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Challenges Before India After Independence – UPSC Post-Independence Notes

After independence from British colonial rule in 1947, India embarked on a journey fraught with numerous challenges as it sought to forge a new path forward. The nation faced an array of complex issues ranging from economic disparities and social inequalities to political fragmentation and regional tensions. The task of nation-building amidst a diverse population and a legacy of colonial exploitation presented formidable obstacles. Moreover, the partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan unleashed communal violence and mass migrations, leaving scars that would shape the country’s trajectory for decades to come. As India entered a new era of self-governance, it grappled with the imperative to address these challenges while striving to establish itself as a democratic, secular, and economically vibrant nation on the global stage.

Table of Contents

Initial Years Of Independence

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru spoke to the Indian Constituent Assembly at the stroke of midnight on August 14, 1947, and declared, “Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time has come when we shall fulfill our commitment, not entirely or in full measure, but very significantly. When the rest of the world goes to sleep at midnight, India will awaken to freedom and vitality. With the delivery of this speech, India officially entered a period of independence, capping a protracted struggle for freedom against the oppressive British colonial authority. Millions of Indians led this journey to a new India and made sacrifices along the way, laying the groundwork for a young country.

Challenges After Independent India:

• Rehabilitation of Refugees & Communal Riots: The aftermath of partition brought about a massive displacement of people and communal violence. Rehabilitating refugees and fostering communal harmony were pressing challenges.
• Integration of Princely States: The integration of over 500 princely states into the newly formed Indian Union required deft diplomatic and administrative efforts.
• Stability & Security of India: Ensuring the stability and security of the newly independent nation was paramount. This involved dealing with internal challenges and external threats.
• Establishment of Representative Democracy & Civil Libertarian Political Order: Building a robust democratic framework and upholding civil liberties were key tasks in the nation-building process.
• Restoration of Law & Order after Partition: The partition period saw widespread violence and disorder. Restoring law and order was crucial for the functioning of the new nation.
• Economic Development: Laying the foundation for economic growth and development was essential to uplift the nation from the challenges of poverty and underdevelopment.
• Social, Political, and Economic Equality: Striving for equality across various dimensions – social, political, and economic – was a fundamental goal in post-independence India.

Important Statements of Nehru after Independence of India:

• Nehru emphasized that the achievement of independence was just the beginning of a journey towards even greater triumphs and achievements. He stressed the need for continuous effort to fulfill the pledges made.
• He underscored the priority of ensuring the security and stability of India, recognizing that without these foundations, progress in other areas would be compromised.
• Nehru expressed his belief that the period of post-independence India was an exciting and pivotal phase in the nation’s long history. He saw great potential and privilege in working towards India’s progress during this time.

Partition and Its Aftermath: Introduction

The dawn of August 15, 1947 marked the culmination of a long-fought struggle for India’s independence. It was a day of celebration, commemorating the sacrifices of generations of patriots and martyrs. However, with independence came a host of formidable challenges, particularly concerning the unity and territorial integrity of the nation.

The early years of independent India were marked by the haunting legacy of Partition. This traumatic event led to widespread communal violence, mass displacement, and a level of brutality that shook the very foundations of the idea of a secular India. The nation was confronted with shortages of essential commodities, creating an atmosphere of uncertainty and fear of administrative breakdown.

Independence, though a momentous achievement, was accompanied by a multitude of issues. Centuries of backwardness, social prejudice, economic inequality, and widespread ignorance continued to exert their influence on the newly freed land. The task ahead was not only to rebuild a nation, but also to address the deeply ingrained challenges that had marred its progress for generations.

Challenges facing India at the Time of Independence

Immediate problems:.

• Territorial and administrative integration of the princely states.
• Communal riots accompanying Partition.
• Rehabilitation of refugees from Pakistan.
• Protection of threatened Muslim communities.
• Avoiding conflict with Pakistan.
• Communist insurgency.
• Restoration of law and order.
• Ensuring political stability and preventing administrative breakdown due to Partition.

Medium Term Problems:

• Framing a constitution.
• Establishing a representative democratic and civil libertarian political order.
• Conducting elections for representative and responsible government.
• Abolishing the semi-feudal agrarian order through land reforms.

Long Term Problems:

• Promoting national integration.
• Furthering the process of nation-building.
• Fostering rapid economic development.
• Eradicating endemic poverty.
• Initiating the planning process.
• Bridging the gap between mass expectations ignited by the freedom struggle and their actual realization.
• Addressing centuries-long social injustices, inequalities, and oppression.
• Formulating a foreign policy to safeguard Indian independence and promote global peace amidst the rising Cold War tensions.

The national movement successfully united diverse regions, societal segments, and ideological currents under a shared political agenda. National leaders were dedicated to achieving swift social and economic transformation, along with the democratization of society and politics, upholding the values instilled by the national movement. Their commitment to democracy, civil liberties, secularism, independent economic growth, anti-imperialism, and social reforms, along with a pro-poor orientation, bolstered their leadership. Additionally, their immense popularity and prestige among various sections of society further solidified their position.

Other Major Problems:

• Significantly crucial task post-independence involved providing relief, resettlement, and rehabilitation for the nearly six million refugees from Pakistan who had lost everything, experiencing a complete upheaval in their lives.
• Nehru emphasized in 1947 that the foremost priority was ensuring the security and stability of India. Leaders were not only tasked with handling the communal aftermath of partition but also had to safeguard Indian territory from external threats, particularly from Pakistan. Given the backdrop of the Cold War, safeguarding sovereignty was a major challenge, considering influences from both the USSR and the USA.
• A critical objective for Indian leaders was to establish a truly democratic and republican India, where ultimate powers were vested in the citizens.
• Post-partition, India witnessed a communal catastrophe. Senseless communal violence and an unprecedented fratricidal conflict were rampant. Restoring law and order and establishing internal peace were immediate imperatives at the time of Independence.
• At the time of Independence, India’s economic development was at a negative juncture. The leaders faced the visionary challenge of building, framing, and developing a robust Indian economy that could provide adequate employment opportunities.
• A paramount task post-independence was to grant political, economic, and social equality to all Indians, establishing a foundation of fairness and equity.

The partition of India in 1947 had profound consequences and was a momentous event in South Asian history. Here are some key points about the partition and its consequences:

• Two Nation Theory: The partition was a result of the “two-nation theory” proposed by the Muslim League, which argued that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations and should have separate nations. This theory ultimately led to the creation of India and Pakistan as two separate countries.
• Demarcation of Boundaries: The demarcation of boundaries between India and Pakistan was a challenging task. Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a British jurist who had never been to India before, was appointed to head the Boundary Commission. Radcliffe’s award on August 17, 1947, divided the provinces of Punjab and Bengal based on the principle of religious majorities. This led to significant population transfers and the displacement of millions of people.
• Mass Migration: The Radcliffe Line, which delineated the border between India and Pakistan, triggered one of the largest mass migrations in human history. Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan moved to India, while Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan. This mass migration resulted in violence, communal riots, and the loss of countless lives.
• Communal Violence: The partition led to widespread communal violence and bloodshed, with horrific incidents of violence and atrocities on both sides of the border. It left deep scars and bitter memories that continue to affect the relationship between India and Pakistan.
• Displacement and Loss: Millions of people were uprooted from their homes, and many lost their lives and belongings during the partition. Families were torn apart, and the social fabric of communities was severely disrupted.
• Legacy of Hostility: The partition created a legacy of hostility and mistrust between India and Pakistan. The two countries have since been engaged in conflicts, including wars and ongoing disputes over the region of Kashmir.
• Impact on Borders: The partition resulted in the drawing of the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir, which remains a highly contentious and militarized border region to this day.
• Religious Minorities: The partition highlighted the challenges faced by religious minorities in both India and Pakistan. It raised questions about the rights and security of minority communities in the newly formed nations.
• Geopolitical Implications: The partition of India had geopolitical implications beyond South Asia. It affected British and international interests, as well as the broader context of the emerging Cold War.

Overall, the partition of India had far-reaching and enduring consequences, shaping the history, politics, and relations of the Indian subcontinent for decades to come.

The communal violence and holocaust that ensued in the wake of partition left an indelible mark on the subcontinent’s history. The consequences of this tragic period continue to reverberate in the collective memory and socio-political dynamics of India and Pakistan. The magnitude of the violence, suffering, and loss was staggering, impacting millions of lives.

• Scale of Violence: The scale of violence during the partition was immense. Hundreds of thousands of lives were lost, and countless others were displaced, injured, or traumatized. The brutality and ferocity of the attacks on communities were horrifying.
• Mass Displacement: The partition led to one of the largest forced migrations in history, with an estimated 10 to 15 million people crossing borders to seek safety among their religious communities. The displacement was chaotic and led to immense human suffering.
• Atrocities and Trauma: The atrocities committed during this period were unspeakable. Families were torn apart, women were subjected to horrific acts of violence, and communities were decimated. The trauma endured by survivors left scars that would last generations.
• Impact on Communities: The communal violence shattered the social fabric of communities. Trust between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, which had existed for centuries, was eroded. The scars of the partition continue to influence inter-community relations today.
• Challenges for Governance: The newly independent governments of India and Pakistan faced enormous challenges in restoring law and order, providing relief to the affected, and facilitating the return of displaced populations.
• Legacy of Mistrust: The communal violence left a legacy of mistrust and suspicion between the communities. This mistrust still affects inter-community relations in both countries.
• Role of Leaders: Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi played crucial roles in trying to contain the violence and promote communal harmony. Their efforts were instrumental in providing a sense of security to minorities.
• Long-Term Ramifications: The trauma and bitterness of the partition continue to shape the identities and politics of the two nations. The Kashmir conflict, which emerged in the aftermath of partition, remains a major source of tension between India and Pakistan.
• Challenges of Communalism: While the immediate violence was eventually quelled, communalism as an ideology and political force continued to persist. It periodically resurfaces, necessitating ongoing efforts to promote tolerance, understanding, and harmony.

The partition remains a painful chapter in the shared history of India and Pakistan. Remembering this period is crucial for fostering empathy, understanding, and a commitment to preventing such atrocities in the future.

Jawaharlal Nehru’s speeches and statements on communalism reflect his unwavering commitment to secularism and his deep concern over the divisive forces that threatened the unity of India. Here are some key excerpts:

• Warning Against Communalism: In 1951, Nehru cautioned that if communalism was allowed to have free rein, it could potentially lead to the fragmentation of India. This statement underscored his recognition of the gravity of the communalism challenge.
• Communalism as Indian Fascism: In October 1947, Nehru equated communalism with fascism, drawing parallels between the divisive ideology preached by the Muslim League and the fascist ideologies of Nazi Germany. He expressed concern that similar ideas and methods were gaining traction among Hindus.
• Vow Against Religious Violence: On Gandhiji’s birthday in 1951, Nehru made a resolute declaration that he would stand against any person who sought to harm another based on religion, pledging to fight this injustice with all his might, whether from within the government or as a concerned citizen.
• Pledge for a Truly Secular State: At the Jaipur session of the Congress in December 1948, Nehru affirmed the commitment of the Congress and the government to establish India as a truly secular state. This demonstrated his resolve to uphold the principles of religious neutrality and equality.
• Denouncement of ‘Hindu Raj’: In February 1949, Nehru strongly denounced the notion of a ‘Hindu Raj’ as a misguided and irrational idea. This rejection reflected his stance against any form of religious majoritarianism.
• Every Muslim as an Indian Citizen: In 1950, Nehru emphasized that India was a secular state where every Muslim should feel that they are an equal Indian citizen, entitled to the same rights and privileges. He asserted that failure to make every citizen feel this way would be a betrayal of India’s heritage and principles.

Nehru’s statements reflect his deep conviction that India’s strength lay in its pluralism, diversity, and commitment to secularism. He recognized the importance of fostering an environment where every citizen, regardless of religious background, felt an equal sense of belonging and citizenship. His words continue to resonate as a powerful reminder of the enduring values that underpin the Indian democracy.

Q: What were the primary challenges faced by India after gaining independence in 1947?

A: India confronted numerous challenges post-independence, including economic instability, social divisions, and political turmoil. The foremost challenge was rebuilding a war-torn economy left behind by British colonial rule.

Q: How did India address the challenge of achieving economic stability after independence?

A: India adopted a mixed economy approach, combining socialist principles with elements of capitalism. Policies such as the Five-Year Plans focused on industrialization, agricultural reforms, and infrastructure development to propel economic growth.

Q: What were some of the key social challenges India faced post-independence?

A: India struggled with social inequalities deeply rooted in its caste system, as well as religious tensions between Hindus, Muslims, and other religious communities. Initiatives such as affirmative action (reservation policy) and social welfare programs aimed to address these disparities.

Q: How did India navigate the challenge of political instability after independence?

A: India faced political instability due to regionalism, linguistic differences, and the partition’s legacy. The adoption of a democratic system, with periodic elections and a federal structure, helped to manage diverse interests and maintain political stability.

Q: What were the long-term consequences of the challenges India faced after independence?

A: Despite facing significant hurdles, India emerged as a resilient democracy and a growing economic power. However, challenges such as poverty, corruption, and regional disparities persist, necessitating ongoing efforts for inclusive development and social justice.

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• From Struggles to Triumphs: Independent India's Challenges

From Struggles to Triumphs: Independent India's Challenges  Blogs Home

• 14 Aug 2023

With the resounding cries of "Swaraj" echoing through the streets and the passionate pursuit of freedom fueling the hearts of millions, India emerged from the shadows of British colonial rule on that historic day, August 15, 1947. The tireless efforts of leaders like Mahatma Gandhi , Jawaharlal Nehru , and countless others eventually led to India's independence. And then, the country embarked on a nation-building journey, faced with multifaceted challenges that required resilience, determination, and ingenuity to overcome. On this occasion of Independence Day , let's focus on some major challenges that India had to face in being independent.

Complex Constitutional Framework

One of the most significant achievements of Independent India was framing the Indian Constitution. Dr B.R. Ambedkar led the drafting committee, and on January 26, 1950, India adopted its new Constitution, establishing a democratic and federal structure. However, building a robust democracy came with its own set of challenges, including the need to accommodate diverse linguistic, cultural, and religious groups within a single nation. The concept of federalism had to be balanced with the central government's authority, ensuring equitable representation and power-sharing.

The Constitution of India, inspired by democratic principles and values, laid the foundation for a country that would be governed by the Rule of Law. It provided some fundamental rights to its citizens, aiming to promote social justice and equality. However, implementing these ideals on such a vast and diverse population proved to be a challenge. Caste-based discrimination, social inequalities, and gender disparities persisted and required continuous efforts to address.

Integration of Princely States

At the time of independence, India faced the challenge of integrating over 500 princely states into the newly independent nation. The states had the option to join India or Pakistan or stay independent. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India, played a crucial role in persuading most princely states to accede to India. This process was marked by complex negotiations, diplomacy, and, in some cases, military action. By 1949, India managed to integrate most of these states into its territory.

The integration of princely states was critical to maintaining the territorial integrity of India. It required careful negotiation and respect for the diverse identities and aspirations of these states' rulers and populations. The success of this integration was a testament to India's ability to forge a united and diverse nation despite the challenges it faced in the aftermath of partition.

Nation-Building and Social Issues

Nation-building after independence required addressing various social issues that had plagued India for centuries. The government launched initiatives to combat poverty, illiteracy, and social inequality. Land reforms were undertaken to distribute land more equitably among farmers. The Green Revolution in the 1960s transformed India from a food-deficit nation to a self-sufficient one, improving agricultural productivity. Reservation policies and affirmative action were taken to uplift marginalized communities.

India's journey towards social progress and equality has been ongoing. Poverty, though reduced significantly over the years, continues to be a pressing issue. Access to education and healthcare remains uneven, particularly in rural areas. Gender disparities and discrimination persist in many aspects of society, challenging India's path to true inclusivity and social justice.

Economic Challenges

Independent India faced daunting economic challenges. The country adopted a planned economic model with five-year plans to promote industrialization and economic development. The government emphasized self-reliance and import substitution to reduce dependency on foreign goods. However, in the 1990s, India faced a severe economic crisis, prompting the shift to liberalization and globalization policies.

Economic reforms 1991 , popularly known as " liberalization , privatization , and globalization" (LPG), were initiated with an aim to liberalize the Indian economy, attract foreign investments, and foster private sector growth. These reforms were initiated to open up the Indian market to foreign investments and promote a more market-oriented economy and led to increased growth and global integration.

Although instrumental in laying the groundwork for industrialization and infrastructure development, the planned economic model had its limitations. It led to inefficiencies, bureaucratic red tape , and a lack of competitiveness in certain sectors. The economic reforms of the 1990s sought to address these challenges, leading to increased foreign investment , technological advancements, and economic growth. However, they also brought forth the issues like income inequality and the need to strike a balance between economic liberalization and social welfare.

Foreign Policy- The Ultimate Challenge

India's foreign policy aims to maintain strategic autonomy and peaceful coexistence with other nations. The country advocated non-alignment during the Cold War , choosing not to align with any major power blocs. India sought to foster strong diplomatic ties with various countries and played a crucial role in peacekeeping efforts under the United Nations.

The policy has also been characterized by pragmatism and the pursuit of its national interests while upholding its commitment to international peace and cooperation. Balancing its relationships with major powers and neighbouring countries has been delicate, especially in regional dynamics and geopolitical tensions. India's foreign policy, characterized by its pursuit of strategic autonomy and peaceful coexistence, presents a dynamic challenge. In an era dominated by Cold War divisions, India's steadfast commitment to non-alignment, a neutral stance, drew both admiration and criticism. The West, at times, labeled India's foreign policy as 'confused' due to its refusal to align with major power blocs. India's position as a rising global power brings both opportunities and challenges, necessitating a careful and nuanced foreign policy approach.

Indo-Pak Relations

The partition of India led to violence and mass migrations, leaving deep scars. The two countries have fought multiple wars and faced ongoing issues over the disputed region of Kashmir. Despite numerous peace talks and efforts, finding a lasting resolution to their differences has remained elusive.

The historical and territorial complexities between India and Pakistan have posed enduring challenges to peace and stability in the region. The issue of Kashmir, a long-standing point of contention, has significantly hindered building trust and fostering sustainable peace between the two nations. Terrorist incidents and cross-border infiltrations have added to the tensions, necessitating constant efforts to defuse crises and initiate dialogue.

Indo-China Relations

India's relationship with China has been complex, marked by both cooperation and tension. The border dispute led to a brief war in 1962, and the issue remains unresolved. India strives to maintain diplomatic ties with China while safeguarding its territorial integrity.

China's assertive stance on territorial claims in border regions has remained a matter of concern for India. The 2020 border standoff in the Himalayan region further escalated tensions between the two countries. Managing this delicate relationship demands diplomatic acumen and a commitment to the peaceful resolution of disputes.

Security Concerns

India has faced various security challenges, including internal conflicts, insurgency in certain regions, and the threat of terrorism. The country's security forces have been engaged in counterterrorism efforts and maintaining law and order.

Internal security challenges, such as the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency and the Kashmir conflict, have been significant hurdles in India's pursuit of peace and stability. The government's efforts to address the root causes of these conflicts while ensuring national security have been ongoing.

Driving Positive Transformation with Social Movements and Reforms

The country has witnessed significant social movements and reforms that have shaped its social fabric. The women's empowerment movement and reservation policies for marginalized communities have aimed to create a more inclusive society. The push for gender equality and social justice continues.

The impact of social movements and reforms has been transformative in certain aspects, promoting inclusivity and empowering marginalized communities. However, deep-rooted societal norms and cultural attitudes have presented obstacles to achieving full equality and justice for all. Sustained efforts and continued advocacy remain essential in the quest for a more equitable society.

Forces for Good - Political Developments

India's political landscape has evolved over the years. The country has a multi-party system, and maintaining a vibrant democracy with diverse political ideologies has been a constant challenge.

India's democracy, with its regular elections and peaceful transitions of power, has been a remarkable achievement. However, the democratic system has also faced challenges such as corruption, caste-based politics, and money's influence in elections. Strengthening democratic institutions and promoting transparency and accountability are vital for India's political progress.

Shaping a Brighter Tomorrow with Technological Advancements

The country has achieved significant space exploration milestones and emerged as a global IT and software services hub. However, bridging the digital divide and ensuring access to technology for all remains a challenge.

India's strides in space research, information technology , and communication have earned recognition on the global stage. However, the digital divide, characterized by unequal access to technology and internet connectivity, persists, hindering the goal of creating a digitally inclusive society. Bringing technology to remote and underserved areas remains a priority for the government.

Environmental Issues

India has taken steps to promote sustainability and conservation efforts. The country's rapid economic growth has often come at the cost of environmental degradation. Air pollution , especially in major cities, poses severe health risks to citizens. Water scarcity and contamination continue to raise significant concerns in certain regions. Climate change and its impact on agriculture and natural resources necessitate a greater focus on sustainable development and green initiatives.

Health and Education

Progress has been made in the healthcare and education sectors, but challenges persist, such as ensuring access to quality healthcare and education for all citizens.

India has significantly improved healthcare services and outcomes, particularly in areas like vaccination , maternal and child health , and communicable disease control. However, disparities in access to healthcare remain between urban and rural areas. In the education sector, while efforts have been made to expand access and improve the quality of education, issues like dropouts, teacher shortages, and outdated curricula persist.

Disaster Management

India has been vulnerable to natural disasters and has been continuously working on disaster preparedness and response mechanisms.

With its diverse geographical and climatic conditions, India is susceptible to various natural disasters, including cyclones , earthquakes , floods , and droughts. The government's focus on disaster management , early warning systems, and relief efforts has been crucial in mitigating the impact of these disasters and assisting affected communities.

International Collaborations for Inclusive Development

India actively engages with international organizations and forums, contributing to global issues like climate change and sustainable development. Active participation of the country in international collaborations is motivated by its commitment to global causes and the understanding that addressing global challenges requires collective action. The country's active role in forums like the United Nations and its engagements in initiatives related to climate change, sustainable development , and humanitarian aid reflect its position as a responsible global citizen.

Recent Developments

In recent times, India has faced various challenges related to governance, social justice, economic growth, and positioning itself as a global player. The country continues to tackle these issues with determination and a vision for a brighter future.

India has witnessed rapid economic growth and development in recent years, lifting millions out of poverty. Though challenges like rising income inequality, unemployment, and agrarian distress remain, the government's initiatives in areas such as Make in India , Digital India , and Skill India reflect the efforts to address these challenges and foster inclusive growth.

India's global positioning has evolved, and it has become a significant player in international affairs. It has deepened its partnerships with various countries, including those in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, to promote economic and strategic interests. Challenges in maintaining cordial relationships with certain countries and managing regional conflicts continue to be areas of focus for India's foreign policy.

References -

• https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-between-india-and-pakistan
• https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/china-india-border-dispute-what-know
• https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-story-of-indias-integration/article29094867.ece/amp/
• https://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/36_2/PoliticalIntegrationofNortheastIndia_ThongkholalHaokip
• https://www.indiascience.in/videos/the-green-revolution-indias-independence-and-scientific-community-e

Poonam Sharma

Poonam Sharma is a graduate in civil engineering. She is an old soul who loves music, dance, art! Apart from these, she likes to immerse herself in writing, singing and sketching; this is how she expresses art.

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Before and after independence: How patriotism has changed over the years

HYDERABAD:  August 15 the day we celebrate India’s freedom from the British, the day we show our love for our country and the day (apart from Republic Day) most of us feel patriotic.

While we are caught up with our daily grind and make time to reflect upon the sacrifices of our jawans and the fight that our freedom fighters put up, for some, being patriotic is their way of life. Ahead of the 75th Independence Day, we speak to the real heroes about their sacrifices and the people who have witnessed pre-Independence India.

Nawab Najaf Ali Khan, the grandson of H.E.H late Nizam VII of Hyderabad Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan and the son of late Prince Hasham Jah Bahadur, recollects how Hyderabad was during the pre-independence era and how the city has changed now. “Before Independence, Hyderabad was one of the best States in all aspects.

It had all amenities of its own and was truly an independent State — a well-functioning transport system with its own railways, airways, roadways, thermal power stations, world-class universities which admitted students from all religions, castes and creeds, etc. Hyderabad, under my grandfather’s rule, was the most well-governed and prosperous State of pre-independent India. Today, it has become fast-paced where there is no harmony among people of different walks of life. Religious intolerance towards other faiths, harbouring of enmity between communities which is encouraged by politicians — all of these make today’s Hyderabad vastly different from what it used to be in my grandfather’s time,” he says.

For Najaf Ali Khan, the concept of patriotism has changed over the years. “Times have changed; different people have different perspectives about patriotism. Patriotism means loyalty towards your motherland and being compassionate to the people you share this beautiful motherland with. My family has ruled this land for more than 200 years, and patriotism to me is ensuring that the work and efforts of my grandfather don’t go in vain.”

Every defence personnel in the country lives their life based on the Chetwode Credo. ‘The safety, honour and welfare of your country comes first always and every time. The honor, welfare and safety of the men you command comes next. Your own ease, comfort and safety comes last always and every time.’

Col Tarun Kumar, who had volunteered to go to the Siachen glacier for Operation Meghdoot as the observation post officer (OPO), lives by the Chetwode Credo. “Every dictionary defines patriotism as one’s love and devotion to the country. To us, in the uniform services, especially in the armed forces, this is the very ethos on which we have been brought up. This exactly what the Chetwode Credo is based on. Most people talk about patriotism on August 15 and January 26. All of a sudden faujis are remembered and when a soldier’s mortal remains arrive in the city, they raise slogans,” he says.

But patriotism, Col Kumar says, comes naturally. “It is the environment that creates this upbringing. The goodness of people gets suppressed because of the surroundings. The younger generation will not follow us till such time you do something good. As a commanding officer, your lonely at the top, you need to make important decisions. But at the end of the day, were my decisions for the people’s good or worse? That’s all that matters.” Speaking about what is freedom, he says: “You have to work for yourself and that is where your freedom lies. When you are strong, you become an inspiration and that’s where your journey of growth begins. Find your own pace and that is what freedom, liberation and empowerment are.”

Aparajita Acharya, the daughter of late Major Padmapani Acharya, was raised by her mother alone. Based on the stories her mother told her about her father, she had penned a coffee-table book, Our Babloo, The Hero of Drass. Aparajita does not believe in chasing an ideal abstract definition of ‘patriotism’. “Patriotism to me is a non-negotiable aspect of my life; a feeling and duty I owe to my nation that has given me so much. I believe a lot of us question the smallest, harmless gestures of patriotism, demanding a logic that raises the question of hypocrisy.

"Not everything in life needs scientific reasoning. We love our parents every day, yet we unapologetically voice it on corporate-invented celebrations such as Mother’s Day and Father’s Day. How are these celebrations any different than freedom over the years? We need to make a larger effort in reinventing the definition of our nation time and again. Let us be grateful for the good and constructively work towards betterment. Let this year be all about giving deserved credit, recognition, criticism and realistic goals rather than chasing an ideal abstract definition.”

Charulatha Acharya, wife of Late Major Acharya, lost her husband when she was pregnant with Aparajita. For her, patriotism was always about having a deep connection with her country.

“Whichever country you are born in, we call a country as motherland and we cannot point fingers at it. We have to be loyal to our country and not think about it only on specific days or occasions. We remember the sacrifices of soldiers and leaders on a few occasions only. The way we believe in our religion, we should have the same faith in our country as well. We should instill these values in our kids, talk to them about the sacrifices different people have made for the country to be independent. Not only during national celebrations, but we have to remember the essence of Independence always,” she says.

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Essay on 75 Years of Indian Independence

Students are often asked to write an essay on 75 Years of Indian Independence in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on 75 Years of Indian Independence

The journey of independence.

India has completed 75 years of independence, a journey that began on 15th August 1947. This period has been marked by significant growth and development, despite various challenges.

Post-Independence Era

Initially, India faced numerous issues like poverty and illiteracy. The leaders worked hard to uplift the country, focusing on education, infrastructure, and health.

Economic Progress

India has made remarkable economic progress. It’s now one of the fastest-growing economies, with advancements in technology, space research, and various industries.

Cultural Preservation

Despite modernization, India has managed to preserve its rich cultural heritage, showcasing its diversity to the world.

Looking Ahead

250 words essay on 75 years of indian independence, introduction.

India, a nation with a rich history, diverse culture, and a promising future, celebrated 75 years of independence in 2021. This milestone marks a journey of resilience, development, and transformation, which is worthy of reflection and celebration.

Post-Independence Struggles

The initial years following independence were marked by the daunting task of nation-building. The partition of India and Pakistan led to large-scale violence, displacement, and socio-economic challenges. The nascent government had to formulate a constitution, establish institutions, and ensure social justice amidst this chaos.

Progressive Developments

Over the years, India has made significant strides in various fields. The Green Revolution transformed the agricultural landscape, making India self-sufficient in food grains. The IT revolution positioned India as a global hub for technology and services. India’s space program, ISRO, has achieved remarkable feats, including the successful Mars Orbiter Mission.

Challenges and the Way Forward

Despite these accomplishments, India still grapples with issues such as poverty, illiteracy, and corruption. The economic disparity is a pressing concern that needs to be addressed. However, with the advent of digital technology and initiatives like Digital India, there is hope for a more inclusive and equitable future.

The 75 years of Indian independence is a saga of triumph, resilience, and constant evolution. The journey has been challenging, but the progress made is commendable. As we look forward to the future, the lessons from the past will guide India towards a prosperous and inclusive society.

500 Words Essay on 75 Years of Indian Independence

The dawn of independence, post-independence challenges.

The immediate aftermath of independence was a period of considerable challenges. The partition of the country into India and Pakistan led to widespread communal violence and a massive refugee crisis. The new nation was also faced with the task of integrating hundreds of princely states into the Indian Union. Despite these adversities, India managed to create a democratic system, which was a remarkable achievement considering the socio-economic conditions of the time.

Building a Democratic Republic

The adoption of the Constitution in 1950 laid the foundation for India as a democratic republic. The Constitution, which is the longest written constitution in the world, enshrines the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. It established a parliamentary system of government, universal adult franchise, and a commitment to social justice and human rights.

Economic Development and Modernization

India on the global stage.

India’s foreign policy, characterized by the principles of non-alignment and peaceful coexistence, has evolved over the years. India has played a significant role in international affairs, be it the fight against apartheid in South Africa or contributing to United Nations peacekeeping missions. Today, India is seen as a major global player with increasing influence in international forums.

The Road Ahead

As India celebrates 75 years of independence, it stands at a crucial juncture. While it has made significant strides in various spheres, challenges remain. Issues such as poverty, illiteracy, corruption, and environmental degradation need to be addressed. The vision for the future should be to build an inclusive, sustainable, and resilient India.

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India's Independence

India’s independence from England was the result of many generations of resistance, culminating in a series of large-scale independence movements from 1919 to the early 1940s led by Mahatma Gandhi.

World History, Social Studies

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In the 1600s, India was ruled by the Mughal empire , which had been in control for hundreds of years. India was made up of smaller city-states and had established trade routes and a long history of art and culture. However, there were colonial powers like England, Portugal and the Netherlands that were taking control of pockets of land. Companies from those countries were using trade to gain power. One of the most prominent companies was the East India Company from Britain, which at one time controlled half of the world’s trade. It recruited its own army and began seizing control of India region by region. Sometimes it took control through military force, such as through winning the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Other times it gained power through economic dominance.

For a time, the British government allowed the East India Company a lot of leverage in taking over regions in India because England was benefiting financially. However, when decades of unrest and resistance by Indians against the East India Company eventually resulted in Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the British government dissolved the East India Company but kept control of its land. This is how Britain took over large portions of what is now modern-day India.

The Sepoy Mutiny and the British Raj

One of the first united actions that Indians took against British control was the Sepoy Mutiny. Indians were angered by the increasing pressure to convert to Christianity by the British, and they were also growing concerned about attempts to Westernize their country. When Hindu and Muslim soldiers were seemingly forced to use guns and ammunition with animal products, which is against both religions, a rebellion was sparked. The fighting spread through northern and central India over the course of several months, uniting groups of Indians in a common cause. There was a lot of violence and death on both sides, and the conflict stretched on for more than a year. The rebellion ended on June 19, 1858 when the British recaptured a town called Gwalior and fighting ended. This victory marked the beginning of the British Raj (meaning “rule”) in India, but modern Indians note this mutiny was an early example of nationalistic action taken by Indians.

Throughout the end of the 19th century and into the 20th, India generated large amounts of wealth for England, with people referring to it as “the jewel in the crown” because of its valuable natural resources and industry. Despite this, conditions for Indians under British rule grew worse and worse over the same time period. Poverty in India increased from about 23 percent to more than 50 percent from 1810 to the 1950s. The death rate increased, and the life expectancy of the average Indian was less than 22 years. Resistance to British rule rose due to these conditions, and Indians advocated for more representation and control over the local government. A British man named Allan Octavian Hume brought together a group of Indians to serve on the Indian National Congress in 1885. Hume purposely chose Indians that were Western-educated because he hoped that they would be more agreeable to British rule, culture, and politics. Despite being supportive of British rule at the beginning, the Indian National Congress would slowly become a nationalist entity, and later members would be strong supporters of an independent India. One of these leaders was Mahatma Gandhi.

Gandhi and the Modern Indian Independence Movement

Mahatma Gandhi was born in India and went to law school in England. He also worked as a lawyer in South Africa. He returned to India in 1915 as a strong supporter of Indian nationalism, and he joined the Indian National Congress to advocate for Indian self-rule. He used many forms of nonviolent resistance, also called passive resistance, to draw attention to the cause of self-rule and gain support. These methods included writing speeches and letters, leading marches, organizing protests and demonstrations, boycotting British goods and institutions, leading prayer meetings, and more. In addition to bringing the people of India together behind the cause of an independent country, his protest methods inspired future civil rights leaders around the world, including Martin Luther King Jr and Nelson Mandela.

The first major movement Gandhi led was in response to violence after the Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919. The Rowlatt Act took away many civil rights of Indian people. After the British began firing on a crowd at a peaceful protest against the act, Gandhi organized a large-scale protest campaign, the Non-Cooperation Movement, in response. As part of the campaign, he organized a boycott of cloth goods made in Britain and famously weaved his own cloth. The spinning wheel became a symbol of independent India.

Gandhi continued to lead major protests into the next decade, gathering more support from the Indian people. In 1930, the Indian National Congress declared independence from England, which was ignored by the British government. In response, Gandhi organized the Salt Satyagraha, in which Gandhi led followers on a long march to the sea and made his own salt from seawater in defiance of the law. This was a symbolic act protesting the British sale and control of salt, as well as commenting on India’s ability to provide for itself. Gandhi was arrested and thrown in jail in 1930 because of these actions, but jailing Gandhi did not put a stop to the protests. Sarojini Naidu, a famous female poet, led a non-violent takeover of the Dharasana Salt Works, a British-owned salt company, after Gandhi was arrested.

India Achieves Independence

During World War II, India’s industry was growing while England was suffering losses from the war, and by the end, the British lacked resources to hold onto their colonies . They began losing power politically as well as economically. Indian leaders began setting up parallel governments, where, in certain areas, Indians had their own rulers and laws alongside the British ones. In 1942, Gandhi organized the Quit India Movement, a large push to get the British to agree to leave India. Many British officers and policemen responded to the protests of the Quit India Movement with violence. In response, Indians destroyed bridges and railroad tracks and sometimes reacted with physical fighting. Unlike previous situations where Gandhi chastised Indians for not using passive resistance, Gandhi did not condemn the non-peaceful actions of the protesters and instead blamed the British for having not given up control.

After World War II, several different factors came together at the same time for India to gain independence. Because of the war, Britain had depleted resources, and it seemed unlikely that it would be able to continue controlling India. In 1946, the Royal Navy in India went on strike due to poor working conditions and low pay. There was also violence and fighting between Hindus and Muslims, which further strained British control.

On August 15th, 1947, India became an independent country. Pakistan also became an independent country and cites its independence day as August 14th. At the time, leaders in the British, Hindu, and Muslim communities thought that if they divided British-controlled land into a Hindu-led country and a Muslim-led country, it would stop the violence. Though the partition of India and Pakistan led to violence between the two groups, independence was at last achieved after generations of resistance and advocacy by Indians.

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Essay on Independence Day (15 August) for Students and Children

500+ words essay on independence day.

One of the most memorable days in Indian history is 15th August. It’s the day on which the Indian sub-continent got independence after a long struggle. India only has three national festivals that are celebrated by the whole nation as one. One being the Independence Day (15th August) and the other two being Republic Day (26th January) and Gandhi Jayanti (2nd October). After independence, India became the largest democracy in the world. We fought very hard to get our independence from the Britishers. In this essay on Independence Day, we are going to discuss the history and importance of Independence Day.

History of Our Independence Day

For almost two centuries the Britishers ruled over us. And the citizen of the country suffered a lot due to these oppressors. British officials treat us like slaves until we manage to fight back against them.

We struggled for our independence but work tirelessly and selflessly under the guidance of our leaders Jawahar Lal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, Mahatma Gandhi , Chandra Shekhar Azad, and Bhagat Singh. Some of these leaders choose the path of violence while some choose non-violence. But the ultimate aim of these was to drive out the Britishers from the country. And on 15th August 1947, the long-awaited dream come true.

Why We Celebrate Independence Day?

To relive the moment and to enjoy the spirit of freedom and independence we celebrate Independence Day. Another reason is to remember the sacrifices and lives we have lost in this struggle. Besides, we celebrated it to remind us that this freedom that we enjoy is earned the hard way.

Apart from that, the celebration wakes up the patriot inside us. Along with celebration, the young generation is acquainted with the struggles of the people who lived at that time.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Activities on Independence Day

Although it’s a national holiday the people of the country celebrate it with great enthusiasm. Schools, offices, societies, and colleges celebrate this day by organizing various small and big events.

Every year at Red Fort the Prime Minister of India host the national flag. In the honor of the occasion, 21 gunshots are fired. This is the begging of the main event. This event is later on followed by an army parade.

The school and colleges organize cultural events, fancy dress competitions, speech, debate, and quiz competition.

Importance of Independence Day

Every Indian holds a different viewpoint about Indian Independence. For some, it’s a reminder of the long struggle while for youngsters it stands for the glory and honor of the country. Above all, we can see the feeling of patriotism across the country.

The Indian’s celebrate Independence Day with a feeling of nationalism and patriotism across the country. On this day every citizen echoes with festive feeling and pride in the diversity and unity of the people. It’s not only a celebration of Independence but also of the unity in diversity of the country.

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Independence Day Essay

500+ words essay on independence day (15 august) for students and children.

India celebrates its Independence Day on 15th August every year. Independence Day reminds us of all the sacrifices that were made by our freedom fighters to make India free from British rule. On 15th August 1947, India was declared independent from British colonialism and became the largest democracy in the world. In this Essay on Independence Day, students will find all the important details of India’s Independence History. They can refer to it for their exam preparation, as essays are mostly asked in the CBSE English paper. Also, they can use this essay as a speech for the Independence Day function at school.

15th August is celebrated as a national festival with flag hoisting, parades and cultural events.

Schools, colleges, offices, society complexes, and government and private organizations conduct functions and celebrate this day with great enthusiasm. On this day, the Prime Minister of India hoists the flag at the Red Fort and addresses the nation with a speech. Doordarshan broadcasts the entire event live on television. Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru performed the first flag-hoisting ceremony on 15th August 1947 .

History of Independence Day

Britishers have ruled India for almost 200 years. Under British rule, the lives of the Indian people were miserable. Indians were treated as slaves and had no right to say anything to them. Indian rulers were mere puppets in the hands of British officers. Indian soldiers were treated inhumanely in British camps, and farmers were dying of starvation as they could not grow crops and had to pay heavy land taxes.

Our freedom fighters struggled for India’s Independence. Famous leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Subhash Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Mangal Pandey, Dada Bhai Naoroji fought fearlessly against the Britishers. Many of them also sacrificed their lives to make India free from British rule. Their contribution and effort are remembered in India’s Independence history.

Why Do We Celebrate Independence Day?

India achieved independence after years of struggle. India got complete freedom from the British and secured full autonomy on 15th August 1947. That’s why the day holds great significance in the heart of every Indian citizen living in India or abroad. India completed 73 years of freedom on 15h August 2020. This day also reminds us of the struggles of freedom fighters and the lives sacrificed by them in achieving independence. The pain that our heroes have gone through reminds us that the freedom we enjoy today has been earned by shedding the blood of lakhs of people. It also awakens a feeling of patriotism inside every citizen of India. It makes the present generation closely understand the struggles of the people at that time and acquaints them with the freedom fighters of India.

Significance of Independence Day

Independence Day generates a feeling of patriotism among people. It unites the people and makes them feel that we are one nation with so many different languages, religions and cultural values. Unity in diversity is the main essence and strength of India. We feel proud to be part of the largest democratic country in the world, where the power is in the hands of the common man.

We hope students found this essay on Independence Day interesting to read and helpful for their studies. For more information and the latest updates on CBSE & other Competitive exams, keep visiting BYJU’S. Also, download the BYJU’S App to watch interactive study videos.

Also Read: Republic Day Essay | Essay On Constitution of India | Essay on Women Empowerment

Frequently Asked Questions on Independence Day Essay

What is the meaning of independence.

Independence means freedom of any type of action without any control or influence.

When does our country India celebrate its Independence?

India was declared an Independent nation on the 15th of August, 1947.

Name a few freedom fighters of India.

Some of the great leaders who fought for India’s Independence were Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Netaji Subash Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, Sarojini Naidu and Rani Laxmibai.

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What it was like growing up in pre-independent India

By Raj Aditya Chaudhuri

1944, Kapurthala, erstwhile Kapurthala State

To Shabbir Bhatti, his childhood memories from 1944 are as vivid as the colours of the Holi celebrations in his neighbourhood in Kapurthala. He remembers how the excited neighbourhood children, Hindu, Muslim and Sikh, all caked in bright colours would celebrate the festival just as they all enjoyed Eid mithai together at the end of the holy month of Ramadan.

While Shabbir was born in Lahore, in keeping with the family tradition, his parents sent him to be educated in the nearby royal city of Kapurthala when he turned five. He would live with his uncle, a wealthy landowner, while he attended primary school in the city. His new hometown, with its beautiful French and Indo-Saracenic architecture, had quite an impact on young Shabbir. Kapurthala was the capital of erstwhile princely Kapurthala State and the seat of power of the Sikh Ahluwalia Dynasty. "It was a beautiful city full of gardens and royal palaces," he remembers. "And one of my cousins worked as the private assistant to the tikka (ruler) of the state so he used to take me in to work with him all the time and so I had almost unfettered access to these beautiful palaces."

India and Pakistan were still three years away from their painful birth as independent nation states. In five-year-old Shabbir's neighbourhood in Kapurthala, there was no indication of the turmoil to come. "Most of our neighbours were Hindu and Sikh and I never remember any feeling animosity between anyone. In fact, one of my closest friends was Sikh and I distinctly remember how close we were and how we used to go to the beautiful royal palace grounds together to play badminton," says Shabbir. He remembers his ‘mohalla' (neighbourhood) like it was yesterday. "Our mohalla, Loha Mandi, was a very well planned part of town. Proper drainage and paved streets. And my uncle's beautiful house. He was a wealthy man. And my school was so close to his house that I could walk there and back. I could hear the school clock tower ringing from home."

I did not really understand why or what was happening but the family elders told me we were going to this new country called Pakistan.

Shabbir's memories of the harmony of his mohalla are in stark contrast to the horrors that the communal tensions preceding and following the partition of the country would bring. Maybe it was a child's innocence to what was happening around him but to Shabbir the horrors of partition came swiftly and without any warning. "All of a sudden one day I remember I had to leave with my mother and go to one of the villages where my uncle owned land. The city, my home until yesterday, had apparently become too dangerous for us," says Shabbir. "I did not really understand why or what was happening but the family elders told me we were going to this new country called Pakistan." That was November, 1947.

Independence had finally come after a long, protracted struggle. But for Shabbir and his family it wasn't a time for celebration. All of a sudden they found themselves on the wrong side of this new international border. Punjab had been split and Lahore, Shabbir's family home, was now in Pakistan. Fearing religious persecution, millions of people were routinely crossing this new border. In Lahore, Shabbir's father was waiting anxiously for his family to make the crossing. Shabbir and his mother left with a huge group of people and started walking towards the new border crossing at Wagah. From their life in India they only took what they could carry on their backs. "It was a huge sea of people walking towards Wagah. Conditions were dire, we didn't have any food or drinking water and people had resorted to drinking from dirty ponds just to keep themselves going. Death was everywhere and people had almost hardened to it. Scores of people died en route and their family members would just bury them in makeshift graves and keep moving on," he says. "This horror was the opposite of my life in my mohalla in Kapurthala. I had experienced the best and now the absolute worst within those three years of my life and nothing in between."

1947, Sylhet, erstwhile East Bengal

On the eastern side of the subcontinent the situation was just as dire. Fourteen-year-old Seba Kar's older brothers had convinced the family that living in Sylhet was no longer safe for them. Sylhet, like the rest of East Bengal had voted to become part of Pakistan. However, for Seba's parents it was almost impossible to give up the only home they had ever known. " I remember thinking this was going to be a vacation. So that night my two sisters and I packed a bag each and left with our brothers without really thinking much of it," says the 82-year-old. "I thought once the situation calmed down a bit, we would go back home to our parents." At the time neither Seba nor any of her siblings had any idea that they would never again lay eyes on their two-storey home in the Kastoghar Road neighbourhood of Sylhet.

In the dark of the night Seba and her two sisters took an overcrowded train and then a steamboat that navigated the region's myriad rivers and tributaries to get to the small town of Bardhaman in West Bengal. They had family in the town and so this was the first logical stop for them.

Portrait of the Kar family taken in November 1947, after they crossed borders. Seba is standing in the top row, second from the right.  Courtesy: Seba Kar

The Kar family had not made the decision to leave in haste. They had put it off for as long as they possibly could have. "I remember the day the referendum results were announced. Sylhet had voted to become a part of the new state of Pakistan. It was a school day and like every day the school bus came to pick us from our door," she says. "But my parents had decided to keep us home. That was when we realised something serious was happening. The school-bus stopped outside our door and honked a few times to get our attention and then, when we didn't come out, went on its way." In the days leading up the referendum results all the women in the neighbourhood had already been evacuated to a safe location on the other side of town. "My parents did not send us girls away but they decided sending us to school that morning was probably a bit too dangerous," she adds.

By Jayesh Paranjape

By Jahnavi Bhatt

By Arundhati Ail

By CNT Editors

It was our home. We had everything there. Our house, my father's stores. They just could not leave.

While Seba and her siblings left, her parents decided to stay back. "It was our home. We had everything there. Our house, my father's stores. They just could not leave," she says. A few years later they visited Seba and her siblings and for the rest of their lives Seba's parents shuttled back and forth between East Pakistan and India. The pull of home was too much for them to ignore.

Present day, Kolkata and Princeton

Sitting in her apartment in the Tollygunge neighbourhood of Kolkata now, the 82-year old is surrounded by proof of the life she has built for herself since leaving Sylhet. Seba has graduated university, made new friends, got married, raised a family and her children are now raising their own. But she often finds herself thinking about her previous life. "It does feel like a different life. I remember the grand Durga Puja celebrations at our house. It was a very big celebration for us. All our neighbours used to come over to celebrate with us," she says. "And there was always something on in the community centre in our neighbourhood – always a performance or another or some cultural festival. It was a great place to grow up."

She still regrets not getting a chance to say bye to her best friends, Chaya and Anita. And little things take her back to her old life. One of her favourite memories involves a humble snack of flattened rice and jaggery. "I used to go to my uncle's house in this town called Dulali, around 40km south east of Sylhet. The town was famous for its flattened rice called Dulali cheeray. I used to have a big bowl of that with a generous helping of jaggery every morning when I was at my uncle's." Now the smell of jaggery or the texture of flattened rice on her tongue take her right back. She smiles a little smile to herself at the memory and carries on.

Shabbir with his family in Princeton. L-R :Salman, Aalia, Rahat (wife), Shabbir, and Aisha

In his home in Princeton, Shabbir's life bears no visible scars from the horrors he witnessed as a young boy. "My father used to tell me to always be truthful to myself and to others and to never give up hope," he says. Those ideals have served him well as he forged a path from Kapurthala to Lahore and then on to the UK and finally the United States, often against seemingly insurmountable odds. While Shabbir despairs at the past, he sees a brighter future for India and Pakistan, powered by better education. "Only education will help prevent mindless atrocities of the kind people suffered during the birth of our countries."

Development of Education in India after Independence

After the Independence of India in 1947, the government established different education commissions to address the educational challenges and recommended comprehensive policies to improve the education system in India.

Table of Contents

Development of education under Five-Year Plans

In 1950, the Indian government appointed the Planning Commission to prepare Five-Year Plans for the development of different aspects of life, including education. The main objectives of these plans were:

• to eradicate illiteracy,
• to achieve universal elementary education,
• to establish vocational and skill training programs,
• to upgrade standards and modernise all stages of education,
• to provide facilities for high-quality education in every district of the country.

Commissions and Reforms

In 1948, the Central Advisory Board of India decided to set up two commissions, one to deal with university education and the other for secondary education.

• University Education Commission.
• Mudaliar Commission.

University Education Commission (1948)

The University Education Commission was the first and foremost commission to be appointed in Independent India under the chairmanship of  Dr S. Radhakrishnan . It was established to:

• report on the status of university education in India,
• propose improvements and extensions that would be desirable to suit the then and future requirements of the country,

The commission also aimed to set up universities that would provide the knowledge and wisdom for the inclusive development of the student’s personality. The report suggested the reconstruction of the education system in tune with the vision of the Constitution of India.

Mudaliar Commission (1952-53)

The recommendation of the Mudaliar Commission occupies a very significant place in the development of the secondary education system in Independent India. The commission emphasized the need of training Indians in the democratic way of life.

Based on the reports and recommendations of the Mudaliar Commission, some reforms were introduced in the Indian educational system. For instance, the introduction of the Higher Secondary Scheme, along with a three-year degree course and the opening of more vocational and technical schools and colleges. Education became the responsibility of both the Central and State governments.

Kothari Commission (1964-66)

The Mudaliar Commission was followed by the Kothari Commission. This education commission was appointed under the chairmanship of D. S. Kothari . It was mandated to deal with all aspects and sectors of education and advise the government on the development of the national education system. The report of the commission led to a resolution on a national policy for education.

Indian Education Policies

National education policy (1968).

Based on the recommendations of the Kothari Commission, the government led by Prime Minister Indra Gandhi formulated the National Policy on Education in 1968. The policy called for a “radical restructuring” and proposed equal educational opportunities in order to achieve national integration and greater cultural & economic development.

This 1968 policy emphasized the learning of regional languages, outlining the “ three-language formula ” to be implemented in secondary education – the instruction of the English language , the official language of the state where the school was based, and the Hindi language . The use of regional languages in secondary schools was encouraged to establish an effective relationship between teachers and students. The National Education Policy of 1968 called for education spending to increase to 6% of the national income.

National Policy on Education (1986)

In 1986, the Government of India, led by Rajiv Gandhi, introduced a new National Policy on Education (NPE). The new policy called for a “special focus on the removal of disparities” and to equalize educational opportunities, especially for women, Scheduled Castes (SC) and the Scheduled Caste (SC) communities. The policy emphasized expanding scholarships for the poor, adult education, recruiting teachers from the oppressed groups, developing new institutions and providing housing and services.

The National Education Policy provided a “ child-centred approach ” to primary education and launched “ Operation Blackboard ” to improve primary schools nationwide. The policy also laid the creation of the “rural university” model, based on the philosophy of Mahatama Gandhi, to encourage economic and social development at the grassroots level in rural India.

Operation Blackboard (1987)

In pursuance of the National Education Policy 1986, the Indian Government launched the “Operation Blackboard” in 1987-88 with the aim of improving the human and physical resources available in the primary schools of the country. The Scheme mainly consists of three components:

• Providing at least two classrooms in each primary school, along with separate toilet facilities for boys and girls.
• Providing at least two teachers in each primary school.
• Providing essential teaching and learning equipment, including blackboards, maps, charts, toys, and games, to all primary schools bought under the scheme.

During the 8th Five-Year Plan, the Scheme was revised in 1993-94 and expanded to provide the third classrooms and third teacher to primary schools where the enrollment exceeds 100. It was also extended to cover upper primary schools as well.

Teacher Education Scheme (1987)

As envisaged in the National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986, the Government launched a Centrally-Sponsored Scheme of Restructuring and Reorganization of Teacher Education in 1987. It aimed to create a sound institutional infrastructure for pre-service and in-service training of elementary and secondary school teachers. It also provided for the provision of academic resource support to elementary and secondary schools. The Scheme had the following components:

• Setting up of  District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs) .
• Strengthening of Secondary Teacher Education Institutions into  Colleges of Teacher Education (CTEs)  and  Institutes of Advanced Study in Education (IASEs) .
• Strengthening of  State Councils of Education Research and Training (SCERTs) .

Under this Scheme, recurring and non-recurring Central assistance is provided to the State Governments as resource support to the DIETs, CTEs, IASEs, and SCERTs.

District Primary Education Program (1994)

In 1994, the Government launched the centrally-sponsored scheme of the District Primary Education Program (DPEP) as a major initiative to revitalize primary education and achieve the goal of universalization of primary education . In this program, 85% of the project cost is shared by the Government of India, while 15% by the concerned State. The Central share was funded by several external agencies, including the World Bank, UNICEF, and Department for International Development (DFID).

The program aims at providing access to primary education for all children by reducing the primary drop-out rates, increasing the learning achievement of primary school students and reducing the gap among gender and social groups.

Mid-Day Meal Scheme (1995)

The Government of India initiated the Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) on 15 August 1995 under the name of  “National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education” (NP-NSPE) . The objective of the programme is to help improve the nutritional status of primary school children.

Under this scheme, a cooked midday meal with 300 calories and 12 grams of protein is provided to all children enrolled in classes one to five. Initially, the programme was launched in 2408 blocks of the country. By 1997-98, the programme had been implemented across the country.

In October 2007, the NP-NSPE was renamed as “National Programme of Mid Day Meal in Schools”. The Scheme included students in upper primary classes of six to eight in 3479 educationally backward blocks in 2007.

In September 2021, this scheme was again renamed the “ Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (PM-POSHAN) ” scheme. The Central Government announced to include an additional 24 lakh students receiving pre-primary education at government and government-aided institutions under the POSHAN scheme by 2022. The Ministry of Education (MoE) is the nodal ministry for this scheme.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2001)

In 2001, the Government of India launched the  Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)  to ensure education for children from 6 to 14 years. The roots of SSA go back to 1994 when the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched to achieve the objective of universal primary education.

SSA aimed to change the elementary education system in the country by providing useful-quality elementary education to all children of the age group of 6-14 years by 2010.

“ Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat “, launched in 2014, is a nationwide sub-programme of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. This sub-programme looks to improve the comprehensive early reading, writing and mathematic skills of children of classes I and II.

86th Constitutional Amendment Act (2002)

In 2002, the Indian Government introduced the  86th Amendment Act of 2002  to amend the Constitution of India, which:

• Made elementary education a Fundamental Right by adding a new  Article 21-A  in  Part III  of the Constitution. Article 21-A laid out that the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the State may determine.
• Changed the subject matter of  Article 45  in  Part IV  (Directive Principles of State Policy) of the Constitution. Now, Article 45 laid out that State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of 6 years.
• Included a new  Fundamental Duty  under  Article 51-A , which laid out that it shall be the duty of every Indian citizen who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child between the age of 6 to 14 years.

Right to Education Act (2009)

The “ Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act “, also known as the “ Right to Education Act (RTE) “, is an Act of the Indian Parliament, enacted on 4 August 2009. The RTE describes the conditions of the importance of free and compulsory education for children in the age group of 6-14 years in India under Article 21-A of the Constitution. The RTE came into force on 1 April 2010. Following are the provisions of the Right to Education Act (RTE):

• The Act makes education a fundamental right of every child between the age of 6 and 14 and specifies minimum standards in elementary schools.
• It requires all the private schools (except the minority institutions) to reserve 25% of seats for the poor and other categories of children (to be reimbursed by the State as part of the public-private partnership plan).
• Children are admitted into private schools based on caste-based reservation.
• It laid out that no child shall be held back, expelled, or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education.
• The Act prohibits all unrecognised schools from practising.
• It makes provisions for no donation or capitation fees and no interview of the child-parent for admission.
• The Act also laid out a provision for special training for school drop-outs to bring them up to par with the students of the same age.
• The Act made other provisions for improvements to school infrastructure and teacher-student ratio.

The Right to Education Act is the first legislation in the world that provided the Government with the responsibility of ensuring enrollment, attendance, and completion of education for children of age between 6 and 14 years.

National Education Policy (2020)

The Union Cabinet of India approved the National Education Policy of India 2020 (NEP 2020) on 29 July 2020. This new policy replaced the National Education Policy of 1986. NEP 2020 is a comprehensive framework for elementary education to higher education, including vocation training in both rural and urban India. The policy aims to transform the education system of India by 2040.

The National Education Policy 2020 will not force to study any particular language. Also, the medium of instruction will not be shifted from English to any regional language. The language policy in NEP 2020 is a broad guideline and advisory in nature. NEP 2020 has emphasized the use of “mother tongue” or local language as the medium of instruction till Class 5 while recommending its continuance till Class 8 and beyond.

The  “10+2” structure  will be replaced with the  “5+3+3+4” model  to optimize learning based on the cognitive development of children. The new model will be implemented as follow:

• Foundation Stage:  It includes 3 years of preschool, followed by Classes 1 and 2 in primary schools, covering the children of ages 3 to 8 years.
• Preparatory Stage:  This stage consists of Classes 3 to 5, covering the children of ages 8 to 10 years.
• Middle Stage:  It covers children between ages 11 and 13 years, studying in Classes 6 to 8.
• Secondary Stage:  It comprises Classes 9 to 12, covering the children of ages 14 to 18 years.

The National Education Policy 2020 discusses reducing the curriculum content to enhance essential learning, critical thinking, and more holistic experiential, analyses-based learning.

Related Policies on Education

National programme for education of girls at elementary level (2003).

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)  has limited financial provisions for girls’ education in the form of innovations at the district level. Thus, there was a need for an additional component.

Therefore, the Government of India launched the  National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL)  in July 2003 as a significant component of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA). NP-EGEL is a focused intervention of the Indian Government to reach the “Hardest to Reach” girls, especially those not in school. The programme provides additional support for improving girls’ education  over and above the investments  for girls’ education through normal SSA Interventions.

The Indian Government formulated the NPEGEL for the education of underprivileged/disadvantaged girls from classes I to VIII as a separate & distinct gender component of the SSA. The objectives of the programme were as follows:

• Reduction of the gender gap in the educational sector.
• Improve the quality of education.
• Ensure greater participation of women and girls in the field of education.
• Emphasize the relevance and quality of girls’ education for their empowerment.

Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme (2004-05)

The Indian Government launched the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) scheme in July 2004 for setting up the residential schools at the primary level for girls belonging predominantly to the Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), OBC and minority communities.

The scheme provides a minimum reservation of 75% of the seats for girls from SC, ST communities and priority for the remaining 25% is given to girls from families below the poverty line. It is being implemented in those Educationally Backward Blocks (EBBs), where the female rural literacy is below the national average, and the gender gap in literacy is above the national average.

During the 11th Five Year Plan, the KGBV scheme was merged with Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) in 2008.

Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (2009)

Rashtriya Madhyam Shiksha Abhiyan ( RMSA ) is a flagship scheme of the Government of India, launched in March 2009. It is a centrally sponsored scheme to enhance access to secondary education and improve its quality. It includes multidimensional research, technical consulting, and funding support.

The principal objective of the RMSA is to enhance the enrollment rate by providing a secondary school within a reasonable distance of every home. The objectives of the Rashtriya Madhyam Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) are as follows:

• To improve the quality of secondary education by making all secondary schools conform to prescribed norms.
• To provide universal access to secondary level education by 2017, i.e., by the end of the  12th Five Year Plan .
• To remove gender, socio-economic, and disability barriers.
• To enhance and universalize retention of students by 2020.
• The scheme is envisaged to achieve a gross enrollment ratio of 75% from 52.26% in 2005-06 for classes IX-X within five years of its implementation by providing a secondary school within a reasonable distance of any habitation.

Saakshar Bharat (2009)

Saakshar Bharat is an initiative of the Indian Government to create a literate society through a variety of teaching-learning programmes for the non-literate and neo-literate of 15 years and above. The programme was launched in September 2009 as a centrally sponsored program . It aims to promote and strengthen adult learning, reaching out to those who missed the opportunity to access or complete formal education. It also covers vocational education and skill development, applied science and sports.

It was formulated to achieve an 80% literacy level at the national level by focusing on adult women’s literacy. The four broader objectives of the mission are:

• Imparting functional literacy and numeracy to non-literates.
• Acquiring equivalency to the formal education system.
• Imparting relevant skill development programme.
• Promote a learning society by offering opportunities for continuing education.

Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (2013)

Rashtriya Uchchatr Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) was launched in 2013 for the development of higher education in India. It is a  centrally sponsored scheme  which aims to work with State universities and their affiliated colleges to raise the bar of campus life. It aims at providing strategic funding to eligible State higher education institutions throughout the country.

The amount of funding from the Central Government will be in the ratio of  60:40 for general category States , meaning 60% of the total grants contributed by the Central Government and 40% will be contributed by the State as a matching share. However,  for special category States , the amount of the Central Government funding will be  in the ratio of 90:10  and  100% for the Union Territories .

Funds flow from the Central Ministry through the State Governments/Union Territories to the State Higher Education Councils before reaching the identified institutions. The funding to the States would be made based on the critical appraisal of State Higher Education Plans.

RUSA operates in a mission mode to achieve the aims of equality, access and excellence. The salient objectives of RUSA are as follows:

• To improve the overall quality of state institutions by ensuring that all institutions conform to prescribed norms and standards and adopt accreditation as a mandatory quality assurance framework.
• To ensure reforms in the affiliation, academic and examination systems.
• To usher transformative reforms in the State higher education system by creating a facilitative institutional structure for planning and monitoring at the State Level, promoting autonomy in State Universities and improving governance in institutions.
• To ensure adequate availability of quality faculty in all higher educational institutions and promote capacity building at all levels of employment.
• To create an enabling atmosphere in the higher educational institutions to promote research and innovation.
• To expand the institutional base by creating additional capacity in existing institutions and establishing new institutions to achieve higher enrollment.
• To correct the regional imbalances in terms of access to higher education by setting up institutions in un-served and underserved areas of the country.
• To improve equity in higher education by providing adequate opportunities for higher education to SCs, STs, and socially & educationally backward classes, promote inclusion of women, minorities, and differently-abled persons.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (2018)

The Indian Government launched the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan in 2018 as an overarching programme for the school education sector extending from preschool to Class 12. The Scheme has been prepared with the broader goal of improving school effectiveness measured in terms of equal opportunities for schooling and equitable learning outcomes. It is a  centrally sponsored scheme .

The Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan subsumes three schemes, which are:

• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA),
• Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA),
• Teacher Education (TE) .

The vision of the scheme is to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education from pre-school to senior secondary stage in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for Education.

( In detail: Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan )

Important Educational Organizations

All india council for technical education (aicte).

The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) is a national-level council for technical education under the “ Department of Higher Education “. It was established in November 1945 as an advisory body. In 1987, AICTE was given statutory status by an Act of Parliament, the  All India Council for Technical Education Act of 1987 .

As per the Act, AICTE is the statutory authority for proper planning, formulation and maintenance of standards, Quality assurance through school accreditation, monitoring and evaluation, maintaining parity of certifications and awards, and ensuring coordinated development and management of the technical education in India.

University Grants Commission (UGC)

Based on the recommendation made by the Univesity Education Commission of 1948, the  Univesity Grants Commission (UGC)  was set up on 28 December 1953. The government decided that all grants to universities and higher learning institutions should be handled by the UGC.

In November 1956, the UGC became the statutory body by enacting the “University Grants Commission Act of 1956” by the Indian Parliament. The headquarter of UGC is located in New Delhi. In 1994, the UGC decentralized its operations by setting up six regional offices in Bangalore, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Guwahati, Kolkata, and Pune.

UGC promotes and coordinates university education and determines & maintains standards of teaching, examination, and research in the universities. It provides recognization to universities in India and disbursements of funds to such recognized universities and colleges.

National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT)

The Government of India established the National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) on 27 July 1961 to assist and advise the Central and State governments on policies and programmes for qualitative improvement in school education. It is an autonomous organization that formally began operation on 1 September 1961. The Council was formed by merging seven existing seven national governmental institutions, namely:

• Central Institute of Education,
• Central Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance,
• Central Bureau of Textbook Research,
• National Institute of Basic Education,
• National Fundamental Education Centre
• National Institute of Audio-Visual Education,
• Directorate of Extension Programmes for Secondary Education.

Also Read :

• Development of Education in India before Independence .
• Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) .

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Essay on “India after Independence” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

India after Independence

 Essay No. 01

There is no doubt that India has made tremendous progress after Independence.

At the time of Independence, most of the Indian people led a miserable life. They lived in huts, slums and shanties. They had no facilities and comforts of life. There was widespread illiteracy and child mortality was high. There was shortage of food grains and famines were common and many people died of starvation.

After independence, the whole scenario has changed. Still a vast majority of people lives in villages. But now the lot of villages has greatly changed. Most of the villages are electrified. They are connected to big cities with pucka roads. The farmers get bumper crops, thanks to the new agricultural and irrigational methods and the fair use of new seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.

There has been a revolution in the medical science. Child mortality has greatly been reduced and life-span has been greatly increased. Nov, there are cures even for those diseases which were previously thought to be incurable such as T.B, cholera, heart trouble, etc.

New education, new machines, skills and courses have made India prosperous and an economic power to be reckoned with in the international arena.

Democracy has taken firm roots in India and a number of elections, by and large free and fair, have been held here over the years.

Heavy industry such as steel, cement, etc. which is so vital for infrastructure has been started on a large-scale.

Means of information and communication and entertainment have been revolutionized and India has become a giant in the fields of information technology and telecommunications.

India has also become a nuclear and space power and envisions to become a developed country by 2020. India has shown her military power a number of times by inflicting crushing defeats on Pakistan in 1948, 1965, 1971 and 1999.

In spite of this, there have been certain setbacks and certain intractable problems. The burgeoning population has nullified much of the progress. Rich-poor disparity in incomes is abnormal. Still there are some acute problems such as poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, corruption, female foieticide , etc. Let us hope all these will be solved sooner rather than later.

( 370 Words )

 Essay No. 02

Fifty Years of Indian Independence

August 15, 1997 marked India completing its 50th Year of Independence. This is not a long time in the life of a nation, but it has been long enough to see the dramatic changes in all areas. In 1947, we threw out the British after a unique freedom struggle which gave the world the philosophy of non-violence. Over the years, there have been many things to be proud of, but perhaps as many things to feel let down.

When our independence was in its infancy, it had to face many hard and complex problems. The country was partitioned and millions of people were uprooted. Our Government had to rehabilitate them. At the same time, Pakistan unleased tribals to attack Kashmir, which had acceded to and become a part of India. Razakaars in Hyderabad rebelled against our Government. Other Maharajas tried to form independent States. But, thank God, all these difficulties were overcome with the help of our great leaders like Sardar Patel.

The first goal achieved by free India was to consolidate the various units of the country and to absorb six hundred and odd princely States. This unified the country and its people.

On January 26, 1950, India was declared a ‘Republic’ after adopting a new Constitution. It guaranteed to secure for all its citizens justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. It declared Hindi as the National Language and 18 others as recognised regional languages. It also declared India a secular state and there is no discrimination against any person on grounds of religion, race, caste or creed.

General elections, based on universal adult franchise, have been held thirteen times during the last five decades. As a result of the elections held in 1989, National Front Government came to power at the Centre and in many States. However, in 1991, Congress again captured the power at Centre by virtue of its being the largest single party. But in 1996, the United Front again came to power with the help of Congress. In 1999, BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) came to power at the Centre. The fact in this process lies in the peaceful transfer of power every time which indeed symbolises the true democratic character of polity.

During these years, we have successfully completed eight Five-Year Plans. These have imparted a measure of strength and stability to our economy. Per capita income has been increased from Rs. 466 in 1950-51 to Rs. 9,377 in 1996-97. Both agricultural and industrial productions have increased considerably. The production of food grains increased from 52.2 million tones in 1951-52 to 199.32 million tons in 1996-97.

Encouraged by the success of eight Plans, India has now launched the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The Plan, which covers the period 1997-2002, envisages a total outlay of Rs. 8,59,200 crore. The Plan aims at the growth rate of 6.5 per cent per annum for the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It assumes the Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR) of 4.3, saving rate of 26.1 per cent, Current Account Deficit of 2.1 per cent. This growth is to be achieved by 3.9 per cent growth in agriculture, 8.2 per cent in industry and 11.8 per cent in exports.

On Economic front, the Liberalised Economic Policy was introduced in 1991. At that time Indian economy was undergoing a serious crisis. Industry and agriculture were stagnant; the financial sector was in doldrums; a huge fiscal deficit was mounting with a massive foreign debt, eating into a major chunk of our resources. The masses had been facing a double-digit rate of inflation. The new policy aimed at the dismantling of controls over the economy with the state yielding to market economy. As a result of new liberalised policy, growth rate during the Eighth Plan was 6.8 per cent. Foreign exchange reserves increased to $ 29.435 billion in Sept. 1997 and rate of inflation fell to all-time lower of about 4 per cent in 1997.

On scientific front, India since Independence has continued to march ahead, pursuing a programme of using modern science and technology for national development. At present, we spend about 0.83 per cent of our GNP on S & T development. We have made laudable achievements in water management, healthcare system, and nuclear power capacity. The space programme has envisaged and achieved the objectives of space-based services in areas of communications, meteorology, resource survey and management and development of Satellite Launch Vehicles (SLV and PSLV) and associated ground system, the GRAM SAT and Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS Series) are testimony to the Indian excellence and endeavours.

However, the impact of scientific and technological endeavour is more obvious in some areas than others. Industrial advancement, noteworthy achievements in space applications, defence, advance materials and nuclear research do not quite mitigate the misery of a large sections of our population having to exist in unsanitary conditions, without safe drinking water, with little or no medical facilities to help them overcome health hazards. A large number of our villages are steeped in poverty, still unlit, lacking in schools and easy means of communication.

On the diplomatic front, India has obdurately maintained its commitment since Independence, to genuine disarmament, and has continued its work for attaining on a time-bound basis, a nuclear weapon-free world. India has never accepted discriminating regimes like NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty) and is always happy to participate in non-discriminatory and fair global treaties like the chemical weapons convention. India feels committed to non-alignment but recognises that certain ennui has developed about it in several of old faithful member-states, and apathy in certain others. India is now experiencing a difficult phase in its relations with the West as they strive to effect fundamental economic, social, and political changes within our own societies. In the broad areas relating to India’s foreign policy, defence and strategic concerns, there is little, if any, disagreement, or difference of perception between and amongst our political parties, regions or states.

However, during the last five decades our failures have been much more than our achievements. Our greatest failure is in the eradication of corruption, which is a bigger threat than even external aggression. It is a fact that India has been listed as the seventh most corrupt country in the world. Corruption has grown because the culprits, especially those in high offices, have discovered that the arm of the law is never long enough to rope them.

If there is one gaping hole in our roster of achievements, 50 years after Independence, it is the number of citizens who continue to be ground down by poverty. By Planning Commission’s own reckoning, nearly 30 per cent of Indians live below poverty line. Poverty not only affects its victims but also acts as a fetter on the overall development and progress of society. It limits the size of the domestic market and hampers economy’s growth prospects in much the same way as deficiencies in physical infrastructure do.

As far as education is concerned, in India about 105 million children in the 6-10 age-group do not go to school. Despite various pronouncements by all the governments and various programmes attempted for this purpose one cannot deny that the situation is grim. India has the dubious record of having half the illiterates of the world by the end of the 20th century. We have failed to implement what has already been laid down in the Constitution. What we need is to ensure our major social and economic changes. The causes of illiteracy are not going to leave us. If a substantial section of population is illiterate, it is because we have continued the colonial system more or less unchanged. Though, some additional inputs have been made and some marginal progress has taken place, yet it will not solve the problem. What we need today is a mass movement, a mass awareness against this malady to better the record apart from some Herculean efforts on the part of the Government.

Child Labour assumes the character of a social problem as it hinders, arrests or distorts the national growth process and prevents the child from attaining manhood. The estimates of working children in India vary from 50 million to a number much higher. The various reasons for the child labour in the country are cited such as poverty, wage structure, employment, illiteracy and so on. To abolish or eliminate this menace from our Indian society, integrated efforts are required. For this attitudinal change and sensitisation of employers, health and welfare personnel’s efforts to encourage small family norms are called for. Also, we will have to improve the economic condition of the adult workers.

An explosive situation is developing on the employment front in the wake of massive backlog in the creation of new jobs. Official figures concede that the country has entered the Ninth Five-Year Plan with a backlog of 7 million jobs that should have been created during the last five years.

Presently we have crossed the one hundred-crore mark of population, which is about three times that of USA and thus acquired the dubious distinction of being the second most populous country in the world. Compared to natural human resources of the country, India is definitely over-populated. Over-population is also due to increase of birth rate. Our annual growth is about 2.11 per cent. Closely related with population is poverty. So long an effective control is not exercised on the population increase, the nation will not get rid of poverty. According to UN projections, India’s population certainly neutralises much of the fruits of development.

At present, India has taken upon itself one of the biggest challenges of modern times, namely, economic independence through peaceful and non-violent methods. The aim set is to conquer hunger and unemployment by the process of bold liberalisation of economic policy. The success of democracy in India depends upon the successful working of new economic policy and removal of poverty.

( 1645 Words )

Essay No. 03

Indian Villages after Independence

India is a country of villages. Nearly five lakh villages exist in India. While only about 28 per cent of the population lives in the cities. 72 per cent of the population lives in the villages. The villages thus occupy a place of great importance in the country. They are the base of India’s development in every sphere of life.

 There were many problems in the villages before Independence. The Government was quite aware of the backwardness of the people in the villages. The people in the villages were poor, backward, ignorant and superstitious. Their methods of agricultural operations were primitive. There were no schools, hospitals, banks, etc., for the facilities of the villagers. There were no proper roads, electricity and tube wells. As a matter of fact their life was a hell. The conditions in the villages were so bad that there could not be any social and cultural development of the people. But now the Government is seized of this problem and had drawn many plans and projects to help them and improve the conditions of the rural community.

Since the dawn of Independence, the conditions in the Indian villages are changing very fast. These have changed the face of the Indian villages. There are several types of changes taking place in the whole of the country.

To improve the conditions of Indian villages, our Government has implemented the scheme of Community Development Programme, which was introduced in 1952. These programmes have manifold activities. The activities have made a tremendous change in the socio-economic set up of our villages. There are various changes brought about in our villages. These changes cover all aspects of the community life.

The greatest problem in our villages was that of illiteracy. Due to illiteracy the poor farmers were the victims of superstitions and were also exploited by the money-lenders. The Government has opened night schools for the adults and primary schools for boys and girls. Now every village has its own primary school. High schools and Inter colleges are established at every twenty kilometer of distance. The result is that they are now educated, illiteracy and ignorance are thus fast disappearing.

Another change brought about in the villages is in the field of agricultural methodology. Till recently, most of the farmers were using the old methods of ploughing in their fields, or sowing seed and harvesting. However, the farmers are now using new techniques. They plough their fields with tractors, and irrigate their fields with water from tube-wells. For harvesting also, they use new machines. Now they have switched over to mechanised farming with the help of electricity. Electricity has now illuminated their huts. With the abolition of zamindari, the person who ploughs the fields, is now the real owner of the land. Cooperative societies and banks are the substitute for the money-lenders. These societies and banks lend the money on lower rate of interest and the farmers are now free from the cruel clutches of the money-lenders.

A great change has taken place in the political and social life of the villagers also. Before Independence, they had no say in the affairs of the village. Now Gram Sabha, Gram Panchayat and Panchayati Adalat are there. They are their own bodies manned by their own representatives. Due to the functioning of these bodies, the villagers have now begun to understand their rights and duties. They now take more interest in politics, the transformation being complete with even the ills of politics infesting the village elections. Another great change which occurred in village community is that the outlook towards social problems has become broad. They are now no more superstitious. Litigation has been reduced. There is less thought for untouchability and other social evils. They are now not particular about purdah system. Joint family system is crumbling down here also. Bonded labour has been freed and the recovery of loans given by money-lenders has been waived off. They are not slaves now, but free.

More and more facilities are being given to the villagers in the field of cottage industry. To promote the village industries loans are given to them liberally by the rural banks. The poor farmers can now start their own village industries or such cottage industries as basket-making, the mustard and rape-seed oil, soap and rope-making, poultry, fisheries, piggeries and many other industries to improve their economic conditions.

There are changes in others fields also. Roads are constructed by the villagers. Now every village is linked by roads to other parts of the country. Similarly, sanitary conditions have been improved. Hospitals and government dispensaries have been established to remove the illness and diseases which usually become a curse on community.

In brief, the fact is that the development of villages is in a transitional stage. The villages are changing very rapidly and the main structure of the rural society is in the process of change. The economic programme of the Government has proved a boon to them and thereby an attempt is being made by the Government to convert every village into a heaven provided the village community cooperates with it sincerely.

( 856 Words )

Essay No. 04

Political slogans often overrun reality. When Rajiv Gandhi coined the slogan “Mera Bharat Mahan” (My India is great), people appreciated the sentiment, but very few actually believed in it. Then came along the BJP with its new slogan “India shining” riding tall over the feeling of economic optimism which was backed by the plentiful rains in 2003 and the success of the Indian IT boom. Although the BJP failed miserably at the polls, the truth was and is that India continues to shine on. Sixty years after independence, India has emerged from the shadow of colonialism to position itself as the world’s biggest and rowdiest democracy matching its political freedoms with financial ones, unleashing a surge of growth and wealth creation that is altering the lives of its millions.

Twenty years ago the world equated India with snake charmers, elephants, half—naked fakirs, the rope trick, the holy cow, crowds and pollution. Now it is just as famous for its educated person power, its Bollywood movie stars, literary giants and its steel magnates among other things. Poverty remains, but there is renewed hope. There is a palpable feeling of excitement and promise everywhere. The new slogan is “Mera Bharat Jawan” (My India is young). It is incredible that despite India’s, ‘current’ third world status, she has guarded herself from dictators, military rule, civil war or foreign invasion and she continues to shine as the world’s largest democracy. It is no small achievement that India is now considered amongthe top ten industrial world powers, reflective of the country’s self-sufficiency. It is a matter of great pride that Indians have made it to the Forbes list of richest men in the world. The private health care infrastructure in India is comparable to any of the developed countries in the world. This has led to a boom in medical tourism with patients the world over arriving in India for medical treatments. Yet the challenges faced by young India in healthcare and medicine are many and enormous. Although, the infant mortality rate has been cut down by half the female infanticide rates still loom large. Although increasing numbers of children are receiving vaccination, many Indian infantsstill succumb to malnutrition. Infrastructure strains hard to keep up with the economic boom while corruption, discrimination, religious violence, child labour and female dowry deaths still prevail. Severe disparity is shown by its various states. While states like Kerala, boast of 100 % literacy and health indicators similar to those of developed countries, other states like Bihar and Madhya Pradesh show appalling statistics. One third of the married women and 45% of children under the age ten have nutrition deficiency problems. However, despite this, it remains that India’s massive shift in global perception is not a mere illusion.

India has achieved a lot in the sixty yearspost-independence however; a lot still needs to be done. Population was and remains one of our largest concerns. It also remains the number one reason why our infrastructure is compromised, why corruption is rampant and why our children die due to malnutrition. The emphasis has to be on education of the populace and sincere efforts need to be made towards providing better health care services in the public sector. Nevertheless, six decades after her independence, the world’s eyes are focused on India and it is only a matter of time before we evolve from a developing country into a developed country.

( 571 Words )

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A short history of India in eight maps

Understanding the breathtaking diversity of india and indians.

I N HIS DECADE in power Narendra Modi, India’s prime minister, has centralised the state to an unprecedented extent. Yet his ruling Bharatiya Janata Party has failed to attract many voters in the more prosperous south . The regional divergence is not unique to the BJP . Throughout India’s long history, rulers have tried and failed to unite the subcontinent under central authority. The chief reason is India’s diversity, summed up in clichés about dozens of cuisines, hundreds of languages and thousands of gods. The clichés may be trite, but they are also useful. A whirlwind tour through 2,500 years of Indian history helps explain why.

India, Hindi (the language), Hindu (a follower of the religion) and Hindustan (the country) all take their name from the Indus, the mighty river that flows from the Himalayas into the Arabian Sea. Outsiders typically used these names for the subcontinent and its people. A much older name is “Bharat”, used by the subcontinent’s people itself. Scholars believe it was first used in reference to a tribe called Bharata who populated northern India.

The history of pre-independence India is often divided into Hindu, Muslim and British periods. The first ruler to establish a pan-Indian empire, building on the work of his grandfather Chandragupta Maurya, was Ashoka (see map 1), but at unfathomable human cost. Also known as Ashoka the Great, he converted to Buddhism after reckoning with the brutality his territorial expansion had engendered. He remains a revered figure even today for uniting the country and for his largely benevolent rule after converting. His four-headed-lion capital (column head) is the official emblem of the Republic of India, and his “chakra”, or wheel, a Buddhist symbol, sits at the centre of the Indian flag.

The Mauryan Empire boosted economic activity across the subcontinent, but even 24 centuries ago it was clear that a unified idea of India could not be imposed on such a diverse population. Imperial edicts show that Ashoka’s administrators took into account local differences.

The empire broke apart soon after he died, in 232 BC . For well over a millennium, India was ruled by a huge variety of kings, chieftains and oligarchies. A new era started in 1192 when Muhammad Ghuri, a Muslim chieftain based in Afghanistan, defeated Prithviraj Chauhan, a Hindu king, near Delhi. Ghuri left behind a slave general, Qutbuddin Aibek, to govern the territories. Upon Ghuri’s death, Aibek declared himself sovereign and established the Delhi Sultanate. His majestic Qutb Minar, a soaring minaret, still stands in Delhi and is one of the symbols of the city.

Muslim empires rose and fell over the next three centuries—too many to include in a “short history”. But one merits mention. Muhammad bin Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty, who ruled from 1325 to 1351, expanded his empire to most of the subcontinent, the first ruler since Ashoka to manage the feat (see map 2). To achieve this he established a new capital, Daulatabad, in what is now the western state of Maharashtra, forcibly moving big chunks of his population from Delhi, and burning the houses of those who were slow to pack. Though Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded in expanding his territory, holding it was a different matter. He spent much of his rule trying to subdue rebellions and rival kings.

By the early 16th century, the subcontinent was once more a patchwork of kingdoms and mini-empires, both Hindu and Muslim (see map 3). In 1526 Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, a direct descendant of Tamerlane, an Uzbek ruler, on his paternal side and an indirect one of Genghis Khan via his mother, defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat near Delhi, marking an important turning-point in Indian history. He lived for just four years after taking Delhi—and in that time complained incessantly. He described India as “a country of few charms” and took issue with the quality of its melons. But he established one of the greatest empires the world has ever seen: the Mughal empire (see map 4).

Babur’s grandson, Akbar, took the empire to great heights and expanded it across the north. He invited scholars and sages from many religions—including Islam, Hinduism, Christianity and Jainism—to his court. His son, Jahangir, and grandson, Shah Jahan, were great patrons of the arts, the latter responsible for the Taj Mahal.

But Akbar’s great-grandson, Aurangzeb, was a puritanical Muslim with little time for syncretism. He imposed discriminatory taxes on Hindus and persecuted certain sects of Muslims. He too established a new provincial capital in today’s Maharashtra and spent the majority of his reign in expansionist mode. He became the third and last ruler of pre-independence India to conquer chunks of the south. After his death the Mughals started a long and ultimately terminal decline.

In 1757 the East India Company, a British corporation with an army, defeated the Nawab of Bengal and took over the province in India’s east. Over the next 100 years it expanded its control of the subcontinent (see map 5). In 1857, after a bloody uprising by disgruntled troops in Company pay and even bloodier reprisals by the eventually victorious British, control was transferred to the Crown, making India an official part of an expanding empire ruled from London.

Yet even this apparently single authority was substantially varied. The British ruled both directly and via subservient local kings. The quality of rule—and the degree of tyranny—varied enormously from place to place. Even in many places under direct British control, the new rulers left existing administrative structures in place, their main interest being the collection of revenue. Some writers attribute present-day disparities in income and wealth across India’s regions in part to the differing revenue-collection systems, which embedded varying degrees of incentives for administrative competence.

The subcontinent achieved independence in 1947. Yet the realisation of a long-standing dream came bundled with the horrors and lasting trauma of partition (see map 6). British India was divided into what is now the Republic of India and what became West and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). When the British departed, only 60% of what was left of India had been ruled directly by them. The remainder was under the rule of 565 kingdoms commonly referred to as “princely states”. Under the terms of partition, each princely state could accede to India, Pakistan or seek independence.

India’s founders, chief among them Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first home minister, worked night and day to cajole, persuade or threaten local kings into joining India. The Muslim ruler of Junagadh acceded to Pakistan but was run out of his kingdom after his mostly Hindu subjects rebelled. The Hindu king of mostly-Muslim Kashmir dithered, calling Delhi in a panic when Pakistan-backed militias invaded, leading to the first of four Indo-Pakistan wars. With the adoption of a new constitution in 1950, India became a republic, free of the last vestiges of British rule.

The new country was an administrative mess, a patchwork of states and provinces big and small and tiny, none of it remotely rational. India thus undertook the bold and risky project of reorganising state boundaries along linguistic lines (see map 7), both to give diverse peoples a sense of autonomy among their own kind and to tamp down the risk of secessionist movements. In 1961 the Indian army annexed Goa and other Portuguese territories, bringing present-day India close to its final shape as a single political entity (India seized control of Sikkim in 1973 and it formally acceded to the Union in 1975).

India’s internal borders continued to evolve in the decades that followed. In 2000, for example, three new states were created to ease administration, and in 2019 the government dissolved the state of Jammu & Kashmir into two separate “union territories”, which are administered by the centre (see map 8). Its external boundaries are also contested. Most notably, India and Pakistan both claim the entirety of Kashmir and routinely skirmish for territory. And Chinese and Indian troops recently faced off in brutal hand-to-hand combat in Ladakh in 2020, with India said to have lost slivers of territory.

The meaning of “India” has evolved continuously for thousands of years. It will continue to do so as long as its external boundaries remain unsettled. These are difficult problems, but they are also signs of India’s greatest strength: its diversity. The country’s wisest rulers have accommodated it, miraculously holding a vast, poor and improbably democratic country together for nearly 80 years.

Further reading “Baburnama: Journal of Emperor Babur”, Penguin Classics “India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765”, Richard M. Eaton “The Origin Story of India’s States”, Venkataraghavan Subha Srininavasan “Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300”, Romila Thapar “Delhi Darshan: The History and Monuments of India’s Capital”, Giles Tillotson

Editor’s note (April 16th): this piece has been updated to include mention of Bharat

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Essay on India after Independence: How-to Guide and Prompts

India gained its independence on August 15, 1947. Before that, it was a British colony. Since 1947, India has changed a lot, and this is what you will have to discuss in your essay on India after 60 Years of Independence.

Sure, there is a lot of information to study and analyze, because almost every sphere of Indian life faced transformations. This actually means that completing your essay on India after 60 Years of Independence might take quite a lot of time.

Anyway, if you have it, make an overview for your essay on India after 60 Years of Independence and talk about political, social, and cultural changes in India.

Below we present several points to be considered in essays on India after 60 Years of Independence (more advice on essays and assignment help you can find here ).

Essays on India After 60 Years of Independence: Point 1

After India had gained independence, it was believed that the country would not survive. The thing is that India is very diverse, it is a mixture of different religions, castes, languages, traditions, and so on.

It was the main reason for the development of separatists’ movements that you can talk about in your essay on India after 60 Years of Independence.

Essays on India After 60 Years of Independence: Point 2

Three prominent political leaders who were assassinated on nationalist grounds is another good idea for your essay on India after 60 Years of Independence. These politicians are:

• Mahatma Gandhi
• Indira Gandhi
• Rajiv Gandhi

Essays on India After 60 Years of Independence: Point 3

Your paper can be devoted to economics or education in India after its independence. The rate of illiterate people in the country remains rather high. The per capita income in India is quite low.

Reading our articles about an essay on Buddhism or a nationalism essay might be useful.

Further reading:

• Interesting History Essay Topics and Events to Write About
• A List of History Websites for a Perfect Research
• World War 2 Essay Example + Argumentative Topics
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Information is not proper, because I need a paragraph on what we achieved a lot in sixty years of independence.

• Readers’ Blog

India before Independence

As we all know that we got independence in 1947, after long sacrifices. These English guys not only tortured us mentally, but also physically. They used us as slaves and enjoyed their life to the fullest. whether we faced famine or earthquake, they never thought about us. And at the point of independence, they were forced to do so because they lost at the war and it was difficult for them to control us, so they decided to deliver the power to us. And to make this process hassle-free, they used their most deserving candidate was called Mountbatten. He smartly divided the two nations and then drawn the boundary, without thinking about those whose families rely upon another state. As they left us, we weren’t stable enough to handle everything, so we tried everything just as they went. But still today, the remains of their hatred remain in society. We are still divided upon religion. Rabindranath Tagore in his poem “Where the mind is without fear” had compared that if the world is broken into narrow fragments of religion, then this world will never be able to unite and can become as heaven. If we will try to change our mindset from today, then I am sure that visons of our ancestors will come true. At last, I would like to quote few lines from famous speech ” Tryst with Destiny” :

The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye. That may be beyond us, but so long as there are tears and suffering, so long our work will not be over. And so we have to labor and to work, and work hard, to give reality to our dreams. Those dreams are for India, but they are also for the world.

how you submitted your,i am not able to submit through website can i know plss

it was so difficult i suppose

bro when was we got before independence in1947

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Completed my schooling from Seth M.R. Jaipuria in 2019 and now pursuing Btech in Chemical Engineering from UPES, Dehradun. I love to write on new and interesting topics.

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Development in India After Independence

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India, which has now turned into a significant nation internationally has grown a ton since it got its freedom from the British East India Company rule. Yet, very much like all the other things, various individuals have various sentiments about it. While some think that it has seen huge development, others are of the view that the development is delayed when contrasted with what it ought to be. Regardless of these differentiating sees, the way that remains is that the India we see today is unique in relation to what it was during autonomy.

It has created regarding the foundation, schooling, medical care, science and innovation, and in practically any remaining areas. Yet, it is viewed as a non-industrial country. This infers that the nation is requiring some investment to find the created world. Allow us now to take a gander at the improvements that India has made in various areas in the beyond seventy years.

Indian Development After Independence

Table of Content

India after independence- achievements, significant developments in india after independence, two phases of economy, administration sector growth, development of the agriculture sector, foundation development, the first independence day of india, logical achievements.

After independence, Indian citizens have the right to vote for choosing the government into power. Important leaders who helped to secure independence was Mahatma Gandhi, who began the fight for independence since 1914. Mangal Pandey was the first freedom fighter from India who fought against British in 1857.

Some important developments in India after independence have been as follows:

• Indian Railways operate with about 7000 stations and was formed in 1951.
• First general elections in India was held in 1951 with Congress winning over majority.
• India developed Asia’s first nuclear reactor. Apsara nuclear reactor was developed in 1956.
• Chandrayan 1 came to be launched in 2008 to the moon.

A free India was granted a broke economy, broad ignorance, and stunning destitution. Contemporary financial specialists partition the historical backdrop of India’s monetary development into two stages – the initial 45 years after autonomy and very nearly thirty years of the unrestricted economy. The years going before the financial progression were predominantly set apart by cases wherein monetary improvement got deteriorated because of an absence of significant strategies.

The financial changes acted as the hero with the start of a strategy of progression and privatization. An adaptable modern permitting strategy and a casual FDI strategy began getting positive reactions from worldwide financial backers. Among the main considerations that drove India’s economic development following the financial changes of 1991 were expanded FDI, reception of data innovation, and expanded homegrown utilization.

A significant improvement in the country’s administration area has been noticeable in the telecom and data innovation areas. A pattern that began exactly twenty years back is currently well thriving. A few worldwide firms keep on re-appropriating their tele administrations and IT administrations to India, bringing about the development of ITES, BPO, and KPO organizations. The securing of mastery in data innovation has prompted the age of thousands of new positions, which thus expanded homegrown utilization, and normally, more unfamiliar direct speculations ended up satisfying the needs.

As of now, the administration area utilizes over 30% of the Indian labor force and this course of improvement began, thinking back in the 1980s. During the 60s, the area utilized just 4.5% of the functioning populace. As per the Economic Survey 2021-22, the administration area represented over half of the Indian GDP, and the figures are supposed to fill from now on.

Since the 1950s, the advancement in agribusiness has been fairly consistent. The area developed at around 1% per annum in the main portion of the twentieth hundred years. During the post-Independence time, the development rate bumped around 2.6 percent per annum. The central point of development in agrarian creation was the extension of cultivating regions and the presentation of high-yielding assortments of harvests. The area could figure out how to end its reliance on imported food grains. It has advanced both concerning yield and underlying changes.

Reliable interest in research, land changes, development of degrees for credit offices, and improvement in the provincial foundation were some other deciding variables that achieved an agrarian upset in the country. The nation has likewise developed further in the agri-biotech area. The Rabobank report uncovers that the agri-biotech area has been developing at 30% in a couple of years. The nation is likewise liable to turn into a significant maker of hereditarily changed/designed crops.

The Indian street network has become one of the biggest on the planet with the all-out street length expanding from 0.399 million km in 1951 to 4.70 million km starting around 2015. Also, the complete length of the country’s public thruways has expanded from 24,000 km (1947-69) to 1,37,625 km (2021). Legislative endeavors have prompted the extension of the organization of State parkways and significant local streets, which thus has straightforwardly added to modern development.

As India needs the ability to drive its development motor, it has set off a critical improvement in the accessibility of energy by embracing a multi-pronged methodology. After just about seventy years of Independence, India has arisen as the third biggest maker of power in Asia. It has expanded its power age limit from 1,362 MW in 1947 to 3,95,600 MW starting around 2022. By and large, the power age in India has expanded from 301 billion units (BUs) during 1992-93 to 400990.23 MW in 2022. With regards to provincial jolt, the Indian government has figured out how to carry lights to each of the 18,452 towns by April 28, 2018, when contrasted with 3061 every 1950.

Progress in Education Sector

Hauling itself out from far and wide ignorance, India has figured out how to carry its school system at standard with the worldwide norm. The number of schools saw a sensational increment during the post-freedom period. The Parliament made rudimentary training a major ideal for youngsters in the age gathering of 6-14 years by passing the 86th amendment to the Constitution in 2002. At freedom, India’s education rate was a miserable 12.2 % which expanded to 74.04% according to the 2011 evaluation.

Accomplishments in the Field of Healthcare

A reduction in death rates is viewed as one of the significant accomplishments that came in India’s direction in this area. While the future was close to 37 years in 1951, it nearly multiplied to 65 years by 2011. In 2022, it was expanded to 70.19 years. Comparative improvement was seen in the maternal death rate too. India’s maternal death rate likewise declined from 212 passings for every 100,000 live births in 2007 to 103 passings in 2017-19, according to a report by The Hindu.

First Independence Day in India took place in 1947. Jawahar Lal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, unfurled the tri-colour flag of India. Prime Minister of India hoists the tri-colour flag in Red Fort and first Independence Day of India is dedicated to brave men and women who laid their lives to free their motherland.

Autonomous India has taken certain steps on its street to logical turn of events. Its ability is being appeared in a steady increase of aggressive ventures. India invests wholeheartedly in its space programs, which started with the send-off of its most memorable satellite Aryabhatta in 1975. From that point forward, India has arisen as a space power that has effectively sent off unfamiliar satellites. Through Chandrayaan-1, India turned into the fourth country on the planet to establish its banner on the lunar surface in 2008. Its most memorable mission to Mars was sent off in November 2013 which effectively arrived at the planet’s circle on 24 September 2014. In June 2015, ISRO sent off 104 satellites (most noteworthy on the planet) from a solitary rocket through PSLV-C37.

India is additionally forcefully seeking both atomic and rocket programs. That has all the while expanded the country’s safeguard strength also. BrahMos drafted into the safeguarding framework is the world’s quickest voyage rocket that has been together evolved by India and Russia. After over sixty years of autonomy, India has now drawn nearer to being a free power to deal with in the field of atomic and rocket innovation.

A significant contribution to the economy and technological advancements and Indians are known for their hard work, dedication, and resilience in their contribution to the country. Indians have excelled in different fields since independence. In different fields like technology, sports, and others Indians have excelled.

Related Links

• Indian Economy on eve of Independence
• Indian Freedom Movement

Frequently Asked Questions

How india has developed in 75 years.

Infrastructural development drastically improved in 75 years. There was advancement in the road network, rail lines, airports, and many other important types of developments in various other sectors, contributing to the economy of India.

What are the major developments in India?

The major developments in India are as follows: Historic Tax Reform Digitization Drive Institutional Reforms

How has India developed in the last 10 years?

India’s GDP Growth rate has increased in the last 10 years by an average growth rate of 6-7 percent.

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Essay winners: Juneteenth lets us remember nation's past while striving for better future

Correction: Erin Mauldin is an associate professor at the University of South Florida. Her name was misspelled in an earlier version of this story.

Three 2024 high school graduates were honored this week as winners of the Juneteenth Scholarship essay contest. Their essays are below.

Juneteenth is chance to acknowledge both legacy and unfinished work

It is June 19, 1865, and over 250,000 enslaved Africans are gathered in Galveston, Texas, watching the United States Union Troops approach the bay to announce that after 400 years, they are free. Just a few months prior, Abraham Lincoln had announced the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing those enslaved in Confederate territory, but not all of them were made free.

This day is known as “Freedom Eve” or “Emancipation Day” and took place on January 1, 1865. The Emancipation Proclamation might not have cemented the actual liberation of African American people in the U.S., but it was a critical turning point that led up to the country’s second Independence Day, known as Juneteenth. Understanding what Juneteenth is and recognizing its importance and the intentions of other celebrations like it is essential. 

Juneteenth, deriving from the words “June” and “Nineteenth”, is the day that marks the annual celebration of a huge step towards racial reckoning in the United States. Texas was the first state to make it a holiday in 1980, motivating other states to do the same in the years following. Finally, in 2021, Juneteenth became a national holiday. However, we must see this celebration as an obstacle that was overcome, rather than a destination. There is still much work to be done. Victories like this one encourage us to continue the fight.

Associate professor Erin Mauldin at the University of South Florida, an expert on civil war and reconstruction, talks about how “Juneteenth is neither the beginning nor the end of something.” The same article states that “the end of the Civil War and the ending of slavery didn't happen overnight and was a lot more like a jagged edge than a clean cut.” It is imperative to realize that the road ahead could be just as long as the road behind us. 

In today’s age, the celebration of Juneteenth holds a higher significance than ever before, as we take time to honor the struggles endured but also acknowledge that many of those struggles are ongoing, as it pertains to racial inequality and systemic issues that create numerous disparities for African Americans. The historical injustices we suffered had only just begun to be accounted for by the rest of the country’s population. Juneteenth holds the purpose of reminding us of progress made thus far and is a chance for our community to move forward as a whole and help each other rebuild. This holiday gives millions of African Americans an opportunity to rejoice and give thanks to God for releasing them from years of suffering and captivity. The day creates a country-wide social awareness of the journey to equality and the abolishment of slavery’s awful oppression. Additionally, observing this day as a united front inspires self-development and is a chance to reconnect to one’s roots that were all but erased during slavery and go on to encourage African Americans to keep striving for a brighter future. 

In France, Bastille Day acknowledges the fight and patience undergone to eventually reach freedom. July 14, 1880, is the day the citizens of France finally overcame King Louis XVI and his monarchy’s rule over them. Each year, they cherish this as a day of reclamation for their lives.

Every July 18th since 2010, the historical moment when Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s first black president, is recognized. This day is known as Mandela Day. Mandela transformed their democracy into a more diverse selection of administration, breaking down the white power held over the country for centuries. After being elected, he shared to his citizens this powerful message; “I have cherished the idea of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities.” Just as those countries continue to commemorate those momentous turning points in history, we must continue to honor Juneteenth’s significance. 

Like Juneteenth, these important moments in history represent coming out on the other side of trials and tribulations, as well as salvaging their heritage. Universally, it is important to continue the recognition and cultivation of knowledge about Juneteenth and other celebrations akin to it, so we can mend communities back together who were violently ripped apart by domination subjugation. Breakthroughs didn’t happen without countless setbacks, but celebrations like these serve as a notion to never give up hope regardless. Juneteenth has the purpose and effect of uplifting hearts and minds to keep fighting, until justice and humanity are restored.  

Hailey Perkins is co-winner of the Taylor Academic Talent Scholarship. She is a graduate of Okemos High School and will attend Howard University.

Celebrations of freedom offer history lessons 

I imagine the words, “Ain’t nobody told me nothing!” came out of many mouths, minds and hearts when freed slaves found out they stayed in bondage 2 ½ years after other slaves had been set free.  Slavery in Texas continued 900 hundred days after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed.    

In I863, the Civil War was in its third year. Many lives had been lost, and the end was nowhere in sight.  On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln enforced the signed Emancipation Proclamation.  The Emancipation Proclamation stated, “That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.“

This proclamation freed slaves that were in states that had left the union. This proclamation could only be enforced if the North won the war.  After continued fighting and the loss of many more lives, the Union won the war April 9, 1865. Then on June 19, 1865, in the state of Texas, more than 250,000 slaves were finally set free.  Their freedom came 2 ½ years after everyone else’s.  While gaining freedom was a dream come true, delayed freedom is symbolic of the continued struggle for Black Americans.   

There are many opinions regarding the celebration of Juneteenth. Many people celebrate it as the end of slavery, others don’t celebrate it at all, while others fall somewhere in between. Although Juneteenth has been celebrated for many years, it was only in 2021 that it became a national holiday.

The importance of celebrating Juneteenth is because America needs to know. Celebrating Juneteenth provides the opportunity to educate and inform our communities. Celebrating this holiday is more than remembering the past but it gives an opportunity to discuss race relations today. It allows people to have difficult conversations about hard subjects.  Ultimately, celebrating Juneteenth allows us to examine the mistakes of the past and do better in the future.

Celebrating this holiday makes us ask tough questions about the beginning of our country, our values, and our rights. Celebrating Juneteenth since the murder of George Floyd has made many people question, “Are Black people really free?” 

Juneteenth celebrations are now opportunities to discuss systemic racism, policy change, politics and ways to make sure that our lives do matter. Most importantly, it forces us to take an honest look at race relations in America, ask how are we really doing?    

There are many celebrations of freedom and independence across the world. India celebrates its freedom from British rule. Ghana celebrates its freedom from the United Kingdom. But the country whose freedom celebration identifies with me the most is the Philippines.  My paternal grandfather’s wife is from the Philippines. She shared much about her birthplace and its culture with our family. The country celebrates its freedom from Spanish rule with a celebration called Araw ng Kalayaan. 

The celebration is filled with parades, music, food and family bonding. But the Philippines has another celebration for freedom. After the Spanish rule ended, the Philippines came under the rule of America. But it was a nation that wanted to be free.  The road to independence for the Philippines is similar to the Juneteenth celebration, and the delay in freedom. The Philippines nation was supposed to become independent in 1944.  But World War II occurred and like Juneteenth that freedom was delayed for 2 full years.

On July 4, 1946, the Philippines became fully free from United States. Today, the citizens of the Philippines celebrate not one but 2 days of independence and freedom. A sign of their perseverance. These celebrations remind us to never give up.    

It is vital to continue the celebration of Juneteenth and other cultural celebrations of freedom around the world because “knowledge is power.” These celebrations symbolize more than just freedom. They are evidence that major changes in society can happen despite the odds. They provide motivation for people to stand up for basic human rights and against injustice. 

Most importantly these celebrations give us hope. They are evidence that we can be part of the change that we want to see in the world. When I think back to the first Juneteenth, that moment when the slaves realized they were enslaved 900 days longer than everyone else. That moment when they had to think, “Ain’t nobody told me nothing!” 

Well today, I told you something.  Never forget the lesson of Juneteenth or the other cultural celebrations of freedom.

Zachary Barker is co-winner of the Taylor Academic Talent Scholarship. He is a graduate of Okemos High School and will attend Michigan State University.   

The importance of why we celebrate Juneteenth

Juneteenth, also known as Juneteenth Independence Day or Freedom Day, is an annual holiday recognized on June 19th in honor of the enslavement of oppressed African Americans in the United States. The festival started in Galveston, Texas, where on June 19, 1865, Union soldiers conveyed the news of the Emancipation Proclamation to the state's last surviving enslaved people, thereby ending slavery in the United States.

On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which announced that all enslaved individuals in Confederate-held territory would be set free. However, it wasn't until the Civil War ended and Union forces landed in Texas that the word of freedom reached the remaining enslaved people. Understanding the history of Juneteenth is important, including its connection to other countries, the significance of learning about it as a child, and how it is celebrated today. 

While Juneteenth is uniquely American, it bears shared characteristics with other cultural celebrations of liberty and independence across the world. Many countries have their own celebrations, which are cultural and historical events. For example, India celebrates its independence from British dominion on August 15th of each year, remembering the day in 1947 when the country gained freedom after years of struggle and sacrifice. Similarly, Mexico commemorates its independence from Spanish colonial rule on September 16th, often known as "El Grito de Dolores." These cultural celebrations of sovereignty and liberty contain common themes such as determination and the pursuit of justice. They remind us of the challenges that persecuted populations have experienced throughout history, as well as the significance of preserving and respecting their tales. By connecting Juneteenth to other cultural celebrations, we may get a more comprehensive understanding of their significance. 

Juneteenth was recently given new attention and significance as a result of the ongoing battle for racial equality and social justice in the United States. The Black Lives Matter movement and rallies against police brutality have drawn attention to the systems of prejudice and inequality that persist in American society. As a result, recognizing and remembering Juneteenth has never been more crucial. 

At the high school level, students ought to learn about and participate in cultural celebrations of freedom and independence, such as Juneteenth. By understanding the history and significance of these festivals, students may develop a better understanding of different individuals' perspectives as well as the continued effect of historical events on our modern society. Studying Juneteenth and other cultural festivals of independence allows students to critically assess problems of race, power, and privilege. By discussing the historical foundations of systematic racism and oppression, students may obtain a better understanding of social justice concerns and the need of speaking up against injustices in their own communities. Incorporating conversations and activities about cultural celebrations of freedom and independence into the curriculum for high school can help students extend their viewpoints and get a better grasp of the complexity of history and culture. These abilities are critical for creating a more inclusive and equitable society in which all people are respected, appreciated, and celebrated. 

To summarize, Juneteenth's historical significance as a celebration of liberation and freedom for African Americans is firmly anchored in the history of slavery and the ongoing battle for equality and justice. By commemorating and celebrating Juneteenth, we recognize the significance of remembering history, comprehending the present, and working for a more fair and equitable future for everyone. Studying and recognizing these events in high school, students may get significant insights into the experiences of other groups, as well as the ongoing efforts for freedom and equality.

In today's world, when the fight for racial equality is ongoing, commemorating Juneteenth is more vital than ever, as it serves as an important awareness of the African American community's continued struggle for justice and perseverance. 

Glorie Clay is the winner of the University of Olivet Academic Talent Scholarship. She is a graduate of Lansing Christian High School and will attend Olivet.

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Who Owns Alexander the Great? It’s a Diplomatic Minefield.

North Macedonia has claimed historical figures as part of a drive to build a national identity. That has ruffled the feathers of the Balkan nation’s neighbors.

By Andrew Higgins

Reporting from Skopje, North Macedonia

The center of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia, a Balkan country born just 33 years ago as an independent state, is awash in history.

A statue of Alexander the Great looms over the central square. One of his father, Philip II of Macedon, towers above a nearby piazza atop an oversize pedestal. The city is also littered with tributes in bronze, stone and plaster to generations of other heroes from what the country sees as its glorious and very long history.

The problem, though, is that most of the history on display is claimed by other countries. Present-day North Macedonia, birthed by the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, has no real connection to Alexander the Great, who lived 2,000 years ago down the road in what is now Greece, and many of the other historical figures honored with statues are Bulgarian.

North Macedonia

Trebenishte

Slavica Babamova, the director of the national archaeological museum, has spent her career digging up and displaying ancient artifacts and has no problem focusing on the past. But she said she was unsettled by the plethora of statues, erected by her country in an effort to build a state and national identity.

“We have such a rich history of our own — and so many things to say. But I don’t see any need to push all this overdone marketing,” she said, gesturing toward the Alexander the Great statue during an interview.

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