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From Associate to Doctorate: A Complete Guide to College Degree Levels

Genevieve Carlton

Contributing Writer

Learn about our editorial process .

Updated April 12, 2024

Hannah Muniz

Contributing Editor

Reviewed by

Stephanie DeBord

Contributing Reviewer

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Are you ready to discover your college program?

Considering a college degree? First, you'll have to understand the types of degrees and college degree levels.

Different degrees prepare you for different career paths. For example, you can't become a psychologist with just a bachelor's degree — you'd need a master's or doctorate in psychology. And you usually can't become an engineer without at least a bachelor's degree.

Typically, as your university degree level rises, your earning potential increases, and the unemployment rate decreases. That's one more reason it's important to understand the different types of degrees.

What Types of Degrees Are There in College?

There are many types of degrees you can earn in college. College degree levels can be broken down into two categories: undergraduate degrees and graduate degrees.

Here are the college degrees in order, from lowest ranking to highest:

• Associate degree (undergraduate)
• Bachelor's degree (undergraduate)
• Master's degree (graduate)
• Doctoral degree (graduate)

While a doctorate is the highest education level, some fields may stop at a master's. The phrase "terminal degree" refers to the highest degree in a field.

A professional degree is a type of graduate degree — often a doctorate — that prepares you for a professional career in fields like law and medicine.

Popular Online Programs

Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below.

Associate Degree

• Typical Program Length: 1-2 years
• Typical Number of Credits: 60

Most associate degrees prepare you to enter the workforce immediately upon graduation. These programs can be found at community and technical colleges and typically last 1-2 years.

An associate degree can also serve as the foundation for a bachelor's program. You may even be able to transfer some of the credits you earned for your associate degree toward a four-year degree.

Some associate degrees require you to complete an internship or practicum in addition to taking classes. This is particularly common among healthcare and tech degrees.

To apply for an associate degree program , you'll need a high school diploma or equivalent, like a GED certificate. Some schools may require you to submit standardized test scores, such as the ACT or the SAT, as well.

Featured Associate Programs

What can you do with an associate degree.

An associate degree prepares you for vocational, allied health, and support roles. For example, you can become a medical assistant , paralegal , or vet tech with an associate degree.

The highest-paying careers with an associate degree pay over $80,000 per year. See the table below for salary information on other popular associate degree jobs.

Source: BLS

Types of Associate Degrees

Colleges can offer three kinds of associate degrees:

• Associate of Arts (AA)
• Associate of Science (AS)
• Associate of Applied Science (AAS)

Arts, humanities, and creative fields typically offer an AA, whereas social sciences and natural sciences fields often award an AS. Many applied and vocational programs offer an AAS degree.

The type of degree matters if you're planning to transfer into a bachelor's program. Colleges normally offer fewer transfer credits for an AAS degree.

Popular Associate Degrees

• Business Administration
• Business Management
• Computer Science
• Criminal Justice
• Cybersecurity
• Early Childhood Education
• Graphic Design
• Healthcare Management
• Information Technology
• Medical Assisting
• Medical Billing and Coding
• Pre-Nursing
• Social Work

Bachelor's Degree

• Typical Program Length: 4 years
• Typical Number of Credits: 120

A bachelor's degree prepares you for many career paths. You'll generally spend four years earning a bachelor's degree at a college or university. You'll take general education classes and courses in your major . You can also choose a minor.

Some colleges offer accelerated bachelor's programs , which take less time — often 2-3 years. Degree-completion programs can also speed up the timeline by awarding you credit for previous college coursework.

You can earn your bachelor's degree online as well. An online degree from an accredited college meets the same standards as that of an in-person degree.

You'll need a high school diploma for admission and may also need to submit SAT or ACT scores.

Featured Bachelor's Programs

What can you do with a bachelor's degree.

In diverse industries like business, tech, and education, a bachelor's degree can prepare you for many entry-level careers. Some of the highest-paying jobs with a bachelor's degree include roles in finance, management, and tech.

Graduates with a four-year degree can also benefit from high demand in many lucrative fields, like software development and engineering. The table below introduces some popular jobs with a bachelor's degree.

Types of Bachelor's Degrees

You can earn a bachelor's degree in many fields. Some of the most common types of bachelor's degrees you'll see include:

• Bachelor of Arts (BA)
• Bachelor of Science (BS)
• Bachelor of Applied Arts (BAA)
• Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS)
• Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.)
• Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
• Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA)
• Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)

The two most popular degrees are a BA and a BS. These degrees cover all arts and sciences majors and some education and engineering degrees.

Popular Bachelor's Degrees

• Civil Engineering
• Communication
• Computer Programming
• Health Informatics
• Health Sciences
• Human Resources
• Mathematics
• Organizational Psychology
• Political Science
• Public Policy
• Supply Chain and Logistics

Master's Degree

• Typical Program Length: 1-3 years
• Typical Number of Credits: 30

A master's degree can help you gain specialized skills and qualify for higher-paying roles. As a graduate student, you'll work closely with experts in your field to explore advanced topics.

While a master's degree typically takes two years, some universities offer accelerated one-year master's programs. You can also enroll in a bachelor's-to-master's program to earn both a bachelor's and master's degree in less time.

Most master's programs require a minimum of 30 credits. Admission and graduation requirements vary depending on the program. For example, many arts and sciences master's programs require GRE scores , while business programs typically require GMAT scores .

Featured Master's Programs

What can you do with a master's degree.

With a master's degree, you can qualify for management-level careers and specialized roles in industries like healthcare, research, and social services. The highest-paying master's degrees include MBAs and nurse practitioner degrees.

Learn more about the earning potential and demand for popular master's degree jobs below.

Types of Master's Degrees

Here are some of the most common types of master's degrees you can earn:

• Master of Arts (MA)
• Master of Science (MS)
• Master of Business Administration (MBA)
• Master of Education (M.Ed.)
• Master of Fine Arts (MFA)
• Master of Laws (LL.M.)
• Master of Public Administration (MPA)
• Master of Public Health (MPH)
• Master of Public Policy (MPP)
• Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)
• Master of Social Work (MSW)

An MA and an MS are among the most popular master's degrees. Humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences fields typically award an MA or an MS. Other popular options include an MBA and an M.Ed.

Popular Master's Degrees

• Creative Writing
• Data Science
• Engineering
• Healthcare Administration
• Library and Information Science
• Network Security
• Public Health
• Supply Chain Management

Doctoral Degrees

• Typical Program Length: 2-10 years
• Typical Number of Credits: Varies

A doctorate represents the highest degree you can get in academia. There are a few types of doctoral degrees you can get.

Professional doctorates train you for a professional career. For example, law school and med school are two common professional paths. A Ph.D., on the other hand — by far one of the most common types of doctorates — emphasizes theory and research.

In a doctoral program, you'll take graduate-level seminars and courses, take comprehensive exams, conduct original research, and defend a dissertation in front of a faculty committee.

Most applied doctorates take 3-5 years, while a Ph.D. typically requires 4-6 years of coursework. In certain fields, you can earn your doctorate online.

Some doctoral programs require a master's degree for admission, whereas others admit applicants with just a bachelor's degree. You may need to submit standardized test scores depending on the program.

Featured Doctoral Programs

What can you do with a doctorate.

If you want to become a physician , professor , or lawyer, you'll need a doctorate. In many fields, a doctorate translates into higher salaries. Lawyers, pharmacists , and physicists all report median salaries of over $125,000 per year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

The following table shows the earning potential and demand for popular doctoral degree jobs.

Types of Doctoral Degrees

A doctorate is the highest education level, but there are still several types of doctoral degrees. Here are some of the most common you can get:

• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
• Doctor of Medicine (MD)
• Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)
• Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)
• Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)
• Juris Doctor (JD)

A Ph.D. is the most popular doctorate. You can earn a Ph.D. in many arts and sciences fields. Other doctorates take their names from the career path associated with the degree.

Popular Doctoral Degrees

• Curriculum and Instruction
• Educational Administration
• Educational Leadership
• Human Services
• Legal Studies
• Organizational Leadership
• Public Administration

Frequently Asked Questions About College Degree Levels

What are the four types of college degrees.

The four types of college degrees are associate degrees, bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees. Colleges classify associate and bachelor's degrees as undergraduate degrees and master's and doctoral degrees as graduate degrees.

Within those categories, you can earn many types of degrees. For instance, at the bachelor's level, you could earn a bachelor of arts (BA), a bachelor of science (BS), or a bachelor of fine arts (BFA) degree.

What is a four-year college degree called?

A four-year college degree is called a bachelor's degree. Another term for this degree type is a baccalaureate degree.

Many careers require a bachelor's degree for entry-level roles. For example, most careers in business require you to hold a bachelor's degree. Many roles in tech, education, the public sector, and engineering also require you to have a four-year degree.

Some career paths require a specific major. In many states, you'll need a bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) to become a registered nurse . In other fields, your specific major matters less than the quality of your skills.

What is the highest degree?

The highest degree is a doctorate, also called a doctoral degree. In terms of university degree levels, both master's and bachelor's degrees rank below doctorates.

You can earn a doctorate in a wide array of fields, including the social sciences, business, the humanities, education, engineering, and healthcare.

In some fields, however, a master's degree represents the terminal, or highest, degree. For instance, a master of fine arts (MFA) is the terminal degree for creative writing.

What is the hardest college degree?

Most would agree that the hardest college degree is a doctorate. As the highest education level, a doctorate requires significant expertise in the field.

Many Ph.D. programs take six years or more and require you to write a book-length dissertation based on original research.

Because a doctorate represents the top of the university degree levels, it's a relatively uncommon degree. Only around 2% of U.S. adults held a doctorate in 2022, according to the U.S. Census Bureau .

What is the quickest degree?

The fastest degree you can get is either a one-year associate degree or a one-year master's degree. While other types of degrees typically take a minimum of two years, you can earn a master's degree in one year with an accelerated or fast-track program.

You can sometimes add a master's degree to your bachelor's through a 4+1 program, also known as a bachelor's-to-master's program. In this case, some of your coursework counts toward both your undergraduate and graduate degrees, meaning you'll spend an additional year in college to leave with a master's degree.

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Your Guide to Conquering College Coursework

Getting good grades in college can be a lot tougher than in high school. For many students, it requires building new skills and establishing new habits. Learning those skills now—before starting college—will help make your transition as easy and as successful as possible.

Mary Sharp Emerson

The transition from high school to college is a big one. Meeting new friends, living on your own, and creating your own schedule are just some of the new, exciting challenges that await you.   

In the excitement of starting a new life on campus, college coursework can sometimes become a second priority.

However, adjusting to college coursework is often the biggest challenge of all. Even the best students may be surprised at how difficult college courses are. The subject matter is more complex. The workload is larger. And instructors’ standards are higher.

Mastering college-level courses requires a new level of independence, advocacy, engagement, and time management.

You can prepare yourself to succeed before you even get to campus. Identifying the skills you need, and building those skills into established habits, will help make your transition to college academics, and college life, easier, less stressful, and more successful.

Be engaged in your college coursework

College courses require your full attention and active participation.

And the more you engage with your teachers, teaching assistants, and classmates both in and out of the classroom, the easier it will be for you to succeed in that class.

The importance of active listening

Active listening is one of the most critical parts of engaging in a course, according to Gina Neugebauer, assistant director of Harvard Summer School’s Secondary School Program.

“Professors and teaching assistants can tell if you’re actively listening. They notice if you’re taking notes and making eye contact. They also notice if you’re distracted by your phone or computer,” notes Neugebauer.

Active listening means not checking your social media accounts or texting friends during class.

It also means really giving the instructor and your classmates your full attention.

It sounds easy in theory but it takes practice. It can be tough to not think about all the work you have or your next party. But the more you work on actively listening, the easier it will be to not get distracted and miss important information in class.

Different ways to actively participate

Beyond active listening, there are many ways to participate in a course. And you can tailor your level of engagement to your personality and comfort level.

“It’s all about gauging what you’re comfortable with,” says Neugebauer.

“You may not be the person who raises their hand all the time but you actively respond to online discussion posts, for example. You may not feel comfortable talking in front of hundreds of students in a large lecture hall but you take advantage of TA office hours and email the instructor with questions.”

But don’t be afraid to push yourself if you aren’t someone who usually speaks up in class.

It’s ok to start small. Work on raising your hand in small seminars or discussion sections. As you gain confidence, you’ll find it gets easier to answer questions and share your opinions.

Build independence and advocate for yourself

In college, you are responsible for your own success. You will need to advocate for yourself and know when—and how—to ask for help. That requires a level of independence that you may not have needed in high school.

The good news is that instructors and teaching assistants want to help you.

“Instructors, on the whole, enjoy hearing from you. And they’d rather hear from you right from the start, rather than have you struggle on your own for three weeks,” says Neugebauer.

If you have a question about an assignment, send your instructor an email. Are you upset about a grade you got on a recent test? Visit your instructor or TA during office hours to discuss what went wrong and how you can improve.

But remember, says Neugebauer, professors are busy and you are only one of many students.

“Your email should include your full name, what course you’re taking, and a brief description of your question or concern. And you cannot expect an answer at 2 a.m. because that’s when you’re studying. When you reach out to an instructor, give them 24-48 hours to respond.”

And remember, always be respectful and non-confrontational.

Challenge yourself in a college course. Get a sneak peak at college life.

Explore summer programs for high school students.

Don’t be afraid to seek help

If you have excelled in high school without extra help, you might be tempted to persevere on your own.

In college, Neugebauer points out, asking for help is the norm.

“Once you get into your undergraduate program, you’ll find that almost everyone has, at some point, asked a TA for extra tutoring, gone to a tutoring center, or a writing or math center for extra help. It’s part of the learning process of an undergraduate program,” Neugebauer says.

Colleges have a variety of support systems in place to help you succeed.

TA office hours are a great place to start if you find yourself struggling with a specific concept or assignment. Peer tutoring programs enable you to learn from students who have been through the course themselves. Academic coaches can help with more general study tips or exam-related stress.

The key is seeking out help proactively, before you get too far behind. As the courses become more difficult, catching up becomes increasingly difficult.

Build time management techniques

Balancing everything that comes with life on a college campus can be difficult for many incoming college students.

“The biggest challenge we see facing high school students who are trying to adapt to college life is overcommitment. Students want to engage in every activity, a full course load, and even sometimes a part-time job. They don’t schedule enough time for self-care, quiet time, doing laundry, and plenty of study time. All those things take time,” Neugebauer says.

Good study habits and time management are key to avoiding the stress that comes from getting overcommitted.

Neugebauer recommends getting into the habit of keeping an accurate and up-to-date calendar.

“The best thing I can recommend is a calendar, such as Google Calendar. Use it to schedule everything: your class, your lunch time, time at the gym. It may seem counterintuitive, but work on scheduling literally everything, even sleep.”

Be sure to include assignments, tests, and other deadlines, as well as office hours for your instructors, TAs, and academic coaches.

Use your calendar to block off dedicated study time. And once you schedule it, stick to it! Avoid the temptation to procrastinate or use that time to hang out, play video games, or scroll on your phone.

Your calendar should also include dedicated time for self-care.

Regular mealtimes, good exercise habits, and a full night’s sleep are not only critical for your physical and mental health. You’ll also be surprised at how much they contribute to your academic success.

Challenge yourself as you engage in college coursework

Getting outside your comfort zone is a critical part of preparing yourself for the exciting challenges that await you in college.

“Being uncomfortable allows for growth. It means saying to yourself, ‘this is new. I want to try it. I want to see how it feels.’ This is all about adapting to a new environment but also examining yourself as a person,” says Neugebauer.

Taking on a new challenge—regardless of the ultimate outcome—builds resilience, mental toughness, and confidence, all of which you will need to succeed in your college courses.

But, warns Neugebauer, it’s also important to know your limitations.

“That uncomfortable feeling should be manageable. It should be a challenge but not so challenging that you feel panicked and wake up in cold sweats every night. It should be something that gets you a little nervous but also excited about what you’re involved in every day.”

However you decide to challenge yourself, it’s never too early to start if college is in your future. The sooner you start identifying and mastering the skills you need in college, the better prepared you’ll be to succeed right from day one.

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About the Author

Digital Content Producer

Emerson is a Digital Content Producer at Harvard DCE. She is a graduate of Brandeis University and Yale University and started her career as an international affairs analyst. She is an avid triathlete and has completed three Ironman triathlons, as well as the Boston Marathon.

8 Reasons Why Harvard Summer School Isn’t a Summer Camp — It’s So Much More!

Learn more about how a summer at Harvard offers so much more than your traditional summer camp experience.

Harvard Division of Continuing Education

The Division of Continuing Education (DCE) at Harvard University is dedicated to bringing rigorous academics and innovative teaching capabilities to those seeking to improve their lives through education. We make Harvard education accessible to lifelong learners from high school to retirement.

Course Numbering and Description Guide

Courses follow numbering and other conventions that designate class level and type. Course descriptions establish the general or specific topic of study.

Current course descriptions are updated daily at 9 a.m. Published current courses have been approved by the UCLA Academic Senate. Descriptions are listed alphabetically by subject area. Classes offered in a specific term are published in the Schedule of Classes .

Undergraduate Course Numbers

Undergraduate courses are classified as lower division and upper division.

Lower-division courses (numbered 1–99) are often surveys of and preliminary introductions to the subject field. They are designed primarily for freshmen and sophomores, though upper-division students may enroll for unit and grade credit. Lower-division courses may not be applied toward graduate degrees.

Upper-division courses (numbered 100–199) are open to all students who have met the requisites indicated in departmental requirements or the course description. Preparation generally includes at least one lower-division course in the subject or two years of college work. With approval of the major department, graduate students may take 100–series courses toward satisfaction of master’s degree requirements.

Undergraduate Seminars and Tutorials

Fiat lux freshman seminars.

Fiat Lux freshman seminars (numbered 19) are taught by faculty in areas of their expertise. They introduce freshmen to topics of intellectual importance, and enable them to participate in critical discussion of these topics with a small group of peers. The seminar series takes its name from the motto of the University of California: Fiat Lux—Let There be Light!

Sophomore Seminars

Sophomore seminars (numbered 88) are department-sponsored courses designed to give sophomores the opportunity to participate in small seminars that enhance writing, verbal, and analytical skills.

Honors Seminars and Tutorials

Honors seminars and tutorials (numbered 89/189 and 89HC/189HC) are primarily designed for students in the College Honors Program. They are adjunct to lecture courses and explore lecture topics in more depth through supplemental readings, papers, or other activities.

Student Research Program Tutorials

Student Research Program tutorials (numbered 99) offer students entry-level research experiences. Students serve as apprentices working with an individual faculty member or in a research group. Students are graded P/NP based on the number of hours they participate in research.

Upper-Division Seminars

Upper-division seminars (numbered 190–194) are small seminars, with between 15 and 20 students, that focus on research practice or issues. Many are designed to be taken along with a tutorial course in the 195–199 series.

Upper-Division Tutorials

Upper-division tutorials (numbered 195–199) offer advanced opportunities for research through faculty-supervised internships and apprenticeships as well as honors research, directed research, and senior projects. Courses are structured by the instructor and student at the time they are initiated and are open to juniors (with a minimum 3.0 grade-point average in the major field), seniors, and graduate students. To enroll, students submit a contract through MyUCLA and have it approved by both the instructor and department chair.

Graduate Course Numbers

Graduate courses numbered 200–299 are generally open only to graduate students who have completed basic undergraduate courses in the subject. Courses and seminars in the 200 series can fulfill the minimum graduate course requirement for any advanced degree.

With department and instructor consent, and subject to requirements in the appropriate College or school, undergraduate students may enroll in 200-series courses for unit credit toward the bachelor’s degree. If students take a graduate course as an undergraduate, they may not apply that same course later toward a higher degree.

Teacher Training

Graduate courses numbered 300–399 are are professional courses or pre-professional experience, and are not applicable toward requirements for graduate degrees.

Professional Courses

Graduate courses numbered 400–499 are designed for professional programs leading to graduate degrees other than the M.A., M.S., and Ph.D. These courses may not be used to satisfy minimum graduate course requirements for the M.A. or M.S. degree but may apply as electives.

Individual Study and Research

Individual study and research courses (numbered 500–599) are reserved for advanced study and are not open to undergraduate students. Courses are numbered as follows: 595/596, directed individual study or research; 597, preparation for master’s comprehensive or doctoral qualifying examination; 598, master’s thesis research and preparation; and 599, doctoral dissertation research and preparation. Courses numbered 501 are not individual study and research but are cooperative programs held in conjunction with USC. See individual departmental listings for specific limitations on 500-series courses.

Note: These definitions do not apply to the schools of dentistry, law, or medicine, which maintain their own course numbering systems.

Other Course Numbering Conventions

Variable topics.

Variable topics courses do not have a specifically assigned course number. The course title usually indicates that it is a variable topics course (e.g., Spanish 130: Topics in Medieval Studies). Variable topics courses cover material within a defined topic area. They have a general catalog description, but specific topics vary by term and instructor. See the Schedule of Classes for topic descriptions offered in a specific term.

Concurrent Courses

Concurrent courses (identified by a capital C before the course number) are pairs of courses, usually within a single department or program, for which credit is given at two levels—undergraduate and graduate. Concurrent courses are offered at the same time and place with the same instructor, but work levels and performance standards are evaluated differently for students at each level.

Multiple-Listed Courses

Multiple-listed courses (identified by a capital M before the course number) are courses offered jointly by more than one department. They do not need to have identical course numbers, but all other aspects of the course must be the same, including title, units, requisites, format, and level. For example, Language in Culture is offered by the Anthropology department as course M140 and the Linguistics department as course M146. The course is listed in both departments.

UCLA Extension XL/XLC

UCLA Extension classes are listed in the Extension catalog available in print and on the Extension website . In general, students may not attend UCLA Extension for degree credit if they are enrolled in UCLA regular session (fall, winter, spring) at the same time.

Certain Extension courses (numbered 1–199), prefixed by XL or XLC in Extension class listings, yield credit toward the bachelor’s degree. Graduate students may petition to apply up to two XLC courses toward the master’s degree.

Quick Guide: Your College Degree Options

Find the right college for you.

There are generally four categories of college degrees: associate degree, bachelor’s degree, graduate degree, and doctorate or professional degree. Each category comes with its own particular subcategories, and there are some subtle differences between a doctorate and a professional degree.

If you ever find yourself lost in the sea of abbreviations for degrees, you're not alone. This quick guide is here to clear the air regarding the types of degrees available to you and what each one means.

Guide to College Degrees, Professional Studies & Certifications

Associate degree.

An associate degree is a two-year degree typically offered at community colleges, technical colleges, and career colleges. However, some four-year universities offer them as well. Examples of some associate degrees include Associate of Arts (AA) and Associate of Science (AS).

AS degrees are generally more narrowly focused and prepare students for science and math-related careers. AA degrees are broader and focus on fields outside of math and science such as liberal arts, business administration, criminal justice, and culinary arts.

Some students who earn an associate degree transfer to a four-year program to earn a bachelor’s degree. Others complete associate degrees and then go straight to work.

Bachelor's or Baccalaureate Degree

Bachelor’s degrees require students to complete four- or five-year programs in a specific academic discipline. The two most common types of bachelor’s degrees are bachelor of arts (BA) and bachelor of science (BS). Other types of bachelor’s degrees include the bachelor of fine arts (BFA), and bachelor of architecture (BArch).

Because bachelor’s degrees train students to enter a specific field, many professional careers require them. Earning a bachelor’s degree can open the door to many job opportunities and increase your potential income.

Some institutions offer a liberal arts and career combination program, also called a 3-2 program. This is a type of dual degree in which a student completes three years of liberal arts study followed by two years of professional or technical study. In the end, students earn two bachelor’s degrees, usually a BA and a BS.

An example of this is Columbia University’s 3-2 Combined Plan program in which students can earn a BA and a BS in five years.

Some colleges also let you earn a teacher certification by combining bachelor's degree study with state certification requirements. State requirements vary, but these programs usually feature professional education courses, including student teaching.

Graduate Degree

Graduate degrees are advanced degrees that some students pursue after earning a bachelor’s degree. The two most common are master of arts (MA) and master of science (MS). Other examples include master of fine arts (MFA) and master of business administration (MBA). A graduate degree is like an extension of a bachelor’s degree whereby a student further enriches their knowledge of their field and narrows their f ocus of study .

Graduate degrees usually take around two years to attain, but this can vary based on the degree. Many institutions allow students to enroll in a graduate program in a field unrelated to their bachelor’s degree. This may require some extra credit hours, though.

Professional Degree

Students earn professional degrees to become licensed to work in professions like medicine or law. The M.D. degree is an example. Professional programs generally require a college degree before you start them and then at least three years of study to complete.

Doctoral Degree and Professional Degree

The doctorate and professional degrees are the highest levels of education one can attain. They signify mastery of a subject and often come with the coveted title “doctor.” Although the two are similar, there are some important differences.

A doctorate or doctoral degree is a research-oriented degree focused on scholarly development. The most common doctorate is the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Despite the name, a PhD covers many disciplines, not just philosophy.

A professional degree is an application-oriented degree, meaning it prepares students for a specific working position. There are many types of professional degrees. Some examples are: doctor of medicine (MD), doctor of pharmacy (PharmD), and doctor of medicine in dentistry (DMD) in the field of medicine, and juris doctor (JD) and doctor of juridical science (SJD) in the field of law.

A graduate degree does not need to precede a doctorate or professional degree. Often, students will go straight into a doctorate or professional program following their bachelor’s, however some programs will require a master’s degree to gain entry. Completion can take anywhere from four to eight years, depending on the field of study.

Many doctoral students work either full-time or part-time while they study in the program. This, along with the field they are studying, will significantly affect the time it takes to complete their degree.

Joint Degrees

Some students may choose to pursue a joint degree, also known as a dual degree, which means they simultaneously study for a bachelor’s degree and a graduate degree. Joint degrees can be pursued in the same college or can be split between two different colleges. For example, Berklee College of Music and Harvard University offer a dual bachelor’s/master’s program in which a student receives a bachelor of arts (BA) at Harvard and a master of music (MM) or master of arts (MA) at Berklee.

Depending on the program, it may be possible to study at the same time for a master's degree and a doctorate. For example, the University of Southern California offers a program leading to doctor of pharmacy and master of public health degrees.

How do academic degrees go in order?

There are four types of degrees. In order of level of education, they rank as associate degree, bachelor’s degree, master’s or graduate degrees, and doctorate or professional degrees.

How many degrees are there in college?

Most community colleges offer only two-year associate degrees, while most four-year colleges offer bachelor’s, graduate, and doctorate or professional degrees. Some four-year colleges may also have associate degree programs.

How many years do you have to be in college to achieve certain degrees?

Though it will vary between academic disciplines, associate degrees usually take two years to achieve, bachelor’s degrees take four years, master’s degrees take two years, and doctorate or professional degrees can take anywhere from four to eight years.

What is an eight-year degree?

An “eight-year degree” typically refers to a doctorate degree or PhD. Although some doctorates can be completed in as little as three years, these degrees typically require more time studying highly specialized subjects. Students in these programs often must defend a dissertation while already working a professional job.

What are the four years of college called?

The first four years of college are the undergraduate years, and a student studying for a bachelor’s degree is called an undergraduate. The four years refer to the total accumulated credit hours; a student may take fewer or more than four years to attain their undergraduate degree.

What does a graduate degree mean?

A graduate degree or master’s degree is an advanced degree that some students pursue after earning a bachelor’s degree. Earning a graduate degree signifies mastery of a particular field of study and focuses more intensely on a subject than a bachelor’s degree does. Graduate degrees usually take two years to attain.

What do you call a master's student?

A master's student is called a graduate student or “grad student” for short. A student still studying for a bachelor’s degree is called an undergraduate student or “undergrad student.”

How many years is a master's degree?

Graduate degrees usually take around two years to attain, but this can vary based on the degree. Many institutions allow students to enroll in a graduate program in a field unrelated to their bachelor’s degree, although it may require some extra credit hours.

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There is no one official definition for college-level learning. There are many approaches to defining it.

Defining college-level learning involves many factors, which the student and mentor discuss. College-level learning represents the ability to take knowledge and relate it within a particular context and to other contexts both within and outside a given field.

College-level learning involves:

• acquiring new information
• engaging critical inquiry
• analyzing, synthesizing and integrating the information
• situating the knowledge within a broader context
• demonstrating the ability to apply the learning.

Note: You will be asked to explain how the learning is college-level in your recommendation report. Your rationale for your determinations is very important to help the faculty make the final judgment on awarding credits.

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What Do College Course Numbers Mean?

College course numbers may mean different things depending on the individual institution. There are standard formats that many colleges use to signify dates, levels and titles. Most college courses are identified by three to four numbers. For example, the first digit may indicate the class year, the middle two digits may identify the subject and the last digit may indicate the number of credit hours.

Course Levels 101

Most colleges identify introductory classes at the 100-level. These basic or survey classes will have titles like general biology, world history or writing fundamentals. These 100-level courses are usually taken by freshman, although some will be sophomores meeting general education requirements. 200-level classes will be more strenuous and focused on specific topics like Asian history, Western literature and computer programming. Some of these classes may require students to have taken the prerequisite 100-level class. 300- and 400-level classes involve in-depth coursework and require greater knowledge of a certain field. These classes are usually taken during the final two years of college. Some 400-level classes include first-year graduate students who are preparing to take 500- and 600-level classes offered through graduate schools.

Related resource: Top 10 Online Education Degree Programs

100- and 200-Level Course Expectations

100-level courses come with no prerequisites regarding knowledge of a disciplines concepts and terminology. Students who enter these classes must be able to compose formal essays and comprehend college-level textbooks. These classes will acquaint students with the basic terms, methods, ideas and language of the subject. 200-level courses are actually 100-level courses that focus on particular areas within a discipline. Students must have finished a 100-level writing or English class, so they can recognize concepts, read detailed texts, use quantitative skills and articulate themselves with peers. These classes will require students to progress through academic explorations towards conclusions and experiments. Students who take 200-level classes must be able to keep up at a reasonable pace without encountering comprehension difficulties.

300- and 400-Level Course Expectations

300-level courses will contain advanced content for upper division students. These classes will most likely be core requirements of the students’ majors. Students should have acquired a sufficient knowledge in the major to pursue independent study and research with methodological tools and models. These students must be able to obtain relevant information the proper use of resources and libraries. They must be able to assimilate valid information, combine findings into cohesive statements and ultimately produce term-papers. 400-level courses will likely include tutorials, seminars, guest lectures and honors courses reserved only for upper-division students finishing their major. These students must have completed enough 300-level classes to work independently under the supervision of faculty. Many of these 400-level classes include capstone projects that require students to synthesize all relative information into a final presentation.

In the end, college course numbers will indicate the level of difficulty and identify the subject. For example, “ENG” is often used for English, “MAT” for mathematics and “BIO” for biology. The U.S. Department of Education offers assistance on how to pay for and complete a post-secondary education here .

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Your chance of acceptance, your chancing factors, extracurriculars, 100 vs 200 vs 300 level courses.

Hey everyone! I'm trying to figure out the difference between 100, 200, and 300 level courses. How do they differ in terms of difficulty and depth of material? Can freshmen take higher level courses as long as they meet the prerequisites?

Hi there! The difference between 100, 200, and 300 level courses primarily lies in difficulty, depth of material, and the target audience of students. Here's a general breakdown:

- 100 level courses: These are typically introductory courses designed for freshmen or students new to a subject area. They provide a foundation in the subject and often have few or no prerequisites. The course material tends to be broader, and the difficulty level is generally lower compared to higher level courses.

- 200 level courses: These courses are designed for students who have completed the introductory level courses or have a basic understanding of the subject. They start delving deeper into specific topics, with a moderate level of difficulty. Some prerequisites might be necessary, including 100 level courses or certain skills/knowledge.

- 300 level courses: These are advanced courses that cater to upper-level students, typically juniors and seniors. They assume a solid understanding of the subject and therefore dive into specialized topics or more complex concepts. The difficulty level is usually higher, and they generally have more stringent prerequisites.

As a freshman, you can indeed take higher level courses as long as you meet the prerequisites and feel confident in your ability to handle the material. Sometimes, prior experience, advanced knowledge, or strong scores on an AP or IB exam in the subject may allow you to start at a higher level. However, make sure to consult with your academic advisor to determine if you're ready for a higher level course, and remember that each college may have its own policies regarding freshmen enrolling in upper-level courses.

Good luck with your course selection!

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Best AP Classes

Ap classes for college admissions.

If you are a high school student, you have probably heard of AP classes, also known as Advanced Placement classes. Indeed, AP courses are an important part of the college process. However, you may be wondering how important they are and whether you should take AP classes. If you’re already familiar with AP classes, you may have more specific questions, like “How long are AP exams?” or “How do I get college credit for AP courses?”

In this article, we will break down many aspects of AP classes, including the benefits and challenges of the AP curriculum. Specifically, you’ll learn all about:

• What AP courses are
• AP credits and how they work
• Taking AP exams
• The best AP classes for college
• How to choose your AP courses
• The importance of AP classes in college admissions, and more!

Like many parts of the college process, your AP curriculum will depend on individual circumstances. As such, figuring out what is best for you is more important than what other students are doing. Indeed, choosing to take AP classes is a significant decision that will take a lot of time and effort on your part. However, if you’re ready to take on the challenge, the investment is certainly worth it in the long run.

Now, before we start exploring specific AP classes, let’s start by understanding exactly what they are. 

What does AP mean?

Let’s start with the basics : AP stands for Advanced Placement. The AP program was started in 1955 to encourage greater academic rigor on a national scale. The program is now run by the College Board, the same organization that runs the SAT and the PSAT . 

Advanced Placement courses give students the opportunity to take college-level courses. Throughout their AP courses, students prepare to take standardized AP exams. Later, we will discuss when and how to take the AP exams. 

Honors vs AP classes

Since AP classes are more advanced, you might be wondering what the difference is between honors courses and AP courses. Honors courses are generally more difficult than regular classes. However, they may or may not be as challenging as AP classes. Indeed, AP classes are intended to be college-level, meaning that the AP curriculum is designed by college professors. And, some AP exams are graded by college professors as well. 

When compared to honors classes, AP courses tend to be looked upon a bit more favorably by colleges. This is because of their national scale. While honors classes can be deemed “honors” by any high school, AP classes must have their syllabi approved by the College Board . This additional level of standardization means that colleges know with greater certainty what you are studying when you take AP courses. However, this does not mean that you should always take AP courses instead of honors courses. 

Later, we will discuss more about why you might take AP classes and how to decide which AP courses to take. 

What is an AP Class?

On a fundamental level, an AP class is an option for high school students looking to challenge themselves or prepare themselves for college with college-level coursework . However, AP class format and content differ greatly by subject. 

For example, AP Spanish Language and Culture classes will likely involve a lot of speaking. This is to prepare students for the spoken part of the AP Spanish Language and Culture exam. Meanwhile, an AP English Language and Composition class will likely assign a lot of writing. Consequently, on your AP English Language and Composition exam, you will need to write 3 written responses.

AP subjects

Additionally, each high school offers its own number and array of AP courses. Some schools offer nearly all of the 38 available AP courses. Others only offer a few or none at all. 

AP classes are offered in a variety of subjects. This includes the arts, English, history and social sciences, math and computer science, languages and cultures, and sciences. Here are some of the most popular AP classes:

• AP Calculus AB

AP United States History

• AP English Language and Composition

AP Chemistry

Ap statistics.

• AP Spanish Language and Culture
• AP Psychology
• AP Computer Science

Whether or not you can take an AP class in high school will depend on your high school’s requirements. Some schools may require students to pass a prerequisite course or meet another academic requirement to take an AP course. Additionally, AP courses can only be offered if a teacher has been trained in the AP curriculum format. As such, schools may have to alter their AP offerings due to teacher availability. Later, we will discuss more options for what to do if an AP course you want to take is not available at your school. 

How Important Are AP Classes For College Admission?

Without a doubt, AP classes play an important role in college admissions . At top universities, admissions officers are looking for students who are dedicated to their education. On a high school transcript, AP courses show admissions that you have challenged yourself, made the most of the opportunities provided to you, and have the skills and work ethic needed to succeed in a college-level course. 

However, keep in mind that AP courses are difficult. You should only sign up for an AP course if you are truly interested in the subject and know you can do well in it. Just as doing well in an AP course can show academic strength, doing poorly can show academic weakness.

Rather than signing up for AP Statistics simply because your friends are, take time to reflect upon your motivations and find out more about the teacher and what you will learn. You might learn that AP Statistics isn’t necessarily a good fit, but AP Calculus aligns with your goals and strengths.

Lastly, but most importantly, consider the decision to take AP classes within the context of your broader set of commitments. Managing your coursework and other commitments is a key part of maturing and showing that you are ready for the rigor of college. 

Myths about AP Courses

Before we move forward, we’d like to review some of the common myths that exist about AP courses within the context of the college admissions process. Here are a few that we can debunk right away:

Common Myths about AP Classes

“taking more ap courses is always better”.

Contrary to popular belief, more AP classes on your transcript is not always better. Instead, use your AP curriculum as a chance to explore topics of interest and build up your candidate profile. If you don’t think you will do well in your AP courses, it would be smart to opt for easier courses. Like we shared above, the goal is to demonstrate that you can ace difficult courses; biting off more than you can chew will not look good on a transcript. 

“The best AP classes for college are AP Calculus, AP Chemistry, AP English Language and Composition, etc…”

While there are some common AP courses that many students take, there aren’t really best AP classes for college. That’s because the best AP classes for college are the ones you will excel in and that you want to take. If taking AP Spanish Language and Culture or AP United States History sounds more interesting than AP English Language and Composition, then go that route. 

“AP courses give you college credit”

Actually, it is AP exam scores that can potentially give you college credit. We’ll dive a lot deeper into how you can gain AP credit in later sections. However, it’s important to understand that simply taking AP courses won’t give you college credits. 

“If my school doesn’t offer an AP curriculum, I can’t take AP courses or AP exams”

In fact, you can take AP classes online, and you can even register for an AP exam without having taken an AP course. Later, we’ll discuss ways in which you can still incorporate AP classes into your curriculum even if they aren’t offered at your school.

Now that we have debunked some common myths, let’s look at how AP courses and AP exams work.

Can you take an AP class online?

For students whose schools do not offer many Advanced Placement courses, there are opportunities to take AP courses online. These courses are typically completed over the summer. However, some providers offer flexible options like recorded classes.

Importantly, students will need to check with their high school to see if AP courses online can count towards their required high school credits. Before signing up for AP courses online, speak with your high school guidance counselor and make sure you are prepared for the time commitment and level of self-guided dedication needed to pass the course.

Taking AP Exams

In general, if a student has done well in an AP course, their instructor will encourage them to complete the corresponding AP exams. AP exams are subject tests based on the material taught in an AP course. They are offered once a year, generally in May. Some colleges offer college credit if you pass certain AP exams. AP exam scores range from 1 to 5. And, a 3 or higher is generally considered passing. 

You can also take an AP exam in a subject even if you did not take the course. Generally, we do not recommend doing so unless you have the time to study all the material independently or already have a strong grasp of the subject. Before signing up for an AP exam, take an AP practice exam online to see how well you can do. 

How long are AP Exams?

At this point, you might be wondering, “How long are AP exams?” AP exams are typically two to three hours long. Most include a combination of multiple-choice questions followed by free-response questions. However, there are different formats for certain AP subjects. For example, rather than a final exam, AP Art and Design students will submit a final portfolio of their work to be scored.

As we mentioned above, AP exams are offered in May. Consequently, AP exam scores are generally released in July. In order to do well on your AP exams, you’ll want to follow these key steps :

Keys Steps for Prepping for AP Exams

1. start preparing early.

Ideally, you will be absorbing material all year long. However, make sure you learn about the format of your AP exams early. Don’t wait until the last second to start studying for the AP exams. You might even consider doing a weekly check-in throughout the course to make sure you’re comprehending the material.  

2. Make a study plan

Most effective study plans include regular chunks of 15-30 minutes of reviewing topics. They also include taking at least 2-3 full-length practice AP exams. When taking practice exams, make sure to recreate the testing environment by setting timers, putting away cell phones, and completing the exam straight through without breaks. This way, your score will more accurately reflect the real test.

3. Practice self-care

In the days leading up to your test, get sufficient sleep and eat well. These habits help your body feel its best so you can think clearly during the exam. It certainly wouldn’t be wise to pull an all-nighter prior to your AP exams. Treat yourself well and trust that your hard work will pay off.

These tips will help you prepare for any AP exam, regardless of the subject matter.

What are AP Subject Tests?

Since they cover specific subjects , you may hear AP exams referred to as AP subject tests. However, “AP subject tests” is just another name for the AP exams. 

With that in mind, you could easily confuse the AP subject tests with SAT subject tests. SAT subject tests, also sometimes called SAT IIs, were once offered by the College Board. However, they were discontinued in 2021. These tests were similar to AP exams in that they were subject-based, but were shorter in length at only one hour long. They were only available for 20 subjects, whereas the AP exams are available in 38 subjects. When compared to the previously available SAT subject tests, more colleges accepted AP exam scores for AP class credit value since they were built around full courses. 

However, simply put, AP subject tests are AP exams. 

Understanding AP Classes and College Credit

Many students interested in AP courses online or at their school wonder, “What is AP credit?” Aside from giving you a boost in the college admissions process, AP scores may also lead to college credit . Additionally, they may allow students to place out of basic college courses and into more advanced ones; this is why they are called Advanced Placement classes. 

Taking AP exams for AP class credit value is a smart approach if you are hoping to graduate from college quickly. However, there are many caveats and limitations to this method. While answering the question, “What is AP credit?” may be simple, the requisites for gaining this college credit vary greatly by school. In the next section, we will dive deeper into the details of AP class credit value. 

Do AP Classes Count As College Credit?

As we shared above, one response to the question, “What is AP credit?” is that you can get college credit for taking AP exams. However, this transfer of credits is not guaranteed. It isn’t enough to simply take and pass an AP course. Most colleges base their AP credits on your AP exam score. While some colleges will provide credit if you receive a score of 3 or higher, many top colleges only provide college credit to students who earn a 4 or 5 on their AP exams. 

For example, if you want to gain AP credit for AP Calculus, you will need to take the AP Calculus exam in May and score at least a 3, if not a 4 or 5. Earning these top scores is not easy; you must prepare months in advance. If you do not receive the AP scores you want, you can retake your AP exams the following May. Keep in mind, however, that you will have to study, or even re-learn, all the AP Calculus content, which can take a substantial amount of time and effort.

Additionally, since you can select which AP exam scores to send to colleges, you could always choose to omit scores that are low, such as a 1 or 2, in an effort to present the most favorable view of your academic record.

How Do AP Credits Work?

A logical follow-up question to “What is AP credit?” would be “How do I earn AP credit?” To earn AP credit, you’ll need to send a score report to your college, showing which exams you’ve taken and the scores you received. Your college will then notify you of any qualifying scores and which courses you’ve received credit for. While some colleges will give you specific course credit, such as Statistics 101 credit for taking AP Statistics, others may only give you general elective credit. 

As we have shared, AP class credit value does not come strictly from taking the class. You must take the AP exam associated with your class. Still, taking the AP class does prepare you for the AP exam and demonstrates academic rigor in the college application process.

Some students decide to take AP courses online or self-study for an AP exam. While this is an option, it only makes sense if you already feel academically strong in a subject and can dedicate several months to studying for the AP exams. For example, perhaps you are a fluent Spanish speaker who wants to take the AP Spanish Language and Culture exam to get college credit. Even so, you should still study for the exam so you know the format and can ace it.

How AP credits impact college course load

If your AP scores are 3 or higher, you could qualify to gain college credit. At most colleges, you’ll need to satisfy their minimum number of credits, usually 120, to earn your degree. AP credits count towards this total, allowing some students to meet this requirement sooner and even graduate early. 

However, even if a college accepts your AP class credit value, you may wish to retake a class if it is related to your major. For example, let’s say you took AP Biology and AP Chemistry in high school and got a 4 on both the AP Biology and AP Chemistry exams. Once you get to college, you decide to be a pre-med biology major. You would probably still be advised to take biology in college, in order to ensure you are fully prepared for advanced coursework. Additionally, medical schools may want to see that you took biology and chemistry in college rather than just receiving credit for taking the AP Biology and Chemistry exams.

How Many Credits In An AP Class?

Now that we have explored the question, “What is AP credit?” let’s look at how many credits you can earn through your AP curriculum. A typical AP class is worth three credit hours in college, or one semester of a class. However, the exact amount will ultimately depend on the school you are applying to and how they calculate their course credit. You can search by AP course and college for their particular AP credit policy here .

Some schools even give more college credit for higher AP scores. For example, let’s use the example of a student who is going to Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. This student has the following AP scores:

• AP Biology: 4 
• AP United States History: 4
• AP Chemistry: 5
• AP Statistics: 4

Rutgers offers an impressive 9 credits for students who score a 5 on the AP Chemistry exam and a 4 on the AP Biology exam. For their AP United States History and AP Statistics scores, this student would earn 3 credits. If we do the math, this student has earned 24 college credits before even stepping foot on campus. This is equivalent to two full-time semesters in college, meaning they could potentially graduate a year early. With the rising cost of college, this could save the student tens of thousands of dollars. Now, we can see how high AP scores can be a game-changer.

In later sections, we will talk about further considerations for taking AP classes, including what to expect in different AP classes and which are the best AP classes for college.  

What to expect from AP Courses

In the previous section, we discussed “what is AP credit?” and how to earn it. Now, let’s discuss what you can expect when you enroll in AP courses.

Advanced Placement (AP) courses are the pinnacle of academic rigor in high school education. They offer students a taste of college-level coursework while still within the confines of their secondary education. In recent years, the number of AP courses has expanded to meet the rising demand of students. Before adding one to your schedule, it’s important to understand what to expect from them.

Academic rigor

One key expectation from AP courses is increased rigor. AP courses challenge students with methodologies similar to college classrooms. While enrolled in AP classes, expect an AP curriculum that delves into complex topics, where rote memorization takes a backseat to comprehension and application.

While some AP courses may not require prerequisites, many come with recommended foundational skills. These prerequisites serve as a scaffold, giving students the tools to thrive in AP classes. Whether it’s mastery of algebra for AP Calculus or proficiency in biology for AP Biology,  prerequisites lay the groundwork for tackling the challenges of the AP curriculum.

Beyond increased rigor within AP classes, you can expect a fast-paced environment. AP courses are often accelerated compared to high school classes. With a need to complete the AP curriculum and excel on AP exams, AP courses get through material quickly, leading to heavier workloads and homework.

AP courses offer a unique academic landscape where students are empowered to explore, analyze, and excel. By understanding and embracing the expectations set forth by these AP courses, you can ensure success in your AP classes.

Exploring AP Classes in STEM

By taking Advanced Placement ( AP ) classes in STEM, students can delve deeper into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Whether pursuing a career in medicine, engineering, or another STEM-related field, the AP curriculum in STEM courses offers students the opportunity to engage with complex topics critically.

If you are considering pursuing a major in a STEM field, you might consider enrolling in these AP courses.

AP STEM Classes

Ap calculus ab/bc.

Some of the most widely taken courses, AP Calculus AB and BC cover differential and integral calculus. In AP Calculus AB, students study limits, derivatives, and integrals. AP Calculus BC extends this to include parametric, polar, and vector functions. Both courses focus on problem-solving and real-world applications. AP Calculus AB equates to a first-semester college calculus course, while AP Calculus BC equates to first and second-semester college calculus courses.

Another math course you may want to consider is AP Statistics. AP Statistics is a course that introduces students to the major concepts and tools for collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data. In AP Statistics, students learn about descriptive and inferential statistics, probability, and experimental design. AP Statistics is equivalent to a one-semester college introductory statistics course.

AP Computer Science A/Principles

There are two courses offered in the realm of AP Computer Science. AP Computer Science A focuses on Java programming and object-oriented concepts, while AP Computer Science Principles covers foundational computer science concepts. Both emphasize problem-solving and applying computer science principles. AP Computer Science A is like a first-semester college-level programming course. Alternatively, AP Computer Science Principles is like a one-semester introductory college course in computer science.

AP Biology is a course that covers foundational principles of biology, including cellular structure and function, genetics, evolution, and ecology. In an AP Biology course, students conduct laboratory investigations to explore biological concepts and develop inquiry and analytical skills. AP Biology is equivalent to a two-semester college introductory biology course.

Another science course to consider is AP Chemistry, which covers fundamental concepts of chemistry, including atomic structure, chemical bonding, kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics. In AP Chemistry, students conduct laboratory investigations to deepen their understanding of chemicals. AP Chemistry is equivalent to a college introductory chemistry course.

Each of these STEM AP classes offer students a unique journey into the heart of their respective fields. Whether unraveling the mysteries of the natural world in AP Biology or AP Chemistry or mastering the intricacies of mathematical and data analysis in AP Calculus or AP Statistics, STEM AP courses empower students to become critical thinkers and problem solvers in an ever-evolving world.

AP Courses in the Humanities

If your interests lie in studying history, language, literature, philosophy, religion, and the arts, the AP curriculum covered in humanities AP courses may be for you. These AP classes allow students to delve deeply into these subjects, develop critical thinking skills, and engage with complex ideas and perspectives. 

If you are considering a career in the humanities, consider exploring these AP courses.

AP Humanities Classes

Ap english language and composition / literature and composition.

The College Board offers two AP courses in English. In the first course, AP English Language and Composition, students analyze non-fiction texts, including essays, speeches, and articles, and learn to craft persuasive and analytical essays. AP English Language and Composition is equivalent to a first-year college composition course.

On the other hand, AP English Literature and Composition focuses on studying literature, including novels, plays, and poetry. In this AP course, students analyze literary works, explore themes and motifs, and develop literary analysis and interpretation skills. AP English Literature and Composition is equivalent to a first-year college literature course.

One of the most difficulty but popular courses, AP United States History covers the history of the United States from pre-Columbian times to the present day. In AP United States History, students explore key events, themes, and developments in American history. AP United States History is equivalent to a two-semester college introductory United States history course.

AP World History

This course covers the history of civilizations from prehistory to the present day. In this course, students examine major developments, themes, and interactions between different societies and cultures throughout history. AP World History is equivalent to a two-semester college introductory world history course.

AP Art History

Advanced Placement Art History explores art history from prehistoric times to present. In this course, students analyze works of art from different cultures and periods, examine artistic techniques and styles, and explore the significance of art in various historical and cultural contexts. AP Art History is equivalent to a two-semester college introductory art history course.

AP Spanish Language and Culture / Literature and Culture

Two popular AP classes within the College Board’s World Languages and Cultures are AP Spanish Language and Culture and AP Spanish Literature and Culture. While these AP courses have similar names, there are some key differences. 

AP Spanish Language and Culture focuses on developing proficiency in Spanish language skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In AP Spanish Language and Culture, students explore Spanish-speaking cultures and develop intercultural communication skills. AP Spanish Language and Culture is equivalent to a fourth-semester college Spanish language course.

AP Spanish Literature and Culture, on the other hand, focuses on studying Spanish literature. In this course, students analyze literary works, explore themes and cultural contexts, and develop literary analysis and interpretation skills. AP Spanish Literature and Culture is equivalent to a third-year college Spanish literature course.

Whether studying world history, analyzing literature, exploring languages and cultures, or examining philosophical concepts, AP courses in the humanities offer a rigorous academic experience. Through these Advanced Placement (AP) courses, students develop analysis, interpretation, and communication skills.

More AP Classes to consider

In addition to the wide range of AP courses provided, here are some additional courses you should consider:

Other AP Classes

Ap language courses: chinese, french, german, italian, japanese, and latin.

These Advanced Placement (AP) language courses focus on developing proficiency in the target language, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. Students also explore the culture and society of the language they are studying. Completing these AP courses could provide an AP class credit value equivalent to intermediate to advanced levels in college language courses.

AP Physics Courses: Algebra-Based, Electricity and Magnetism, Mechanics

AP Physics courses cover fundamental physics principles. In AP Physics: Algebra-Based, students explore mechanics, motion, forces, and energy. Alternatively, in AP Physics: Electricity and Magnetism, students study electric and magnetic fields, circuits, and electromagnetic waves. In AP Physics: Mechanics, students focus on the principles of motion, forces, and energy. Completing these AP courses could provide an AP class credit value equivalent to a college-level introductory physics course.

AP Economics Courses: Macroeconomics, Microeconomics

AP Economics courses introduce students to the principles of economics. In AP Macroeconomics, students study economic indicators, fiscal policy, monetary policy, and international trade. In AP Microeconomics, students explore supply and demand, market structures, and resource allocation. Completing these AP courses could provide an AP class credit value equivalent to a college-level introductory economics course.

AP Arts Courses: Drawing, Music Theory, 2-D/3-D Art and Design

These Advanced Placement (AP) arts courses focus on developing artistic skills, creativity, and critical thinking in various art forms. In AP Drawing, students create and present a portfolio of their original artwork, demonstrating their proficiency in drawing techniques and artistic expression. On the other hand, in AP Music Theory, students study music theory concepts such as harmony, melody, rhythm, and form and develop musical analysis and composition skills. In AP 2-D/3-D Art and Design, students create and present a portfolio of their original artwork, demonstrating their proficiency in 2-D or 3-D design concepts and techniques. Completing these AP courses could provide an AP class credit value equivalent to a college-level introductory art or music course.

What Are the Easiest AP Classes?

Earlier in our article, we discussed “what is AP credit?” and AP class credit value. In our discussion, we mentioned how passing AP scores are required for college credit , leaving many students to wonder which AP classes are the easiest. One way to measure ease is to look at AP exam scores from past AP exams .  We have gathered data to show you which AP classes have the highest percentage of students earning a score of 3 or above on the AP exams within each College Board subject .

However, while passing AP exams is one way to consider the ease of the course, it’s essential to recognize that the difficulty of an AP class is subjective. You should consider other factors, such as how long are AP exams and which types of students take the AP exams. Furthermore, consider your own strengths as well as the caliber of instruction at your school. 

Easiest AP Classes

Ap drawing (84.8%).

An AP Drawing portfolio includes a sustained investigation and a section on selected works. Students must create a body of work demonstrating their artistic skills, creativity, and ability to communicate visual ideas. Achieving passing AP exam scores on this exam requires a strong portfolio showcasing exploration of a specific theme or concept and technical proficiency in various drawing media.

AP 2D Art & Design (83.6%)

The AP 2D Art & Design portfolio includes a sustained investigation and a selected works section focusing on 2D design principles. The portfolio may use various media such as photography, digital art, collage, and printmaking. Scoring a 3 or above on this exam requires a cohesive and well-executed portfolio demonstrating mastery of 2D design concepts, creative problem-solving skills, and effective visual communication.

AP English Literature & Composition (77.2%)

Students taking the AP English Literature & Composition exam will be tested on their ability to analyze and write about literary texts effectively. It consists of multiple-choice questions and three essay prompts. Achieving passing AP exam scores on this exam requires close reading skills, critical analysis, and the ability to craft coherent arguments about literature.

AP Comparative Government & Politics (70.8%)

The AP Comparative Government & Politics exam evaluates students’ understanding of comparative political systems and processes. It includes multiple-choice and free-response questions covering political institutions, political behavior, and comparative analysis of different countries’ governments. Achieving a score of 3 or above on this exam requires a comprehensive understanding of comparative politics concepts and the ability to analyze and compare political systems.

AP Calculus BC (78.5%)

While the AP Calculus BC exam has a high passing percentage, it is certainly not an easy exam. This exam assesses students’ understanding of differential and integral calculus at an advanced level. It includes multiple-choice and free-response questions covering limits, derivatives, integrals, and calculus applications. Achieving passing AP exam scores on this exam requires a strong grasp of calculus concepts and problem-solving skills.

AP Chemistry (75.1%)

For Advance Placement Chemistry, the exam evaluates students’ understanding of fundamental chemical principles. It includes multiple-choice and free-response questions covering chemical reactions, thermodynamics, and chemical equilibrium. Scoring a 3 or above on this exam requires a solid understanding of chemistry concepts, proficiency in laboratory techniques, and data analysis.

AP Physics C: Mechanics (73.5%)

Similarly, the AP Physics C: Mechanics exam assesses students’ understanding of classical mechanics principles, including kinematics, dynamics, and energy. It includes multiple-choice and free-response questions requiring students to apply physics principles to solve problems. Achieving a score of 3 or above on this exam requires a strong grasp of physics fundamentals and problem-solving skills.

AP Chinese Language and Culture (88.4%)

The majority of students tend to do well on AP language exams. The AP Chinese Language and Culture exam evaluates students’ listening, speaking, reading, and writing proficiency in Mandarin Chinese. It includes multiple-choice questions, a speaking section, and free-response questions that cover topics such as Chinese culture, society, and global issues. Scoring a 3 or above on this exam requires fluency in spoken and written Chinese, cultural awareness, and effective communication.

AP Spanish Language and Culture (83.8%)

Finally, the AP Spanish Language and Culture exam assesses students’ listening, speaking, reading, and writing proficiency in Spanish. It includes multiple-choice questions, a speaking section, and free-response questions that cover topics such as Spanish-speaking cultures, global issues, and personal experiences. Passing AP exam scores requires proficiency in spoken and written Spanish, cultural competence, and effective communication.

What Are the Hardest AP Classes?

In the previous section, we shared which AP classes have the highest percentage of students earning a score of 3 or above on the AP exams. Now, let’s look at some of the hardest AP exams. To do so, we’ll look at which AP courses have the lowest percentage of students earning a score of 3 or above on the AP exams . 

As previously mentioned, measuring the hardest AP exams is subjective. Here’s a tip: consider reaching out to students at your school to see how prepared they felt by their coursework to tackle the exam. You may also want to reach out to teachers at your school to see how their student’s passing percentages compare to these national statistics.

Hardest AP Classes

Ap music theory (60.7%).

One of the hardest AP exams within the arts AP courses is the AP Music Theory exam. It includes multiple-choice, free-response, sight-singing, and ear-training components. Achieving passing AP scores requires a solid understanding of music theory fundamentals, proficiency in musical analysis, and the ability to demonstrate musical skills.

AP English Language and Composition (56.1%)

Unlike AP English Lit, AP English Language and Composition is significantly more difficult. This exam evaluates students’ ability to analyze and interpret non-fiction texts, develop arguments, and communicate ideas effectively through writing. It consists of multiple-choice questions and three essay prompts. Scoring a 3 or above on this exam requires strong reading comprehension skills, critical thinking abilities, and effective writing strategies.

AP United States Government & Politics (49.2%)

Approximately half of students taking the AP United States Government & Politics exam earn a passing score. This challenging test assesses students’ understanding of the U.S. government and political system’s principles, institutions, and processes. It includes multiple-choice and free-response questions that require students to apply their knowledge of political concepts, analyze political data, and evaluate government policies and actions. Passing AP scores on this exam requires a comprehensive understanding of American government and politics.

AP US History (47.5%)

Another of the hardest AP exams is the exam for US History, which evaluates students’ knowledge of American history from pre-Columbian times to the present. It consists of multiple-choice, short-answer, and two essay prompts: a document-based question (DBQ) and a long essay question (LEQ). Scoring a 3 or above on this exam necessitates a deep understanding of historical events, trends, and themes and the ability to analyze historical sources.

AP Calculus AB (58%)

You may be surprised to find AP Calculus AB is more challenging for students than BC. The AP Calculus AB exam assesses students’ understanding of differential and integral calculus. It includes multiple-choice and free-response questions covering limits, derivatives, integrals, and calculus applications. Passing AP scores on this exam requires proficiency in calculus concepts and problem-solving skills.

AP Environmental Science (53.7%)

Another challenging STEM course is AP Environmental Science. The AP Environmental Science exam evaluates students’ understanding of environmental systems, sustainability, and human environmental impacts. It includes multiple-choice and free-response questions. Scoring a 3 or above on this exam requires a comprehensive understanding of environmental science concepts, the ability to analyze environmental data, and the ability to propose solutions to environmental issues.

AP Physics 1 (45.6%)

This is perhaps the most obviously difficult AP exam. As you can see, AP Physics 1 has the lowest pass rate among the hardest AP exams. This exam assesses students’ understanding of fundamental physics concepts such as mechanics, kinematics, and Newtonian physics. It includes multiple-choice and free-response questions. Passing AP scores on this exam necessitates a strong grasp of physics fundamentals and problem-solving skills.

AP Latin (56.7%)

Lastly, we have AP Latin. The AP Latin exam evaluates students’ Latin language and literature proficiency. It includes multiple-choice questions, a sight-reading passage, and free-response questions that require students to translate and analyze Latin texts and demonstrate their understanding of Latin grammar, vocabulary, and literary devices. Scoring a 3 or above on this exam requires a solid understanding of Latin grammar and syntax and the ability to interpret and analyze Latin texts.

What AP Classes should I take?

Since we’ve learned about some of the easiest and hardest AP exams, you may now be wondering which AP classes you should take. Whether you take AP courses online or in person, which AP classes you should take ultimately depends on you. 

Consider your interests

You should choose AP classes that align with your interests and goals . Choosing AP classes based on personal interests leads to a more rewarding academic experience because you’re more likely to enjoy the AP curriculum. While some students may feel pressured to take specific AP courses for their perceived prestige or to enhance their college applications, it’s essential to prioritize subjects that genuinely captivate you. For instance, enrolling in an AP Physics course solely for its reputation may not be beneficial if you lack enthusiasm for physics. 

Consider your intended college

Different colleges and universities have varying policies regarding which AP courses they accept for college credit. Therefore, research what AP credit is worth at your intended college and prioritize AP courses that align with one’s interests and academic pursuits to ensure a more enriching learning experience.

Consider your strengths

Beyond considering personal interests, students should consider factors such as academic performance and teacher rapport to select the right AP classes. If you excel in a certain subject, such as earning an A in Precalculus, transitioning to an AP Calculus course could be a natural progression. Likewise, positive relationships with instructors can enhance the learning experience. 

Be mindful that AP courses online have their pros and cons. Therefore, before enrolling in AP courses online, understand the setting and whether or not your learning style is conducive to excelling in AP courses online.

Best AP Classes for College

Early, we discussed “what is AP credit?” Now, let’s discuss how to choose the right AP classes for you to set yourself up for a successful academic career. When considering the best AP classes for college , the key is to prioritize genuine interest and academic success. 

First, you should opt for AP courses that align with your passions and strengths to enhance your learning experience and increase your likelihood of achieving high grades. 

Second, consider which AP courses align with your college or career goals. The best AP classes for college should connect with your intended college major. Taking AP courses in subjects relevant to your field of study can provide valuable preparation and a deeper understanding of the material.

Additionally, AP classes that satisfy college prerequisites can help streamline your academic path and potentially save time and money by earning college credit. Think about it: “What is AP credit?” if you can’t apply it to your degree? Don’t forget to consider how long are AP exams, how much they cost, and what it takes to earn a passing score.

Ultimately, when selecting the best AP classes for college, the goal is to balance academic challenge and personal interest. By selecting AP classes that resonate with your passions and align with your future goals, you can make the most of your high school experience and adequately prepare for college and beyond.

AP Classes – Final Thoughts

In conclusion, we’ve explored various topics surrounding AP classes and their significance for college admissions. From answering the question of “what is AP credit?” to looking at AP class credit value, we’ve covered the definition and value of AP classes. In addition, we examined the process of taking AP exams, including how long are AP exams, and delved into the relationship between AP classes and college credit.

We’ve also discussed the many available AP classes, including the option to take AP courses online. We gave you a wide range of AP classes that may suit your needs, from STEM subjects to humanities AP courses. Lastly, we emphasized the best AP classes for college should be guided by your interests, strengths, and future goals .  CollegeAdvisor supports you in making informed choices that will enhance your college applications and academic journey. Whether you’re navigating the world of Advanced Placement for the first time or seeking guidance on other things like self-care , standardized testing , or navigating your junior year , we’re here to help you succeed.

This article was written by senior advisors, Courtney Ng and Ashley Hollins . Looking for more admissions support? Click here to schedule a free meeting with one of our Admissions Specialists. During your meeting, our team will discuss your profile and help you find targeted ways to increase your admissions odds at top schools. We’ll also answer any questions and discuss how CollegeAdvisor.com can support you in the college application process.

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Sat / act prep online guides and tips, what is the ib program, and what are ib classes.

International Baccalaureate (IB)

One factor some students consider when choosing a high school is whether it has an International Baccalaureate (IB) program. Often compared with the Advanced Placement (AP) program, the IB program allows students to take college-level courses while in high school .

So what is International Baccalaureate? What is the IB Program and an IB Diploma, and why are IB classes worth taking? In this article, we introduce all things IB, including the Diploma requirements and features of the exams. We also explain whether you have to get an IB Diploma in order to earn college credit for your IB classes.

2022 IB Exam Changes Due to COVID-19

Because of the ongoing COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic, the IB has decided to extend the adaptations which were put in place for 2021 to 2022. May 2022 IB assessments will have two routes, exam and non-exam, depending on which your school chooses. Stay up to date with the latest information on what this means for IB diplomas, course credit for IB classes, and more with our our IB COVID-19 FAQ article .

What Is IB? An Overview

The International Baccalaureate (IB) program was designed in Switzerland in the 1960s. Its purpose was to give students around the world a chance to earn a rigorous, internationally recognized diploma, which they could then use for entry into universities . (You can read more about the history and philosophy of the IB program on the official IB website.)

To earn an IB Diploma, you have to go to an IB-approved school (called an "IB World School") and meet the requirements , which include taking classes in the six subject groups, passing the IB exams, and completing three additional core requirements.

But what if you don't want to do the Diploma? It's also possible to take a few IB classes without doing the full-blown Diploma Programme , though each high school has its own policy on this.

How Does College Credit Work for IB?

IB exams are recognized for college credit in a way similar to how AP exams are used. You don't have to earn the IB Diploma to get credit for individual classes , as colleges give credit course by course. For example, check out Stanford's chart for IB credit .

Most IB classes come in two forms: Higher Level (HL) and Standard Level (SL). We will discuss this in more detail below. Some colleges only give credit for HL classes, as Stanford does.

Also, some colleges will completely waive General Education requirements for students who have completed the full IB Diploma . See the University of Utah's policy here as an example.

This means that a student with an IB Diploma could totally skip Gen Ed classes and jump right into their major. This would obviously save a ton of time and money , and shows why getting the IB Diploma can be a huge advantage.

To find a school's policy on IB credit, search for "[School Name] IB credit policy." Most universities have a dedicated web page for explaining their IB credit policies.

What Are the Benefits of the IB Program?

One of the chief benefits of the IB program is that it provides academic preparation for college. IB courses are known for being interdisciplinary, requiring a good deal of independent thinking, and assigning oral presentations and original research —all characteristics of college courses.

Spoiler alert: college-level research involves a bit more work than just Googling something.

Especially if you earn the full IB Diploma, your IB courses will be a great way of showing that you have taken tough courses in a range of subjects , from math to English to history to science, and are able to manage college-level coursework.

As we discussed before, colleges want to see that you've taken the most advanced classes available to you . And taking IB is a great way to do just that.

In addition to getting preparation for college, you can get credit for college classes by passing IB exams . Again, you don't need to complete the full IB Diploma to earn credit, so if you don't think you can fit the IB Diploma into your schedule, it might still benefit you to take a few individual IB classes.

Unfortunately, taking an IB exam isn't cheap. There's a $119 fee per exam . While this is a lot of money, it's still much less than the tuition you would pay for the same intro-level college course.

Many schools also have their own financial aid programs for IB. Learn more about IB costs here .

What Are the 6 Core Courses in the IB Program?

To earn the full IB Diploma, you have to take courses from six subjects , one each from groups 1-5, and either one from group 6 or a substitute from groups 1-4:

• Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature (most likely an English literature course if you're an American student)
• Group 2: Language Acquisition (a foreign language course)
• Group 3: Individuals and Societies (history, economics, geography, etc.)
• Group 4: Sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, etc.)
• Group 5: Mathematics
• Group 6: The Arts (dance, theater, visual arts, etc.)

Between three and four subjects must be taken at the Higher Level and the rest at the Standard Level in order to earn the Diploma. Higher Level courses are more challenging—IB recommends a minimum of 240 hours of instructional time for HL courses, and 150 hours for SL courses.

Some schools handle the HL requirements by having students take the SL or AP version of a course first and the HL version second, thereby forming a two-year sequence. For example, you might take AP English Literature as a junior, and then HL IB English as a senior.

Also, note that many high schools with IB programs have recommended four-year plans to help students fit in all the requirements , since there's a lot to keep track of. Therefore, you won't necessarily have to do a bunch of schedule-planning on your own.

If your school or a school you're interested in has an IB program, get in touch with the guidance counseling office to find out whether they have recommended IB class sequences . This can help you if you're deciding which high school to attend, or if you can't decide whether you want to take IB classes or not.

What Are IB Exams?

For each of those six core classes, you also have to take an IB exam. IB exams are given in May (or November for southern hemisphere schools). They have two parts: an external assessment and an internal assessment.

The external assessment is the more traditional exam portion and consists of two or three "papers," typically done on the same day or a few days in a row. A paper is essentially an exam section, and they usually have a combination of multiple-choice, short-answer, extended-response, and data- or case-analysis questions.

You won't spend much time bubbling in answers on an IB exam.

The papers are graded by independent examiners —similar to how AP exams are graded by certified AP graders.

The internal assessments, however, are done by the teacher. These can include oral presentations, practical work (such as a written lab report), or other written work. Around 5% or more of the internal assessments will also be graded by a moderator appointed by the IB, and based on this moderation, the grading curve of that subject at the school will be set.

IB exams are graded on a scale of 1-7, with 6 and 7 considered an A, and anything 4 and up generally considered a passing score (though the IB doesn't set official passing grades). Most colleges give IB credit for scores of 5 and higher.

To earn the IB Diploma, you need to score an average of 4 on each exam to get the minimum 24 needed points . You can learn more about IB exams on the IB website.

What Are the 3 Core Requirements in the IB Program?

In addition to IB classes and exams, there are three more core requirements students must complete to earn an IB Diploma. These are the Extended Essay, the Theory of Knowledge class, and the Creativity, Activity, Service project.

#1: The Extended Essay

This is an independent research essay of up to 4,000 words that's graded externally by the IB. It has to be focused on one academic subject and written on a topic that's been approved by the IB . Students are awarded points toward their Diploma based on how well they do on this essay.

#2: Theory of Knowledge (TOK) Class

This class teaches the nature of knowledge and builds skills in critical thinking . Students have to complete a presentation (graded by the teacher) and a 1,600-word essay (graded externally) in order to pass this course.

#3: Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS)

Lastly, students are required to participate in an activity outside of class, either community service, athletics, or creative activities . For most students, their regular extracurricular activities and sports count for these hours, meaning that they don't need to add anything to their schedules to fulfill this requirement.

IB vs AP: Key Similarities and Differences

We have a complete rundown of AP vs IB in this post , which includes a guide to deciding between the two programs . That being said, here are some of the key similarities and differences between the two.

IB vs AP: What's the Same?

Both the AP and IB programs allow you to take a challenging course followed by an exam that you can earn college credit for . In some schools, they're even the same course (e.g., AP/IB French, AP/IB Biology, etc.).

AP and IB are generally the most challenging courses available to high school students. Unless you're able to sign up for local college courses or do advanced independent projects and research, AB and IB are likely the best (and most convenient) way for you to begin preparing for college.

IB vs AP: What's Different?

Although both programs offer challenging courses for high school students, there are a lot of differences in how they do so.

Advanced Placement is by far the more popular program. In 2019, 2.8 million students took AP tests .

By contrast, only about 166,000 students took IB exams in May 2019 . The Diploma pass rate was 77.81%. Some families opt for the IB program over the AP program as it's rarer and can help set students apart in the admission process.

IB was designed as a diploma program (although, as we discussed above, it is possible to take just a few IB classes for college credit). Meanwhile, the AP program was designed around advanced classes— not a diploma . (That said, the AP has created a competitor to IB via the AP International Diploma, which you can read about here .)

Class Curricula

IB curricula are stricter for teachers. IB has certain required assignments your teacher has to grade, such as oral presentations, as part of the internal assessment. In contrast, AP teachers have a bit more freedom in how they may teach an AP course, just so long as they're effectively preparing students for the exam.

IB Higher Level courses are often considered more difficult than APs, whereas IB Standard Level courses are considered the same as or easier than APs. Keep in mind that how difficult a class is to pass at your school will vary depending on the teacher and their curriculum .

Exam Content

IB exams contain more writing and application of ideas, whereas APs are more about proving what you know. This is why AP exams have more multiple choice, while the IB exams feature more short-response questions, essays, and case studies.

IB exams are more expensive than AP tests at $119 per exam . AP exams cost a bit less at $94 . Remember that these fees are much lower than college tuition for the same classes!

College Credit

Getting AP credit can be more straightforward since more US colleges are familiar with it and the College Board officially sets a passing grade (3 out of 5) while the IB does not.

Furthermore, because AP courses only come in one difficulty level, it can be easier for colleges to set credit policies for AP exams. For IB, colleges have to decide how they'll handle Standard Level and Higher Level courses.

However, for both IB and AP, the higher your passing score is, the more likely you are to get credit for college . For example, an AP exam score of 5 nearly always earns credit, the same as an IB score of 7 does. Don't forget this when you're studying!

What's Next?

You know a lot about IB—but what about AP? See our guide to what AP classes are and why you should take them.

Also studying for the SAT or ACT? Figure out which exam you're more likely to do better on !

Get a timeline for studying for the SAT/ACT . Planning ahead will give you the opportunity to get a higher score on test day!

Halle Edwards graduated from Stanford University with honors. In high school, she earned 99th percentile ACT scores as well as 99th percentile scores on SAT subject tests. She also took nine AP classes, earning a perfect score of 5 on seven AP tests. As a graduate of a large public high school who tackled the college admission process largely on her own, she is passionate about helping high school students from different backgrounds get the knowledge they need to be successful in the college admissions process.

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Courses Numbering System in US :100—900 Level? BS or MS Class?

One of the things that you hear often from students studying in US schools when the talk about their courses is mention a number about their class level.  For instance, they would say statements like : “I had to take that stupid 101 class in Music”, “It is a 4000 level class and I think it will be hard”, “Oh gosh, I have taken this 800 level class and it is killing me…” . For someone who have not studied in US or not familiar with the concept of a level of class, it may be hard to understand. Let me share few thoughts on this.

What is the concept behind Course Numbers in USA ? Do they signify anything ? In most of the US schools, every course number starts with a digit ranging from 1 to 9. The first number in the entire course number has significance and it tells the complexity or the level of the course. It can also tell that if it is an Undergrad level class or Graduate level class. As the numbers say, the lower the number the basic the course it is. For instance, if it like 102 Mathematics, then it will be very basic Math and does not require any complex skills. On the other hand, if it is like 302 Mathematics, then it is assumed that you have the expertise of 102 Mathematics and even may be 202 Mathematics or similar. They would mention in advanced course, the pre-requisites for taking a class.  Also, the course numbers may have a 3 or more prefix Alphabets like BUS ( Business), PSY (Psychology), MATH ( Mathematics) , BUS MGMT (Business Management), etc. This prefix signifies the major(specialization) classification of the course .  Few examples of course numbers : BUS 640 Accounting, BUS ADM 710 Finance , MATH 234 Algebra, CSC 678 Computer Networks, etc.

What are the 100—600 or 1000—6000 level classes? 700 – 900 level classes?

There is no universal rule here that every school should adopt this pattern, for most part most of the schools adopt this format (all the four US schools I studied had this pattern). They may have either three digits or four digit classification like 100 or 1000 depending on the school.

• 100- 600 or 1000 -6000 level : Typically, this slab of 100 to 600 corresponds to Undergrad level classes. Typically, all the courses that are on the 100 and 200 level are very basic, they are either freshman(first year) or Sophomore(second year) level classes. Most of these classes are foundations for bachelors and everyone would have to take these. All the classes from 300 to 4000 are advanced level classes and are taken by Juniors (3 rd year) or Seniors(fourth year) students. They are more focused. Some schools have more advanced classes that are around 500 and 600 level, they are also Undergrad level classes but more advanced.
• 700—900 or 7000—9000 level : This classes with this numbering correspond to Graduate level classes for MS, MBA or PhD. Masters classes are ideally in the range of 700 to 800. 900 level classes correspond to PhD and Thesis or research level classes and much advanced.

Does the US school you study have different numbering system ? What has been your experience taking those classes ?

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U.S. News Guide to College Majors

Options for selecting a college major are numerous and wide-ranging.

Choosing where to attend college is a big decision. But even if you’ve had your sights set on attending your dream school since you were a kid, what will you study there? Some majors, like business, offer courses on a broad range of related topics, while others, like mechanical engineering, present a more specialized track. Deciding what to major in can be overwhelming, but learning about the variety of majors available, coupled with understanding your own strengths, interests and goals, can help you decide which one is right for you.

This guide presents information about some common college majors, the pay associated with those majors and what to expect if you find yourself wanting to change your major.

Understanding College Majors

A college major is a focused area of study. While many undergraduate students must meet general education requirements like taking an English composition or a world history class, the courses associated with a major provide a deeper dive into a subject or specialty area, usually to prepare students for careers in that field.

When considering potential college majors, students should think about the following factors:

• Interests and passions. What do you love and care about? How do you spend your free time? Can you picture yourself still caring about those things throughout your college and professional careers? 
• Aptitudes and strengths. What are you good at? Are you an excellent problem solver (in complex situations or when doing math homework)? Do you have a knack for writing or public speaking? Consider how your strengths might benefit you in a variety of careers. At the same time, be aware of your weaknesses. If you faint at the sight of blood, the medical field might not be the right fit for you, for example.
• Career goals and prospects. What do you want to accomplish in your professional career, and how might a college degree help you achieve that? Do your goals align with the demands of the job market? What skills might you need to obtain and which topics might you need to study to reach your goals? 
• Flexibility and exploration. Do you want to define your own path and figure out what interests you most throughout your college journey, or do you have more rigid or focused career goals?

Exploring Common College Majors

Stem majors.

The science, technology, engineering and math – collectively known as STEM – fields present a wide variety of in-demand and potentially high-paying jobs. Students with an aptitude and interest for math and science might consider one of these majors, which include:

• Computer Science . 
• Engineering . 
• Biology . 
• Mathematics . 
• Physics . 

Many STEM subject areas can be subdivided into more focused areas of study, such as mechanical engineering or microbiology , for example.

Social sciences and humanities majors

Chances are, you’ll take some introductory courses for social sciences and humanities regardless of your major. But students who choose to major in one of these subject areas go deeper, on their way toward becoming experts in their field. Social sciences and humanities majors include:

• Psychology . 
• Sociology . 
• Political Science . 
• English Literature . 

Business and economics majors

If you declare a business major, you’ll be in good company on your campus. Business is one of the most common undergraduate majors, according to the National Center for Education Statistics . While some majors in this field, like accounting, are more tailored toward a specific career, others, like a general business degree , can provide a broader scope of the subject area. Business and economics majors include:

• Accounting . 
• Finance . 
• Marketing . 
• International Business . 
• Economics . 

Arts and communication majors

Arts and communication majors likely won’t receive paychecks as large as those their peers in some science or business roles get, but they use their skills to tell stories and convey messages, whether for education or entertainment. Some popular majors for students who want to hone their arts and communication skills include:

• Fine Arts .
• Graphic Design . 
• Film and Media Studies. 
• Journalism . 
• Communication Studies . 

Health and medical majors

Jobs in the health care field are always in demand. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, jobs including physical therapist, registered nurse and pharmacist are projected to grow by at least an average rate by 2032. While some roles in this field can be obtained with a bachelor’s degree, others require further schooling. And for students who hope to be accepted into medical school, majoring in a related field for their undergraduate education can lay a firm foundation for the rest of their studies. Health and medical majors include:

• Nursing . 
• Premedical Studies . 
• Pharmacy . 
• Physical Therapy. 
• Public Health . 

Education majors

Students who have a passion for learning may also desire to foster that same trait in others. Whether they plan to teach at a certain grade level or in a specific subject area, or they hope to be a principal or superintendent someday, students who choose an education major learn how to effectively instruct others. Education majors include:

• Elementary Education . 
• Secondary Education. 
• Special Education . 
• Early Childhood Education . 
• Physical Education. 

Exploring niche and emerging majors

While college students have been majoring in areas like education and business for decades, other majors have developed over time in response to growing areas of need or interest. Students who want to explore careers in newer or more niche fields might consider majors such as:

• Environmental Science . 
• Data Science and Analytics. 
• Cybersecurity . 
• Sports Management . 
• Digital Marketing. 

Degrees in more niche subject areas may not be offered by as many schools as the more common majors, so prospective students should keep this in mind as part of their college search.

Additional college majors

High school students who explore a variety of subject areas might discover a college major they’d never thought about before, so be sure to learn as much as you can about anything that interests you while considering your college plans. To assist you in learning what it’s like to major in a variety of areas, U.S. News provides guides on what you need to know about majors like:

• Animal Science . 
• Anthropology .
• Architecture . 
• Astronomy . 
• Biochemistry .
• Biomedical Engineering . 
• Business Administration . 
• Chemistry . 
• Cognitive Science . 
• Computer Engineering . 
• Criminology . 
• Geography . 
• Human Biology . 
• Human Resources . 
• Human Services . 
• International Relations . 
• Linguistics . 
• Management Information and Services . 
• Music . 
• Nutrition . 
• Philosophy . 
• Physiology . 
• Public Policy . 
• Public Relations .
• Real Estate .
• Social Work .
• Statistics .

Pick the Perfect Major

Discover the perfect major for you based on your innate wiring. The Innate Assessment sets you up for success by pairing you with majors, colleges and careers that fit your unique skills and abilities.

Career Paths and Opportunities

Crucially, what a student chooses to major in sets the course for their next steps after graduation. A company looking to hire a graphic designer is more likely to be interested in a candidate who has a degree in graphic design and built a portfolio of design projects while in school than it is in someone who majored in an unrelated field.

While many students’ formal education culminates in a bachelor’s degree, that’s not always the case. For careers that require a master’s, doctorate or professional degree, undergraduates should plan ahead as much as possible. Some graduate programs may only consider applicants who meet minimum GPA requirements, have a bachelor’s degree in a related field or completed relevant coursework in undergrad. Students who know they want to apply for dental school, for example, should look at the prerequisites for dental programs and make sure their major and the courses they take while earning their bachelor’s degree is in line with those requirements.

Other students may want to enter the workforce after graduation and apply for graduate school after gaining a few years of relevant professional experience. Master’s in Business Administration programs tend to prefer applicants who have real-world experience, for instance.

Because jobs in some fields pay more than others, a student’s college major can ultimately affect how much money they make in the future. For example, while both elementary school teachers and information security analysts can obtain their jobs with a bachelor’s degree, their mean annual salaries are dramatically different. Elementary school teachers make an average of $68,000 per year, while information security analysts, who typically have a degree in computer science or a related field, make $119,860 per year on average, according to the BLS.

Highest-paying college majors

Students who major in the STEM fields tend to see some of the highest starting salaries in the workforce. Those who major in engineering or computer science might see a particularly good return on their investment . According to the BLS, computer hardware engineers made an average salary of $140,830 in 2022, while computer network architects made an average of $129,490 and aerospace engineers made an average salary of $127,090. Some employers may prefer employees in these roles to have a master’s degree, while others may hire bachelor’s degree-holders.

Health care professionals like surgeons, emergency medicine physicians and anesthesiologists also have high salaries, but these jobs require years of postgraduate education.

Lowest-paying college majors 

While undergraduate students may pay similar tuition rates regardless of their major, the resulting payoff isn’t always the same. Majors in the arts and humanities tend to lead to lower-paying jobs than some roles STEM majors can obtain. According to the BLS, graphic designers made an average of $64,500 in 2022. Archaeologists and anthropologists, many of whom need a master’s or doctoral degree to advance their careers, made an average annual salary of $68,310 in 2022, according to the BLS.

Despite the gap in pay between majors, a college degree generally can pay off in the long run. According to a Georgetown University study , bachelor’s degree holders earn 31% more than associate’s degree holders and 84% more than people whose highest level of education is a high school diploma.

Strategies for Choosing a College Major

When choosing a college major, students should consider their interests and talents as well as career goals and potential future earnings. If multiple options are on the table, think about other resources that might help you narrow your choices, like:

• Meet with a guidance or career counselor at your school. They may be able to help you prioritize what you’re looking for in a career or inform you about a major you haven't considered. 
• Learn about programs at your preferred colleges and universities. Sometimes, the decisions of what to study and where to study can go hand in hand. What majors do your dream school and backup schools offer? Which of those majors pique your interest?
• Job shadow or conduct informational interviews. Do any adults in your life have jobs that look like something you might want to do in the future? Do you know any current college students who might want to provide you with insight into the coursework for their major? It’s not uncommon for people to talk to high school students about what they plan to do after graduation, so don't be afraid to ask people about what a typical day on their job looks like. If possible, apply for a job shadowing or internship program with an organization so you can get hands-on experience with that industry and a better idea of whether you might want to pursue it in college. 

Majors in high demand

While majors like business have remained consistently popular over the years, others have seen higher or lower enrollment rates depending on the needs of the ever-evolving workforce. Students who major in a STEM or health care field can expect their skills and expertise to be in demand: Among the 10 jobs from which the BLS expects to see the fastest growth by 2032 are nurse practitioners, data scientists, information security analysts, medical and health services managers, physician assistants and software developers. While nurse practitioners and physician assistants typically need a master’s degree, these other roles typically require only a bachelor’s degree.

The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2023 , which examines how jobs might evolve over a five-year period, states that the fastest-growing occupations relative to their size include roles in technology like artificial intelligence and machine learning specialists, as well as sustainability, like renewable energy engineers.

Flexibility and Adaptability in Choosing a Major

While choosing a college major is a big decision, it’s not uncommon for students to change majors at some point during their undergraduate career. But switching majors doesn’t come without risk – you may find yourself taking extra classes to meet the degree requirements for your new major, which can lead to you spending more time and money than it would have cost to follow one degree track from the beginning of your time in college.

Many colleges and universities don’t require students to declare a major until their sophomore year, or until they have completed a certain number of credit hours. So if you’re undecided at the start of your college journey, register for required core classes and take advantage of campus resources and elective courses that can help you find the right major.

Some majors allow students to specialize further by choosing a concentration within their major based on what they intend for their career path. Concentrations vary by institution, but for example, students majoring in sports management might be able to specialize in topics like sports business, analytics, marketing or administration, depending on what area of sports management they want to work in.

Some students find that declaring a double major might help them reach their career goals. Students who double major still only earn one degree – and therefore can still complete their bachelor’s degree in four years – but double majoring means they’ve earned enough credits in two (often related) subject areas for both to be considered a major.

In addition to a major, students commonly declare a minor , a secondary subject area in which to focus. A minor can complement your studies without requiring as many courses in a specialty area as a major. Your chosen minor might not be directly related to your major, but it could help equip you for reaching your career goals. For example, a journalism major who ultimately wants to cover politics may minor in political science, and a fine arts major who hopes to open their own studio someday might choose to minor in business or education.

But even with all these options, students aren’t necessarily limited to specific majors offered at their chosen college or university. Many schools offer an interdisciplinary studies major , or custom study path that incorporates coursework from multiple subject areas to align with a student’s career goals. Students who are interested in interdisciplinary studies or a custom degree should meet with their academic adviser and learn their school’s process for assembling a custom program of study.

Tags: students , education , colleges , college majors , STEM jobs , STEM

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Students may work with their professors to design Honors-level curricula within general courses. This is a great opportunity to dig in to an especially exciting course, and to create new connections with your faculty.

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Honors designations support students in engaging with the course material on a deeper level. The faculty member should think of the student as a mentee, and the student should expect to take an exceptionally active role in the course. Often Honors designations add research to courses that normally don’t require it, or link the course material with another discipline. The focus should be on enriching the learning experience, so that students are able to deepen their connection with the course material. Honors work may be in addition to and/or in place of the syllabus requirements.

Designation is always at the discretion of the professor; it may not be appropriate for every course. Students who wish to designate a course should approach the professor at the beginning of the semester, or before, to discuss how the curriculum could be enriched.

Honors work may be in addition to and/or in place of the syllabus requirements. Some suggestions:

• more advanced supplemental reading, especially of primary sources
• more opportunities for student presentations to class or campus audiences
• greater depth and/or breadth of subject matter, especially requiring synthesis of different perspectives or points of view
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• investigating an area of the discipline not covered in depth in the regular course, either through a literature search, an annotated bibliography, or a conventional research paper
• applying the information/expertise learned in the course in a creative way
• monitoring and analyzing current events associated with the course topic

It is crucial that both the instructor and the student fully understand the Honors expectations before the course is officially designated as Honors. It is recommended that a written document outlining these expectations be appended to the Course Designation Form. 

Restrictions

Honors course designation is always at the discretion of the instructor. Courses eligible for Honors designation are generally semester-length courses. Accelerated courses, such as those offered in the summer or J-term, are generally not appropriate for Honors designation as there is not enough time to add additional content.

For students pursuing the University Honors Program (i.e. those who entered UNH before Fall 2024), only one designated Honors course may be used toward the Honors Discovery requirement. 

Honors in Major programs usually include multiple designated courses. Each major determines which courses may be designated to count toward Honors in Major. Some specify a course level (e.g. 600 and above), while others provide a list of eligible or required courses. See specific requirements here .

Honors Designation Process

Once an agreement has been reached with the course instructor regarding Honors work, the student will fill out the Honors Designation electronic form. The form will prompt students to identify the course, instructor, and how the course will be elevated to the Honors level. Once the student submits their portion of the form, an email will prompt the instructor to sign the form. From there, it will go to the Honors College advisors (if course is being designated for Honors Discovery) or the Honors Liaison for the appropriate department (if course is being designated for Honors in Major), and then to the Registrar's office.

Upon receiving the form, the Registrar will create a special Honors section of the course, and transfer the student into it. The course will be listed as Honors on the transcript. 

Honors designations cannot be reversed after the drop deadline (week 5 of the semester). Students must complete the work they agreed to. If a student does not complete the additional Honors work, the professor should adjust their grade accordingly. In exceptional circumstances that are not academic in nature (e.g. medical emergencies), students may complete a Petition for Academic Variance to have the Honors designation removed from a course. This petition should be signed by the course instructor and the Honors College before being submitted to the Dean of the student’s college for evaluation.

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How to write an entry-level resume.

Senior Associate, JPMorgan Chase

As a recent college graduate, you’ll likely have to craft an entry-level resume before you start applying for jobs . If you’re stressing over how to go about it, particularly because you don’t have much work experience to include at this stage in life, know there are ways to craft a resume to set yourself up to stand out to recruiters and hiring managers.

Just as a quick refresher, entry-level jobs usually refer to roles geared toward people entering the workforce for the first time – like recent college graduates. These roles are often designed for people who don’t have a lot of work experience.

Continue reading as we break down what to include on a resume if you’re an entry-level candidate, how long your resume should be, and more.

What do I include on a resume for entry-level jobs (and in what order)?

While there isn’t one resume template guaranteed to get every recent college graduate a job, there are some elements to consider including.

You may want to consider a specific order as you build your resume as an entry-level candidate that’s slightly different from what you’d do if you were further along in your career, too.

Your contact information

Make sure you have your contact information listed on your resume and that it’s easily accessible to anyone viewing it. If employers or recruiters want to contact you or refer you to another hiring manager, it’ll be important that they know a way to contact you and don’t have to dig around for that information. Many experts suggest that you put your contact information at the top of your resume.  

Your education and relevant coursework you’ve completed

“Early in your career, when you get out of school, your education needs to go on top,” Stacie Haller, Chief Career Officer at Resume Builder, told CNBC. “That flags you as entry-level.”

If you’re a recent college graduate, employers don’t expect you to have several full-time roles on your resume. They often want to see information about your education, your major, and any relevant coursework you have under your belt that may relate to the job you’re applying for. Depending on your college grade point average (GPA), you may want to include that information in this section as well.

Consider putting this section at the very top of your resume, underneath your contact information.

Professional experience

If you have internships, part-time, or even full-time roles under your belt, you'll want to build a section on your resume listing this experience. You may want to list each professional experience , with your title, the months or years you worked in each role, and key accomplishments for each.

Writing this section may feel tricky if you’re an entry-level candidate. You may not have work experience that feels relevant to the roles you want to apply for. Because of that, as you think through your work experience, consider thinking about the transferable skills you’ve gained with the work experience you do have. For instance, highlighting that you gained leadership, project management, or technical expertise may be as impactful to share with hiring managers as the tasks you were responsible for. Chances are you have more transferable skills than you think you do, too.

Relevant skills

You may consider including a relevant skills section on your beginner resume that includes a combination of technical and soft skills. From spreadsheet prowess to AP-style writing expertise, every industry prioritizes different skills, and you may have some of them without having gained them from work experience.

What top skills do recruiters and employers want to see on a beginner resume?

According to the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), problem-solving is the number one skill employers seek on a candidate’s first job resume. In fact, according to the NACE’s Job Outlook 2024 report , 88.7% of employers said they value problem-solving skills, while less than half value skills and traits such as strategic planning, an outgoing personality, creativity, and fluency in a foreign language.

Other top skills employers look for from recent college graduates include:

• Ability to work in a team (78.9%)
• Written communication skills (72.7%)
• Strong work ethic (71.6%)
• Flexibility or adaptability (70.1%)
• Verbal communication skills (67.5%)

If you’re applying for roles where a portfolio or personal projects may help showcase your skills, you may choose to include a portfolio link on your resume or figure out how to showcase a personal project.

Let’s say you’re applying for an entry-level social media content position. In this situation, if you’ve built up your own social media following, you may decide to highlight this on your resume, as well as the skills you’ve gained as you’ve done this.

Extracurricular activities and volunteer experience

In addition to listing your professional experience and skills, you may want to include an extracurricular activities and volunteer experience section . This section is where you can include that you participated in collegiate clubs, sports teams, theater, a volunteering role, or other activities you did during your time as a student (along with those outside of school).

Languages you speak

Some roles look for candidates who know another language besides English. If you speak another language other than English, you may want to consider including that information on your resume, as some hiring managers may find value in that.

What’s the best resume format for a beginner?

While there isn’t a “best” resume format that all successful job applicants or recruiters expect, several experts advise against one that includes your picture.

“You don’t want the reader to be distracted by your photo,” according to Amanda Augustine, a counselor at TopResume told CNBC .

Beyond that, stick to a clear and concise format that you think matches the experience and skills that you have to share. Keep the design simple and professional and avoid any distracting fonts or colors.

You may want to search online for a resume template to use as your base. There are many options to consider, and finding a template may be helpful as you go about crafting a resume.

How long should an entry-level resume be?

For entry-level job candidates, a resume should ideally be one page long. This length encourages conciseness and will allow you to focus on including only your most relevant experience. Keeping it to one page makes it easier for hiring managers to assess your qualifications quickly without having to sift through too much information as well.

As you progress in your career and gain more experience, you can then consider extending your resume beyond just one page.

Final thoughts

At the end of the day, there isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach to writing a winning entry-level job resume. As you craft your resume, you may consider tailoring it to specific jobs you want to apply for. That may mean slightly changing language and what you’re choosing to highlight on your resume as you apply for jobs. 

TU Dublin ‘pauses’ student intake for 15 college courses to help tackle deficit of almost €9m

University review finds ‘considerable number’ of programmes with low student numbers.

Minister for Public Expenditure Paschal Donohoe at TU Dublin's Grangegorman campus last year. A spokeswoman says it decided to 'pause' school leaver intake on 15 programmes for September and to 'review how we can best meet the future requirements of industry'.

Technological University Dublin is to “pause” the intake of students for 15 college courses in the new academic year due to low student numbers and cost-cutting measures.

The university, the second-largest in the State with 25,000 students, is running a deficit of €8.6 million due in part to a drop of about 2,500 in student numbers last year.

Following a review of its course offerings, TU Dublin identified a “considerable number” of continuous low-intake programmes with single-figure student entries, according to university records.

The review concluded that this created a situation where the later years of four-year college courses had “very low” numbers of students.

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As a result, these courses “neither delivered on industry skills requirements or on an appropriate students’ experience which is very expensive to deliver”.

While some of these courses have been reconfigured into more general entry programmes, a spokeswoman for TU Dublin confirmed to The Irish Times that others were not achieving sufficient interest from school leavers.

“As TU Dublin is currently seeking to address a budget deficit and restore the university to a sustainable financial footing, we cannot run programmes that are of limited interest to students,” the spokeswoman said, in a statement.

She said the university decided to “pause” school leaver intake on 15 programmes for September 2024 and to “review how we can best meet the future requirements of industry”.

Among the TU Dublin courses listed as “cancelled” in the CAO’s handbook of courses for the 2024/2025 academic year are degrees in design, technology and innovation, sustainable transport management, geospatial surveying, computing (language), retail and services management, culinary entrepreneurship, culinary science, music (audition), languages and international tourism.

[  Selection of technological university courses  ]

When asked whether the pausing of courses would lead to skills gaps in key areas, TU Dublin’s spokeswoman said other programmes – at both undergraduate and postgraduate level – would “continue to educate students in these domains as a core element of their course work”.

“Furthermore, it is our ambition to increase the total number of graduates that we produce for industry in 2024 and beyond,” she said.

The university said some discontinued programmes had been reconfigured into common entry programmes, such as business, to react to the “growing trend of CAO applicants’ preferences for general or common entry programmes”.

She said the university was also offering new courses which sought to meet the demands of a changing market, such as data science and artificial intelligence.

Meanwhile, records released under the Freedom of Information Act show there is “increasing concern” over TU Dublin’s financial management and reporting abilities within the Higher Education Authority (HEA).

[  TU Dublin: ‘Creating beacons for sustainability across industry and society’  ]

Records show that, last month, a senior HEA official noted that a recovery plan for the university was delayed due to the “timeliness of quality of information provided”.

The scale of deficits facing TU Dublin first emerged in July 2023, which prompted the HEA to work with the university to address these issues.

Following mounting concern over the “apparent lack of urgency, responsiveness and conduct” by TU Dublin’s governing body, the HEA used so-called “section 64″ powers last February to request it to undertake a review of its performance in managing and controlling the financial deficit.

TU Dublin recently submitted this review to the HEA for its consideration.

In the meantime, the university said work was continuing on its financial recovery plan to return to financial sustainability, with the assistance of financial services firm Mazars.

Separately, the university recently received sanction to create the role of chief financial officer, which it had been seeking for some time.

It said an interim appointment to the role had been made and an external competition to fill the role on a permanent basis was planned in the coming months.

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Carl O'Brien

Carl O'Brien is Education Editor of The Irish Times. He was previously chief reporter and social affairs correspondent

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