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Case Study of Deprivation in a Rural Area - Cornwall

Case Study of Rural in a Remote Area – Cornwall

1. The main reason for deprivation in rural areas is their remoteness. Geographers use a theory called core and periphery to explain this.

The UK’s core is where the most wealth is produced. It extends from London to Leeds and Manchester. This core:

• Produces 75% of the UK’s goods and services
• Has the highest wages and levels of investment
• Has the densest transport infrastructure – most motorways, the busiest airports and the densest railway networks are there.

Cornwall is far from the economic core – at least 4 hours from the edge and about

• Around 8 hours to London (by HGV)
• Around 6 hours to London (by rail)
• Around 5 hours to London (by car)

Rural areas within the core are better off than more remote areas. The UK’s most affluent rural county is Surrey; average wages were £500 per week in 2006. 35% of Surrey’s residents work in London in professional employment – their average wages were even higher in 2006 (£800 a week)

Remote rural areas are described as the periphery, and are poorly served by transport infrastructure. They are a long way from core markets, and job opportunities are fewer. There are some benefits – peripheral areas can be cheaper to live in – but they often suffer depopulation as young people leave to find jobs.

2. Deprivation caused by low wages

Deprivation means a lack of something. Deprivation can be measured using average wages, and, in rural area, they tend to be lower than in urban areas. Cornwall has the lowest weekly wages in Britain (£329.30 in 2005 – 25% below the UK average), and the gap between it and the rest of Britain is getting wider. Within Cornwall, the poorest borough is North Cornwall (the average weekly wage is £307.60 in 2005).

Decline in the rural economy

Why are rural areas in crisis? Mostly, it is because of the decline in traditional employment. In Cornwall, primary employment dominated until the 1970’s. This included farming, fishing, tin mining and quarrying china clay. Each sector declined for the reasons shown in the table. Rural areas are now producing less than they used to – so geographers talk of the post-production countryside, just like ‘post-industrial’ is used for towns and cities.

3. The Eden Project

Many benefits compared to problems.

• Many visitors – 750,000 each year. 1.9 million In the first year and 6 million the past 4 years.
• Visitors spending – Each visitor spends average of £150 in Cornwall. Tourist visiting the Eden Project in its first 3 years spent £600 million.
• Accommodation – Since 2001, demands for holiday cottages have doubled. Owners of them normally get between 16-21 weeks’ booking per property per year. Many now get 36 weeks. Most H.C.’s are owned by locals and benefit them.
• Employment – The E.P. employs 400 full-time staff. Including part-time and seasonal staff 600 equivalent full-time jobs were created. Eden claims that all staff are recruited locally. 75% of staff were previously unemployed, and 40% are over 50 years old. These do not include construction staff. Overall, Eden has reduced Cornwall’s unemployment by 6%.
• The impact on local producers – E.P. sources all food and drink locally, where possible. This has boosted farmers and food-processing companies.
• Impact on other attraction – E.P. has created spin-off interest for other attractions, e.g. the National Maritime Museum at Falmouth, Tate of the West at St Ives, etc.
• Impact on the economy – In 2003, an average of 80%of Cornwall’s businesses said they felt that Eden had brought very positive impacts for them and the Cornish economy.

The project was conceived by Tim Smit and designed by architect Nicholas Grimshaw and engineering firm Anthony Hunt and Associates (now part of Sinclair Knight Merz). Davis Langdon carried out the project management, Sir Robert McAlpine and Alfred McAlpine did the construction and MERO designed and built the biomes. Land Use Consultants led the master plan and landscape design. The project took 2½ years to construct and opened to the public on 17 March 2001.

This is a preview of the whole essay

Multiplier effect occurs – It increases the local economy: Visitors spend at Eden and create a bigger turnover, so more employment. Visitors also spend for accommodation, food, other leisure activities and travel, which creates a second ripple of benefits for employment in the area. Finally, the spending power of those employed by Eden, and local suppliers, increases as a result of their employment.

To diversify to get people not just for one season, but all year round. To rebrand Cornwall and to attract new tourists – the concept is called destination tourism.  This is where people visit a place simply because of a single attraction and the hope is that they will then visit others. The E.P. is an excellent example of this.

Two factors have helped rebrand Cornwall and promote ‘destination tourism’:

• Individuals, such as TV chef Rick Stein, whose seafood restaurant at Padstow in north Cornwall has led to large numbers of tourists who are interested in his restaurants and food shops. Now local people refer to Padstow as ‘Padstein’.
• The expansion of Newquay Airport by the local council to accept flights from UK cities such as Leeds, Manchester and Edinburgh, as well as London’s Gatwick and Stansted airports. This has helped to reduce Cornwall’s geographical isolation.

1999 - Objective One funding – It is from the EU. It was designed to boost the local economy. It aims to reduce social and economic differences within the EU. The funding comes from the EU and is granted to areas where the gross domestic product is 75% of the EU average or less. It aims to encourage investment to boost local economies.

Key players:

• Local Councils e.g. Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Council)
• Development agencies e.g. the South West Development Agency – who use government money to stimulate and to regenerate the economy
• Central government and its agencies e.g. Arts Council, Countryside Agency, Heritage Lottery Fund, Jobcentre Plus, etc.
• Environmental Groups e.g. Cornwall Heritage Trust, English Heritage, English Nature, etc.
• Education interests e.g. Combined Universities in Cornwall, University of Exeter, Cornwall FE Colleges, etc.
• Business interests e.g. Cornwall Farmers Ltd, Eden Project, Cornwall Tourist Board, etc.
• Private individuals who invest their own capital.

Investors have to start the process, and then apply for amounts of money from other sources, called match funding. This might come from public sources, e.g. local councils, or from private sources, e.g. banks. So, investors can:

• Set up £20,000 of their own money
• Get a bank loan for another £20,000, making £40,000
• Ask local councils to match it to make £80,000
• Bid for the South West Development Agency to match it to £160,000
• Finally, bid for Objective One funds to match it, creating £320,000

Success rate – It is still the weakest economy in England. But from 1994-2004 it grew at 5.8% per year, ahead of the UK average of 5.4%. In 2003, the Cornish economy showed the greatest improvement of any region of the EU. However, its schemes have had varying success – from the greater-than-expected Eden project, to failing schemes like South West Film Studios.

But Professor Peter Gripaios of Plymouth Business School criticises it. He claims that it was wrong to give Objective One funding to some projects. By 2007, Objective One had backed 580 projects in Cornwall with £230 million, but Mr. Gripaios claims that ‘the jam has been spread too thinly on too many projects’.

• The Extreme Sports Academy at Watergate Bay – near Newquay airport, is targeting a younger age group. Offers surfing, wave skiing and kite surfing. Owners also run Watergate Bay Hotel, overlooking academy and beach. Hotel has new restaurant, bar and accommodation. They are open all year, employing 50-60 people all year round in 2006, compared to 15-20 in 2003, as a result of increased trade.
• Jamie Oliver’s Fifteen Restaurant – In 2006, TV chef J.O. opened this restaurant, overlooking Watergate Bay. The 100-seater restaurant trains local young people in catering skills. Thirty 16-24 year olds from disadvantaged backgrounds are selected each year. 15 of them work in the restaurant, training at Cornwall College from January and in the kitchens from May, supported by professional chefs. Profits fund further training and development.
• CUC –stopping the brain drain? – To increase university courses and develop a ‘knowledge economy’, University College Falmouth and Exeter University joined forces to create the Combined Universities in Cornwall (CUC). CUC helps graduates set up businesses or secure jobs in knowledge-based companies in Cornwall, trying to cut the ‘brain drain’ of graduates leaving Cornwall. Examples include:
• Sixixis – This shapes Cornish timber into handmade furniture.
• Neutralise, a computer company helping top clients to improve their placing on internet search engine results, e.g. London’s Stock Exchange.
• Using Arts and Culture – To attract Arts tourists, Fowey holds an annual Du Maurier Festival in May, named after local author Daphne Du Maurier. It hosts authors, musicians, and broadcasters for 11 days. Investment in Arts and Culture in Cornwall has grown from the museum dedicated to sculptress Barbara Hepworth in the 1970’s, to the opening of Tate St Ives in 1993. Theatre, music and dance are now available at Hall for Cornwall in Truro, which opened in 1997.
• South West Film Studios – In 2002, S.W.F.S proposed Cornwall’s first film business at St Agnes on Cornwall’s north coast. Many films have been made in Cornwall, e/g/ Die Another Day, but no studio facilities existed. The £5.7 million complex received nearly £2 million from Objective One. Two film studios were built. It was expected that the company would create 200 permanent jobs and would bring millions of pounds into the economy.

4. The UK farming industry is one that few people know about and understand, and it’s in crisis. Imagine a job where you have to work 7 days a week, 12 hours a day; perhaps getting up at 5am to milk the cows in all weathers. Then imagine you are paid about half the NMW. Small wonder that, in 2006, record numbers of farmers sold up.

The problem for some years has been that prices paid to farmers are not enough to earn a decent living. Farm incomes fell sharply between 1973 and 2003. The biggest fall occurred between 1996 and 2001/2, when average farm incomes (after costs) fell from £80,000 in 1995/6 to £2500 during 2001; recovering to £12,500 in 2002/3. But as an hourly rate, this is still less than the NMW. Livestock farmers have been badly affected.

Why has farming collapsed? – For small farmers, especially, incomes remain low. 69% of farmers rely on farming for their entire income, but many also have part-time jobs to bring in extra money. There are two main reasons why incomes have fallen:

• The strength of the pound. Between 1996 and 2007, the pound increased in value against the Euro by 33%, making imported food cheaper.
• The power of supermarkets. Competition between big supermarkets is intense. Prices get forced down to attract customers, and, as a result, farmers are paid less.

Even EU farm subsidies do not help. They benefit the large farms – the more cereals grown, the greater the subsidy. 80% of subsidies go to larger farms, which make up only 20% of all farms. 63% of UK farmers get less than £5000 a year in subsidies; some get nothing.

5. In an attempt to increase incomes, some farms are now rebranding what they do. There are various options:

• Embracing Tourism – tourists have a chance to see and understand how a farm works; buildings are converted for farm holidays.
• Focusing on higher-value products, such as vegetables, cheese, and wine.
• Adopting eco-approached to managing the environment, such as planting mixed woodland.
• Adopting welfare approaches towards animals rearing which focus on the quality of care.

Lobb’s Farm Shop

Until 2003, three brothers from the Lobb family, in south Cornwall, were making just £30,000 from their 800 acres, shared between three families. Their farm is near the Lost Gardens of Heligan, south Cornwall’s second biggest tourist attraction after the Eden Project. They created a shop to sell their beef and lamb to a potential market of 463,000 visitors a year visiting the Gardens. The project, Lobb’s Farm Shop, was financed using £200,000 funding from Objective One and central government.

The shop’s focus is meat and vegetables produced on the farm, and other locally sourced products such as Cornish wine, chesses, etc. It has created 14 new jobs, with more in the summer months. These include:

• 5 butchers (2 full-time, 2 part-time and a trainee)
• 1 full-time and 6 part-time shop assistants
• 2 administrative staff

It has generated over £600,000 in additional sales in 3 years. However, it is more than just a shop. It includes:

• A visitor centre informing visitors about farming, and tours to show them what happens on a farm.
• Ways of improving environmental quality on the farm by attracting wildlife – planting in ways that will attract birds and insects.
• Managing and raising beef cattle in a welfare-conscious way.

Document Details

• Word Count 2435
• Page Count 6
• Level AS and A Level
• Subject Geography

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Regeneration ( Edexcel A Level Geography )

Revision note.

Geography Content Creator

Perceptions & Inequalities

• The economic and social inequalities , that occur in different places, can affect people's perceptions   of an area
• Perceptions are relative to people, place and time, for example in London:
• Wealthier people, who have a higher quality of life and more opportunities, may view London as exciting and enjoy the fast pace of life
• Poorer people, with a lower quality of life, may feel economically and socially trapped by London
• Inequality can make young people feel like however hard they work, they will be unable to break the cycle of inequality (unable to afford a house or get a well-paid job)
• Retired people may view London as too busy and look for other places which offer a slower pace of life

Successful places

• Successful places often experience a spiral of growth, which can be shown in the cumulative causation  model
• Cumulative causation occurs when people move to a successful area to provide services for those already there
• This makes the area even more attractive to people and investors

Cumulative causation model

• Successful regions, such as the San Francisco Bay area, tend to be characterised by: 
• High rates of employment
• High rates of inward migration (both internal and international)
• Higher levels of income
• Low levels of multiple deprivation
• However, a wealthy and developing region can develop negative knock-on effects:
• High property prices
• Skills shortages in urban and rural areas e.g. teachers, healthcare workers
• Congestion of roads and public transport
• Strains on services, such as healthcare and education
• The growth of rural areas is usually on a smaller scale than urban areas
• Improvements in broadband coverage mean rural businesses can attract customers from greater distances
• Lots of growth in smaller and micro businesses (under 10 employees), such as artisan food, winery, beekeeping, dog boarding, micro-brewery
• Investments in mobile networks and high-speed broadband have allowed more people to work from home, regardless of their location

San Francisco - a successful place

• San Francisco is known as an international centre for commerce and innovation, particularly as a hub for the technology industry 
• IT and digital media companies, like Twitter and Dropbox, have their headquarters there
• There is also a large cluster of bioscience companies based there, which has fuelled job opportunities
• It has attracted highly educated migrants from across the USA, as well as Asia
• In 2019, 190,000 immigrants gained permission to work long-term in California, where San Francisco is located
• The multiplier effect is fuelled by its technological and transportation infrastructure, high quality of life and highly skilled workforce
• San Francisco is one of the wealthiest cities in the USA, with low unemployment levels of about 3% (Unemployment rate for the USA = 3.9%)
• However, there are large amounts of inequality:
• In San Francisco, the average income of the top 1% of households in the city averages $3.6 million, 44 times the average income of the bottom 99%
• The city is facing an affordability and housing crisis
• In 2015, 64,000 jobs were created but only 5,000 new homes were built
• The average house in San Francisco now costs over $1.25 million
• The arrival of tech companies has led to the gentrification of poorer neighbourhoods (e.g. Tenderloin) so that many existing residents can no longer afford to live there

Deindustrialisation & Decline

• Some places experience a spiral of decline after economic restructuring   due to a change in economic sectors.
• The spiral of decline is sometimes termed the negative multiplier effect
• It occurs in:
• Urban areas due to deindustrialisation, where factories close and unemployment increases
• Skilled, local people leave the area to find work, leaving behind the less skilled or older workers, who would be difficult to retrain
• Rural areas due to a decline in the primary sector (e.g. agriculture) or the mechanisation of farming, leading to unemployment
• Young people leave the area, leaving behind an ageing population
• Decline in rural services (e.g. post offices, banks, petrol stations) due to less demand
• Economic restructuring causes increased levels of social deprivation and a decline in:
• Job opportunities
• The living environment

The spiral of decline model

• Economic decline often leads to a social decline:
• Less investment in public services (healthcare, education)
• Unemployment can lead to depression and an increase in drug use
• Increased crime and anti-social behaviour
• It is difficult to break the spiral of decline and stop the area from declining without intervention e.g. regeneration strategies

The Rust Belt, USA

• The decline of the heavy manufacturing industry (deindustrialisation) in the USA’s Rust Belt  began in the 1950s and led to higher levels of unemployment in the region:
• Cheaper imports increased 
• Manufacturing shifted south due to cheaper labour
• The increased automation of industrial processes
• Cities such as Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit and Pittsburgh shared several difficulties:
• Population loss - some cities lost more than 40% of their populations 
• Declining tax revenues
• Higher levels of unemployment - increased by 20%
• Limited opportunity for retraining
• Increased crime and drug use, especially among unemployed males

Make sure you can use data to show why some places need to be regenerated.

For example, Detroit in the USA’s Rust Belt suffered due to deindustrialisation:

• Its population fell from 1.5 million in 1970 to only 680,000 by 2015 - a drop of over 50%
• The average household income was about $25,000 in 2015, half the national average 
• By 2014, two-thirds of Detroit's residents could not afford basic needs like food and fuel; the poverty rate was 38%
• Life expectancy in parts of Detroit is just 69 years
• Less than 30% of students graduate from high school
• In 2014, Detroit had the second-highest murder rate of any US city
• Average house prices in Detroit are about $40,000 
• In 2015, approximately 30,000 houses were vacant and 70,000 other buildings were abandoned
• Detroit has severe shortages of public sector workers (teachers, nurses) because most have moved away to better places 

Worked example

Study figure 3 and suggest one reason why the unemployment rates for hartlepool have varied.

• Give a starter reason and extend this twice for two further marks
• There should be a link to the resource in the answer:
• An idea triggered by the resource
• It doesn't need to be a direct quote or use of data

Unemployment rates have risen since 2005 because industries have closed due to competition from abroad. People employed in the supply chain and service sectors will also lose their jobs due to factory closures and reduced disposable income. The industrial workers will lack the skills needed for any new businesses that may start in the area e.g. media.

Priorities for Regeneration

• Social and economic inequalities create a need for regeneration
• The role of regeneration is to reverse the spiral of decline and to create more equality through social and economic change 
• By regenerating an area, business opportunities occur, which improves the overall quality of life and wellbeing
• Sink estates
• Declining rural settlements
• Other areas, such as gated communities and commuter villages  have low levels of deprivation and are a low priority for regeneration

Regeneration priorities for four different places

• Areas that need regeneration can be found next to those that do not need it at all
• Rich, gated communities can be found right next to 'sink estates' in urban areas
• In rural areas, successful, wealthy commuter villages may be only a few miles away from less accessible rural villages suffering from population decline and service deprivation

Study Figure 1 and suggest one reason why economic regeneration is needed in some places more than others

• You need to analyse the resource to identify one starter reason why regeneration is needed
• The other 2 marks will be based on your explanation
• You can use numeric data from the resource to make points, but there are no separate marks for simply quoting data

Lower wages contribute to higher levels of economic and social deprivation. This leads to a spiral of decline in the area as people leave in search of better-paid jobs. As a result, housing estates could develop into sink estates, with high amounts of poverty and crime.

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Author: Lindsay Smith

After achieving her PGCE over 20 years ago Lindsay has worked in a range of secondary schools across the UK. With a proven record of supporting students to achieve the highest standards in schools Lindsay is eager to pass on her love of geography through excellent revision content. Lindsay has travelled extensively enhancing her knowledge and understanding of geographical issues further developing her passion for the subject.

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Seaton, Looe, Cornwall

Introduction.

Seaton is located near Looe in Cornwall. Scientists from the Plymouth Coastal Observatory used aerial photographs, topographic surveys and wave data gathered from offshore buoys to investigate the role of the River Seaton in undermining the seawall.

During the storms in early 2014, 100 metres of the seawall collapsed, in part due to erosion caused by the river running in front of it. There was severe damage to nearby properties.

Find out more about the processes involved in the collapse of Seaton's seawall by clicking the icon below to download the full article.

This is an excellent case study for A level students and is richly illustrated with photographs and topographical surveys.

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https://www.coastalmonitoring.org/southwest/

Our aim is to promote geography and geographical education in the South West of England. Geography SW is a collaborative project driven by a group of enthusiastic geographers who have volunteered their time to create a wide-ranging and dynamic resource to support the wider geographical community.

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Cornwall Edexcel Geography AS level Unit 2

Rural rebranding case study on Cornwall for Unit 2 AS level exam

• Rural and urban challenges and regeneration
• Created by: Vicky
• Created on: 03-04-12 20:26

Location : on the periphery;cut off but at the same time tranquil and peaceful

Physcial Environment : attractive, rugged coastline. Warmer in the winter than in the rest of Britian due to the Gulf Stream. Brings year round tourism

Cultural Heritage : Primary industries - fishing, mining - food and festivals

Human Capital : Brain drain; young move out and elderly move in, no investment - although food industry thriving - Rick Stein. 

Social Capital : Sparsely populated, no unity - local institutions and people cease to take effective action together

Technology : Using technologies to attract business to remote areas. Act Now - £2.5 million scheme which promotes development through use of broadband and IT. 

Cornwall's Information

Geography : Most southerly region in the UK - as a result, it has a warmer climate due to exposure to the Gulf Stream, 12th largest county; just over 3500km2, only county with just one border - Devon to the east. Long, exposed coastline - beaches, cliffs, bays etc. Truro largest settlement. 

Demographies : Population: 534,000 - 39th out of 48 counties in England. Low population density - 41st out of 48 counties in England. However it has a higher population growth - 5th highest in England. Higher than average percentage of retirees (23%) 1st out of 48 counties. Average age is 43.

Culture : Strong celtic roots and retains distinct cultural identity - flag, anthem etc. Folk music heritage, traditional dancing, celtic music festivals. No national sporting teams - traditional Cornish sports include wrestling, hurling etc. Rich culinary heritage: seafood, pasties, dairy produce, local beers.

Economy : Tourist industry very important - makes up 25% of economy. Fishing, mining, quarreying and other primary industries. Creative industry seen boost in recent years through funding - growing art scene within Cornwall.

Deprivation in Cornwall

Remains one of the most deprived areas due to its peripheral location. 5.5 hours by rail to London.Economic core of UK stretches from Leeds to Southampton - 75% of UK's goods and services come from there. Highest wages and levels of investment with densest transport infrastructure. Few job opportunies - leading to depopulation. Poorly served by transport links - not as attractive to investors.

Low wages : Average wages much lower than the rest of Britian and gap is widening. Poorest borough is north Cornwall. Average income: £13,000 compared to £20,000 in rest of Britain. 19% of children live in poverty, 26% of households are in fuel poverty.

Decline in Rural Economy : up until 70s, primary industries dominated employment . These have all experienced decline. Now described as having a post - production countryside - how the countryside should be used if farming declines any more.

Deprivation in Cornwall Continued a

Reasons for Decline : Farming - falling farms prices as there's more competition from supermarkets/exports. Withdrawing EU sibsidies led to accelerating decline. Fishing - EU quotas have allocated fish supplies to other EU countries. Mining - exhaustion of tin reserves in Cornwall. Collapse in tin prices due to overseas competition. Quarreying - St Austrell's got some of the best clay China reserves. Fewer and larger quarries, replacing people with technology has resulted in cutbacks in the workforce.

Tourism : Helped offset job losses from primary sector. Can employ up to 25% in some areas but its seasonal, part time and poorly paid. Visitors often dependent of weather and 33% of profits 'leak' out of county.

Lack of Rural Services : 72% of UK villages don't have a village shop, 39% f households in rural areas live over 2KM from a cash point. 14% of rural parishes have a doctor's surgery.

Lack of Employment Opportunity : 'brain drain' as young people leave, most employment is low paid, people on low incomes are likely to stay that way as the area does not attract investment. 

Multiple Index of Deprivation : UK government measures deprivation for means of comparison using the following indications: Income, employment, housing and services, health and disability, education. 

Who are the Rebranding Players?

Stakeholders in the rebranding process include : any individual, group or organisation that have an interest in a particular project e.g. financial/emotional involvement.

Rural Stakeholders : EU offer Objective One funding and leader funding. Actions with communities in Rural England (ACRE) promotes local rural initiaves. Natural England - grants to farmers for various environmental agricultural schemes. Big lottery fund. Heritage lottery.

The partnership approach is the best approach. 

Rural Rebranding Strategies : Wide range of possibilites for rebranding in rural areas. Ideas draw upon local identity, culture and heritage. Some may involve farm diversification schemes (farmers setting up new non - agricultural enterprises). Some are linked to new technologies (internet). 

Rural Strategies : specialst food products with local identity, rural heritage and tourism, arts and media projects, on - farm tourism strategies (fishing, clay pigeon shooting), rural industry developments - specialist furniture/jewellery, farming organic crops/growing herbs, food towns and specialist markets, off farm diversification - e.g. paintballing. 

Who are the Rebranding Players Continued

Building on what's there  - for example, successful rebranding in Cornwall needs to celebrate what makes Cornwall distinctive. Need to differentiate themselves from other competition to promoste something special. Can build on: coast - sea/beaches, food - cream teas/ice cream/fish and chips, heritage - pirates/mining

Objective One Funding  - 1999; Cornwall gained funding designed to boost local economy. Comes from EU where the GDP is 75% of the EU average or less. Aims to encourage investment. Investors have to start the process and others apply for equal amounts of money from other sources - match funding from public sources (local councils) or private sources (banks). This has helped the economy grow faster than the UK average, although it's still the weakest economy 1994 - 2004; grew by 5.8% a year. Schemes have varying success; Eden Project good, West Film Studios, bad. 

Rebranding Strategies in Cornwall

'Destination Tourism' - overall concept behind rebranding, marketting individual projects, promoting visitors to then go on to other sites.

Individuals - Rick Stein - Seafood restaurant at Padstow in north led to large numbers of tourists who were interested in his restaurants and food shops - 'Padstein'

Newquay Airport - Expansion of airport by the local council to accept flights from UK cities; Leeds, Manchester, Edinburgh, Gatwick ,Stanstead. Helped reduce Cornwall's geographical isolation. 

Rebranding Cornwall

Extreme Sports Academy - Target younger groups, near Newquay airport. Employed 50 - 60 people year round in 2006 and more in the summer. Hotel/restaurants - local producesrs benefitting unders. Promoting less crime. Works with natural beauty of area. Open all year round. Surfing, kite surfing, making use of waves, large fetch and climate. Brings young to the area. Embarking on £8million project to build 27 new apartments thanks to its success. Changed market.

Jamie Oliver's 15 - Also in Westgate Bay. Attraction due to Jamie's status. Profits fund further training and developement. Locally sourced produce. Trains/supports local people in catering skills all from disadvantaged backgrounds. Low food miles, sustainable fish etc. Year round employment for the select 15. Uses natural beauty to promote ideal setting. Brought money into the area.

Rebranding Cornwall Continued

CUC  - not all about tourism. Attracts young people outside the county. Businesses/more investment increasing profits by offering more higher education oppotunities. Encouraging non - seasonal growth of businesses. Helps graduates set up businesses/secure jobs in knowledge based companies in Cornwall. Stopping the young leaving.

Arts and Culture  - hosts authors, musicians, broadcasters. Industry promoting - lots in St. Ives. Opportunties - art degrees/festivals. Maurier festival in May for 11 days. Some galleries like the Tate open all year round. Works with Univerisity - draws people into the area. Uses art to draw people into the area.

South West Film Studios  - Recieved £2million from Objective One Funding expected to create 200 jobs and would put millions into the economy. Unsuccessful - went bankrupt - building work never completed, re - financing was sought causing increased building cost. Owner was fraudgelent obtaining money from Objective One.

The Eden Project

Flagship Project - stands out; international attraction

Home to two main biomes housing plant species around the world including the world's largest greenhouse. Opened in March 2001. £130million in public funding to build. 2.5 years to build. Long term venture - research, products, education. Located in disused China clay pit - rebranding. 

Rainforest biome covers 3.9 acres. Used for tropical plants. Mediterranean biome covers 1.6 acres. Houses arid plants, various sculptures, art exibitions. Contains visitors centre, The Core (education centre) and The Outdoor Biome - series of paths, gardens, attractions. 

Promotes environmental awareness - water required to create humid conditions and for toilets is rainwater. Uses energey from one of the many wind turbines.

Stages tourist events such as concerts, art festivals, and has been used in films. 4 miles North East from St. Austell in the borough of Restermel.

Report Thu 16th May, 2013 @ 15:56

Great, I just think the colours are difficult to read, a darker colour would help, otherwise, five stars.

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187. Rural Deprivation in Cornwall

Description.

In this Geography Factsheet you will find: • Setting the scene. • Cornwall’s geographical location. • Defining rural deprivation. • Case Study: Measuring rural deprivation in Cornwall. • Key indicators. • Broadband developments in Cornwall.

Download Type

.PDF (pdf) 498.286 KB

Publication Date

September 2005

ISSN / ISBN

ISSN: 1351-5136

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