A Major Challenge to National Integration
Introduction: India has a long history of terrorism, but in recent years it has grown significantly more prevalent. Since gaining its independence in 1947, India has struggled with insurgency and ... This essay described terrorist activities in India as well as workable countermeasures.Whatever solutions are presented in this report to end
Linkages of Organised Crime with Terrorism
Mains. Q. Analyse the complexity and intensity of terrorism, its causes, linkages and obnoxious nexus. Also suggest measures required to be taken to eradicate the menace of terrorism. (2021) Q. India's proximity to the two of the world's biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internalsecurity concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and otherillicit ...
Terrorism Trends: 2023 and Beyond
Summary. The 2023 edition of the Global Terrorism Index (GTI) notes that although deaths and incidents related to terrorism have decreased, the lethality of attacks has increased. Jihadi upheavals in the Sahel and Af-Pak region remain key drivers of the increase in lethality. Far-right extremist groups are gaining ground in Europe and North ...
Essay on Terrorism in India for Children and Students
Long Essay on Terrorism in India in English. Terrorist groups aim to create panic amid people. They intend to see people living in constant fear and for this purpose they carry out various big and small terrorist activities from time to time. There are around 100 terrorist cells operating in India and they have succeeded in creating an ...
Indian government ordered killings in Pakistan, intelligence officials
In the early 2000s, India was hit by successive terrorist attacks orchestrated by Pakistan-based Islamist militant groups, including the 2006 Mumbai train blasts, which killed more than 160 people ...
PDF Coping with the Challenges of Terrorism in India
The amendment in 2103 in this act was carried out basically to deal economic and financial aspects of terrorism. Under this a person may be punished for the act committed outside India. Again, on 02 Aug, 2019 this act was amended to deal with terrorists' activities and groups that foster terrorism in India.
"In Today's India, Uri Is Our Reply...": S Jaishankar On Stance Against
Reflecting on past experiences, Mr Jaishankar drew attention to India's stance on cross-border terrorism before PM Modi's era, and underscored a notable shift since the Mumbai attacks in 2008 ...
Climate Change May Have Impacted Terrorism in India
An exploratory study led by extremism expert Dr Jared Dmello, from the University of Adelaide's School of Social Sciences, found some climatological variables affected terrorist activity in India. "Suitability analyses indicate that all the climatological variables tested - temperature, precipitation, and elevation - relate to shifting patterns of terrorist activity," says Dr Dmello.
Opinion
Sensible Ways to Fight Terrorism. To the Editor: Re " The West Still Hasn't Figured Out How to Beat ISIS ," by Christopher P. Costa and Colin P. Clarke (Opinion guest essay, April 1): Two ...
The New Idea of India: Why Narendra Modi Is the Front-Runner in the
From the middle of April until early June, staggered over the course of several weeks, the world's biggest election will take place. More than 960 million Indians—out of a population of 1.4 ...
Police arrest 'wanted' IPOB/ESN terrorist in Imo
The Police Command in Imo on Tuesday, said it had arrested a suspected terrorist, who has been on its wanted list for long. The command's spokesman, ASP Henry Okoye, said the suspect, Chidebere ...
Pakistan slams Indian minister's remarks on pursuing suspects across
Pakistan has denounced "provocative remarks" made by Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, who said in an interview that India would enter Pakistan to kill anyone who escapes over its border ...