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How to Write a Letter of Recommendation

11 min read · Updated on August 25, 2022

Writing a letter of recommendation is an honor, but also a big responsibility. Take the guesswork out of creating something that can make or break a colleague or student's candidacy.

As a trusted colleague, boss, or friend, you may be asked to write a letter of recommendation. That says a lot about the esteem in which others hold you and you should take it as an honor. Because you want to do a good job to ensure the person you are writing about has the best shot at the position they want, you need to understand how to write a letter of recommendation.

But what exactly is a letter of recommendation and how should you go about writing one? There's no mystery. Once you understand what goes into a great recommendation letter and how you can compile one, you'll be equipped to help that star student or employee make their next life move.

In this blog we will detail the steps to take and the following:

What is a letter of recommendation?

Recommendation letter examples

Types of recommendation letters

Recommendation letter format

Tips for writing a letter of recommendation

Mistakes to avoid

A letter of recommendation is a formal introduction and reference for a person seeking a new job or academic role. Letters of recommendation are typically written by a former employer, professor, client, or colleague whose attestation to your skills and qualities will impress the reader.

If you are asked to write a letter of recommendation, you can be sure that the requester believes you will have good things to say about their professional qualities and why you believe they are an excellent candidate for this new role.

A great recommendation letter, like a great resume or cover letter, entices the reader to want to learn more about the candidate and to offer them an interview to discuss the opportunity further.

Not everyone who requests a recommendation letter is asking because they have entered the job market. An employee may be returning to school to get an advanced degree, or applying for a certification program or fellowship.

Each different purpose requires a slightly different letter-writing approach. There are two main types of letters of recommendation you as a supervisor, client, manager, teacher or other superior may be asked to write:

Academic 

Academic letter of recommendation

Colleges, universities, and other post-graduate programs often seek letters of recommendation as part of the application process. These letters may also play a role in whether a candidate receives a scholarship or other financial assistance.

Academic letters of recommendation should focus on who the applicant is as a person and what insight and dedication they will bring to the academic department or program. Your job as an academic letter of recommendation writer is to offer an unbiased perspective on the applicant's personality, but also on their ability to grasp new concepts and any other skills and attributes that will make them an excellent student.

Employment letter of recommendation

Typically written by supervisors, managers, or clients, employment recommendation letters are focused on the attributes that will make the letter's subject an excellent employee. If you are asked by a person you supervise to write a letter of recommendation and it is not against company policy, make sure you honestly believe the person is a quality candidate. Your name will be on the letter, too.Teachers, academic advisors, and university professors may also be asked to write employment recommendations, especially if their students are searching for their first job or first job in a new field.

Exercise caution

Be aware that many employers will not allow you to write a recommendation letter for a colleague. They will, instead, suggest that you refer the person to the Human Resources Department, which will merely confirm a person's tenure with the company.

Before you begin to write, it will help to understand what goes into a reference letter. Any letter of recommendation should follow a standard format. Here are the components you need to include:

Introduction

Closing statement and signature

You may also consider including a personal anecdote if you feel comfortable doing so and it illustrates a positive quality about the letter's subject.

You may be asking yourself, “How do I write a letter of recommendation?” Take it one section at a time. Below, we offer detailed information on what each section should contain and recommendation letter example text for each.

Since this is a formal letter, your greeting should also be formal, unless the person for whom you are writing the letter asks you to keep it casual. You can't go wrong with Dear Mr./Ms./Dr. [Last name] since you are relying on the information given to you by the letter's subject. 

If you do not know who the recipient of the letter is, kindly suggest that a letter with a personalized greeting goes a lot farther than one with a generic greeting. Above all, avoid the stilted “To Whom It May Concern” if at all possible.

The beginning of a recommendation letter serves an important purpose: It tells the reader who you are writing about and why. Although it may seem less than creative, one of the best ways to start is simply by adapting the following letter of recommendation examples intro: 

“I am pleased to recommend Sarah Peterman for the financial analyst manager position at Holdfield Century Inc. I have supervised Sarah for four years at Rosano Industries and feel she would be outstanding in this role.”

This format works for a candidate applying for a university program by simply changing the job and prospective employer's name to the academic program and university's name. 

The overview comprises the bulk of your letter of reference; it is the middle two or three body paragraphs. This may be the most difficult section to write because it is here that you explain why you believe the candidate is worthy. To help guide you, try answering the following questions:

What words best describe the candidate's work style?

What qualities help them excel and make them right for the new role?

What project or achievement stands out from their tenure?

What story or personal anecdote can you tell that will illustrate the best of the candidate?

Peg each piece of the information you share with a skill or attribute necessary for the new role. Make sure you connect the dots and explain exactly how each quality builds a case for the candidate.

Here is a recommendation letter example for the overview:

“I remember when Sarah began working in my department. She was eager to learn and, in fact, quickly developed an understanding of business modeling and our proprietary accounting system. Sarah is not afraid to ask clarifying questions and is always ready to lend a hand to get the job done. 

“In the course of our four years of working together, Sarah has taken every opportunity to stretch and grow as a financial analyst. In fact, I believe she is ready to move into the role of financial analyst.

“Just last week, I entrusted Sarah with completing and presenting our five-year business forecast at the company's quarterly meeting. I offered her this opportunity because I knew not only that she would do a fabulous job, but also that she was outgrowing her role as my subordinate. She did not disappoint. Her presentation was flawless and her analysis spot-on.”

Closing statement

You've written a recommendation letter that makes a great case for the candidate. Now you need a few sentences that remind the reader that you believe they are ready for their next move and you believe they have chosen wisely.

Here is a letter of recommendation example for a closing statement:

“After having managed Sarah for four years, I can attest to her dedication, determination and knowledge of business processes and strategies. Holdfield Century Inc. would be lucky to have Sarah in the position of finance manager.”

Finally, sign off with Sincerely or Regards, your full name, your title, and the company for which you work.

“Sincerely,

Anna Chavez

Financial analyst manager

Rosana Industries”

Tips for writing a good letter of recommendation

When writing a letter of recommendation, there are some hints to keep in mind that will make the process easier and more fruitful for the candidate. After all, you wouldn't have agreed to write the rec letter unless you believed in the candidate and wanted to help them.

Here are some tips for writing a great letter of recommendation.

Make sure you don't waste a word. You have only a few paragraphs to convince a hiring manager or admissions officer that the person you have chosen to endorse is an excellent candidate. Unless it's relevant, don't take space mentioning that they love soccer or knitted you a beautiful sweater for your birthday.

If you link each sentence to a quality necessary for the position, you won't have any trouble with this.

Use descriptive words to make a strong case. If possible, ask the candidate for the job listing or requirements for the academic program. Incorporate necessary attributes into your sentences. If creativity falls high on the list of requirements and you can honestly say it's true, write a phrase such as “creative thinker” or “able to develop creative solutions to thorny business problems.”

Get specific. The best letters of recommendation offer pointed examples, not platitudes. They offer data, details, and reasons for your high praise. “Kenton is a great employee” pales in comparison to “Kenton has never missed a deadline and often turns in his high-quality work early.” If you're in a data-driven industry, cement the case with relevant figures.

Check the facts with the letter's subject. It's not your career you're writing about. Do a little research to make sure you don't miss a key fact or accomplishment. Don't be shy about double-checking the details or even asking the candidate to refresh your memory.

Now that you know what you should do, here are a few things you should not . 

Don't say yes to writing the letter if you can't make an honest recommendation. A tepid letter of recommendation may be worse than none at all. Perhaps your underling has learned from the mistakes she made during her tenure as your employee and just needs a fresh start. That doesn't mean you have to write a recommendation letter. It's OK to say no.

Damning with faint praise. This is definitely a case where a less than ringing endorsement will have the recipient reading between the lines. That old saw, “if you don't have anything nice to say, don't say anything at all” applies here. Certainly do not write an anti-recommendation letter. Instead, let the candidate's resume, cover letter, and interview stand on their own.

The flipside: Hyperbole. While you don't want to get negative, you also don't want to go over the top with your language. The statement, “Kayla's art is among the best in the world” may have the reader thinking, “Really? Compared to Frida Kahlo, Picasso, and Rembrandt?” Keep it real. “Kayla's graphic designs have helped our customers increase traffic to their websites by 20%” is much more realistic and offers a better idea of what Kayla can do.

To be asked to write a letter of reference is an honor. It says that the person trusts you and believes you know their best qualities.

Follow the structure above, using a professional tone. Make it clear that you highly recommend the candidate for that position.

Choose a personal, but professionally related, anecdote to illustrate the candidate's outstanding qualifications for the job or academic program.

It is better to say no than to write a letter of recommendation that doesn't praise the candidate.

Make sure you have all the details right by doing some research and double-checking your facts

Find more resume-writing advice in our related articles below or upload your resume for a free review from our resume experts! Recommended reading

How to Keep a Bad Reference from Ruining Your Career

The 5 Best Questions to Ask in An Interview

Our TopResume Career Expert Answers Your Burning Job-Search Questions

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How to Write a Letter of Recommendation

Quick Navigation

• What is a letter of recommendation?
• How to write a letter of recommendation

Recommendation letter example

If you need to write a recommendation letter for someone you know relatively soon, or maybe you merely want to be prepared for future requests that require you to compose them. In cases like these, this how-to piece will help you write recommendation letters with confidence. This article will define what a recommendation letter is and show you how to write a letter of recommendation.

What is a recommendation letter?

A recommendation letter is a letter someone writes for a person applying for a role like a job, internship or volunteer position. Someone could ask you to write one if they are applying to a college or for a scholarship. 

Writing a recommendation letter starts with assessing how well you know the person and how to describe them using adequate, positive examples. The recommendation letter should contain your honest opinion, including character traits they display in a professional setting.

If someone asks you to write a recommendation letter, find out when you need to submit the letter to make sure you will be able to meet the deadline.

How to write a recommendation letter

Follow these steps to write a recommendation letter:

1. Firstly, format the page

Begin by typing your full name and address in the upper left corner of the page. Next, put the month, day and year in the upper right. Move the cursor down a couple of lines and type the recipient’s name and address on the left side of the page, if you know that information.

Using a consistent format for your recommendation letter conveys professionalism and attention to detail, which could show that you are credible to the reader.

2. Secondly, choose a formal greeting

Use a formal business greeting to address the recipient. Doing this shows them that you acknowledge the serious nature of the letter. If you know their full name, include it in the greeting. If you’re not sure of the person’s name, write: ‘Dear Sir or Madam’ or ‘To Whom It May Concern.’ 

3. Thirdly, describe the purpose of the letter and your relation to the person you are recommending 

After greeting the recipient, build the body of the letter by explaining the purpose of the letter. For example, you could say: ‘I am extremely happy to recommend Bailey for the Customer Service Manager role at Smith Robotics.’ Then, say something straightforward and positive about the person, like, ‘Bailey is a diligent worker, and any company would be lucky to have them.’

Finally, state how you know the person, and how long you have known them and how long you have worked with them. You can explain your role and relationship to the subject of the letter. For example, ‘I’ve been the Camp Director at Chesterfield Summer Camp for three decades, and I had the pleasure of supervising Jules for the last four summers.’

4. Next, add specific examples of the recommended person and their work 

You can use several relevant, real-life examples to help the reader better understand the subject’s traits and abilities. Think of situations where the person stayed calm under pressure, showed their ability to be a team player or otherwise went beyond expectations.

For example, ‘Alex’s willingness to show leadership is especially impressive, especially considering they’re relatively new to the workforce and recently graduated college.’ Using that technique highlights how you noticed outstanding qualities, enabling the reader to create a richer mental picture of them.

The best examples will relate to the role that this person is applying for. Also, discuss character traits that you believe makes this person a good choice for a position or a workplace in general. You might mention how punctual the person is, how they were never late for a shift and were reliable.

5. Moreover, keep a balanced perspective

Keep your perspective as balanced as possible. You’ll show you can view the person’s characteristics by appreciating their strengths and not overlooking areas for future growth. You might say, ‘Carter’s strong work ethic meant that he sometimes took on too many tasks. He worked hard to set boundaries, and I noticed progress in that regard, especially within the last six months that I worked with them.’

6. Finally, complete the letter with a positive affirmation and an invitation to contact you 

In the last section of the recommendation letter, repeat your confidence that the person is the right person for the opportunity. You can summarize why you feel that way. For example, you could say ‘Due to the reasons mentioned above and others not listed here, I have no hesitation about giving Riley my highest recommendation for this position.’

End your letter of recommendation by inviting the recipient to contact you using the details at the top of the letter. Use a formal closing phrase like ‘Sincerely’ or ‘Best Regards.’ If you’re sending a physical letter, don’t forget to sign your name by hand above the typed signature.

To Whom it May Concern:

I am pleased to strongly recommend Jordan Smith for the Head Copywriter position at Morrison Marketing.

I am Avery Jones, a Copy Manager at Words Unlimited, and I have more than four years of experience in the copywriting industry. Due to my leadership position, I have supervised many young professionals. Jordan stands out for numerous reasons, including her outstanding work ethic and determination.

During her time at our organization, Jordan displayed an excellent understanding of how to write in the client’s voice and meet the audience’s needs. I was also impressed with how her understanding of search engine optimization updates grew over time, and how skillfully she applied that new knowledge to their copywriting work. It was in these areas that Jordan especially surpassed her peers. Although Jordan lacks the industry experience of some other team members at my company, she made up for it with consistent dedication.

Besides her excellent copywriting prowess, Jordan demonstrated a positive attitude, willingness to take on new challenges and attentiveness. Those things made them an asset to the company and its team members, as well as to me. 

Due to these reasons and the many other positive traits she possesses, I have no hesitation in saying that Jordan would be a great addition to the Morrison Marketing team. She has the background and skills the position requires, plus the soft skills that make her able to excel and thrive in this role.

If you need more information or examples to assist with your decision making, please get in touch with me using the contact details provided in the header of this letter.

Sincerely,  Avery Jones

How to Write a Letter of Recommendation (Examples & Templates)

3 key takeaways

• A letter of recommendation is a formal part of many job applications.
• Effective letters of recommendation follow a structured format (steps below).
• Teal's AI Resume Builder helps you write a keyword-rich resume and cover letter to complement your recommendation letter.

Whether you’re applying to a job, graduate school, or a degree program, there will come a time when you need a letter of recommendation. At such a time, the recommender may ask for your help drafting the letter. 

Or you may be on the other side of the equation. You may need to write a letter of recommendation on someone’s behalf, such as a former employee, a coworker, or a friend.

No matter your situation, this guide helps you understand how to write a letter of recommendation for many different scenarios, plus detailed examples to use as references .

The purpose of a letter of recommendation

A letter of recommendation is a formal written document that discusses a candidate's professional performance, specifically their abilities, character, work ethic, or achievements. It is written by someone who can vouch for you, such as a professional contact. 

It's commonly requested when applying for jobs, educational programs, scholarships, or similar opportunities. It’s intended to help the recipient of the letter evaluate your qualifications.

They are more common in some situations than in others. College applications, on the other hand, typically require one to three letters of recommendation. Job applications typically require a list of references that the hiring manager may call or email, rather than request letters of recommendations.

They are particularly valuable for those who do not have robust resumes or credentials. That said, if you’re just entering the job market—why not consider compiling a recommendation letter straight away? Even if the job application doesn’t specifically ask for one, requesting recommendations can help strengthen your application. 

But here’s the thing: because they’re not as common as other job application documents, not everyone knows how to write an impressive letter of recommendation. In this article you’ll learn how to write an effective letter of recommendation, tailored to your target job. 

Who can write a letter of recommendation

A recommendation letter should be written by someone who can verify your qualifications. Ideally, it comes from a superior rather than a coworker or friend. While you may be tempted to ask a buddy, be aware that the hiring manager may ask you to specify your relationship with the recommender. 

In the workforce, you may want to ask a former manager or supervisor. In an academic setting, you may want to ask a former instructor, teacher, or mentor. In either case, the recommendation should come from someone who knows you in a professional setting and can attest to your work ethic.

For applicants

If you are deciding who to ask for a recommendation letter, consider these factors:

• Is the person relevant to the opportunity you're applying for? For example, if you’re applying to a software engineering internship, can you ask a previous employer who can speak to your performance or a mentor who has guided you through coding challenges?
• How well does the person know you? Someone who can mention real-world examples is better than someone who would provide vague or general feedback. 
• Do you have a positive relationship with this person? Sometimes a letter of recommendation is given in private to the person reviewing the application and you may not get a chance to review it before it's sent. That’s why it’s vital to only ask someone you are confident will provide a positive reference .

Letter of recommendation etiquette

No matter who you choose, always make it as easy as possible for your recommender to write the letter. Be sure to give them ample time to write the letter, such as two week’s notice. 

In addition, you can provide the materials they may need to write a tailored letter for you. For example, you could send them the job post or the organization’s website. Don’t be surprised if the person asks you to create a draft or provide bullet points for the letter. This will help save the recommender the time of researching what to say—then they can simply make edits and give the final send-off.

Want help matching your letter of recommendation to the job post? Teal’s AI-powered Resume Builder Matching Mode pulls key skills from job descriptions to help you easily tailor your letter to the job you’re applying for and an AI achievement generator to summarize your results. 

For the letter writer

If you have been asked to write a letter of recommendation, consider these factors: 

• Has the applicant directly worked with you or for you?
• Is your experience with the application relevant to the opportunity they are applying for? 
• Can you provide an honest and ethical assessment of the individual?
• Can you provide a letter within the stated deadline?

If you can’t provide a positive reference based on experience with the applicant, quickly let them know you can’t fulfill their request so they have time to find someone else. If you can, here's how to do it right:

How to write a letter of recommendation (with specific examples)

While they may vary in type, such as academic, professional, and personal, the structure is standard and straightforward—very similar to a business letter format.

Greeting: A formal salutation. Example: To Whom It May Concern

Introduction: Your name, expertise, and your relationship to the applicant.

Overview: A general summary of the applicant's strengths as you've experienced them.

Example: A story or example that elaborates on one to two traits the applicant possesses.

Close: A summary of why you recommend the applicant.

Signature: Your name, title, signature or e-signature, and contact details 

1. A greeting

Begin the letter with a formal salutation, addressing the recipient if possible. 

Example: Intro

• Dear [Recipient's Name]
• To Whom It May Concern
• Dear Hiring Committee

2. A brief introduction 

Introduce yourself and your relationship to the individual. The first paragraph states why you’re qualified to speak about the person.

Example: Job applicant applying to an associate attorney position

I am writing to offer my enthusiastic endorsement for Breanna Johnson for the position of Associate Attorney at Thompson & Sons Associates Law Firm. During her time as an associate attorney at our firm, I had the privilege of mentoring Breanna and witnessing her growth and dedication firsthand.

3. An overview

The next paragraph provides an overview of the applicant's strengths as you've experienced them. The context will differ depending on whether the letter of recommendation is written for a job, academic, or other opportunity. Take a look at the specific examples below. 

Based on the candidate's skills

If the applicant is applying to a job, you’ll most likely want to discuss their skills and achievements. 

Example: Job applicant applying to a marketing position

During his time at Bright Ideas Inc., Mark consistently demonstrated a rare blend of creativity, strategic thinking, and problem-solving skills that set him apart. His one-of-a-kind marketing campaigns drove considerable results for our clients and garnered praise from our team and stakeholders. 

Want help creating a list of achievements to highlight on your letter of recommendation? Teal’s AI-powered Resume Builder Matching Mode pulls key skills from job descriptions to quickly create metric-rich achievements tailored to the job application, so you stand out from the crowd.

Based on the applicant’s character

Wondering how to write a letter of recommendation for a friend or coworker? In the case that you can’t speak on their skills, you can tailor this section toward the applicant’s personality. This may be considered a character reference letter.

Example: College applicant, written by a friend from school

Throughout our academic journey, Rachel consistently prioritized her studies, earning valedictorian and a spot as the school treasurer. Beyond her academic pursuits, Rachel has always been deeply involved in community service. Whether it was volunteering at the local soup kitchen, participating in school plays, or leading student organizations, Rachel's commitment to making a positive difference in the world has been inspiring.

4. A personal story

This section is intended for the recommender to elaborate on one to two traits of the applicant. This can help hiring managers have a more colorful understanding of your expertise.

It’s important to tailor those traits to the skills needed to land the opportunity. The context will differ depending on whether a recommendation letter is written for a job, academic, or other opportunity. Take a look at the examples below. 

Based on the applicant’s skills

As the writer, you can share an example about a time when the applicant's skills helped the company achieve something or solve a problem.

Example: Job applicant, applying to a recruitment role

Last year, we faced a demanding task: filling a critical position for one of our top clients under tight deadlines. Emily approached this challenge with precision. She conducted extensive research using LinkedIn Recruiter and her networking resources to identify potential candidates. Despite initial hesitations from the hiring manager, Emily confidently advocated for a standout candidate, who was later hired.

Based on the applicant’s academic abilities

Wondering how to write a letter of recommendation for grad school or for college? Use this section to talk about their academic performance.

5. A closing statement 

Conclude with a one- to two-sentence summary on why the person you're recommending would be a good fit for the opportunity.

Example: closing statement

"I am certain she would be a valuable asset for your project."

6. A signature 

As with any letter, you must sign off. Optionally, include contact information for the hiring manager to follow up with you.

Example: Signature

Sincerely, [Your Name, Company, and Title]

Recommendation letter dos and don'ts

Letter of recommendation templates

Below, you’ll find some letter of recommendation examples. Use these letters of recommendation templates as samples to expand upon. Add specific examples, make it your own, and voila!

How to write a letter of recommendation for a student

You may want to write a letter of recommendation for college, grad school, or a student entering an organization. Here’s a letter of recommendation template for that.

Dear Admissions Committee, I am pleased to write this letter of recommendation for [Student's Name], who has applied for admission to your esteemed university. As a [Job Title] at [University Name], I have had the privilege of working closely with [Student's Name] and have been consistently impressed by [his/her/their] dedication, leadership skills, and academic achievements. During [his/her/their] time at [University Name], [Student's Name] pursued a degree in business while actively contributing to campus life through [his/her/their] involvement in [list of extracurricular activities]. Like many students, [Student's Name] faced the daunting task of navigating [his/her/their] academic and career paths. Yet, instead of focusing solely on [his/her/their] own journey, [he/she/they] selflessly volunteered [his/her/their] time to support [his/her/their] peers in doing the same as my career adviser assistant. With [his/her/their] empathetic nature and natural leadership abilities, [he/she/they] became a trusted mentor, helping students discover their strengths, set goals, and develop strategies to achieve them. Whether it was reviewing resumes, conducting mock interviews, or offering advice on internship opportunities, [Student's Name] approached every interaction with enthusiasm and genuine care. I have no doubt that [Student's Name] will continue to excel academically, athletically, and personally at [University Name], and I enthusiastically recommend [him/her/them] for admission to your institution. Please feel free to contact me at [Your Contact Information] if you require any further information or would like to discuss [Student's Name]'s qualifications in more detail. Thank you for considering [Student's Name]'s application. Sincerely, [Your Name] [Your Position] [University Name]

How to write a letter of recommendation for an employee

Dear [Recipient's Name], I am writing to wholeheartedly recommend [Employee's Name] for any future opportunities [he/she/they] may pursue. As [his/her/their] supervisor in the Marketing Department at [Company Name], I have had the privilege of witnessing [his/her/their] exceptional contributions and dedication to our team's success. During [his/her/their] tenure with us, [Employee's Name] played a pivotal role in driving significant improvements in our marketing initiatives. One notable achievement was [specific project or task], which led to an increase in [specific metric, e.g., website traffic, conversion rates, sales revenue] by [percentage or numerical value]. In addition to [his/her/their] remarkable performance in driving results, [Employee's Name] has also been a valued team player, always willing to collaborate and share insights with colleagues. [His/Her/Their] positive attitude, creativity, and willingness to go the extra mile have made [him/her/them] an integral part of our marketing team. I have every confidence that [Employee's Name] will continue to excel in [his/her/their] future endeavors and bring the same level of dedication and expertise to any organization [he/she/they] joins. [He/She/They] has my highest recommendation without reservation. Sincerely, [Your Name] [Your Position] [Company Name]

How to write a letter of recommendation for a teacher

Writing for someone you know a bit more personally? Perhaps it’s a teacher, a coworker, a mentor, or someone you volunteered with? Here’s a letter of recommendation template.

Dear [Recipient's Name], I am writing to wholeheartedly endorse [Teacher's Name] for the prestigious volunteer opportunity to teach abroad with [Organization Name]. As a former student of [his/her/theirs] at [School Name], I owe much of my success to [his/her/their] exceptional teaching and mentorship, which played a pivotal role in shaping my career path and ultimately led me to my current role at the United Nations. Throughout my time in [his/her/their] class, [Teacher's Name] demonstrated an unwavering commitment to excellence in teaching and a genuine passion for empowering [his/her/their] students. [He/She/They] not only imparted knowledge but also instilled in us a sense of curiosity, critical thinking, and a desire to make a positive impact on the world. [Teacher's Name] went above and beyond to nurture my potential and encouraged me to pursue my ambitions, including my desire to work at the United Nations. [His/Her/Their] guidance, support, and encouragement were instrumental in helping me navigate the challenges of pursuing a career in international affairs. I firmly believe that [Teacher's Name] possesses the qualities and expertise necessary to excel as a volunteer teacher abroad with [Organization Name]. [His/Her/Their] passion for education, coupled with [his/her/their] dedication to empowering students and creating positive change, make [him/her/them] an exceptional candidate for this opportunity. Sincerely, [Your Name] [Your Position or Relationship to Teacher]

Dear candidate, you got this 

A good letter of recommendation can make or break a person’s success during their search for the next golden opportunity. Whether you’re drafting one for yourself or writing one on someone’s behalf, following the six steps above will ensure you’ve got a well-structured letter for the application. More importantly, tailor this professional letter to the opportunity at hand, so the receiver of the letter can envision the applicant in the new role. 

To get support writing a tailored recommendation letter that helps you stand out from the crowd, try Teal's AI-powered Resume Builder. Using its AI achievement generator, you can write metric-rich achievements and its Matching Mode helps you target keywords from the job description. It’s exactly what you need to supercharge your resume and letter of recommendation.  Sign up for Teal for free.

Frequently Asked Questions

What makes a strong letter of recommendation.

A strong letter of recommendation is characterized by specific and detailed examples that illustrate the candidate's strengths and abilities. It should be written by someone who knows the applicant well and can provide genuine and enthusiastic praise. A compelling letter also highlights the context of the relationship between the recommender and the candidate, adding credibility to the endorsement. A strong letter of recommendation is well-organized and effectively communicates why the candidate is exceptional and deserving of the opportunity they are seeking.

What should you not include in a letter of recommendation?

When writing a letter of recommendation, it's important to avoid vague or generic statements that do not directly support the candidate's qualifications. Additionally, refrain from making comparisons to other applicants or individuals, as this can detract from the focus on the candidate's unique qualities. Avoid exaggerations that could undermine the credibility of the letter. Lastly, do not include any negative remarks or criticisms that could harm the candidate's prospects.

How do you make a letter of recommendation stand out?

To make a letter of recommendation stand out, focus on highlighting specific achievements and qualities that demonstrate the candidate's  abilities. Use concrete and detailed examples to illustrate the impact of their work or character. Personalize the letter by showcasing your unique perspective and deep understanding of the candidate's strengths. Incorporate specific details about the candidate's skills, accomplishments, and contributions that set them apart from others.

Kaleena Stroud

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16 min read

Your resume is the most important tool in your job search toolkit. To maximize its potential, you need to ensure that it properly conveys your potential value to any employer. 

Naturally, you will want to include every bit of relevant information that sells that message. But what about important testimonials like recommendations and reviews? Should they be included in your resume as well? After all, what could be more compelling than an endorsement from those who have worked with you in the past?

In the following guide, we will take a look at why including recommendations or reviews on a resume may be a bad idea and how you should display them instead. Let’s take a look at some of the core considerations here, plus an easy way to strengthen your application.

Don’t include recommendations or reviews on a resume

While recommendations and reviews are important, you should never include them in any resume. Sure, that might seem counterintuitive. But there are some very good reasons for omitting them from that essential document. Let’s take a look at some of the things you may not have thought about when it comes to including these additional snippets. 

Recommendations and reviews take up valuable space

Resume real estate is highly valuable. The most important reason for leaving recommendations and reviews out of your resume is that they take up space that you could put to better use. You need to be selective when deciding what to include.

Remember, your resume is supposed to focus on showcasing your qualifications and potential value as an employee . To do that, you need to highlight your skills, experience, and achievements. More importantly, you need to do that in a condensed format that is no longer than two pages. Use that space wisely.

Recommendations and reviews may not be necessary

Of course, there’s a good chance that the employer may not even want recommendations and reviews. Many of today’s companies understand that employers are increasingly reluctant to provide useful testimonials – largely due to fears about lawsuits.

As a result, companies that want such references will generally ask for them. If they don’t, there’s no benefit to providing that extra information. More importantly, even if they do ask for them, there are better ways to present those endorsements. Take the time to consider how you want to convey your professional talents to the hiring manager here.

Recommendations and reviews can dilute your resume’s message

Recommendations and reviews won’t strengthen your resume message anyway. While they may reflect how previous employers viewed your work, they won’t answer the company’s most basic question: “Is this person right for this job?” 

In fact, including those endorsements may detract from your overall focus on qualifications, achievements, and potential value. When you are writing your resume, you want to make sure that every piece of information is important. Start throwing in extras — such as reviews and recommendations — and your reader may lose focus on the main point.

The solution: Use LinkedIn, not resume recommendations

Want to showcase your reviews and recommendations? We are not suggesting that you ignore them entirely. Those endorsements do have value, after all. Your resume is just not an appropriate place to share that information.

Fortunately, there is a platform that can provide a perfect way to share those endorsements with potential employers and others: LinkedIn. 

LinkedIn is the ideal forum for showcasing your recommendations and reviews. You already know how to showcase your skills here. So why not add something extra? You can rely on your LinkedIn page during a job search as a supplement that enhances your resume with recommendations.

How to list recommendations and reviews on LinkedIn

Wondering how to showcase resume recommendations on LinkedIn? It’s easier than you might imagine. You may already have your resume on LinkedIn or at least have a stable profile. Either way, curating a strong review section is a breeze. 

Let’s take a look at the steps that you need to take to get this part of the process right: 

Step 1: Gather LinkedIn recommendations

LinkedIn allows you to show off reviews from previous employers. You can request recommendations from your connections in three easy steps:

Go to their profile page

Click ‘More’ 

Then click on ‘Request a recommendation’ 

LinkedIn will then send them a notification to say that you have asked them to write a brief review of your work.  

You should only ask professionals with whom you have worked directly. For example, you might ask your old manager or a team leader to write you a quick testimonial. Ahead of sending them the request, consider what response you are likely to get here. Ensure that your resume recommendations are relevant to the position you’re seeking. You also want to be certain that you’re only directing attention to truly positive reviews. 

Step 2: Draw attention to your reviews 

Want to make sure that the hiring manager doesn’t miss your resume recommendations? Okay. First up, you should polish your LinkedIn summary and perhaps include quotes from your resume recommendations within that text if they add value. For example, you might say the following at the top of your LinkedIn profile:

“I was honored to have Alpha Corp Marketing Director Tom Thompson praise my ‘innovative strategic mind and commitment to excellence as team leader.’”

The reader can then scroll down to the bottom of the page where your resume recommendations are listed. Think of this approach like giving the hiring manager a sneak peek of what’s to come. If they are simply scanning your profile, this mention means that they are more likely to go down to the end to see the reviews there.

Step 3: Create a custom URL on LinkedIn

You can mention your LinkedIn resume recommendations on your next application. To do so, you will need to create a custom LinkedIn URL that you can cite in your contact information. For example, you can add your first and last name to the end of the URL instead of a bunch of numbers. It will look like this: www.linkedin.com/in/firstnamelastname/.

Follow the advice from LinkedIn on how to create your own custom URL in seconds. If you have a popular name, chances are your ideal URL is already taken. That’s okay. Simply make sure the URL you choose is professional and easy to understand. Don’t try to do anything too creative, as you could put the hiring manager off. 

Step 4: Feature your URL on your resume

You want the hiring manager to check out your LinkedIn (and see your resume recommendations!). So, the next step is to include your LinkedIn URL after your email address in the contact information section of your resume. That way, when they are checking out your application, they can dig deeper and take a look at your LinkedIn profile too. 

Step 5: Mention your resume recommendations

While you may not want to add the verbiage from the resume recommendation to your application, you can mention them. One of the easiest ways to draw attention to your LinkedIn testimonials is to talk about them in your cover letter and perhaps include a brief quote from one of those endorsements.

What if your employer requests resume recommendations?

It is rare that an employer will ask for resume recommendations. However, sometimes, they will include a request for references in a job listing. There is a right and a wrong way to respond to this type of request.

Some job seekers may be tempted to respond by including resume recommendations on the document itself. Resist that temptation. Instead, continue to rely on your LinkedIn profile for recommendations and reviews. You can direct the employer to your profile if needed. 

In addition, you may choose to create a separate list of references that you can send along with your cover letter and resume. Three professional references are standard in those cases. Include the person’s name, job title, company, phone, and email address. You should let your reference know that you will be doing this ahead of sending out your resume. It’s also a good idea to give your references an idea of the job you’re applying to and how you want them to respond to the reference request.

A right and wrong way for everything, including references 

Resume recommendations can provide a great boost to your efforts to land an interview and job. However, there’s a right way and a wrong way to showcase those endorsements, and your resume is definitely the wrong choice. Use LinkedIn to better highlight those references and focus your resume on selling your qualifications, skills, and achievements.

It takes a certain level of finesse to turn a hiring manager’s head. Use our free resume review too lnow and make sure that your application is hitting the mark. 

Recommended reading: 

Professional References and The 4 Best People to Use

How to Craft a Compelling Letter of Recommendation (Template + Expert Tips)

Please Find Attached My Resume: How to Use This Phrase

It takes a certain level of finesse to turn a hiring manager’s head. Use our free resume review tool now and make sure that your application is hitting the mark. 

Charlotte Grainger, Editor & Content Writer, Charlotte Grainger, Editor & Content Writer

Charlotte Grainger is a freelance writer living and working in Sheffield, UK. She has a passion for career development and loves sharing tips and advice. Follow her on Twitter

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What to Include in a Letter of Recommendation

• Formatting a Letter of Recommendation
• A Sample Letter of Recommendation
• Email Recommendation Message
• What Not to Include

If you have been asked to write a letter of recommendation for employment or for an academic program, you may be struggling to know what information to include—and what to leave out.

Letters of recommendation matter. A survey from the National Association for College Admission Counseling showed that letters from counselors and teachers were weighted more heavily in the college admissions process than class rank or extracurricular activities.  

In a job search, a letter of recommendation can provide more information—and more a more positive impression—than simply providing a list of references for a potential employer to call.  

However, there is a right way and a wrong way to write these letters. To help your colleague, direct report, or student achieve their goals, you need to craft a document that’s both an endorsement and a pitch. Here’s how to do it.

Context. A recommendation letter should include information on who you are, your connection with the person you are recommending, why they are qualified, and the specific skills they have.

Specifics. Whenever possible, it's helpful to provide specific anecdotes and examples that illustrate your support. For example, rather than simply stating that a candidate is a strong writer, mention that they wrote a prize-winning essay. If someone has achieved awards or special recognition for their accomplishments, mention it.

A match between the position’s requirements and the candidate’s skills. Your goal is to write a strong recommendation that will help the person you’re recommending get hired or accepted. When writing a specific letter referring a candidate for a particular job opening, the recommendation letter should include information on how the candidate's skills match the position they are applying for.

Ask for a copy of the job posting and a copy of the person's resume, so you can target your recommendation letter accordingly. Try to use keywords from the job listing in your recommendation.

The letter should include your contact information for follow-up. Finally, be prepared to answer questions about your endorsement of the candidate.

Letter of Recommendation Format

This recommendation letter template shows the format of a typical letter of recommendation , with details on what to include in each paragraph of your letter.

Writer Name and Address Your Name Job Title Company Street Address City, State Zip Code Date

Salutation If you are writing a personal recommendation letter , include a salutation (Dear Dr. Williams, Dear Ms. Miller, etc.). If you are writing a general letter, say " To Whom it May Concern " or simply don't include a salutation.

Paragraph 1 – Introduction The first paragraph of the recommendation letter explains the purpose of the letter, as well as your connection to the person you are recommending, including how you know them, and for how long.

Paragraph 2 – Details The second paragraph of the recommendation letter contains specific information on the person you are writing about, including why they are qualified, and what they can contribute. If necessary, use more than one paragraph to provide details. Include specific examples attesting to the person’s qualifications whenever possible.

Paragraph 3 – Summary This section of the recommendation letter contains a brief summary of why you are recommending the person. State that you "highly recommend" the person or that you "recommend without reservation" or something similar.

Paragraph 4 – Conclusion The concluding paragraph of the recommendation letter contains an offer to provide more information. You can include a phone number within this paragraph. Another option is to include a phone number and email address in the return address section or signature of the letter.

Letter Closing Finish up your letter with a formal letter closing and your name and title. If you are mailing a hard copy of the letter, include your signature underneath your typed name:

Signature (for hard copy letter)

Writer Name Job Title

While letter templates are great starting points for your own message, you should always edit a letter to fit your situation. You can also review samples of recommendation letters to help you write your own.

Review a Sample Letter of Recommendation

Here's an example of a letter of recommendation written by a coach for a student athlete.

George McAdams Coach / Biology Teacher Thomas Jefferson High School 8740 Highland Avenue Hillside, Illinois 60162 (000) 123-1234 gmcadams@email.com

May 21, 2020

To Whom It May Concern:

It is with much enthusiasm that I am writing this personal recommendation for my student, Keeshan Williams. Keeshan has been an indispensable member of the Thomas Jefferson High School football team that I coach since his freshman year in 2018-2019.

Keeshan is truly one of our star students at Thomas Jefferson High School. Not only has he twice been recognized as MVP for our football team, but he also is an honors student, maintaining a 3.85 GPA as he completes a full schedule of AP classes in English, Biology, Chemistry, and Calculus. He is an acclaimed student leader, holding offices in student government and Beta Club, and also volunteers as a Biology tutor in our peer mentoring program.

Keeshan possesses a maturity and focus that far exceeds those of most students his age. Determined to eventually go to college and medical school (to pursue a career in sports medicine), he has worked various part-time jobs in retail to help fund his education, and understands how to provide attentive customer service, operate point-of-sale systems, and build team morale and project ownership.

I thus highly recommend Keeshan Williams, confident that he will bring the same drive and dedication to your organization that he brings to the classroom and the football field.

Please contact me at the email or phone number listed here if there is any other information I can provide.

Signature (hard copy letter)

George McAdams

What to Include in an Email Recommendation Message

When you’re sending your recommendation letter by email, you can eliminate the “Writer’s Address” section and include your name, address, title, email address, and telephone number in the signature section of your message:

Best regards,

Writer Name Job Title Email Phone Company Street Address City, State Zip Code

The subject of your message should include the candidate's name:

Subject: Recommendation - Applicant Name

What Not to Include in a Letter of Recommendation

If you do not feel comfortable recommending someone—whether it's for a job or graduate school or for something else—it's best to let the person requesting the recommendation know that you cannot write it , rather than writing a negative letter. This will give them an opportunity to seek out someone who can wholeheartedly write a positive recommendation.

Keep in mind that your own reputation is in play when you write a letter of recommendation; you do not want to endorse someone in a letter who you do not think will perform well since it could cast a negative light on your own judgment.

You also do not want to lie in the letter: Don't exaggerate accomplishments. Overblown praise can diminish the impact of your recommendation. But be aware that since most recommendation letters skew very positive, any criticism will be very noticeable.

Key Takeaways

A Letter of Recommendation Can Help a Candidate Achieve Their Goals: Students and job candidates use these letters to help make their case to academic programs and employers.

Don’t Agree to Write a Letter Unless You Can Strongly Endorse the Candidate: Tepid praise in a recommendation is worse than no praise at all.

Use a Template to Help You Format Your Letter: But be sure to customize the content for the specific requirements involved.

The National Association for College Admission Counseling. “ 2017 State of College Admission .” Accessed Nov. 5, 2020.

Chron. “ Importance of a Reference Letter for Employment .” Accessed Nov. 5, 2020.

Career Advice for Job Seekers

Ask the Experts: Including a recommendation letter with resume and cover letter

Aside from what  the reference says, the future employer wants to hear the intonation and how the reference says it.

Even if you choose to use a letter of reference, it’s not recommended to send it to an employer with your resume and cover letter or to offer it in an interview. To do so suggests that you cannot sell yourself without outside endorsement. The time to offer such a letter is when you are asked for your references, which usually does not occur until an employer is interested in making you an offer.

Also read: Two recruiting experts share why students and grads should care about networking, and where to start

The most strategic advice: consider which skill sets you most want to demonstrate to an employer, and choose the references who can vouch for your successful application of these skills to a problem or opportunity. Then tell each prospective reference why you chose them and what you are interested in  having them support. Send each reference a copy of your current resume so they can see how you are positioning yourself for your next job, and as a courtesy to prompt their memory regarding your work chronology and stated strengths.

The best reference I ever called said that if I didn’t hire the candidate, he was thinking of re-hiring her!

— Carol Anderson , Career Development and Placement Office, Robert J. Milano Graduate School of Management and Urban Policy at New School University in New York City

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Guidelines for Writing a Letter Requesting a Job Interview

How to write a cover letter for a foreign language teaching job application, how to format my references for a resume.

• Writing a Cover Letter for a General Manager Position
• Should a Contact Be Mentioned in a Cover Letter?

Job recommendations are important because they verify two things: that applicants are who they claim to be and that their skills, ethics and character can be verified. Applying for a job and including a cover letter with a recommendation can make an applicant stand out from the competition. There are several ways to mention that a job recommendation is included with the application.

Cover Letter With Recommendation

Hiring managers are flooded with job applications and often don't read cover letters all the way to the end. Therefore, it is wise to mention a recommendation in the opening paragraph of your cover letter.

The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center recommends starting your cover letter by establishing a point of contact, such as the job posting you’re applying for. If the recommendation letter is from someone who works for the company you’re applying to, make sure to mention that in either the first or second sentence. Important details like that may make you stand out from other candidates significantly.

Examples of Cover Letter With Recommendation

Here is an example: “Susan Jones, XYZ Company’s purchasing manager, suggested I apply for the regional manager position that is available with your company.” As an alternative, start off with a point of contact, a general explanation of why you are qualified for the job, and then mention the referral.

Begin the cover letter with your point of contact, followed by a brief explanation as to why you are the best applicant for the position. Follow this with a sentence such as: “I enclose my resume and a letter of recommendation from my previous manager, Susan Jones.” Keeping this close to the top of the letter increases the chances of the hiring manager reading the enclosed letter.

Acquiring Letters of Recommendation

Getting recommendations is part of the college application process, and prospective students should read their applications carefully to see how many letters are required. The College Board advises applicants to read instructions carefully. Some students will need to ask guidance counselors or teachers. Seek out those with whom you have good relationships, as they are more likely to write positive, personalized recommendations.

Job applicants who want to obtain cover letters should think carefully before contacting people for reference letters. Lurleen B. Wallace Community College has some helpful tips for deciding who to contact. Reach out to those who have first-hand knowledge about your qualifications and work experiences, such as previous colleagues you managed, successful projects with favorite professors, or someone with whom you chaired a volunteer project. Instead of emailing them these requests, pick up the phone or visit them in person – that extra effort can make a real difference.

While it isn't necessary to tell them why you need the letter, you can ask them to mention specific qualifications and experiences that would stand out for the job you’re applying for. Make extra copies of the letter and be sure to send thank-you notes to the people who supply your references. Now you are ready to send out a cover letter with recommendations. Best of luck with your job search!

• The Writing Center University of Wisconsin - Madison: Writing Cover Letters
• College Board: How to Get a Great Letter of Recommendation

Danielle Smyth is a writer and content marketer from upstate New York. She has been writing on business-related topics for nearly 10 years. She owns her own content marketing agency, Wordsmyth Creative Content Marketing, and she works with a number of small businesses to develop B2B content for their websites, social media accounts, and marketing materials. In addition to this content, she has written business-related articles for sites like Sweet Frivolity, Alliance Worldwide Investigative Group, Bloom Co and Spent.

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What Supplemental Information Should Your Resume Include?

Your resume is a snapshot of your professional journey so far, and you’ve perfected it.

But now that you’re about to apply for that job you’ve been eyeing, you realize there might be something missing.

Whether you want to elaborate on something from your resume or the application asks for an additional document, you might need to provide some supplemental resume information.

The good news is that supplemental information can give your resume a boost while providing necessary documents. You just need to figure out exactly what those documents are.

The great news? We’re here to help.

In this article, we’re going to cover:

• What Supplemental Information Is
• Examples of Supplemental Resume Information and Supporting Documents
• Tips for Submitting Supplemental Resume Information

Let’s dive in.

What Is Supplemental Information?

Any additional documents or materials that can complement or expand on the details in your resume are supplemental information.

While your resume is meant to provide a concise overview of your work experience , skills, and education, the supplemental information can help show the hiring manager the bigger picture.

For example, supplemental information can give you the chance to explain your education in more detail through transcripts, elaborate on previous achievements with deliverables, or back up your skills or qualifications with certificates.

Including the right supplemental information and supporting documents alongside your resume can make your job application stand out. On top of that, it can give hiring managers a more comprehensive idea of you as a professional.

When Should You Include Supplemental Information?

In most cases, supplemental information isn’t mandatory.

Your most important career information should already be included in your resume .

However, if the job ad specifies that the company wants supporting documents from candidates, you should provide any supplemental information that the hiring manager asks for.

That said, if the job ad or hiring manager doesn’t ask you for supplemental information, there are still a few cases when it’s a good idea to provide it. These include:

• Explaining employment gaps. If your resume shows irregular employment periods or career gaps, you should always provide context for the hiring manager. The best place to do this is in a cover letter.
• Applying for a college program. Both university programs and internships for students often require supplemental information, such as transcripts or letters of recommendation.
• Showing relevant qualifications. You might want to provide a copy of a relevant degree, professional license, or other certification , depending on the industry you’re applying to. For example, nurses and estheticians usually have to submit their relevant licenses.
• Mentioning additional work experience. While your resume might include your most recent professional experience, you might want to prove a relevant internship or personal project through supplemental documentation.
• Providing client testimonials and product reviews. If you’re a business owner or a contractor, backing up your expertise with reviews is always a good idea.
• Including publications or a portfolio. Depending on your field, you might want to provide examples of your work, such as published books or a design portfolio.

7+ Types of Supplemental Information and Supporting Documents

There are different types of supplemental information you can provide for a job application. Let’s look at the most common documents you can expect to need:

#1. Letters of Recommendation

Whether you’re applying for college or looking for a new job, you might need a letter of recommendation .

A letter of recommendation is a document in which someone, usually a former employer, professor, or colleague, vouches for your skills, character, and accomplishments. It provides a third-party perspective on your capabilities and work ethic and adds credibility to your application.

A letter of recommendation can be particularly valuable when you're looking for a job that requires strong interpersonal skills or specific technical abilities. By attaching a letter of recommendation to your application, you’re giving the hiring manager tangible proof that someone was impressed with your past performance and professionalism.

#2. Client Testimonials

If you’re a freelancer, an independent contractor, or someone who has their own business, client testimonials can be valuable supplemental information for your job application.

Client testimonials are real-world endorsements of your work and professionalism and provide a first-hand account of your essential skills , reliability, and the quality of your work. 

They act as personal references that the prospective employer can trust and could influence their decision to hire you.

Usually, client testimonials are pinned somewhere on your product or service’s website. For example, if you’re a carpenter, you might have a personal website where you should include endorsements from past and current clients.

This helps build your reputation and increases your chances of landing your next project.

#3. Transcripts

If you’re a recent graduate or applying for a research position, you might need to provide transcripts along with your resume.

Transcripts provide potential employers and admissions committees with a detailed record of your education and academic performance , including the courses you’ve taken, your grades, and your degrees.

Employers might want transcripts to verify your knowledge in specific subject areas or to see your commitment to continuous learning. So, this is one of the cases where your relevant courses and GPA can make a difference.

#4. References

One of the most common bits of supplemental resume information is your professional references .

For some employers, references are vital since they offer them insight into your work ethic and skills directly from someone who has seen how you work. That said, they’re rarely something you need to list on your resume .

Typically, former supervisors, coworkers, or mentors may give you references. If you have no work experience , your references can even be former educators or classmates.

Employers use references to confirm the claims you make on your resume and cover letter, so make sure you choose references that can back up the most important information you’re giving the hiring manager.

For example, if your previous job includes impressive achievements, make sure that one of the references you choose confirms those accomplishments. For example, you don’t want to include your high school classmates as professional references if you’re applying for a job as a marketing executive .

#5. Salary History

Your salary history is information that’s rarely requested, and it doesn’t normally make it to your resume. Depending on where you live, it might not even be legal to disclose this information on a job application.

For starters, research your local labor laws to see if the employer is allowed to ask you about your salary history at all. The practice is banned in some countries and states, and sometimes it’s banned for specific industries.

If the employer has requested your salary history but you’ve found it’s not legal, just include a line in your cover letter that explains the situation and tell them you’d love to discuss your salary expectations instead. (E.g.: due to state laws, I cannot disclose my salary history. However, I would be more than happy to discuss my salary expectations during an interview.)

This can be the first step in negotiating your salary for the job.

Salary history might seem like an unusual request, but employers might not always know what an appropriate salary range for your position is. In that case, they might need your past salary information to base their offer on and set appropriate expectations for raises. 

To include your salary history in the supplemental information on your resume, you can simply add the approximate yearly salary next to your professional experience. We recommend using a salary range instead of an exact number. For example, if you earned $35.000 , we recommend writing it down as $30.000 - $40.000 .

Alternatively, you can also create a separate document known as a salary history letter, where you can provide more details about your career profession and your previous salaries.

#6. Publications

Other types of supplemental information you can include are any publications under your name.

Publications are common for academics and professional writers alike, though the types of publications are different. 

For example, editors can show their work across different platforms, like blogs or books, while digital marketers would need to show copywriting samples.

Academics, on the other hand, can provide copies or references to their research papers, articles, or books that have been published in academic journals or presses. Unlike writers who use publications to show their writing skills, an academic’s publications showcase their expertise in their field, including research skills or in-depth knowledge of a subject.

Both types of publications contribute to your credibility, and they can pique the hiring manager’s curiosity, so we recommend providing links to your published work.

You can include publications as supplemental information in your resume by adding them as separate sections. Then, you can list and link to your articles, essays, or other texts. You can even add a link somewhere on your resume to a separate portfolio with writing samples.

However, if you don’t have enough space on your resume, another great way to provide this information is by sending a separate document that lists your publications. For some positions, for example, you might be asked to provide separate writing samples, depending on what the employer requests.

#7. Portfolio

If you’re applying for a job in a creative field, such as illustration or photography , you need a portfolio.

Portfolios are essential for creatives because they give employers a clear visual demonstration of your skills, style, and range of work. A well-curated portfolio reflects your best projects and shows the hiring manager that you match what they’re looking for.

If you’re an artist who’s worked with different mediums or held different positions, make sure to tailor your portfolio to the specific job you’re after. An animator ’s portfolio looks very different from a graphic designer ’s. 

Your portfolio should reflect the style and medium that the employer is looking for, so if the job ad says they need someone skilled in Adobe Photoshop, make sure your digital paintings reflect your proficiency with the specific software.

There are several ways you can include a portfolio in your job application. The most common way is to include a link to a digital portfolio. This can either be hosted on a platform like Behance or a personal website.

We recommend bringing physical copies of some of your best work to your job interview. For video editors and musicians, this would have to be on a CD or flash drive.

If you’re applying for a job as an architect or interior designer , you might have to bring a larger physical copy of your portfolio. Read the instructions in the job ad carefully, or ask the company for more information on the dimensions you should use. In the US, the most common portfolio dimensions are 11” x 17” or 8 ½” x 11”.

#8. Cover Letter

Cover letters are the most versatile and impactful type of supporting document you can include with every job application.

By writing a cover letter , you can effectively cover most of the supplemental resume information the hiring manager might want to know.

You might be wondering if you need a cover letter at all , and the short answer is yes. While they aren’t usually mandatory, cover letters show the hiring manager that you’ve gone the extra mile with your job application and that you’re not just a random applicant.

While your resume is meant to factually summarize your skills and experiences, your cover letter allows you to provide context and insight into you as a person. Don’t just repeat your resume here —instead, explain how you accomplished your most impressive achievements and tell the hiring manager what motivates you to join their team.

Your cover letter is your opportunity to sell yourself, in your own words. You can include information about your portfolio or publications, mention significant projects you’ve worked on, or even briefly discuss your research interests if you’re an academic.

To give the hiring manager the best impression possible, choose a cover letter template that visually complements your resume. Just try our cover letter templates to get started!

How to Submit Supplemental Information

Now that you’ve gathered all the supplemental information and supporting documents you might need, it’s time to submit them.

Just follow these simple steps:

• Label it with your name. Make sure every document you submit includes your full name. This way, the hiring manager can easily find every document in your application.
• Send it to the right person. Address your email appropriately so your supporting documents make it to the hiring manager. If you can find the hiring manager’s name, address them respectfully, and also explain that you’re sending supplemental information for your job application.
• Bring copies to your job interview. It’s always a good idea to have copies on hand, just in case something gets lost. Print out copies of your resume, cover letter, and any supporting documents, such as your letters of recommendation and transcripts, or bring samples from your portfolio.

Key Takeaways

And that’s all there is to supplemental resume information!

After reading our article, we’re confident you’ll know when you need to provide supporting documents on your job hunt.

Before you go, let’s do a quick recap of our main points:

• Supplemental information on your resume is any extra information or supporting documents that can tip the scales in your favor. These include cover letters, references, transcripts, and portfolios.
• Unless the job ad specifically requires them, supporting documents aren’t mandatory. Your resume is the main event, and it’s what the hiring manager will be most interested in reading.
• You should still provide supplemental resume information if you have an employment gap or want to provide more context about your experiences. This is why we recommend always writing a cover letter to complement your resume.
• Different types of supplemental information or supporting documents might be necessary depending on your job, so do your research first. Reference the job ad, read more about the company, and think about what would make the biggest difference for your application.

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How To Write A Resume In 7 Steps (With Examples)

• How To Write A Resume
• Resume Skills Section
• Resume Objective Section
• Career Objective Section
• Resume Reference Section
• Resume Summary Section
• Resume Summary Example
• Resume Interests Section
• Address On Resume
• Relevant Work Experience
• Anticipated Graduation Date On Resume
• Education Section On Resume
• Contact Information On Resume
• Statement Of Qualifications
• How To List Publications On Resume
• Accomplishments On Resumes
• Awards On Resume
• Dean's List On Resume
• Study Abroad On Resume

Resumes are still the most important document in your job search . Generating a professional and interesting resume isn’t easy, but there is a standard set of guidelines that you can follow. As hiring managers usually only spend a short time looking over each resume, you want to make sure that yours has a reason for them to keep reading.

If you’re looking to write a resume, rewrite a resume you already have, or are just curious about resume format, then you’ve come to the right place. This article will go through the steps to writing an excellent resume, as well as offering examples for what sections of the resume should look like.

Key Takeaways:

A resume is a short document that details your professional history in a way that tailors your experience and skill set for the particular job you’re applying for.

Resumes follow a few standard formatting practices, which hiring managers and recruiters expect to see.

Highlighting your work experience, skills, and educational background with relevant keywords can help you get past applicant tracking systems and into more interviews.

How to write a resume

Writing a resume involves using the proper formatting, writing an introduction, and adding your work experience and education. Stuffing your entire professional life into a single page resume can feel overwhelming, but remember that you’re distilling the relevant parts of your professional experience in order to catch the eye of the recruiter .

Formatting your resume. To start, use a word processor such as Microsoft Word or Google docs. Standard resume formatting calls for:

1 inch margins

10-12 point font

A professional, commonly-used font

Additionally, there are three resume formats that are commonly used. Most people should stick with a chronological resume format , but the combination resume format and functional resume format can be effective for more advanced workers or those who have significant gaps in their resume.

Write a resume header . It doesn’t matter if you have the best resume in the world if the hiring manager can’t contact you. Every single resume should include the following contact information:

Your full name. First and last.

Your phone number. Use a personal phone number, and make sure your voicemail is set up properly.

Your email address. Nothing inappropriate — [email protected] is a safe choice.

Location. City, State, Zip Code is fine, but you can include your full mailing address if you think it’s appropriate.

Your social media (optional). LinkedIn is the obvious one you’d want to include, but make sure your profile looks good. If you have an online portfolio , either on a personal blog/website or on a site like Journo Portfolio , feel free to include that here as well.

Your job title. Also optional, but can be useful for applicant tracking systems.

Resume introduction. You have four options for your resume introduction: a resume objective, summary statement, resume profile, or qualifications summary. For most job-seekers, a resume summary statement is the best choice. Regardless of which resume introduction you choose, avoid first-person pronouns (I/me/my).

Resume objective. A resume objective is the goal of your resume. Since the objective of every resume is to land a job, this is not the most original or impressive opener you can have.

On the other hand, it’s a good choice for an entry-level applicant or someone who is changing career paths . This should be a 1-3 sentence summary of why you’re motivated to get the position you’re applying for.

Who should use a resume objective: Entry-level applicants, career-changers, and recent college graduates.

Resume summary. This is the best opener for most job-seekers. As the name suggests, a resume summary highlights the most salient aspects of your resume.

It should include your current position, how many years of experience you have, some of your biggest achievements, and possibly your career goals. This should be a 1-3 sentence spiel and should include some quantifiable experiences.

Who should use a resume summary: Most job seekers; anyone with quantifiable accomplishments to emphasize and a broad range of skills.

Qualifications summary. A bullet point list (4-6 points is the sweet spot) of your qualifications for the position. It’s best used by applicants going for jobs that require a fixed skill set. It’s not a great choice for entry-level applicants who lack quantifiable achievements.

You’ll notice that a qualifications summary takes up more space than a resume objective or summary, but it can actually save the hiring manager time if you provide a bunch of valuable information right off the top.

Who should use a qualifications summary: Those applying to a job with requirements for certain skills and job-seekers who have a lot of experience in their industry and/or field.

Resume profile. A resume profile is similar to a resume summary, but goes into more detail about your accomplishments at your current or former job, while also telling the reader about your career goals. Think of a resume profile as a section that pulls all the best parts of your work experience section into one place.

Who should use a resume profile: Anyone with significant accomplishments under their belt, expertise in a niche field, or applying to a job in the same industry that they have lots of experience in.

Resume headline. Resume headlines aren’t necessary, but you can include one alongside any of the four types of resume introduction listed above. A resume headline comes between your contact information and the resume introduction of your choice.

Headlines can be used by entry-level applicants and experienced job-seekers alike. The important point is that your headline should be short and to the point. Additionally, you should use title case when writing your resume headline (capitalize words as you would for a book title).

Who should use a resume headline: Any job-seeker who wants to showcase their experience or unique value right off the bat.

Work experience. Your work experience section is the place to let hiring managers know that you have relevant experience that would allow you to handle the job you’re applying for.

If you’re using the chronological resume format, your work experience section would come after your resume summary/objective. In a funcitonal reumse, it would follow your skills section. Either way, work experience should be listed in reverse-chronological order (most recent experience at the top).

When listing your work experience, you should include all of the following information:

Job title. Start by stating the position you held at the company. These are easy cue for the hiring manager to look at and determine whether your past positions would help you succeed at their company.

Company Info. Include the name of the employer, the location where you worked, and perhaps a brief description of the company, if it isn’t a well-known name.

Dates Employed: Use the mm/yyyy format if you want to be sure that most applicant tracking systems (ATS) will pick it up. Whatever format you use for dates, be consistent, or your resume will look sloppy.

Job Description. Don’t just list your job’s responsibilities; hiring managers and recruiters already have an idea of your duties based on the job title. Instead, list your most important and impressive responsibilities/achievements at the job with bullet points. Determine which of these are most relevant for your new role based on the job description.

Ideally, each bullet should be no longer than a single line. However, two lines is acceptable, if used sparingly.

Always start with a strong action verb, followed by a quantifiable achievement and a specific duty. For example: “Developed ad campaigns for clients, increasing sales by an average of 27%.” Each job title should include 3-5 bullet points.

The order that you include this information can be changed around, as long as you are consistent throughout your resume. However, the bullet points detailing your job’s achievements should always be the last item for each entry.

It’s important that you tailor your resume’s work experience section to the job you’re applying for. We recommend reading the job description carefully and highlighting the action verbs in one color and the skills, adjectives, and job-specific nouns in a different color.

Educational background. In almost all cases, your education section should come after your professional history. If you’re a recent college graduate with limited work experience, you may choose to put your educational achievements first.

Like the section on your professional history, educational experiences should come in reverse-chronological order, with your highest level of education at the top. If you have a college degree, you don’t need to add any information about your high school experience. If you didn’t finish college, it’s okay to give a list of what credits you did complete.

Each educational experience can be listed in the following format:

Degree/Program Name College/University Name Dates attended

You don’t need to add anything else, especially if your resume is already impressive enough. But if you’re struggling to fill up the page, or you feel that aspects of your educational experience will help make you a standout, you may consider also including:

Minor. If you think it rounds out your not-exactly-relevant-to-the-job major nicely.

GPA. Only if it was 3.5 or higher. Otherwise, it’s not going to do you any favors to include this.

Honors. Dean’s List, Cum Laude, etc.

Achievements. If you wrote a killer thesis/dissertation that showcases intimate knowledge relevant to the job to which you’re applying, you can include its title and a very brief description.

Extracurricular activities. Only include if they’re relevant. For example, if you’re applying for a management position and you were president of your student government.

Certifications/Licenses. If the job you’re applying for requires/likes to see certain certifications or licenses that you have, you may include them in this section as well.

Skills section. Your impressive skills should be scattered logistically throughout your professional history section, but you should also include a section solely dedicated to highlighting your skill set . Skills can be broken down into two categories:

Hard skills are skills you learn through training and indicate expertise with a technical ability or job-specific responsibility.

Soft skills are your personality traits, interpersonal abilities, and intangible qualities that make you more effective at your job.

Your resume should have a healthy mix of hard and soft skills, as both are essential to job performance. However, since soft skills are harder to prove in the context of a resume, we recommend leaning more toward hard skills. Additionally, whenever you list a soft skill, make sure that it has a correlating item in your work experience section.

For example, if you say you are skilled in collaboration, you should mention a time when a team project was a major success somewhere in your work experience section.

Optional sections. If you still have space left or there’s more you want to show off that doesn’t quite fit in any of the above sections, you may consider adding an additional section covering one or more of the below categories:

Language . Being bilingual is always impressive, and can be included on a resume for any company. Highlight this more if your position involves liaising with international distributors and/or clients. Don’t lie about your proficiency level.

It may be best to not mention it if you’re not particularly proficient speaker . Such as if you took courses in school, or haven’t really managed to gain fluency. It can end up looking like an attempt to inflate your credentials, which you want to avoid.

Volunteer experience . Always a good thing to include. It shows you’re a team player who behaves in a way that promotes the greater good, without thought of personal gain. Especially good for entry-level candidates and those applying for jobs at a non-profit. If you have gaps in your work history, you can also consider including volunteer experiences in your work history section instead.

Personal projects. A personal blog, published works, or a portfolio of your past projects are all good things to include. They show you take initiative, enjoy and take pride in your work, and that you can handle the responsibilities of the job, if relevant.

Certifications/licenses. If you didn’t include these in your education section, this is another good place to list relevant certifications or licenses that you have.

Interests . This is largely just a space filler if your resume is light in other areas. However, if your hobbies are directly related to the job that you’re applying for, it’s not a bad idea to include them. And it might draw a recruiter’s attention if you end up sharing some of the same interests as they do.

If you have several seemingly random items that are valuable, but don’t warrant creating a whole separate section for, you can also make a section called “Additional Experience.” Here you can include all of the above categories in one place. Just make sure that each item is clear and easy for readers to understand.

Resume samples

Now that we have a good idea of how to write a resume, let’s take a look at some example resumes:

Jack Pilgrim Washington , DC 14015 – (555) 444-3333 – [email protected] – www.linkedin.com/jpilgrim Resume Summary Graphic designer with 3+ years of experience creating and implementing promotional materials and social media graphics. Worked with sales and marketing teams to increase inbound calls by 23% YoY through compelling digital media. Adept at planning, managing, and prioritizing multiple deadlines at once, and thrives in fast-paced work environment. Work Experience Creative Designs | Washington, DC Lead Graphic Designer | June 2018-Present Worked with sales and marketing teams to create landing pages, sales proposals, and supporting media elements to drive sales by over $250,000 per quarter Trained, managed, and mentored team of 4 junior designers to fulfill 40+ project orders on a weekly basis Conducted UX research through surveys, usability testing, and data analysis to plan content marketing strategy, driving organic search traffic by 12% Presented proposals, results, and status updates to set of 4-7 clients, ensuring customer satisfaction at or above 95% for 3 years straight Happy Place | Alexandria, VA Junior Graphic Designer | July 2016-May 2018 Translated client needs and branding strategies into design and content strategy, increasing client retention by 22% Reduced project turnaround time by 8% by Utilizing web-based ticket system for completing and archiving finalized pieces Posted digital artwork to network IPTV using web interface to produce high-end info-graphics and other materials Happy Place | Alexandria, VA Marketing Intern | September 2015-July 2016 Assisted marketing team with data collection, analysis, and presentation using Google Analytics Drew up storyboards for new marketing campaigns alongside sales team, increasing brand awareness through social media Wrote 500-1000 word articles to pair with graphical elements on page, leading to a 40% boost in engagement on company website Education Savannah College of Art and Design | Savannah, Georgia May 2016 Bachelor of Fine Arts in Graphic Design Skills Adobe Creative Suite Typography HTML/CSS WordPress Collaboration Organization

Allison Neederly Chicago, Illinois , 60007 | (333) 222-1111 | [email protected] | www.linkedin.com/allison.neederly Resume Summary Dedicated customer service representative with 4+ years experience resolving customers’ needs in-person, online, and over the phone. Top achiever at XYZ Inc. with a 100% customer satisfaction rate for Q1 of 2020. Friendly personable, and knowledgable about company’s products and services. Relevant Skills Customer Service Responded to upwards of 200 customer queries daily with XYZ Inc., reducing the average wait time by 56% and increasing customer satisfaction rates by 13% Ability to resolve conflict and create a positive atmosphere for shopping for both new and existing customers through technical proficiency Expert product knowledge and communication skills, and experience training and mentoring new customer service staff Web Chat and Phone Skilled in 3 web chat platforms for helping online customers resolve their queries quickly and accurately Achieved fastest call resolution rate at XYZ Inc., with an average resolution time of under 5 minutes per customer Performed outbound calls for customer satisfaction surveys, as well as writing web-based surveys for 10,000+ customers Troubleshooting Detailed product knowledge allowed for customer technical issues to be resolved at rate within top 5% of all customer service associates at XYZ Inc. Created manual for step-by-step directions for troubleshooting that was implemented for team of 100+ customer service reps Positive attitude took average tech-related negative response from 1/5 stars to 4/5 stars, increasing trust in brands and services Work Experience XYZ Inc. | Philadelphia, PA Customer Service Associate New Look Global | Burlington, VT Junior Customer Service Representative L.L. Bean | Burlington, VT Sales Associate Education University of Vermont | Burlington, VT May 2012 Bachelor of Arts in Humanities

Priya Laghari New York, NY | (222) 111-0000 | [email protected] | www.priyabizdev.com Resume Profile Strategy Development: Grew John Deere’s international sales by 13% by tapping into undeserved countries in Southeast Asia Management: Oversaw a team of managers representing marketing, sales, and product teams. Streamlined collaborative, cross-functional communications through agile and scrum management system CRM: Developed, customized, and implemented new customer relationship management database for accounts totaling over $10M in value Work Experience Business Development Manager 01/2015-Present Microsoft | Redmond, WA Developed product strategies and roadmap for Google AdWords, increasing inbound traffic by 26% YoY Reduced time training on new software by 50% for new and existing employees by implement e-learning programs Spearheaded digital marketing campaign worth $1M that saw a return of 200% in first year by qualifying leads earlier in the sales funnel Regional Sales Manager 11/2012-01/2015 Big Things Inc. | St. Louis, MO Managed territory encompassing 29 regional locations with an annual revenue of approx. $55M Worked with C-level executives to plan business strategies, resulting in 20% reduction in overhead costs Increased client retention by 12% in first year by implementing a CRM approach based on account profiling and elevating levels of relationship selling Account Manager 02/2009-11/2012 Solutions Corp. | Chicago, IL Implemented and developed CRM strategic plans, increasing retention of long-term clients by 22% Maintained 50+ accounts totaling over $35M in value Generated leads through one-on-one consultation via phone inquiries, online check-ins, and meeting office walk-ins Relevant Skills CRM: Proficient with Salesforce, Zoho, and HubSpot; some experience with Keap. Used various CRM software over a decade to successfully manage customer relations and quick to adapt to new software and tools that aid in quality of customer experience. Salesmanship: Negotiated and closed over several deals worth $1M+ and skilled in upselling and cross-selling. Adept at working closely with marketing and product teams to maximize the efficiency of the sales funnel for both inbound and outbound traffic. Presentation: Represented Microsoft Northwest Region at quarterly board meetings, ensuring all stakeholders were kept abreast of new developments and opportunities. Also deliver monthly presentations to big clients and vendors to maintain positive relationship. Data analytics. Expert at integrating data from various analytics platforms, including Google, Microsoft Power BI, and SAP BusinessObjects Education Colgate University | May 2008 MBA Fordham University | May 2006 Bachelor’s Degree in Business

For more resume examples and templates:

Resume examples by job

Google docs resume template

Resume templates

Resume builder

Resume Headers Samples:

Tip : Never put your contact info in the header of your document; some applicant tracking systems might miss it.

For more on how to write a resume header:

Resume Header

Resume Titles

Resume introduction examples

Entry-Level Resume Objective.

Recent graduate with a bachelor’s in Marketing from the University of Virginia seeking an entry-level role in content marketing. Excellent copywriter with 2+ years experience editing content as a member of the UVa Writing Center.

Career Change Resume Objective.

Eager to apply 7+ years of experience with customer success management to make successful outbound B2B calls, deliver customized business solutions to new and existing customers, and provide expert product knowledge in the role of Account Manager for XYZ Inc.

Example Resume Summary Statement.

Accountant with over 8 years of experience in the medical industry. Adept at advising on management of cash deficits, reconciling departmental accounts, and creating new accounts and codes. Coordinated invoice preparation system for ABC that reduced contractor overhead by 19% YoY.

English teacher with a love of language and 6 years of experience teaching high school students. Developed new curriculum that boosted freshman reading comprehension scores by 12% and created after school book club for AP Lit class, resulting in 100% of participating students achieving a 5 on the AP Lit test.

Example Qualifications Summary.

Executive assistant with 5+ years experience helping maintain efficiency in an office of 25 employees Communicated directly with internal and external stakeholders, helping Senior Vice President manage projects worth $5M+ Proactively managed office schedules, identifying and prioritizing changes to ensure client satisfaction Recognized in a company of 500 for “Outstanding Achiever” in May 2019

Example Resume Profile.

Detail-oriented IT Specialist with 4 years of experience overseeing and improving the infrastructure of IT systems. Adept at building and running troubleshooting systems and testing services. Decreased security risk by 47% through continual optimization, while also improving the speed of client portal by 22%. Excellent communicator both internally and for client-facing discussions. Achieved 98%+ customer satisfaction ratings through weekly and monthly check-ins with accounts valued cumulatively at $500,000.

Entry-Level Resume Headline.

Bilingual College Graduate with 80 WPM Typing Speed and Tutoring Experience

Experienced Resume Headline.

Business Development Specialist with 6+ Years Experience Scaling Start-Up Tech Teams

For more on resume introductions:

Resume objective statement

Resume summary statement

Resume summary statement examples

Qualifications summary

Sample resume work experience sections

Work Experience XYZ Industries | Seattle, WA Marketing Associate | May 2019-Present Delivered weekly presentations to client-base to communicate brand messaging, increasing client retention by 11% Served as liaison between marketing and product teams, resulting in projects finishing 2 weeks early, on average Leveraged Excel skills to create and maintain spreadsheet to track consumer insights, emergent trends, and inform decisions of marketing team through competitive analysis Managed team of 5 contractors to juggle multiple priority projects simultaneously, never missing a deadline Initiated an affiliate referral program that PR team went on to turn into a revenue-generating stream valued at $30,000 annually ABC Corp | Seattle, WA Marketing Intern | September 2018-May 2019 Developed, maintained, and processed 20+ digital consent forms and distributor forms Worked collaboratively with a team of 10 marketing professionals, closely aligning our goals with the PR team Provided data analysis using Google Analytics and performed keyword research to increase blog traffic by 56% over six months Answered up to 50 customer queries by phone and email each week

For more on building the perfect resume work experience section:

Resume work experience section

First resume (no experience)

Examples Of Education Resume Sections

Graduated recently from a 4-year program.

Western Illinois University | Macomb, Illinois May 2020 Bachelor of Arts in Sociology | Minor in Psychology 3.95 GPA magna cum laude Dean’s List all semesters

Two degrees.

Fordham University | Bronx, New York April 2016 Master of Chemical Engineering Stony Brook University | Stony Brook, New York April 2014 Bachelor of Science in Chemistry

Anticipated graduation date (not yet graduated).

DePaul Univeristy | Chicago, Illinois Bachelor of Arts in History – Degree anticipated May 2021 Current GPA: 3.8

Older job seeker (graduated 10+ years ago).

University of Chicago | Chicago, Illinois Bachelor of Business Administration

High school graduate (no college degree).

Johnston High School 2016-2020 Head of Computer Club

More on crafting the perfect resume education section:

Education resume section

GPA on resume

Dean’s list

Magna cum laude

Examples Of Skills For Resume

Examples of hard skills include:

Examples of soft skills include:

Here’s more information on how to incorporate skills into your resume:

Resume skills section

Hard skills

Soft skills

Top skills for professionals

Skills-based resume

Resume writing FAQ

What is a resume?

A resume is a one to two-page document that focuses on professional experience, past achievements, education and certifications, and specific skills tailored to the job you’re applying for.

Almost every job application requires a resume, and hiring managers use them as a first impression in determining which applicants get a shot at an interview.

Whether you’re fresh out of college or have 30 years of professional experience, this guide should help craft a resume that stands out from the crowd and get you one step closer to landing your dream job.

What is the format for writing a good resume?

Most people will want to use a chronological or reverse-chronological resume format. This format is compatible with most applicant tracking systems (ATS) and is easy for employers to read. Additionally it helps highlight your experience, which helps prove your qualifications.

How far back should a resume go?

A resume should go back no further than 10 to 15 years. However, it is important that all your information is relevant. Therefore, do not include job experience that is irrelevant to your application, even if it’s fewer than 10 years old. Save that information for later discussions.

Should you personalize your resume for each job?

Yes, you should personalize your resume for each job you apply to. Many recruiters use ATS now, which will search for keywords in a resume and reject those that don’t have them. That means that the skills you choose to highlight as well as your opening, such as your resume summary, should be altered to suit each job you apply to.

You don’t need to rewrite the entire resume for each job, but it does show attention to detail and initiative to make sure that your resume is customized. It also makes it more likely that you’ll get past the first step of the process.

State of New York Department of Labor – Resumes, Cover Letters and Job Applications

Harvard University – Create a Resume/CV or Cover Letter

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Matthew Zane is the lead editor of Zippia's How To Get A Job Guides. He is a teacher, writer, and world-traveler that wants to help people at every stage of the career life cycle. He completed his masters in American Literature from Trinity College Dublin and BA in English from the University of Connecticut.

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How to write a great resumé in 2021

Single page or multi-page? Photo vs no photo? PDF vs Word document?

I'm sure I'm not the only one who feels a bit hot and sweaty at the mere thought of resumés and cover letters.

We've all wondered if arbitrary page limits are a thing of the past, whether corporate buzzwords help or hinder, and if prospective employers really care about your epic skills running the "drive thru" shift at your first job.

The lack of hard and fast rules for what constitutes a good application makes resumé writing a minefield in an already fierce job market. Thankfully I've dug out some golden nuggets from the pros to find out what belongs on a modern resumé.

'The one-page resumé rule is a myth'

Sarah Smith, founder of Interview Boss, clears things up once and for all.

"The one-page resumé rule is a myth," she says.

Phew, the days of size 8 font and miniscule line spacing are over, my friends.

Sarah says the length of your resumé should really be guided by how much valuable information you have to offer.

If you don't have loads of experience, don't stretch it out for the sake of it. But, if you've got relevant skills and experience to convey, go for it — within reason!

"Two pages is great, three pages is fine, four is definitely pushing it," she says.

When it comes to design, don't try and be too clever.

"Candidates get too focused on standing out from other applicants," which leads to unnecessary visuals that can be distracting, Sarah says.

All that does is "makes it harder for a recruiter to understand what's going on".

The magic lies in the first half page

The one-page rule might be a thing of the past, but recruiters and hiring managers seem to agree that the first half page of your resumé is your golden opportunity.

"The first half page is the most critical real estate you have, so that should be used to make the most impact," Sarah says.

Nick Berman, partner at creative recruitment firm Sterning Group concurs, explaining that a "primary introduction" to open your resumé is a great opportunity to sell yourself and "create some energy".

That first half page is what catches the eye of the reader upon that all-important first glance.

I'd always wondered how long recruiters spent reading resumés, but it wasn't until my own experience hiring at work that I truly understood the impact of a great first impression — or perhaps I should say the consequences of a bad one.

I've seen everything from oddly named resumé file names to misspelled email addresses — ahem, gnail.com — and so often these mistakes are surrounded by claims of excellent attention to detail.

While they're only small errors, in a competitive market when hiring managers are time poor and inundated with applications, if your first impression doesn't land, it could mean missing out.

Build out your story with hyperlinks

Nick points out that hyperlinks are a great opportunity to build out the picture you're painting with your resumé.

You can use links to reference your work, media mentions, or external content that helps contextualise your professional profile.

"You can link out to your LinkedIn profile, or LinkedIn recommendations," Nick explains, which can really help make a great first impression.

'It's really a sales tool'

Selling ourselves can feel icky, but Nick wants you to embrace the fact that your resumé is "a sales tool".

You're selling yourself as an ideal "solution" to the "problem" the role is presenting.

"[Recruiters are] trying to correlate what you've done with this potential new role," he says.

You can do this by using words that align yourself and your skills with the role you're applying for.

Look to the job advertisement, or even get on the phone with the listed contact to get some more information. Then, speak to that in your resumé language and tone.

Another helpful way to help forge that "perfect match" between you and the role is to adapt each resumé ever so slightly.

Nick suggests listing out 15-20 key skills or attributes in a separate document, and using each resumé to hero the five that are most relevant to that role.

Then, use the subsequent experience sections to "put meat on the bones" of the story you're telling.

5 actionable tips to take to your resumé right now

• 1. Get a LinkedIn recommendation from someone you've worked with in the past, and link to it in your resumé.
• 2. Have a go at nailing the bones of a primary introduction, and use words specific to the types of roles you're applying for to communicate your message.
• 3. When listing your experience, focus on your 2-3 most recent roles, and use a hierarchical approach to presenting the information. List your key achievements first, and contextualise with a summary to close.
• 4. Ditch the overly creative elements, and opt for a simple, clean and to-the-point design that matches the message you're communicating in your resumé. If design or visual communication is a critical aspect of the role, a supporting portfolio might be more appropriate.
• 5. Cut the fluff. Focus on only including recent and relevant experience that speaks to your ability to do the job you're applying for. 

Oh, and keep the photos for your LinkedIn profile.

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How to Get the Best Recommendation Letters for Law School

Think through the references you will ask for letters and when and how you will approach them.

Good Law School Recommendation Letters

Getty Images

Make sure the person who writes your letter of recommendation is someone you have a good relationship with.

Although they are rarely decisive, recommendations letters are a meaningful factor in law school admissions.

Most other law school application materials, such as personal and diversity statements , present your case in your own voice. Recommendation letters are one of the few ways for admissions officers to hear others’ impressions of you.

While your transcript and test scores may say a lot about your academic skills, they don’t communicate what kind of person you are, or how you think or relate to other people. One student might get straight A's while acting like a pompous jerk, while another helped others, steadily improved through hard work or had the courage to take on challenging research.

Hearing stories about you from a professor or work supervisor helps law admissions officers build a three-dimensional picture of who you are and how you might contribute to the law school community.

This is why it is important to approach recommendation letters strategically, even though they’re just one part of your application process. 

Whom to Ask for a Recommendation Letter

Unless you are an older applicant who has been in the workforce for many years, you should get at least one law school recommendation letter from a professor. Others might come from other professors, mentors or supervisors from an internship, job or activity .

One mistake that applicants make is to request a recommendation letter from someone they think is a big shot – a well-known professor, a high-level executive or a family friend who is a venerable lawyer or local politician.

This is only a good idea if such a person teaches or works with you directly and can speak knowledgeably about your work and your goals. If your relationship is more indirect or distant, it can come across as superficial and uninformative, like a vague book blurb by a celebrity who seems unlikely to have read the book.

Above all, ensure the recommendation letter will be positive! If you detect signs that you have chosen the wrong reference to write a letter, move on to someone who can speak about your strengths more knowledgeably and enthusiastically. 

What a Recommendation Letter Should Include

If a recommendation letter is simply a series of compliments strung together, it will sound generic, no matter how effusive or truthful it is. An effective letter should back up its claims with specific details and examples of times when you stood out because of your dedication, helpfulness, initiative or insight.

A recommendation letter does not have to be unwaveringly positive. In fact, a letter that shows how you have grown, overcome adversity, responded constructively to feedback or taken responsibility for yourself can show the kinds of “ soft factors ” that law school admissions officers seek.  

How to Request a Recommendation Letter

Once you have identified a reference who is likely to write you a strong recommendation letter, ask him or her politely. Explain why you are applying to law school, why you think he or she would be a good reference and when you will need the letter.

Be prepared for the recommender to ask for your resume or other materials. For example, a professor might ask to see copies of your papers for the class, or any feedback received.

You might offer to provide more information or details as needed or to discuss the letter in a meeting or phone call. However, do not crowd your initial request with ideas and advice. That could come across as presumptuous.

If a recommender has a personal connection to a school you are applying to, consider requesting a school-specific letter , in addition to a more general recommendation letter.

Finally, avoid writing a recommendation letter yourself . If a recommender asks you to do so, gently explain why this is a bad idea and instead offer to provide ideas and notes that he or she could incorporate into his or her own letter. 

How Many Recommendation Letters to Request

Very few law schools require more than one recommendation letter. Many limit you to two, although some allow up to five.

It is important that all your recommendation letters are strong and substantive, because they may take time away from other aspects of your application. Quality matters more than quantity.

If you are worried that one of your letters is not as strong as the others, don’t submit it. A mediocre letter could very well overshadow better letters read alongside it. Just think about how often you read a mixed review that turns you off of a business, even if the other reviews seem positive. 

When to Request a Recommendation Letter

Recommendation letters are submitted and processed through the Credential Assembly Service of the Law School Admission Council. Since they can take a couple of weeks to process, it’s a good idea to get them in before you plan to apply.

Anticipate that your recommender may need at least a few weeks to write the letter, particularly at busy times of the year. That means that you should request recommendation letters more than a month before you plan to apply.

For applicants planning to apply in the fall, it is best to request letters over the summer or early fall. It’s OK to request letters earlier, as well. For example, if you just finished a summer internship where you worked together well with your boss, you might request the letter before leaving, even if you don’t plan to apply anytime soon. 

What if Your Recommendation Letter Is Delayed?

While law school admissions are rolling , a week or so of delay will not be of consequence. So, consider waiting until your application is complete before you submit it.

That said, if it is late in the cycle, or if you are aiming to meet an early decision deadline , waiting may not be an option. As long as you have the minimum number of recommendation letters required, your application can be submitted. You can always add further letters to your file later.

Remember that a law school is unlikely to review your application as soon as it is received. So, if a recommendation letter is delayed for a few days, it is unlikely to matter. If the letter is important and it may be delayed for some time, notify the admissions office by phone or email that another recommendation letter is forthcoming and ask if your application could be put on hold until it is received.

Of course, the best way to ensure that a recommendation letter does not hold up your application is to request it several weeks in advance. The law school admissions process is stressful enough without having to wait on other people!

Tips to Boost a Law School Application

Tags: law school , graduate schools , education , students

About Law Admissions Lowdown

Law Admissions Lowdown provides advice to prospective students about the law school application process, LSAT prep and potential career paths. Previously authored by contributors from Stratus Admissions Counseling, the blog is currently authored by Gabriel Kuris, founder of Top Law Coach , an admissions consultancy. Kuris is a graduate of Harvard Law School and has helped hundreds of applicants navigate the law school application process since 2003. Got a question? Email [email protected] .

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Your chance of acceptance, your chancing factors, extracurriculars, how to ask for a college application recommendation letter.

Hi everyone! I'll be applying to colleges next year and will need to get a couple of recommendation letters. Who should I ask for these letters and how should I go about it? What's the best way to approach teachers or counselors for a recommendation? Any tips are super helpful, thanks!

Hello! It's a great idea to start thinking about recommendation letters early. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you navigate the process:

1. Identify who to ask: Start by identifying teachers who know you well and can speak to your strengths, both as a student and as a person. Typically, it is best to ask teachers who have taught you in core academic subjects during your junior or senior year. You can also consider asking a coach or a club advisor, depending on the college's requirements for recommendations.

2. Give advance notice: It's best to ask for letters of recommendation at least a month before the deadline. Teachers and counselors are often asked to write multiple letters, so giving them ample time is essential.

3. Make a formal request: Approach your potential recommender in person, if possible, or via email if in-person meetings aren't feasible. Explain why you value their perspective and how they can contribute positively to your college applications.

4. Provide helpful information: Once a teacher or counselor has agreed to write a letter, give them the necessary information to write a strong and personalized recommendation. This might include:

- A list of colleges and deadlines

- Your academic and extracurricular accomplishments

- A copy of your personal statement or a summary of your goals for college and beyond

5. Offer support: Check in with your recommenders about two weeks before the deadline to see if they need any additional information from you or if they have any questions. Reiterate your appreciation for their support.

6. Show gratitude: After your recommender has submitted the letter, express your gratitude with a thank-you note, email, or small gift. This not only shows your appreciation but also helps maintain a positive relationship.

Remember, getting a strong letter of recommendation can have a significant impact on your college application, so make sure to invest time in fostering meaningful relationships with your teachers and counselors throughout high school. Good luck with your applications!

About CollegeVine’s Expert FAQ

CollegeVine’s Q&A seeks to offer informed perspectives on commonly asked admissions questions. Every answer is refined and validated by our team of admissions experts to ensure it resonates with trusted knowledge in the field.

University letters of recommendation: an essential guide

Letters of recommendation can make or break a student’s university application, so it’s important that we get them right

Phillip Wenturine

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There are a plethora of documents that go into compiling the perfect college application. From transcripts to predicted grades, activity lists, resumés or CVs, essays, recommendation letters, certificates and more – each element of the application holds a different purpose and separate weight of importance, often varying from country to country and university to university.

By the senior year (Year 13), academics are nearly finalised, so there’s little wiggle room when it comes to improving that element of the application: senior GPA is set and calculated; IB predictions are nearly issued.

But beyond academics, some universities require recommendation letters, and this is where a student can stand out more, highlighting and emphasising their skills, qualities and abilities. 

These recommendation letters can sometimes illuminate the true heart and soul of the student, beyond their transcripts or personal-statement essay. The words in these letters can make or break a student’s application, so it’s important we get them right and tell their story with the thought and effort it deserves. 

Teacher letters of recommendation

In a teacher’s recommendation letter, students are brought to life beyond their grades, showcasing their holistic potential.

Teachers seize the chance to praise consistent academic excellence, to spotlight specific projects or skills, and to contextualise grade fluctuations resulting from personal circumstances.

These letters illustrate growth, revealing students’ readiness for university life. The emphasis is on articulating acquired skills and potential – a narrative far more impactful than grades alone. While an A-grade student may excel in tests, a B-grade student might exhibit invaluable traits, such as grit and resilience, best articulated through personalised advocacy.

Recommendation letter timelines

To support students and teachers, it’s important to highlight the importance of the teacher recommendation letter early on to teachers and students alike. Let students know as early as grades 10 and 11 (Years 11 and 12) that it’s important to build relationships with teachers well in advance of senior year. The best letters come from those teachers who have an excellent rapport with the student in question.

Ask students in the spring of junior year (Year 12) to select those teachers they would like recommendation letters from. The recommendation should ideally come from a core-subject teacher (maths, science, social studies, English) rather than an elective teacher, unless the elective is a field in which they intend to pursue a career.

To support the teachers, we work with students to compile what we call a brag sheet. Students answer a series of questions about themselves, in order to give the teacher the best context for writing the letter.

We tell teachers that if the student does not provide this brag sheet, or if they feel that the student has not performed well enough in their class to deserve a letter, they are allowed to respectfully decline the request to write the letter.

We also remind teachers that they do not need to agree to write any more than 20 letters. It is unfair if students all ask one teacher – who may then end up writing 60 letters – for a recommendation letter, while other teachers only have to write a few.. With that in mind, we also remind students of the importance of being organised and requesting the letter from their preferred teacher early on.

Writing the letters

Here are some examples of the questions we ask students on their brag sheets, which then give teachers a starting point for their letters:

• What do you hope this letter will show about you that your GPA doesn’t?
• What was a challenge that you faced in this class, and what actions did you take to overcome it?
• Describe how this class influenced you, either through academic content or teacher interaction.
• Give between one and three examples of times when you have exceeded expectations with your communication skills, and also some areas where you can reflect that you may need growth.
• What majors or careers interest you?

To support the teachers further, we host a writing workshop in the spring of each year to give them examples of strong and weak letters (all confidential). We coach them in "show, don't tell" when it comes to writing about students’ strengths, as well as giving them concrete examples of how best to advocate for students and highlight their strengths.

We review what each different country’s universities desire from these letters, as some universities – such as the US – appreciate a holistic view of the student (for example, highlighting student athletes or detailing extracurriculars). By contrast, the UK is very academic-focused and prefers to read about the student’s abilities when working on class projects, research and outside endeavours in the field of study.

Counsellor recommendation letters

Some universities – mostly in the US – also allow a counsellor letter of recommendation. This letter goes beyond academic ability in the classroom and speaks more to students’ characteristics, personality, outside involvement and external factors helpful for an admission committee to review in the context of other application documents.

The counsellor’s role is to fill in the missing pieces of an application: we help identify and tell a student’s story, covering any hardships, exceptional leadership abilities, impressive commitment to community and so on.

Now more than ever, admission committees are telling us that they trust the counsellor and teacher letters to help give them the full picture of a student, and to help them judge whether or not they will be the best fit for their incoming class and able to thrive on their campus.

We send our students what we call a junior questionnaire, in order to collect the information necessary to write these letters successfully.

Some examples of the questions on the junior questionnaire:

• What languages do you speak, and to what level of fluency?
• Please provide some details about your family and highlight any diversity and/or adversity that you have experienced. 
• Have there been any major circumstances that have impacted on your personal or academic life? 
• What are three adjectives you would use to describe yourself? Think deeply about this one. 
• How have you used your time outside of school, and can you elaborate on any particular projects, clubs, work experience, internships, or volunteer work that speaks to consistency in an activity, leadership experience or a particular commitment to have an impact on your community?

External letters

Sometimes students may wish to have an outside recommendation letter from a coach – for example, if they are a student athlete.

Overall, references should be academic-focused, but some universities that accept more than one letter are willing to receive one from an outside observer, too. In these cases, the person should be someone who oversees the student as the coach of a sport or the supervisor of an internship or work-experience programme.

The external referee should give this letter to the counsellor to send off on their behalf, as all recommendation letters must confidential and never shared with the student.