how do you write a nursing research proposal

How to Write a Nursing Research Proposal Topics | Guide & Examples [Updated]

Rachel andel rn, bsn.

July 24, 2023
Nursing Writing Guides

Nursing research proposal topics can vary greatly, depending on the type of research you’re looking to conduct.

Whether you are interested in studying public health issues or improving patient care through innovative research methods, something on this list likely appeals to you.

Here’s a guide on writing a nursing research proposal and nursing research proposal topics , DNP research proposal topics, current nursing research proposal topics, and nursing research examples.

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How to Write a Nursing Research Proposal

A nursing research proposal serves as a blueprint for conducting studies that address important clinical questions, explore innovative interventions, and contribute to the overall body of nursing knowledge.

To create a strong nursing research proposal, there are several key considerations that nursing students must take into account, which include;

Defining a clear and concise research question addresses an important nursing knowledge gap.
Selecting an appropriate research design and methodology that aligns with the research question and objectives.
Ensuring ethical considerations are addressed and appropriate measures are in place to protect the rights and welfare of participants.
Determining an appropriate sample size and recruitment strategy to ensure adequate statistical power and generalizability of findings.
Developing a detailed data analysis plan that aligns with the research design and objectives.
Consider dissemination and knowledge translation strategies to ensure research findings reach the intended audience and positively impact nursing practice.

Key components of a Nursing Research Proposa l

When creating a nursing research proposal, including all the components contributing to a comprehensive and well-structured document is crucial.

Understanding these components will ensure that your proposal is clear and organized and addresses the necessary aspects of your research endeavor.

Problem Statement

It should provide a clear description of a problem that will be solved.
It shows the gap between the current situation and the future goal to improve it.

Research Question

The research question forms the foundation of your nursing research proposal. It is a concise and focused statement that outlines the main objective of your research.
Your research question should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART), enabling you to address a particular problem or gap in the existing literature.

Study Design

The study design section outlines the methodology and approach you will employ to conduct your research.
It includes details on the type of study, such as quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods, and explains how data will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted.
The study design should align with your research question and ensure the validity and reliability of your findings.

Methodology

The methodology component of your nursing research proposal describes the specific techniques and procedures you will use to gather data.
This may include surveys, interviews, observations, or systematic reviews.
Clearly outlining your methodology ensures transparency and allows others to reproduce your study if needed.

Sample Size Determination

Determining an appropriate sample size is crucial in nursing research to ensure your findings’ statistical power and representativeness.
This section will explain how you calculated the required sample size based on the research question, study design, and expected effect size.
It is essential to consider factors such as the population size, confidence level, and desired margin of error.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations play a vital role in nursing research.
This component addresses the protection and well-being of participants, safeguarding their privacy and confidentiality, and the potential risks and benefits associated with the study.
Ethical considerations also involve obtaining informed consent from participants and ensuring compliance with institutional review boards or ethical committees.

Nursing Research Proposal Outline


Introduction	An overview of the research topic and its significance
Literature Review	Summary of existing literature and theoretical frameworks
Research Question	A clear formulation of the main research question
Study Design	Explanation of the chosen qualitative research methods and their appropriateness
Data Collection	Details of how data will be collected, such as interviews or observations
Data Analysis	Description of the thematic analysis process and data interpretation
Ethical Considerations	Discussion of ethical principles to be followed in the research
Limitations	Acknowledgement of potential limitations and how they will be addressed
Conclusion	Summary of the study’s potential impact and future directions

List of Nursing research proposal topics

Racial and ethnic disparities in nursing care
The impact of technology on nursing care
Prevalence and determinants of burnout in nurses
Quality of life for people with chronic illnesses served by nurses
Effectiveness of nurse-led interventions for short-term weight loss in adults
Nursing home adjusted Living Experience Surveys: measuring resident satisfaction and quality of life
Identification and characterization of health disparities among LGBT elders in long-term care facilities
Role of nurses in the early detection and management of cancer diagnosis
Effects of delegation on nurse burnout, patient safety, and coordination of care
The use of technology in home health care: a study of patient and nurse perspectives11. The impact of nurse staffing on patient safety
Effectiveness of Nurse-led interventions for promoting healthy physical Activity in hospitalized patients.
The role of nurses in the development and implementation of evidence-based pain management guidelines
Effectiveness of patient-centred communication interventions to reduce bed sores in nursing home residents
Identification and characterization of best practices for providing hospice care
Nurse-led stress reduction interventions for long-term care staff
Nurses’ perceptions of work-life balance: a qualitative study
Development and evaluation of a web-based tool to support caregiver adherence to oral health care guidelines among long-term care residents
Effects of sleep deprivation on nurses’ cognitive performance, satisfaction with work, and daytime sleepiness
A study exploring the association between nurse staffing levels and rates of infection in a university hospital setting
A qualitative study exploring how nurses manage transitions from inpatient to outpatient settings
The use of social media by nurses in an acute hospital setting
Nurses’ experiences with burnout: a cross-sectional study
Nurse preparedness for pandemic influenza: an examination of the role of professional development
The use of telehealth in long-term care settings: a study of nurses’ experiences
Nurses’ experiences with chronic pain: a qualitative study
The impact of the Affordable Care Act on the workforce and nursing
Nursing care plans for patients with dementia: a systematic review
Implementation of evidence-based interventions for preventing falls in older adults living in long-term care facilities
Nurse staffing and quality of patient care: a cross-sectional study
Use of social media by nurses during preoperative assessment
Nurses’ perceptions of resident safety in an acute hospital setting: a qualitative study
The effects of nurse staffing on patient satisfaction and outcomes in an acute hospital setting
A comparative study investigating the use of videoconferencing among nurses in different specialties
A qualitative study exploring how nurse educators use technology to engage students in online learning environments
Examining the effect on patient safety when using electronic health records to order medications on off-hours
Nurse staffing, work demands, and burnout in neonatal intensive care units 38. Factors that predict nurses’ decision to leave their jobs
Effects of nurse-led interventions to improve care for veterans with chronic pain
The use of wearable technology in hospitals: a systematic review
Review and assessment of technologies used to support nurses during surgery
Nursing care plans for patients with cancer: a systematic review
Nurse-led interventions to prevent falls in older adults living in long-term care facilities: a systematic review
The use of electronic health records to inform clinical decision making: a systematic review
Implementation of evidence-based interventions to improve patient safety in hospitals
A qualitative study exploring how nurses use technology in the workplace
Factors influencing nurse satisfaction with their work and workplace culture
Identification and assessment of best practices for preoperative patient communication in the surgical setting
Effectiveness of nurse-led stress reduction interventions on nurses’ burnout
Nurse staffing, workload, and burnout in intensive care units: a cross-sectional study
There are many other nursing research proposal topics that can be explored in order to improve patient care .

Some additional potential nursing research proposal topics include:

Assessing the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions for reducing readmissions among hospitalized patients
Evaluating the impact of nurse call patterns on patient safety
Analyzing the influence of nurse staffing levels on patient outcomes
Determining the best methods for measuring patient satisfaction with nurse care
Studying the factors influencing nurse decision making
Investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of using remote patient monitoring technology to improve patient care

DNP Research proposal topics

There are countless nursing research proposal topics that could be explored in a doctoral or post-doctoral program. Below is a list of some DNP Research proposal topics consider:

Investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of using remote patient monitoring technology to improve patient care
The effect of sleep deprivation on nurses
The use of technology in nursing care
Investigating the relationship between patient satisfaction and nurse retention
Studying nutrition-related issues in the context of nursing
Assessing the impact of patient satisfaction on nurse recruitment and retention
The relationship between patient satisfaction and nurse retention
Investigating the feasibility of using remote patient monitoring technology in healthcare settings
Evaluating the impact of patient satisfaction on nurse retention
Research the best methods for measuring patient satisfaction with nurse care
Studying the feasibility of using remote patient monitoring technology in healthcare settings

Check out the additional DNP Research proposal topics as suggested by a Nursing Instructor

Nursing research on dementia care
Nursing research on neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) management
Nursing research on palliative care
Nursing research on wound healing and reconstruction 5. Nursing research on pediatric health nursing
Nursing research on geriatric care
Nursing research on pharmacology for nursing
Nursing research on infection control in the acute care setting
Nursing research on nutrition for nursing
The Effect of Health Education on Patient Outcomes
Development and Evaluation of Nursing Intervention Programs
Assessment of Patient Satisfaction with Nursing Services
Advocating for Improved Patient-Nurse Communication
Assessing the Effectiveness of Interventions to Address Nurses’ Burnout
Investigating the Relationship between Nurse workload and Patient outcomes7. Evaluating the Impact of Technology on Nursing Care
Investigating the Relationship between Professionalism and Patient Outcomes
Studying Nutrition-Related Issues in the Context of Nursing
Evaluating Patient-Nurse Interactions in the Context of Home Health Services

The list of DNP Research proposal topics above should guide you in creating a Research proposal.

Current Nursing research proposal topics

Nursing research proposal topics can vary greatly, depending on the type of research you’re looking to conduct. Some common topics include:

The effects of sleep deprivation on nurses
The effect of patient communication skills on nurses’ outcomes
How to improve patient safety in nursing care
How to reduce readmissions among hospitalized patients
Study the feasibility of using remote patient monitoring technology in healthcare settings
Evaluate the impact of patient satisfaction on nurse recruitment and retention
Evaluate the impact of nurse staffing levels on patient outcomes
Research the feasibility of using remote patient monitoring technology in healthcare settings
Research the impact of patient satisfaction on nurse recruitment and retention
Opioid use in the elderly
Preterm birth and neonatal care
Mobile health technology in nursing
Nursing home quality improvement
The impact of social media on nursing

Nursing research proposal topics can vary greatly, so it’s important to select a topic that is of interest to you and that will help you to improve patient care .

Nursing research proposal writing tips

When preparing your nursing research proposal, it’s important to keep the following tips in mind:

Be organized

Planning and organizing your data will make your research proposal more concise and easier to read. Start by identifying the specific question you want to answer, and then list all the relevant sources that you consulted in order to reach your conclusions. Use headings and subheadings to help organize your information , and be sure to include detailed citations for all sources used.

Use effective writing techniques

To produce a well-written research proposal, use effective writing techniques such as strong thesis statements , clear language, and well-organized data. You should also make use of persuasive arguments, vivid descriptions, and concrete examples in order to make your case for the proposed study .

Include references

In order for your nursing research proposal to be accepted, it must include references from reliable sources that support your findings. Always cite the source where you obtained the data presented in your proposal, as well as any other sourcesthat you used in order to support your arguments.

Make sure your proposal is properly formatted

Your nursing research proposal should be properly formatted and error-free in order to be accepted for review. Always use the correct style and grammar when writing, and make sure all data is properly referenced. avoid using excessive jargon or acronyms, and try to keep your presentation as concise as possible.

Submit your proposal well in advance of the deadline

The sooner you submit your proposal, the better chance you have of being accepted for review. Make sure to follow the submission guidelines outlined by the journal you are submitting to, as well as the submission system specific to that journal .

Nursing Research Proposal Examples

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In this article, we will provide you with some ideas for nursing research proposal topics that can be used in any discipline. Whether you are interested in studying public health issues or improving patient care through innovative research methods, there is likely something on this list that appeals to you. So get started on your Nursing Research Proposal now by placing an order with us.

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How to write a nursing research proposal.

100 Latest Nursing Persuasive Essay Topics

Nursing research proposals are an essential part of the nursing profession. They enable nurses to develop and implement evidence-based practices that improve patient outcomes. However, crafting a well-written proposal can be daunting for many nurses, especially those with little or no experience in research writing.

This article will guide you through writing a nursing research proposal – from understanding its purpose and components to developing your research question and methodology. Whether you are a novice researcher or an experienced nurse seeking to enhance your research skills, our step-by-step approach will equip you with the knowledge and tools necessary to create a compelling proposal that meets scholarly standards.

What is a nursing research proposal?

A nursing research proposal is a document that outlines a plan for a study or research project in the field of nursing. It outlines the purpose, methodology, and expected outcomes of the study. The proposal provides an overview of what will be studied and how it will be conducted.

The purpose of a nursing research proposal is to guide the feasibility and potential impact of a particular study. It helps researchers determine whether their proposed study can be completed within a specific timeframe, with available resources, and if it has enough significance to warrant funding.

Nursing research proposal format

The format for a nursing research proposal should be clear, concise, and well-organized to enable the target audience to comprehend the study’s purpose easily. The first section of the nursing research proposal should include the following;

Introduction/background of the proposed topic
The literature review
The methodology section
Data collection and analysis
Ethical considerations (if any)
Conclusion/implications

Tips on how to write a Nursing research proposal

Start by identifying a topic that interests you and aligns with your career goals
Conduct a thorough literature review to identify gaps in existing knowledge and establish the rationale for your study
Clearly state your research question or hypothesis and explain why it is important to address this issue in the field of nursing
Clearly define your objectives and research questions
Outline your methodology, including data collection methods, sampling strategy, and statistical analysis plan
Include information on how to analyze data once it is collected
Finally, don’t forget about formatting!

How to write a Nursing research proposal

The proposal should clearly and concisely summarize your research goals, objectives, methods, and expected outcomes. Writing a successful nursing research proposal requires careful planning, attention to detail, and an understanding of the essential elements necessary for a strong proposal.

The abstract of a nursing research proposal

The abstract of a nursing research proposal is the first glimpse into the study being conducted. It summarizes the research question, methodology, and expected outcomes. The abstract should be clear and concise to grab readers’ attention and encourage them to read further.

In the abstract, it is essential to include information about the population being studied and any inclusion or exclusion criteria. This helps readers understand to whom the study will apply and whether they fit within those parameters. Additionally, it is crucial to provide information about any interventions or treatments being tested and how data will be collected and analyzed.

Overall, the abstract serves as a roadmap for readers to understand what they can expect from reading further into the research proposal. By providing a detailed summary of key elements of the study, you can help ensure that your work is accessible and understood by all interested parties.

Research proposal introduction

An effective introduction should provide a clear and concise overview of what the study aims to achieve, including its purpose, objectives, and significance. In crafting an introduction section for a nursing research proposal, identify a gap in existing knowledge on your subject matter. The introduction should address this gap by providing background information contextualizing their research question.

This may involve citing relevant literature or previous studies and highlighting how their proposed research will build on these existing works. Furthermore, in writing an introduction section for a nursing research proposal, it is important to provide readers with an understanding of why your study matters.

Literature view

The literature review thoroughly examines existing scholarly works related to the proposed research topic. The literature review aims to identify gaps in knowledge, highlight areas where further investigation is needed, and provide context for the proposed study.

In conducting a literature review for a nursing research proposal, systematically searching relevant databases such as PubMed or CINAHL is crucial. The selection of articles should be based on their relevance to the research question and inclusion criteria established by the researcher.

It is also essential to evaluate each article critically using tools such as CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) or GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to ensure high-quality evidence.

The methodology section of a nursing research proposal

The methodology section of a nursing research proposal outlines the procedures and techniques used in conducting the study. The methodology section helps researchers design their study and effectively answer their research questions or hypothesis.

The methodology section should describe the type of study design used in the research proposal. Common types of designs include experimental, descriptive, and correlational studies, among others. You should explain how they will recruit participants for their research and provide information on sample size calculation.

Describe the data collection methods used in their proposed study. This could be through questionnaires, interviews, or focus group discussions, depending on the nature of the research question under investigation.

The Conclusion of a nursing research proposal

In this section, you can demonstrate how your study will contribute to nursing practices and make significant changes in healthcare. In crafting a conclusion section, it is essential to begin by restating the purpose and objectives of your study.

This helps readers who may have skipped some parts of your proposal understand what you intend to achieve with your research. Subsequently, outline key findings from each part of your study, such as literature review, methodology, or data analysis. Finally, highlight how these findings answer or contribute towards addressing your research questions or hypothesis.

Nursing research proposal APA

If you’re writing a nursing research proposal in APA format, there are several essential elements you’ll need to include. First and foremost, your proposal should clearly state the problem or issue you intend to investigate. This should be followed by a thorough review of relevant literature, demonstrating your understanding of the current knowledge on the topic.

Next, you’ll need to describe your proposed methods for collecting and analyzing data. This section should be detailed enough that someone else could replicate your study based on your description alone.

It should also demonstrate that you’ve carefully considered potential ethical issues and have plans to address them. Finally, you’ll need to outline any expected results or conclusions from the study and their implications for future research or practice.

Nursing research proposal topics

Nursing research proposal topics can be challenging to come up with, but they are essential for anyone who wants to make a difference in the healthcare industry. Many areas of nursing need further exploration, and a well-crafted research proposal can help identify gaps in knowledge and lead to better patient outcomes. Whether starting your academic career or looking to advance your current position, here are some ideas for nursing research proposal topics.

Pain management
Mental health
Ways to improve patient care in Long-term care Facilities
The Impact of online education on nursing students’ learning outcomes
The relationship between nursing burnout and medical errors
The effects of nurse-to-patient ratios on patient outcomes
Alternative therapies
The Impact of nurse-led interventions on improving patient outcomes
How technology can enhance communication between nurses and patients during hospital stays
Telehealth consultations
The impact of nurse-led interventions on reducing hospital readmissions rates for elderly patients
The Impact of nurse-led interventions on patient outcomes
Patient Safety in healthcare delivery settings
The Effect of stress management techniques on healthcare workers’ job satisfaction
Chronic illness management
The impact of patient education on medication adherence among elderly patients
The experiences of nurses working in intensive care units during the COVID-19 pandemic
The effects of stress on nurses in different healthcare settings
The effectiveness of different pain management strategies in post-operative patients
The effectiveness of telehealth technology in improving patient outcomes

Nursing research proposal example

One example of a nursing research proposal could be examining the effects of mindfulness meditation on reducing nurse burnout rates. This study would explore whether regular mindfulness practice can help nurses manage stress levels and prevent burnout.

The study’s methodology would likely involve recruiting participants from several hospitals and providing them with training on mindfulness techniques over a certain period. Data analysis would then examine any changes in stress levels or overall well-being among participants before and after the intervention.

Bottom line

Writing a nursing research proposal can be daunting, but with the right approach and resources, it can become an achievable goal. The key is to identify a relevant and exciting topic, conduct thorough research, develop an outline that clearly outlines your objectives and methodology, and present your findings clearly and concisely. With these tips in mind, you are on your way to creating a compelling nursing research proposal that will meaningfully contribute to healthcare. So go ahead and start working on your proposal today!

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Writing a Nursing Proposal: A Comprehensive Guide for Success

As a nursing professional, there will come a time when you need to write a nursing proposal. Whether you’re aiming to secure funding for a research project, implement a new practice or intervention, or advocate for policy changes, a well-crafted proposal is essential. However, the task of writing a nursing proposal can be daunting if you’re unfamiliar with the process. Fear not! This comprehensive guide will walk you through the essential steps to write a successful nursing proposal.

1. Understand the Purpose and Scope of the Nursing Proposal

To begin writing a nursing proposal, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of its purpose and scope. This involves asking yourself some important questions:

What problem or issue does the proposal aim to address? Clearly define the specific problem or gap in knowledge that your proposal seeks to fill.

What are the specific objectives or outcomes you hope to achieve? Clearly state the goals and outcomes you want to accomplish through your proposed project or intervention.

Who is the intended audience for the proposal? Determine the key stakeholders who will be reading and evaluating your proposal, such as funding agencies, healthcare organizations, or policymakers.

What resources or funding will be required? Estimate the resources, personnel, and funding needed to successfully execute your proposal.

By clarifying these aspects, you can effectively tailor your proposal to meet the needs of your audience and clearly convey your intentions.

2. Conduct Thorough Research

A well-researched nursing proposal holds significant weight. Before diving into the writing process, it is essential to familiarize yourself with the existing literature, best practices, and relevant guidelines pertaining to your proposal topic. Conduct a comprehensive literature review to understand the current state of knowledge, identify any gaps, and gather evidence to support the need for your proposed project or intervention. This research will not only enhance the credibility of your proposal but also demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of the subject matter.

3. Structure Your Proposal

To ensure clarity and coherence, organize your nursing proposal using a logical structure. While the specific sections may vary depending on the requirements, consider including the following elements:

Introduction: Provide an overview of the problem or issue, its significance, and the purpose of the proposal. Clearly state the objectives of your proposal.
Background and Literature Review: Summarize relevant literature and previous studies that support the need for your proposed intervention or research project. Highlight key findings, evidence-based practices, and gaps in knowledge.
Objectives and Hypotheses: Clearly state the specific objectives you aim to achieve and any hypotheses you will test. Make sure your objectives are measurable and aligned with the overall purpose of your proposal.
Methods: Describe the methodology, study design, data collection, and analysis procedures you plan to employ. Clearly outline the steps you will take to address the problem or achieve your objectives.
Timelines and Budget: Provide a realistic timeline for the project’s completion and a detailed budget outlining the required resources and expenses. Include information on how you will allocate resources and manage potential risks or challenges.
Evaluation and Outcomes: Explain how you will assess the success of your project and the expected outcomes. Describe the evaluation methods and metrics you will use to measure the impact of your proposal.
Conclusion: Summarize the main points and reiterate the significance of your proposal. Emphasize the potential benefits and contributions your project can make to nursing practice, research, or patient care.

By structuring your proposal in a clear and organized manner, you make it easier for readers to follow your thought process and understand the value of your proposal.

4. Write with Clarity and Precision

When writing your nursing proposal, strive for clarity and precision. Use clear and concise language to convey your ideas effectively. Avoid jargon or technical terms that may confuse or alienate readers who may not be familiar with your specific field of nursing. Explain any complex concepts or terminology in a way that is easily understood. Ensure that your ideas flow logically, providing smooth transitions between sections. Use headings and subheadings to guide the reader through your proposal. Additionally, pay close attention to grammar, spelling, and punctuation to maintain a professional tone and enhance readability.

5. Tailor the Proposal to Your Audience

Consider the specific needs and preferences of your audience when crafting your nursing proposal. If your proposal targets a funding agency, emphasize the potential benefits and impacts of your project on healthcare delivery or patient outcomes. Clearly outline how the proposed funding will be utilized and the potential return on investment . If your proposal is geared toward implementing a new practice or intervention within your organization, focus on the practical aspects and address any potential concerns or barriers that may arise. Highlight the alignment of your proposal with the organization’s mission, values, and strategic goals.

By understanding your audience and tailoring your proposal to their needs, you increase the chances of gaining their support and approval.

6. Collaborate and Seek Feedback

Writing a nursing proposal can benefit greatly from collaboration. Seek input and feedback from colleagues, mentors, or experts in the field. They can provide valuable insights, suggest improvements, and help refine your proposal. Engage in discussions, attend conferences or seminars, and seek opportunities to share your ideas with others. By incorporating diverse perspectives, you strengthen the credibility and quality of your work.

7. Revise and Edit

Once you have completed the initial draft of your nursing proposal, set it aside for a while before revisiting it with a fresh perspective. Review and revise the proposal to ensure clarity, coherence, and logical flow. Pay attention to the formatting, referencing style, and adherence to any specific guidelines provided by the target recipient or institution. Consider the feedback you received from collaborators and incorporate their suggestions where appropriate. Ensure that your proposal is well-organized, free of redundancies, and focused on the main objectives.

8. Proofread Carefully

Before submitting your nursing proposal, proofread it meticulously. Look for any spelling or grammatical errors, inconsistencies, or unclear statements. Read your proposal aloud to identify any awkward phrasing or areas that require further refinement. Consider enlisting the help of a trusted colleague or professional editor to ensure a thorough review. Fresh eyes can often catch mistakes or areas that you may have overlooked.

Writing a nursing proposal can be a challenging task, but with careful planning, thorough research, and clear communication, you can create a compelling and persuasive document. By understanding the purpose and scope, conducting thorough research, structuring your proposal effectively, writing with clarity and precision, tailoring it to your audience, seeking feedback, and revising and proofreading diligently, you can increase the chances of success for your nursing proposal. So, roll up your sleeves, embrace the process, and put your best foot forward in advancing nursing practice, research, and patient care through a well-crafted nursing proposal. Remember, a well-written and persuasive proposal has the power to make a significant impact in the field of nursing.

Nursing Research Help

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Nursing Research Proposals

What is a Research Proposal?

The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. The design elements and procedures for conducting the research are governed by standards within the predominant discipline in which the problem resides, so guidelines for research proposals are more exacting and less formal than a general project proposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. They must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study. In addition to providing a rationale, a proposal describes detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and/or benefits derived from the study's completion.

Adapted from: Krathwohl, David R. How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005.

Your professor may assign the task of writing a research proposal for the following reasons:

Develop your skills in thinking about and designing a comprehensive research study;
Learn how to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature to ensure a research problem has not already been answered [or you may determine the problem has been answered ineffectively] and, in so doing, become better at locating scholarship related to your topic;
Improve your general research and writing skills;
Practice identifying the logical steps that must be taken to accomplish one's research goals;
Critically review, examine, and consider the use of different methods for gathering and analyzing data related to the research problem; and,
Nurture a sense of inquisitiveness within yourself and to help see yourself as an active participant in the process of doing scholarly research.

A proposal should contain all the key elements involved in designing a completed research study, with sufficient information that allows readers to assess the validity and usefulness of your proposed study. The only elements missing from a research proposal are the findings of the study and your analysis of those results. Finally, an effective proposal is judged on the quality of your writing and, therefore, it is important that your writing is coherent, clear, and compelling.

Regardless of the research problem you are investigating and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:

What do you plan to accomplish? Be clear and succinct in defining the research problem and what it is you are proposing to research.
Why do you want to do it? In addition to detailing your research design, you also must conduct a thorough review of the literature and provide convincing evidence that it is a topic worthy of study. Be sure to answer the "So What?" question.
How are you going to do it? Be sure that what you propose is doable. If you're having trouble formulating a research problem to propose investigating, go here .

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Failure to be concise; being "all over the map" without a clear sense of purpose.
Failure to cite landmark works in your literature review.
Failure to delimit the contextual boundaries of your research [e.g., time, place, people, etc.].
Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.
Failure to stay focused on the research problem; going off on unrelated tangents.
Sloppy or imprecise writing, or poor grammar.
Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues.

Adapted from: Procter, Margaret. The Academic Proposal . The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Sanford, Keith. Information for Students: Writing a Research Proposal . Baylor University; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal . International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University; Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books . The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing a Research Proposal . University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Adapted text found on: https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchproposal

Carrie Forbes, MLS

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Research Proposal Guidelines This overview of how to write a research proposal gives a framework as well as writing tips and strategies.
10 Tips for Writing Your Research Proposal From McGill University, follow these clear, straight-forward tips when writing your proposal.
How to write a research proposal Clear, concise article on how to write a health-related research proposal, including the 5 C's of the literature review and an solid reference list of other articles.

Examples of Research Proposals

Research Proposal Examples This York St John University website not only includes proposal examples but also a few tips for success.

Writing a Research Proposal

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Tips for Writing a Nursing Research Proposal

Nursing research proposals are an essential component of the nursing profession. They serve as a framework for designing and conducting research that can help improve patient outcomes and inform healthcare policies. A nursing research proposal is a written document that outlines a proposed study's objectives, research questions, methodology, and expected outcomes. Writing a nursing research proposal can be a daunting task, but with proper planning and organization, it can be a rewarding experience. In this article, we will provide tips for writing a nursing research proposal that will help you develop a compelling and well-structured proposal.

Choose a relevant and feasible research topic

The first step in writing a nursing research proposal is to choose a relevant and feasible research topic. You should choose a topic that is of interest to you and relevant to the nursing profession. Your research topic should also be feasible and practical. You should consider the resources, time, and funding available for your research. Choosing a topic that is too broad or too narrow can make it difficult to conduct the research effectively.

Conduct a literature review

Once you have selected your research topic, the next step is to conduct a literature review. A literature review is a critical analysis of existing literature related to your research topic. It helps you to identify gaps in the literature and determine the relevance of your research. Your literature review should include both primary and secondary sources of information. You can use academic databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library to find relevant literature.

Develop a research question or hypothesis

Based on your literature review, you should develop a research question or hypothesis. Your research question should be clear, specific, and answerable. It should also be relevant to your research topic and contribute to the existing knowledge in the field. Your hypothesis should be testable and should provide a clear indication of the expected outcome of your research.

Identify your research methodology

The next step in writing a nursing research proposal is to identify your research methodology. Your research methodology should be appropriate for your research question or hypothesis. You can choose from qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods research methodologies. Your research methodology should also be ethical, feasible, and practical. You should consider the resources, time, and funding available for your research when selecting your research methodology.

Develop a research design

Based on your research methodology, you should develop a research design. Your research design should include a detailed description of how you will collect and analyze data. It should also include information about your research participants, data collection instruments, data analysis procedures, and ethical considerations. Your research design should be feasible and practical, and you should consider the resources, time, and funding available for your research when developing your research design.

Write a research proposal

The next step in writing a nursing research proposal is to write a research proposal. A research proposal is a written document that outlines the details of your proposed research. It should include an introduction, literature review, research question or hypothesis, research methodology, research design, data collection procedures, data analysis procedures, expected outcomes, and ethical considerations. Your research proposal should be well-structured, clear, and concise.

Get feedback

Once you have completed your nursing research proposal, you should get feedback from your colleagues, mentors, and peers. Getting feedback can help you to identify areas that need improvement and make necessary revisions. You can also get feedback from individuals who are not familiar with your research topic to ensure that your proposal is easy to understand and relevant to the nursing profession.

Submit your proposal

The final step in writing a nursing research proposal is to submit your proposal. You should submit your proposal to a funding agency or a research ethics committee for approval. You should ensure that your proposal meets the requirements of the funding agency or research ethics committee. You should

with the submission process in a timely manner to ensure that you have enough time to make any necessary revisions and receive approval before starting your research.

In conclusion , writing a nursing research proposal is a critical step in conducting research in the nursing profession. To write a compelling and well-structured proposal, you should choose a relevant and feasible research topic, conduct a literature review, develop a research question or hypothesis, identify your research methodology, develop a research design, write a research proposal, get feedback, and submit your proposal. By following these tips, you can develop a nursing research proposal that can help improve patient outcomes, inform healthcare policies, and advance the nursing profession.

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NUR 401: Introduction to Nursing Research

Creating a research plan.

Nursing Article Databases/Other Information Resources
Nursing Subject Guide This link opens in a new window
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Sample Research Plan

The following sample research plans illustrate how a Research Plan can help you develop and keep track of search terms that are useful in finding information sources on your topic. (For a blank form, and instructions on how to use it, see the Creating a Research Plan box below.)

NUR 401 PICO Research Plan This research plan shows an example of a PICO topic and how it may help you formulate relevant search terms and strategies.
Sample Research Plan--Obesity

How a Research Plan Helps You Search for Sources

Why use a research plan.

A Research Plan can help you strategize about what are the most successful search terms to use in library databases to find books, articles, government documents, and more for your papers/assignments.

Typing in your entire research question or thesis statement does not work well when using these databases to find sources

What usually happens when you do this is that one of two equally bad options, either

you get thousands of hits, many of which are not relevant (and in any case, they are too numerous for you to wade through to find the valuable sources); or
you get very few, or zero, hits because your number of search terms overwhelms the database.

Creating a Research Plan can help you avoid these problems

Keep in mind that your Research Plan is an evolving document; by the time you're finished, it may be all marked up, with some terms scratched off, and other terms added, with notes to yourself about various things to remember when searching, etc.
You may also find in the course of searching for sources that one set of terms works best for finding books, while another combination may work better when searching for magazine articles, and still another when looking for journal articles.
Your goal is to try to find the best combination of terms that produces the best set of sources to satisfy your information needs.

To get an idea of how this form might look, see the Sample Research Plan in the box to the left below,

To get started creating your own plan, see the Creating a Research Plan box directly below, which contains a link to a blank Research Plan form for you to print off and fill in as needed, along with instructions on how to use this tool to help you in your research. .

Make your search for resources more productive by using the following blank Research Plan worksheet:

Research Plan A research plan helps you come up with and keep track of useful search terms to use when searching for information sources. Remember, no one set of terms is perfect; your goal is to find the best combination of terms (in each resource) to find the best sources. When switching from one info resource to another (such as from books to articles), you may need to change the combination of terms you use to be successful.

Directions:

Pose your topic in the form of a statement OR a question.
Choose 2-4 most important terms (keywords) drawn directly from your research statement/question and write each in the Keywords column in separate boxes.
In the synonyms column, write at least ONE synonym, or related term (broader or narrower) for each keyword.

Tip : For ideas for synonyms/related terms, write down in the Synonyms/Related Terms column any subject headings from a helpful book or article citation record to use as potential search terms.

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A guide to writing grant proposals for nursing research

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1 Cizik School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
2 College of Nursing & Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
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DOI: 10.1002/nur.22137

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How to write a nursing research proposal [10 EBP & Research Proposal Examples]

Carla Johnson
August 18, 2023
Academic Writing Guides

Nursing research is an important aspect of nursing practice, and it’s important to know how to write a research proposal in order to fund your studies. This article will provide tips on how to write a research proposal for Nursing and provide examples of nursing research proposals.

If you’re looking for more specific information or help with writing your own nursing research proposal, msnstudy.com has the top and most qualified writers to help with any of your assignments. All you need to do is place an order with us and you’ll have the complete research proposal when you need it.

What is a nursing research proposal?

A nursing research proposal is a document that outlines your proposed study and the rationale for conducting it. It is important to include information about the population you will be studying, the objectives of the study, and the proposed methods of data collection. Additionally, a nursing research proposal should outline the research methodology you will use, as well as the sources of funding you will need to complete the study.

Types of nursing research proposals

There are three types of research proposals: descriptive, analytical, and experimental. Descriptive research focuses on gathering data about a nursing issue or problem. Analytical research aims to develop a hypothesis or theory about a nursing issue. Experimental research investigates the effects of a new intervention on nursing outcomes.

Some tips for writing successful nursing research proposals include:

Include a clearly written Executive Summary that succinctly explains the purpose of the study and how it will help improve patient care.
Be clear about what type of data you want to collect and how you will use it.
Make sure your hypotheses are grounded in evidence from previous studies.
Clearly state the criteria by which your study will be judged and describe how you will meet those criteria.
Provide details about the funding sources you will use and any other logistical considerations such as timelines.
Include a full description of the participants you will interview, the settings in which the study will be conducted, and the tools you will use.
Clearly state the hypotheses you will test and the data you will use to support them.
Describe how your study will be blinded or randomized so that participants cannot know which treatment they are receiving.
Include a full description of the statistical methods you will use.
Present your findings in a clear, concise manner.
Make sure to include a References section that includes all the research you used to reach your conclusions.

Nursing research proposals can be difficult to write and require meticulous attention to detail, but if done correctly, they can provide crucial information about how best to care for patients.

How to write a nursing research proposal

Nursing research proposals can be difficult to write, but with the right guidance, they can be a breeze. In this blog post, we will discuss some tips for writing a nursing research proposal.

Draft your proposal in advance

Before you even start writing your proposal, it is important to have a solid idea of what you want to achieve. That means drafting it out in advance. This will help you stay organized and keep your thoughts clear while you are writing. Additionally, it will allow you to see any potential holes or areas that need further clarification.

Know where your research is going and why it is important

Once you have drafted your proposal, it is time to think about why you are doing the research and what the benefits could be for patients and nurses. Convince readers that this research is necessary and worth their time and money. Remember to focus on the patient perspective as much as possible when making your case for funding.

Clearly outline your methodology and data collection methods

Your methodology section should clearly outline how you plan on collecting the data you need for your study. This includes discussing how you will collect data from participants, how you will analyze the data, and how you will report your findings. It is also important to include a description of any blinding or randomization methods you will use.

Summarize your findings in a concise way

Your results section should summarize your study’s findings in a clear, concise manner. This includes discussing the overall findings, as well as any specific findings that stood out. In addition, it is important to provide information about the implications of your research for patient care.

Include a References section

Finally, include a References section at the end of your proposal that includes all the research you used to reach your conclusions. This includes articles, books, journal articles, and other sources of information. Including a References section is essential for demonstrating credibility and rigor of your research.

Formatting a nursing research proposal or EBP Proposal Examples

There are a few things to keep in mind when formatting a nursing research proposal. The goal is to make the proposal easy to read and understand, while still being professional.

The following tips can help:

Use a concise and organized format. The proposal should be divided into sections that are easy to read and follow.
Use headings to organize your ideas. For example, you might have one heading for “Background” followed by “Objective,” “Scope of Research,” and so on. This will help readers easily see what the proposal is about and where it is going.
Keep your language simple and clear. Use words that people can understand, without using too many fancy terms or acronyms.
Use graphics sparingly, if at all. Unless they are essential for making your points, graphics can be distracting and take away from the reading experience. Stick to charts, graphs, pictures, or other visuals that support your argument rather than taking up space on the page itself.
Proofread carefully before submitting the proposal to make sure it is error-free and meets all requirements laid out by the funding organization.

10 Nursing Research Proposals Examples (EBP Proposal Examples)

Expert Answer to Benchmark Capstone Project Change Proposal NRS 493 Best Solution
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Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Proposal Paper Example
NUR-590 Evidence-Based Practice Proposal – Section F: Evaluation of Process Essay
Healthcare Policy Proposal – H.R. 987: Strengthening Health Care and Lowering Prescription Drug Costs Act
NUR 550 Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal: PICOT Assignment
A Change Of Nursing Management Proposal
Module Pre-assessment: Change management proposal
Community Teaching Plan Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal
NRS 493 Benchmark – Capstone Project Change Proposal

If you’re looking for more specific information or help with writing your own nursing research proposal, premiumacademicaffiates.com has the top and most qualified writers to help with any of your assignments. All you need to do is place an order with us and you’ll have the complete research proposal when you need it.

The Components of a Nursing Research Proposal

When writing a nursing research proposal, it is important to remember that not all proposals are the same. There are many different components that make up a nursing research proposal, and it is important to identify which component will be the most effective for your project. This section will discuss each of the components of a nursing research proposal and how to identify which one will be best for your project.

The Purpose of the Project: The first component of a nursing research proposal is the purpose of the project. This section should state what the main goals of the project are and why they are important. It is also important to explain how the proposed study will contribute to advancing knowledge in nursing.

Research Design: The second component of a nursing research proposal is the research design. This section should describe how the proposed study will be conducted and include information on sample size, margin of error, and other relevant details. It is also important to include a justification for using a particular type of research design and whether it is appropriate for this particular study.

Methods: The third component of a nursing research proposal is the methods section. This section should describe how data will be collected and analyzed and include information on participant recruitment, survey design, and other methodological details. It is also important to include a justification for using the chosen methods and why they are appropriate for this study.
Results: The fourth component of a nursing research proposal is the results section. This section should describe how the data has been analyzed and what findings have been found. Results should be presented in a clear and concise manner, and any relevant findings should be highlighted.
Implications for Practice: The fifth and final component of a nursing research proposal is the implications for practice section. This section should provide short summaries of the main findings and discuss how they could impact patient care. It is also important to highlight any potential future research projects that could be conducted based on the findings of the proposed study.

Nursing research is an important aspect of nursing practice, and it's important to know how to write a research proposal in order to fund your studies. This article will provide tips on how to write a research proposal for Nursing and provide examples of nursing research proposals.

There are many types of nursing research proposals, but the most common outlines are descriptive and explanatory.

A descriptive proposal is designed to give the reader an understanding of the project and its goals.
An explanatory proposal will detail what is to be researched and how it will be done.

It is important to have a clear idea of your objectives before beginning a research project. It is also helpful to have a rough timetable for completing the study. Include information about the sample size you plan to obtain, the time period you will cover, and the resources you will need.

When writing your methodology section, be sure to include information about your study design, sampling methodologies, data collection tools, and statistical analysis methods. Be as specific as possible so that readers can understand how you plan to collect data.

The results section should provide readers with information about your findings and conclusions. This section should include a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of your study, as well as any recommendations you have for further research.

Methods: The third component of a nursing research proposal is the methods section. This section should describe how data will be collected and analyzed and include information on participant recruitment, surveydesign, and other methodological details.

Results: The fourth component of a nursing research proposal is the results section. This section should discuss the findings of the study and include any recommendations for further research.

Conclusion: The fifth and final component of a nursing research proposal is the conclusion section. This section should provide a summary of the main points made in the rest of the document and highlight any important implications of the findings.

There are a number of different ways to write a nursing research proposal. The most important thing is to be clear about your objectives and goals for the project, as well as the specific components that will be included in the final document.

If you’re considering a career in nursing research, it’s important to have a solid understanding of the process. This guide will teach you how to write a nursing research proposal, from beginning to end. By following these steps, you’ll be on your way to submitting an outstanding proposal that will help you gain access to funding for your studies.

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Research/Clinical/Student Project Proposal Guidelines

Download the 2016 application. All materials must be formatted using APA format.

I. Quantitative Research Proposal

1. Title and Abstract A 200-word abstract are to accompany the proposal. The abstract should include the study aim, significance, the population and sample description and a statement of the design and analysis.

2. Proposal Outline (1,500 word limit) The following areas are to be included in the proposal, as appropriate.

A. The Problem a) Statement of the problem or research question. b) Hypotheses. c) Definitions of variables. Theoretical and operational definitions (instruments). d) Theoretical framework and population. e) Critique of the most salient elements of the pertinent literature. f) Significance to nursing science.

B. Methodology a) Design b) Instrument reliability and validity. c) Data collection procedure. Include official human subjects reviews if conducted and a consent form. d) Sample, size and sampling procedure. e) Method of analysis.

C. References and Appendices a) Reference list

II. Qualitative Research Proposal

A. Title and 200-word Abstract

B. Proposal (1,500 word limit) a) A clear statement that specifies the phenomenon to be studied; b) Documentation of a need for study and significance of the study for nursing; c) Identification of the qualitative approach with a rationale for its selection; d) Specification of the design with attention to: - what data are sought - how and when those data will be solicited - how relationships with research participants will be initiated, maintained and terminated - how data will be managed - how data will be analyzed and related to pre-existing knowledge - how findings will be reported e) References and Appendices

III. Clinical Project – 1500 word limit A clinical project is defined as a professional nursing project that addresses a common or significant health concern in a creative and evidence-based manner. The project should go beyond the applicant’s usual academic or employment requirements.

A. Aims - State clearly the clinical significance of the project including how it will identify/test/demonstrate nursing interventions and/or care delivery models that provide the most beneficial outcomes for patients. State concisely and realistically the expected clinical impact of this project, i.e., what the clinical project is intended to accomplish and/or demonstrate.

B. Significance & Background - Briefly describe the clinical significance of the project. Be clear what is being demonstrated. Provide a synthesis of the literature in the field(s) that is pertinent to the proposed project. Summarize the rationale or theoretical/conceptual underpinnings for the work. State clearly the relationship of this project to an overall program of clinical scholarship.

C. Method - Discuss in detail the methods to be used to accomplish the aims. Describe the potential limitations of the methods and approaches you will use to minimize these limitations. Delineate measures to be used to assess the effect of the project.

D. Dissemination & Translation – Describe the audiences that would benefit from knowing and adopting the findings of this work. Outline a dissemination plan.

E. Time Frame - Provide a timeline for the main steps of the project, including anticipated start and completion dates.

IV. Student Project – 1500 word limit A student project is defined as project that addresses a common or significant health concern in a creative and evidence-based manner. It may include activities associated with Masters, PhD or DNP work.

A. Aims - State clearly the clinical or research significance of the project including how it will identify/test/demonstrate nursing interventions and/or care delivery models that provide the most beneficial outcomes for patients. State concisely and realistically the expected clinical impact of this project, i.e., what the clinical project is intended to accomplish and/or demonstrate.

B. Significance & Background - Briefly describe the clinical or research significance of the project. Be clear what is being demonstrated. Provide a synthesis of the literature in the field(s) that is pertinent to the proposed project. Summarize the rationale or theoretical/conceptual underpinnings for the work. State clearly the relationship of this project to an overall program of scholarship.

E. Time Frame - Provide a timeline for the main steps of the project, including anticipated start and completion dates.

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How to prepare a Research Proposal

Health research, medical education and clinical practice form the three pillars of modern day medical practice. As one authority rightly put it: ‘Health research is not a luxury, but an essential need that no nation can afford to ignore’. Health research can and should be pursued by a broad range of people. Even if they do not conduct research themselves, they need to grasp the principles of the scientific method to understand the value and limitations of science and to be able to assess and evaluate results of research before applying them. This review paper aims to highlight the essential concepts to the students and beginning researchers and sensitize and motivate the readers to access the vast literature available on research methodologies.

Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. 1 A research proposal is a detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem. 2

A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Broadly the research proposal must address the following questions regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose: What you plan to accomplish, why do you want to do it and how are you going to do it. 1 The aim of this article is to highlight the essential concepts and not to provide extensive details about this topic.

The elements of a research proposal are highlighted below:

1. Title: It should be concise and descriptive. It must be informative and catchy. An effective title not only prick’s the readers interest, but also predisposes him/her favorably towards the proposal. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. 1 The title may need to be revised after completion of writing of the protocol to reflect more closely the sense of the study. 3

2. Abstract: It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the main research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any) and the method. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used. 1 It should stand on its own, and not refer the reader to points in the project description. 3

3. Introduction: The introduction provides the readers with the background information. Its purpose is to establish a framework for the research, so that readers can understand how it relates to other research. 4 It should answer the question of why the research needs to be done and what will be its relevance. It puts the proposal in context. 3

The introduction typically begins with a statement of the research problem in precise and clear terms. 1

The importance of the statement of the research problem 5 : The statement of the problem is the essential basis for the construction of a research proposal (research objectives, hypotheses, methodology, work plan and budget etc). It is an integral part of selecting a research topic. It will guide and put into sharper focus the research design being considered for solving the problem. It allows the investigator to describe the problem systematically, to reflect on its importance, its priority in the country and region and to point out why the proposed research on the problem should be undertaken. It also facilitates peer review of the research proposal by the funding agencies.

Then it is necessary to provide the context and set the stage for the research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance. 1 This step is necessary for the investigators to familiarize themselves with existing knowledge about the research problem and to find out whether or not others have investigated the same or similar problems. This step is accomplished by a thorough and critical review of the literature and by personal communication with experts. 5 It helps further understanding of the problem proposed for research and may lead to refining the statement of the problem, to identify the study variables and conceptualize their relationships, and in formulation and selection of a research hypothesis. 5 It ensures that you are not "re-inventing the wheel" and demonstrates your understanding of the research problem. It gives due credit to those who have laid the groundwork for your proposed research. 1 In a proposal, the literature review is generally brief and to the point. The literature selected should be pertinent and relevant. 6

Against this background, you then present the rationale of the proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.

4. Objectives: Research objectives are the goals to be achieved by conducting the research. 5 They may be stated as ‘general’ and ‘specific’.

The general objective of the research is what is to be accomplished by the research project, for example, to determine whether or not a new vaccine should be incorporated in a public health program.

The specific objectives relate to the specific research questions the investigator wants to answer through the proposed study and may be presented as primary and secondary objectives, for example, primary: To determine the degree of protection that is attributable to the new vaccine in a study population by comparing the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. 5 Secondary: To study the cost-effectiveness of this programme.

Young investigators are advised to resist the temptation to put too many objectives or over-ambitious objectives that cannot be adequately achieved by the implementation of the protocol. 3

5. Variables: During the planning stage, it is necessary to identify the key variables of the study and their method of measurement and unit of measurement must be clearly indicated. Four types of variables are important in research 5 :

a. Independent variables: variables that are manipulated or treated in a study in order to see what effect differences in them will have on those variables proposed as being dependent on them. The different synonyms for the term ‘independent variable’ which are used in literature are: cause, input, predisposing factor, risk factor, determinant, antecedent, characteristic and attribute.

b. Dependent variables: variables in which changes are results of the level or amount of the independent variable or variables.

Synonyms: effect, outcome, consequence, result, condition, disease.

c. Confounding or intervening variables: variables that should be studied because they may influence or ‘mix’ the effect of the independent variables. For instance, in a study of the effect of measles (independent variable) on child mortality (dependent variable), the nutritional status of the child may play an intervening (confounding) role.

d. Background variables: variables that are so often of relevance in investigations of groups or populations that they should be considered for possible inclusion in the study. For example sex, age, ethnic origin, education, marital status, social status etc.

The objective of research is usually to determine the effect of changes in one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. For example, a study may ask "Will alcohol intake (independent variable) have an effect on development of gastric ulcer (dependent variable)?"

Certain variables may not be easy to identify. The characteristics that define these variables must be clearly identified for the purpose of the study.

6. Questions and/ or hypotheses: If you as a researcher know enough to make prediction concerning what you are studying, then the hypothesis may be formulated. A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between two or more variables. In other words, the hypothesis translates the problem statement into a precise, unambiguous prediction of expected outcomes. Hypotheses are not meant to be haphazard guesses, but should reflect the depth of knowledge, imagination and experience of the investigator. 5 In the process of formulating the hypotheses, all variables relevant to the study must be identified. For example: "Health education involving active participation by mothers will produce more positive changes in child feeding than health education based on lectures". Here the independent variable is types of health education and the dependent variable is changes in child feeding.

A research question poses a relationship between two or more variables but phrases the relationship as a question; a hypothesis represents a declarative statement of the relations between two or more variables. 7

For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypothesis (please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis). 1 Questions are relevant to normative or census type research (How many of them are there? Is there a relationship between them?). Deciding whether to use questions or hypotheses depends on factors such as the purpose of the study, the nature of the design and methodology, and the audience of the research (at times even the outlook and preference of the committee members, particularly the Chair). 6

7. Methodology: The method section is very important because it tells your research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. The guiding principle for writing the Methods section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether the methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study. 1 Indicate the methodological steps you will take to answer every question or to test every hypothesis illustrated in the Questions/hypotheses section. 6 It is vital that you consult a biostatistician during the planning stage of your study, 8 to resolve the methodological issues before submitting the proposal.

This section should include:

Research design: The selection of the research strategy is the core of research design and is probably the single most important decision the investigator has to make. The choice of the strategy, whether descriptive, analytical, experimental, operational or a combination of these depend on a number of considerations, 5 but this choice must be explained in relation to the study objectives. 3

Research subjects or participants: Depending on the type of your study, the following questions should be answered 3 , 5

- What are the criteria for inclusion or selection?
- What are the criteria for exclusion?
- What is the sampling procedure you will use so as to ensure representativeness and reliability of the sample and to minimize sampling errors? The key reason for being concerned with sampling is the issue of validity-both internal and external of the study results. 9
- Will there be use of controls in your study? Controls or comparison groups are used in scientific research in order to increase the validity of the conclusions. Control groups are necessary in all analytical epidemiological studies, in experimental studies of drug trials, in research on effects of intervention programmes and disease control measures and in many other investigations. Some descriptive studies (studies of existing data, surveys) may not require control groups.
- What are the criteria for discontinuation?

Sample size: The proposal should provide information and justification (basis on which the sample size is calculated) about sample size in the methodology section. 3 A larger sample size than needed to test the research hypothesis increases the cost and duration of the study and will be unethical if it exposes human subjects to any potential unnecessary risk without additional benefit. A smaller sample size than needed can also be unethical as it exposes human subjects to risk with no benefit to scientific knowledge. Calculation of sample size has been made easy by computer software programmes, but the principles underlying the estimation should be well understood.

Interventions: If an intervention is introduced, a description must be given of the drugs or devices (proprietary names, manufacturer, chemical composition, dose, frequency of administration) if they are already commercially available. If they are in phases of experimentation or are already commercially available but used for other indications, information must be provided on available pre-clinical investigations in animals and/or results of studies already conducted in humans (in such cases, approval of the drug regulatory agency in the country is needed before the study). 3

Ethical issues 3 : Ethical considerations apply to all types of health research. Before the proposal is submitted to the Ethics Committee for approval, two important documents mentioned below (where appropriate) must be appended to the proposal. In additions, there is another vital issue of Conflict of Interest, wherein the researchers should furnish a statement regarding the same.

The Informed consent form (informed decision-making): A consent form, where appropriate, must be developed and attached to the proposal. It should be written in the prospective subjects’ mother tongue and in simple language which can be easily understood by the subject. The use of medical terminology should be avoided as far as possible. Special care is needed when subjects are illiterate. It should explain why the study is being done and why the subject has been asked to participate. It should describe, in sequence, what will happen in the course of the study, giving enough detail for the subject to gain a clear idea of what to expect. It should clarify whether or not the study procedures offer any benefits to the subject or to others, and explain the nature, likelihood and treatment of anticipated discomfort or adverse effects, including psychological and social risks, if any. Where relevant, a comparison with risks posed by standard drugs or treatment must be included. If the risks are unknown or a comparative risk cannot be given it should be so stated. It should indicate that the subject has the right to withdraw from the study at any time without, in any way, affecting his/her further medical care. It should assure the participant of confidentiality of the findings.

Ethics checklist: The proposal must describe the measures that will be undertaken to ensure that the proposed research is carried out in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki on Ethical Principles for Medical research involving Human Subjects. 10 It must answer the following questions:

• Is the research design adequate to provide answers to the research question? It is unethical to expose subjects to research that will have no value.
• Is the method of selection of research subjects justified? The use of vulnerable subjects as research participants needs special justification. Vulnerable subjects include those in prison, minors and persons with mental disability. In international research it is important to mention that the population in which the study is conducted will benefit from any potential outcome of the research and the research is not being conducted solely for the benefit of some other population. Justification is needed for any inducement, financial or otherwise, for the participants to be enrolled in the study.
• Are the interventions justified, in terms of risk/benefit ratio? Risks are not limited to physical harm. Psychological and social risks must also be considered.
• For observations made, have measures been taken to ensure confidentiality?

Research setting 5 : The research setting includes all the pertinent facets of the study, such as the population to be studied (sampling frame), the place and time of study.

Study instruments 3 , 5 : Instruments are the tools by which the data are collected. For validated questionnaires/interview schedules, reference to published work should be given and the instrument appended to the proposal. For new a questionnaire which is being designed specifically for your study the details about preparing, precoding and pretesting of questionnaire should be furnished and the document appended to the proposal. Descriptions of other methods of observations like medical examination, laboratory tests and screening procedures is necessary- for established procedures, reference of published work cited but for new or modified procedure, an adequate description is necessary with justification for the same.

Collection of data: A short description of the protocol of data collection. For example, in a study on blood pressure measurement: time of participant arrival, rest for 5p. 10 minutes, which apparatus (standard calibrated) to be used, in which room to take measurement, measurement in sitting or lying down position, how many measurements, measurement in which arm first (whether this is going to be randomized), details of cuff and its placement, who will take the measurement. This minimizes the possibility of confusion, delays and errors.

Data analysis: The description should include the design of the analysis form, plans for processing and coding the data and the choice of the statistical method to be applied to each data. What will be the procedures for accounting for missing, unused or spurious data?

Monitoring, supervision and quality control: Detailed statement about the all logistical issues to satisfy the requirements of Good Clinical Practices (GCP), protocol procedures, responsibilities of each member of the research team, training of study investigators, steps taken to assure quality control (laboratory procedures, equipment calibration etc)

Gantt chart: A Gantt chart is an overview of tasks/proposed activities and a time frame for the same. You put weeks, days or months at one side, and the tasks at the other. You draw fat lines to indicate the period the task will be performed to give a timeline for your research study (take help of tutorial on youtube). 11

Significance of the study: Indicate how your research will refine, revise or extend existing knowledge in the area under investigation. How will it benefit the concerned stakeholders? What could be the larger implications of your research study?

Dissemination of the study results: How do you propose to share the findings of your study with professional peers, practitioners, participants and the funding agency?

Budget: A proposal budget with item wise/activity wise breakdown and justification for the same. Indicate how will the study be financed.

References: The proposal should end with relevant references on the subject. For web based search include the date of access for the cited website, for example: add the sentence "accessed on June 10, 2008".

Appendixes: Include the appropriate appendixes in the proposal. For example: Interview protocols, sample of informed consent forms, cover letters sent to appropriate stakeholders, official letters for permission to conduct research. Regarding original scales or questionnaires, if the instrument is copyrighted then permission in writing to reproduce the instrument from the copyright holder or proof of purchase of the instrument must be submitted.

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Writing Research Proposals

Chapter 28 Writing Research Proposals http://evolve.elsevier.com/Grove/practice/ With a background in the quantitative, qualitative, outcomes, and intervention research methodologies, you are ready to propose a study. A research proposal is a written plan that identifies the major elements of a study, such as the research problem, purpose, and framework, and outlines the methods and procedures to conduct the proposed study. A proposal is a formal way to communicate ideas about a study to seek approval to conduct the study and obtain funding. Researchers who are seeking approval to conduct a study submit the proposal to a select group for review and, in many situations, verbally defend the proposal. Receiving approval to conduct research has become more complicated because of the increasing complexity of nursing studies, the difficulty involved in recruiting study participants, and increasing concerns over legal and ethical issues. In many large hospitals and healthcare corporations, both the lawyer and the institutional review board (IRB) evaluate the research proposals. The expanded number of healthcare studies being conducted has led to conflict among investigators over who has the right to recruit potential research participants. The increased number of proposed studies has resulted in greater difficulty in obtaining funding. Researchers need to develop a quality study proposal to facilitate university and clinical agency IRB approval, obtain funding, and conduct the study successfully. This chapter focuses on writing a research proposal and seeking approval to conduct a study. Chapter 29 presents the process of seeking funding for research. Writing a Research Proposal A well-written proposal communicates a significant, carefully planned research project; shows the qualifications of the researchers; and generates support for the project. Conducting research requires precision and rigorous attention to detail. Reviewers often judge a researcher’s ability to conduct a study by the quality of the proposal. A quality study proposal is clear, concise, and complete. Writing a quality proposal involves (1) developing ideas logically, (2) determining the depth or detail of the content of the proposal, (3) identifying critical points in the proposal, and (4) developing an esthetically appealing copy ( Martin & Fleming, 2010 ; Merrill, 2011 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ). Developing Ideas Logically The ideas in a research proposal must logically build on each other to justify or defend a study, just as a lawyer would logically organize information in the defense of a client. The researcher builds a case to justify why a problem should be studied and proposes the appropriate methodology for conducting the study. Each step in the research proposal builds on the problem statement to give a clear picture of the study and its merit ( Merrill, 2011 ). Universities, medical centers, federal funding agencies, and grant writing consultants have developed websites to help researchers write successful proposals for quantitative, qualitative, outcomes, and intervention research. For example, the University of Michigan provides an online guide for proposal development ( http://www.drda.umich.edu/proposals/PWG/pwgcomplete.html ). The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR, 2012 ) provides online training for developing nurse scientists at http://www.ninr.nih.gov/Training/OnlineDevelopingNurseScientists/ . You can use a search engine of your choice, such as Google, and search for research proposal development training; proposal writing tips; courses on proposal development; and proposal guidelines for different universities, medical centers, and government agencies. In addition, various publications have been developed to help individuals improve their scientific writing skills ( American Psychological Association [APA], 2010 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ; Turabian, Booth, Colomb, & Williams, 2007 ; University of Chicago Press Staff, 2010 ). Determining the Depth of a Proposal The depth or detail of the content of a proposal is determined by guidelines developed by colleges or schools of nursing, funding agencies, and institutions where research is conducted. Guidelines provide specific directions for the development of a proposal and should be followed explicitly. Omission or misinterpretation of a guideline is frequently the basis for rejection or requiring revision. In addition to following the guidelines, you need to determine the amount of information necessary to describe each step of your study clearly. Often the reviewers of your proposal have varied expertise in the area of your study. The content in a proposal needs to be detailed enough to inform different types of readers yet concise enough to be interesting and easily reviewed ( Martin & Fleming, 2010 ). The guidelines often stipulate a page limit, which determines the depth of the proposal. The relevant content of a research proposal is discussed later in this chapter and varies based on the purpose of the proposal. Identifying Critical Points The key or critical points in a proposal must be evident, even to a hasty reader. You might highlight your critical points with bold or italicized type. Sometimes researchers create headings to emphasize critical content, or they may organize the content into tables or graphs. It is critical in a proposal to detail the background and significance of the research problem and purpose, study methodology, and research production plans (data collection and analysis plan, personnel, schedule, and budget) ( APA, 2010 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ; Turabian et al., 2007 ). Developing an Esthetically Appealing Copy An esthetically appealing copy is typed without spelling, punctuation, or grammatical errors. A proposal with excellent content that is poorly typed or formatted is not likely to receive the full attention or respect of the reviewers. The format used in typing the proposal should follow the guidelines developed by the reviewers or organization. If no particular format is requested, researchers commonly follow APA (2010) format. An appealing copy is legible (the print is dark enough to be read) with appropriate tables and figures to communicate essential information. You need to submit the proposal by the means requested as a mailed hard copy, an email attachment, or uploaded file. Content of a Research Proposal The content of a proposal is written with the interest and expertise of the reviewers in mind. Proposals are typically reviewed by faculty, clinical agency IRB members, and representatives of funding institutions. The content of a proposal varies with the reviewers, the guidelines developed for the review, and the type of study (quantitative or qualitative) proposed. This section addresses the content of (1) a student proposal for both quantitative and qualitative studies, (2) condensed research proposals, and (3) preproposals. Content of a Student Proposal Student researchers develop proposals to communicate their research projects to the faculty and members of university and agency IRBs (see Chapter 9 for details on IRB membership and the approval process). Student proposals are written to satisfy requirements for a degree and are usually developed according to guidelines outlined by the faculty. The faculty member who will be assisting with the research project (the chair of the student’s thesis or dissertation committee) generally reviews these guidelines with the student. Each faculty member has a unique way of interpreting and emphasizing aspects of the guidelines. In addition, a student needs to evaluate the faculty member’s background regarding a research topic of interest and determine whether a productive working relationship can be developed. Faculty members who are actively involved in their own research have extensive knowledge and expertise that can be helpful to a novice researcher. Both the student and the faculty member benefit when a student becomes involved in an aspect of the faculty member’s research. This collaborative relationship can lead to the development of essential knowledge for providing evidenced-based nursing practice ( Brown, 2009 ; Craig & Smyth, 2012 ; Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011 ). The content of a student proposal usually requires greater detail than a proposal developed for an agency or funding organization. The proposal is often the first three or four chapters of the student’s thesis or dissertation, and the proposed study is discussed in the future tense—that is, what the student will do in conducting the research. A student research proposal usually includes a title page with the title of the proposal, the name and credentials of the investigator, university name, and the date. You need to devote time to developing the title so that it accurately reflects the scope and content of the proposed study ( Martin & Fleming, 2010 ). Content of a Quantitative Research Proposal A quantitative research proposal usually includes a table of contents that reflects the following chapters or sections: (1) introduction, (2) review of relevant literature, (3) framework, and (4) methods and procedures. Some graduate schools require in-depth development of these sections, whereas others require a condensed version of the same content. Another approach is that proposals for theses and dissertations be written in a format that can be transformed into a publication. Table 28-1 outlines the content often covered in the chapters of a student quantitative research proposal. TABLE 28-1 Quantitative Research Proposal Guidelines for Students Chapter I Introduction A. Background and significance of the problem B. Statement of the problem C. Statement of the purpose Chapter II Review of Relevant Literature A. Review of theoretical literature B. Review of relevant research C. Summary Chapter III Framework A. Development of a framework (Develop a map of the study framework, define concepts in the map, describe relationships or propositions in the map, indicate the focus of the study, and link concepts to study variables) B. Formulation of objectives, questions, or hypotheses C. Definitions (conceptual and operational) of study variables D. Definition of relevant terms Chapter IV Methods and Procedures A. Description of the research design (Model of the design, strengths and weaknesses of the design validity) B. Identification of the population and sample (Sample size, use of power analysis, sample criteria, and sampling method including strengths and weaknesses) C. Selection of a setting (Strengths and weaknesses of the setting) D. Presentation of ethical considerations (Protection of subjects’ rights and university and healthcare agency review processes) E. Description of the intervention if appropriate for the type of study (Provide a protocol for implementing the intervention, detail who will implement the intervention, and describe how intervention fidelity is ensured) F. Selection of measurement methods (Reliability, validity, scoring, and level of measurement of the instruments as well as plans for examining reliability and validity of the instruments in the present study; precision and accuracy of physiological measures) G. Plan for data collection (Data collection process, training of data collectors if appropriate, schedule, data collection forms, and management of data) H. Plan for data analysis (Analysis of demographic data; analyses for research objectives, questions, or hypotheses; level of significance if appropriate; and other analysis techniques) I. Identification of limitations (Methodological and theoretical limitations) J. Discussion of communication of findings References Include references cited in the proposal and follow APA (2010) format Appendices Presentation of a study budget and timetable Introduction The introductory chapter identifies the research topic and problem and discusses their significance and background. The significance of the problem addresses its importance in nursing practice and the expected generalizability of the findings. The magnitude of a problem is partly determined by the interest of nurses; other healthcare professionals; policy makers; and healthcare consumers at the local, state, national, or international level. You can document this interest with sources from the literature. The background describes how the problem was identified and historically links the problem to nursing practice. Your background information might also include one or two major studies conducted to resolve the problem, some key theoretical ideas related to the problem, and possible solutions to the problem. The background and significance form the basis for your problem statement, which identifies what is not known and the need for further research. Follow your problem statement with a succinct statement of the research purpose or the goal of the study (see Chapter 5 ) ( Martin & Fleming, 2010 ; Merrill, 2011 ). Review of Relevant Literature The review of relevant literature provides an overview of the essential information that will guide you as you develop your study and includes relevant theoretical and empirical literature (see Table 28-1 ). Theoretical literature provides a background for defining and interrelating relevant study concepts, whereas empirical literature includes a summary and critical appraisal of previous studies. Here you will discuss the recommendations made by other researchers, such as changing or expanding a study, in relation to the proposed study. The depth of the literature review varies; it might include only recent studies and theorists’ works, or it might be extensive and include a description and critical appraisal of many past and current studies and an in-depth discussion of theorists’ works. The literature review might be presented in a narrative format or in a pinch table that summarizes relevant studies (see Chapter 6 ) ( Pinch, 1995 ). The literature review shows that you have a command of the current empirical and theoretical knowledge regarding the proposed problem ( Merrill, 2011 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ). This chapter concludes with a summary. The summary includes a synthesis of the theoretical literature and findings from previous research that describe the current knowledge of a problem ( Merrill, 2011 ). Gaps in the knowledge base are also identified, with a description of how the proposed study is expected to contribute to the nursing knowledge needed for evidence-based practice. Framework A framework provides the basis for generating and refining the research problem and purpose and linking them to the relevant theoretical knowledge in nursing or related fields. The framework includes concepts and relationships among concepts or propositions, which are sometimes represented in a model or a map (see Chapter 7 ). Middle-range theories from nursing and other disciplines are frequently used as frameworks for quantitative studies, and the proposition or propositions to be tested from the theory need to be identified ( Smith & Liehr, 2008 ). The framework needs to include the concepts to be examined in the study, their definitions, and their link to the study variables (see Table 28-1 ). If you use another theorist’s or researcher’s model from a journal article or book, letters documenting permission to use this model from the publisher and the theorist or researcher need to be included in your proposal appendices. In some studies, research objectives, questions, or hypotheses are developed to direct the study (see Chapter 8 ). The objectives, questions, or hypotheses evolve from the research purpose and study framework, in particular the proposition to be tested, and identify the study variables. The variables are conceptually defined to show the link to the framework, and they are operationally defined to describe the procedures for manipulating or measuring the study variables. You also will need to define any relevant terms and to identify assumptions that provide a basis for your study. Methods and Procedures The researcher describes the design or general strategy for conducting the study, sometimes including a diagram of the design (see Chapter 11 ). Designs for descriptive and correlational studies are flexible and can be unique to the study being conducted ( Kerlinger & Lee, 2000 ). Because of this uniqueness, the descriptions need to include the design’s strengths and weaknesses. Presenting designs for quasi-experimental and experimental studies involves (1) describing how the research situation will be structured; (2) detailing the treatment to be implemented ( Chlan, Guttormson, & Savik, 2011 ); (3) explaining how the effect of the treatment will be measured; (4) specifying the variables to be controlled and the methods for controlling them; (5) identifying uncontrolled extraneous variables and determining their impact on the findings; (6) describing the methods for assigning subjects to the treatment group, comparison or control group, or placebo group; and (7) exploring the strengths and weaknesses of the design ( Shadish, Cook, & Campbell, 2002 ). The design needs to account for all the objectives, questions, or hypotheses identified in the proposal. If a pilot study is planned, the design should include the procedure for conducting the pilot and for incorporating the results into the proposed study (see Table 28-1 ). Your proposal should identify the target population to which your study findings will be generalized and the accessible population from which the sample will be selected. You need to outline the inclusion and exclusion criteria you will use to select a study participant or subject and present the rationale for these sample criteria. For example, a participant might be selected according to the following sample criteria: female, age 18 to 60 years, hospitalized, and 1 day status post abdominal surgery. The rationale for these criteria might be that the researcher wants to examine the effects of a selected pain management intervention on women who have recently undergone hospitalization and abdominal surgery. The sampling method and the approximate sample size are discussed in terms of their adequacy and limitations in investigating the research purpose ( Thompson, 2002 ). A power analysis usually is conducted to determine an adequate sample size to identify significant relationships and differences in studies (see Chapter 15 ) ( Aberson, 2010 ). A proposal includes a description of the proposed study setting, which frequently includes the name of the agency and the structure of the units or sites where the study is to be conducted. The specific setting is often identified in the proposal but not in the final research report. The agency you select should have the potential to generate the type and size of sample required for the study. Your proposal might include the number of individuals who meet the sample criteria and are cared for by the agency in a given time period. In addition, the structure and activities in the agency need to be able to accommodate the proposed design of the study. If you are not affiliated with this agency, it would be helpful if you had a letter of support for your study from the agency. Ethical considerations in a proposal include the rights of the subjects and the rights of the agency where the study is to be conducted. Describe how you plan to protect subjects’ rights as well as the risks and potential benefits of your study. Also, address the steps you will take to reduce any risks that the study might present. Many agencies require a written consent form, and that form is often included in the appendices of the proposal. With the implementation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), healthcare agencies and providers must have a signed authorization form from patients to release their health information for research. You must also address the risks and potential benefits of the study for the institution ( Martin & Fleming, 2010 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ). If your study places the agency at risk, outline the steps you will take to reduce or eliminate these risks. It is also necessary for you to state that the proposal will be reviewed by the thesis or dissertation committee, university IRB, and agency IRB. Some quantitative studies are focused on testing the effectiveness of an intervention, such as quasi-experimental studies or randomized controlled trials. In these types of studies, the elements of the intervention and the process for implementing the intervention must be detailed ( Bulecheck, Butcher, & Dochterman, 2008 ). You need to develop a protocol that details the elements of the intervention and the process for implementing them (see Chapter 14 and the example quasi-experimental study proposal at the end of this chapter). Intervention fidelity needs to be ensured during a study so that the intervention is consistently implemented to designated study participants ( Chlan et al., 2011 ; Santacroce, Maccarelli, & Grey, 2004 ). Describe the methods you will use to measure study variables, including each instrument’s reliability, validity, methods of scoring, and level of measurement (see Chapter 16 ). A plan for examining the reliability and validity of the instruments in the present study needs to be addressed. If an instrument has no reported reliability and validity, you may need to conduct a pilot study to examine these qualities. If the intent of the proposed study is to develop an instrument, describe the process of instrument development ( Waltz, Strickland, & Lenz, 2010 ). If physiological measures are used, address the accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, and error rate of the instrument ( Ryan-Wenger, 2010 ). A copy of the interview questions, questionnaires, scales, physiological measures, or other tools to be used in the study is usually included in the proposal appendices (see Chapter 17 ). You must obtain permission from the authors to use copyrighted instruments, and letters documenting that permission has been obtained must be included in the proposal appendices. The data collection plan clarifies what data are to be collected and the process for collecting the data. In this plan you will identify the data collectors, describe the data collection procedures, and present a schedule for data collection activities. If more than one person will be involved in data collection, it is important to describe methods used to train your data collectors to ensure consistency. The method of recording data is often described, and sample data recording sheets are placed in the proposal appendices. Also, discuss any special equipment you will use or develop to collect data for the study, and address data security, including the methods of data storage (see Chapter 20 ). The plan for data analysis identifies the analysis techniques that will be used to summarize the demographic data and answer the research objectives, questions, or hypotheses. The analysis section is best organized by the study objectives, questions, or hypotheses. The analysis techniques identified need to be appropriate for the type of data collected ( Grove, 2007 ). For example, if an associative hypothesis is developed, correlational analysis is planned. If a researcher plans to determine differences among groups, the analysis techniques might include a t -test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) ( Munro, 2005 ). A level of significance (α = 0.05, 0.01, or 0.001) is also identified (see Chapters 21 through 25 ). Often, a researcher projects the type of results that will be generated from data analysis. Dummy tables, graphs, and charts can be developed to present these results and are included in the proposal appendices if required by the guidelines. The researcher might project possible findings for a study and indicate what support or nonsupport of a proposed hypothesis would mean in light of the study framework and previous research findings. The methods and procedures chapter of a proposal usually concludes with a discussion of the study’s limitations and a plan for communication of the findings. Both methodological and theoretical limitations are addressed. Methodological limitations might include areas of weakness in the design, sampling method, sample size, measurement tools, data collection procedures, or data analysis techniques; theoretical limitations set boundaries for the generalization of study findings. The accuracy with which the conceptual definitions and relational statements in a theory reflect reality has a direct impact on the generalization of study findings. Theory that has withstood frequent testing through research provides a stronger framework for the interpretation and generalization of findings. A plan is included for communicating the research through presentations to audiences of nurses, other health professionals, policy makers, and healthcare consumers and publication (see Chapter 27 ). A budget and timetable are frequently included in the proposal appendices. The budget projects the expenses for the study, which might include the cost for data collection tools and procedures; special equipment; consultants for data analysis; computer time; travel related to data collection and analysis; typing; copying; and developing, presenting, and publishing the final report. Study budgets requesting external funding for researchers’ time include investigators’ salaries and secretarial costs. You need a timetable to direct the steps of your research project and increase the chance that you will complete the project on schedule. A timetable identifies the tasks to be done, who will accomplish these tasks, and when these tasks will be completed. An example proposal for a quasi-experimental study is presented at the end of this chapter to guide you in developing your study proposal. Content of a Qualitative Research Proposal Qualitative research proposal guidelines are unique for the development of knowledge and theories using various qualitative research methods. A qualitative proposal usually includes the following content areas: (1) introduction; (2) research philosophy and general method; (3) applied method of inquiry; and (4) current knowledge, limitations, and plans for communication of the study findings ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ; Sandelowski, Davis, & Harris, 1989 ). Guidelines are presented in Table 28-2 to assist you in developing a qualitative research proposal. TABLE 28-2 Qualitative Research Proposal Guidelines for Students Chapter I Introduction A. Identify the phenomenon to be studied B. Identify the study purpose or aim and its significance C. State the study questions or objectives D. Describe the evolution of the study 1. Provide a rationale for conducting study 2. Place the study in context historically 3. Discuss the researcher’s experience with phenomenon 4. Discuss the relevance of the study to nursing Chapter II Philosophical and Conceptual Foundation and General Method for the Proposed Study A. Identify the type of qualitative research (phenomenological research, grounded theory research, ethnographic research, exploratory-descriptive qualitative research, and historical research) to be conducted B. Describe the philosophical and theoretical basis for the research method C. Explain the research assumptions D. Discuss the general steps, procedures, and outcomes for this method E. Translation of concepts or terms Chapter III Method of Inquiry A. Demonstrate the researcher’s credentials for conducting this qualitative study B. Select a site and population C. Describe the plan for the researcher’s role in the following 1. Entry into the site and approval to collect data 2. Selection of study participants 3. Ethical considerations D. Describe the plan for data collection 1. Data to be collected 2. Procedures for data collection 3. Procedures for recording data during data collection E. Describe the plan for data analysis conducted with data collection 1. Steps for coding information 2. Use of specific data analysis procedures advanced in the specific research method (phenomenology research, grounded theory research, ethnography research, exploratory-descriptive qualitative research, and historical research) 3. Steps to be taken to verify the information Chapter IV Current Knowledge, Limitations, and Plans for Communication of the Study A. Summarize and reference relevant literature as appropriate for the type of qualitative study B. Disclose anticipated findings, hypotheses, and hunches C. Discuss procedures to remain open to unexpected information D. Discuss limitations of the study E. Identify plans for communication of findings ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ) References Include references cited in the proposal and follow APA (2010) format Appendices Present the study budget and timetable Introduction The introduction usually provides a general background for the proposed study by identifying the phenomenon, clinical problem, issue, or situation to be investigated and linking it to nursing knowledge. The general aim or purpose of the study is identified and provides the focus for the qualitative study to be conducted. The study purpose might be followed by research questions that direct the investigation ( Munhall, 2012 ; Offredy & Vickers, 2010 ). For example, a possible aim or purpose for an ethnographic study might be to “describe the coping processes of Mexican American adults with type 2 diabetes receiving care in a federally funded clinic.” The research questions might focus on the influences of real-world problems, cultural elements, and the clinic environment on the coping processes of these adults. Thus, the study questions might include any of the following: How do Mexican American adults respond to a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes? What is the impact of type 2 diabetes on Mexican American adults and their families over time? What community, clinic, and family types of support exist for Mexican American adults with type 2 diabetes? What does it mean to Mexican American adults to have their diabetes under control? The introduction also includes the evolution of the study and its significance to nursing practice, patients, the healthcare system, and health policy. The discussion of the evolution of the study often includes how the problem developed (historical context), who or what is affected by the problem, and the researcher’s experience with the problem (experiential context). Whenever possible, the significance and evolution of the study purpose needs to be documented from the literature ( Munhall, 2012 ). The significance of a study may include the number of people affected, how this phenomenon affects health and quality of life, and the consequences of not understanding this phenomenon. Marshall and Rossman (2011) identified the following questions to assess the significance of a study: (1) Who has an interest in this domain of inquiry? (2) What do we already know about the topic? (3) What has not been answered adequately in previous research and practice? (4) How will this research add to knowledge, practice, and policy in this area? The introduction section concludes with an overview of the remaining sections that are covered in the proposal. Philosophical and Conceptual Foundation and General Methods for the Proposed Study This section introduces the philosophical and conceptual foundation for the qualitative research method (phenomenological research, ethnographic research, grounded theory research, exploratory-descriptive qualitative research, or historical research) selected for the proposed study. The researcher provides a rationale for the qualitative method selected and discusses its ability to generate the knowledge needed in nursing (see Table 28-1 ). The investigator introduces the philosophy, essential elements of the philosophy, and the assumptions for the specific type of qualitative research to be conducted. The philosophy varies for the different types of qualitative research and guides the conduct of the study. For example, a proposal for a phenomenological study might indicate the purpose of the study is to understand the experience of young and middle-aged women receiving news about a family BRCA 1/2 genetic mutation. “The specific study aims are to (a) describe the experiences of women learning about a family BRCA 1/2 mutation, (b) describe the meaning of genetic risk to female biologic relatives of BRCA 1/2 mutation carriers, and (3) gain an understanding of practical knowledge used in living with risk” ( Crotser & Dickerson, 2010 , p. 367). Genetic testing has determined that 5% to 10% of breast cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations such as BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 . “Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology was selected to guide this study.… By listening to the stories of women who lived the experience, HCPs [healthcare providers] will understand the meaning of living with risk through the language used to express their life view ( Heidegger, 1975 )” ( Crotser & Dickerson, 2010 , p. 358). Assumptions about the nature of the knowledge and the reality that underlie the type of qualitative research to be conducted are also identified. The assumptions and philosophy provide a theoretical perspective for the study that influences the focus of the study, data collection and analysis, and articulation of the findings. Method of Inquiry Developing and implementing the methodology of qualitative research require an expertise that some believe can be obtained only through a mentorship relationship with an experienced qualitative researcher. The role of the researcher and the intricate techniques of data collection and analysis are thought to be best communicated through a one-to-one relationship. Thus, planning the methods of a qualitative study requires knowledge of relevant sources that describe the different qualitative research techniques and procedures ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Miles & Huberman, 1994 ; Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ), in addition to requiring interaction with a qualitative researcher. The proposal needs to reflect the researcher’s credentials for conducting the particular type of qualitative study proposed (see Chapter 12 for details on qualitative research methods). Identifying the methods for conducting a qualitative study is a difficult task because sometimes the specifics of the study design emerge during the study. In contrast to quantitative research, in which the design is a fixed blueprint for a study, the design in qualitative research emerges or evolves as the study is conducted. You must document the logic and appropriateness of the qualitative method and develop a tentative plan for conducting your study. Because this plan is tentative, researchers reserve the right to modify or change the plan as needed during the conduct of the study ( Sandelowski et al., 1989 ). However, the design or plan must be (1) consistent with the philosophical approach, study purpose, and specific research aims or questions; (2) be well conceived; and (3) address prior criticism, as appropriate ( Fawcett & Garity, 2009 ). The tentative plan describes the process for selecting a site and population and the initial steps taken to gain access to the site. Having access to the site includes establishing relationships that facilitate recruitment of the participants necessary to address the research purpose and answer the research questions. For the research question, “How do Mexican American adults cope with a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes while receiving care in federally funded clinics?” the participants might be identified in a specific clinic or by contacting particular healthcare providers. Although initial contact might be made through a clinic, the interviews and observations might occur in the community, at family gatherings, or in the participants’ homes. The researcher must gain entry into the setting, develop a rapport with the participants that will facilitate the detailed data collection process, and protect the rights of the participants ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Sandelowski et al., 1989 ). You need to address the following questions in describing the researcher’s role: (1) What is the best setting for the study? (2) How will I ease my entry into the research site? (3) How will I gain access to the participants? (4) What actions will I take to encourage the participants to cooperate? (5) What precautions will I take to protect the rights of the participants and to prevent the setting and the participants from being harmed? You need to describe the process you will follow to obtain informed consent and the actions you will take to decrease study risks. The sensitive nature of some qualitative studies increases the risk for participants, which makes ethical concerns and decisions a major focus of the proposal ( Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ). The primary data collection techniques used in qualitative research are observation and in-depth interviewing. Observations can range from highly detailed, structured notations of behaviors to ambiguous descriptions of behaviors or events. The interview can range from structured, closed-ended questions to unstructured, open-ended questions ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ). You need to address the following questions when describing the proposed data collection process: (1) What data will be collected? For example, will the data be field notes from memory, audio recordings of interviews, transcripts of conversations, DVDs of events, or examination of existing documents? (2) What techniques or procedures will the research team use to collect the data? For example, if interviews are to be conducted, will a list of the proposed questions be included in the appendix? (3) Who will collect data and provide any training required for the data collectors? (4) Where will sources of data be located? In historical research, data are collected through an exhaustive review of published and unpublished literature. (5) How will the data be recorded and stored? The methods section also needs to address how you will document the research process. For example, you might keep a research journal or diary during the course of the study. These notes can document the day-to-day activities, methodological events, decision-making procedures, and personal notes about the informants. This information becomes part of the audit trail that you can provide to ensure the quality of the study ( Miles & Huberman, 1994 ; Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ). The methods section of the proposal also includes the analysis techniques and the steps for conducting these techniques. In qualitative research, data collection and analysis often occur simultaneously. The data are usually in the form of notes, digital files, audio recordings, DVDs, and other material obtained from observation, interviews, and completing questionnaires. Through qualitative analysis techniques, these data are organized to promote understanding and determine meaning (see Chapter 12 ) ( Patton, 2002 ). Researchers also need to identify software programs they plan to use for data analysis. Current Knowledge Base, Limitations, and Plans for Communication of the Study This section of the proposal summarizes and documents all relevant literature that was reviewed for the study. Similar to quantitative research, qualitative studies require a literature review to provide a basis for the study purpose and to clarify how this study will expand nursing knowledge ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ). This initial literature review is often conducted to establish the significance of the study and to develop research questions to guide the study. In phenomenological and grounded theory research, an additional literature review is usually conducted toward the end of the research project. The findings from a phenomenological study are compared and combined with findings from the literature to contribute to the current knowledge of the phenomenon. In grounded theory research, the literature is used to explain, support, and extend the theory generated in the study ( Glaser & Strauss, 1965 ). In all types of qualitative studies, the findings obtained are examined in light of the existing literature (see Chapter 4 ). You need to describe how the literature reviewed has influenced your proposed research methods. Biases and previous experience with the research problem need to be addressed, as does their potential impact on the proposed study. Often, anticipated findings, hypotheses, and hunches are identified before the study is conducted, followed by a discussion of the procedures that might be used to remain open to new information. You will also need to address the limitations of your proposed study in the context of limitations of similar studies. Conclude your proposal by describing how you plan to communicate your findings to various audiences through presentations and publications. Often, a realistic budget and timetable are provided in the appendix. A qualitative study budget is similar to a quantitative study budget and includes costs for data collection tools, software, and recording devices; consultants for data analysis; travel related to data collection and analysis; transcription of recordings; copying related to data collection and analysis; and developing, presenting, and publishing the final report. However, one of the greatest expenditures in qualitative research is the researcher’s time. Develop a timetable to project how long the study will take; often a period of 2 years or more is designated for data collection and analysis ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ). You can use your budget and timetable to make decisions regarding the need for funding. Excellent websites have been developed to assist novice researchers in identifying an idea for qualitative study and developing a qualitative research proposal and reports (see www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/qualres.html ). The Office of Behavior and Social Sciences Research within the National Institutes of Health has a website to assist researchers in developing qualitative and quantitative research proposals for funding ( http://grants.nih.gov/grants/writing_application.htm ). You can use these websites and other publications to promote the quality of your qualitative research proposal. The quality of a proposal is based on the potential scientific contribution of the research to nursing knowledge; the research philosophy guiding the study; the research methods; and the knowledge, skills, and resources available to the investigators ( Marshall & Rossman, 2011 ; Munhall, 2012 ; Patton, 2002 ).

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How to Write a Nursing Research Proposal

Overview of research proposal writing.

Table of Contents

When it comes to advancing in your nursing career, research plays a crucial role in expanding knowledge and improving patient care. One of the essential tools in conducting research is a well-written research proposal. In this article, we will define what a research proposal is and outline the steps involved in creating one.

Definition of a Research Proposal

A research proposal is a document that outlines the objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes of a research study. It serves as a roadmap for researchers, providing a clear plan of action and justifying the importance of the study. A well-crafted research proposal also helps secure funding and gain ethical approval for the research project.

Key components of a research proposal include:

Title: A concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of the study.
Introduction: An overview of the problem or issue being addressed, its significance, and gaps in current knowledge.
Research Questions or Objectives: Clearly defined questions or objectives that guide the study.
Literature Review: A comprehensive review of existing literature and studies related to the research topic.
Methodology: A detailed explanation of the study design, sample selection, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
Ethical Considerations: A discussion on how the research will adhere to ethical guidelines and protect participants’ rights.
Expected Results and Implications: Anticipated findings and how they will contribute to nursing practice or healthcare outcomes.
Budget: A breakdown of the estimated costs involved in conducting the research.
Timeline: A proposed timeline for the various stages of the research project.

Steps in Creating a Research Proposal

The process of creating a research proposal involves several important steps. By following these steps, you can ensure that your proposal is well-structured and compelling:

Identify a Research Topic: Select a research topic that aligns with your interests, expertise, and addresses a gap in knowledge within the nursing field.
Conduct a Literature Review: Review existing literature to understand the current state of knowledge on the chosen topic and identify research gaps.
Develop Research Questions or Objectives: Formulate specific research questions or objectives that will guide your study and contribute to addressing the identified gap.
Create a Research Plan: Outline the study design, including the methodology, data collection methods, and analysis techniques that will be employed.
Consider Ethical Considerations: Address any ethical considerations associated with your research, such as obtaining informed consent from participants or ensuring privacy and confidentiality.
Estimate the Budget: Determine the resources required for your research project, including funding for equipment, participant recruitment, and data analysis.
Develop a Timeline: Create a realistic timeline that outlines key milestones and deadlines for each stage of the research project.
Write and Revise: Begin writing your research proposal, ensuring that it is clear, concise, and well-organized. Seek feedback from mentors or colleagues and revise accordingly.
Submit and Seek Approval: Submit your research proposal to the appropriate funding agency or institutional review board (IRB) for ethical approval, if required.

Remember, a well-crafted research proposal is essential for gaining support and approval for your study. Take the time to thoroughly plan and refine your proposal, ensuring that it demonstrates the significance and feasibility of your research.

For further guidance on research proposal writing, you can refer to resources such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guide or the Journal of Advanced Nursing’s article on research proposal development.

By following these guidelines and investing time in creating a well-structured research proposal, you will increase your chances of conducting impactful research that contributes to the advancement of nursing practice and patient care.

II. Selecting a Topic for the Research Proposal

A. identifying an area of interest.

Choosing a topic for your research proposal in the nursing field can be an exciting yet challenging task. It is important to select an area of interest that aligns with your passion and career goals. Here are some steps to help you identify an area of interest:

Reflect on your personal experiences as a nurse or any issues you have encountered in your practice.
Consider areas of nursing that you find intriguing or have always wanted to explore further.
Read nursing journals, research articles, and attend conferences to stay updated on the latest advancements and current topics in the field.
Talk to experienced nurses or nursing educators who can provide insights into emerging areas of interest.

B. Narrowing Down the Topic and Formulating an Idea

Once you have identified an area of interest, it is essential to narrow down your topic and formulate a clear research idea. Here are some tips to help you through this process:

Review the existing literature on your chosen area of interest to understand what has already been studied and what gaps exist.
Consider the feasibility and practicality of your research idea. Ensure that it is achievable within the resources and timeframe available to you.
Brainstorm possible research questions or hypotheses that align with your area of interest. These will serve as a foundation for your research proposal.
Consult with your academic advisor or research mentor to refine your research idea and receive guidance on its suitability.

C. Choosing a Specific Area to Research

After narrowing down your topic and formulating a research idea, it is time to choose a specific area within your broader topic. This will help you focus your research and make it more manageable. Consider the following steps:

Identify subtopics or specific aspects within your broader topic that you find particularly interesting or relevant.
Consider the potential impact and significance of researching a specific area within your chosen topic.
Assess the availability of resources, data, and research participants for your chosen specific area.
Ensure that the specific area you choose aligns with your research goals and objectives.

Selecting a topic for your research proposal in nursing requires careful consideration and thought. By following these steps, you can identify an area of interest, narrow down your topic, and choose a specific area to research. Remember to consult with your academic advisor or research mentor throughout the process for guidance and support.

Developing the Research Proposal Content

Collecting data from literature review and analysis.

Before embarking on any research project, it is crucial to conduct a comprehensive literature review to gather existing knowledge and insights. This process involves searching for relevant articles, books, journals, and other sources that provide valuable information related to your research topic.

When collecting data from the literature review, consider the following:

Identify key concepts and terms related to your research question.
Use reputable databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, or Cochrane Library to search for relevant articles.
Read abstracts and summaries to determine the relevance of each source.
Take notes and organize the information in a systematic manner.

By conducting a thorough literature review, you can gain a solid understanding of existing research and identify any gaps that your proposed project aims to address.

Outlining the Purpose, Background, and Significance of the Proposed Project

Clearly articulating the purpose, background, and significance of your research proposal is essential in garnering support and funding for your project. This section should provide a compelling rationale for why your research is necessary and relevant.

Consider including the following information:

The specific problem or issue your research aims to investigate.
The background context that gives rise to this problem.
The potential impact or benefits of addressing this problem.
The relevance of your research to current healthcare practices or policies.

By outlining these aspects, you can effectively communicate the importance of your research and its potential contributions to the nursing field.

Establishing Research Objectives and Hypothesis

Research objectives and hypotheses provide a clear direction for your study. Objectives are specific goals you aim to achieve, while hypotheses are testable statements that predict the relationship between variables.

Consider the following when establishing research objectives and hypotheses:

Ensure that your objectives are measurable and attainable.
Frame your hypotheses based on existing literature or theories.
Clearly state the variables you will be studying and their expected relationships.
Keep your objectives and hypotheses focused and concise.

By establishing clear objectives and hypotheses, you can guide your research efforts and evaluate the outcomes effectively.

Describing Methods for Data Collection and Analysis

The methods section of your research proposal outlines how you plan to collect and analyze data to answer your research question. This section should provide enough detail for others to replicate your study.

The type of study design you will use (e.g., quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods).
The target population or sample size you will recruit for your study.
The data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or observations.
The data analysis techniques or statistical tests you will employ.

Additionally, ensure that ethical considerations, such as obtaining informed consent and maintaining participant confidentiality, are addressed in this section.

By describing your methods for data collection and analysis, you provide transparency and credibility to your research proposal.

Remember, developing a comprehensive research proposal is crucial for successful nursing research. By collecting data from a literature review, outlining the purpose and significance, establishing research objectives and hypotheses, and describing methods for data collection and analysis, you lay a strong foundation for your research project.

For further information on developing research proposals, you may refer to the following resources:

Cochrane Library
American Nurses Association – Research Toolkit

Preparing the Final Draft of the Research Proposal

Formatting the document according to requirements.

When it comes to preparing the final draft of your research proposal, following the required formatting guidelines is crucial. These guidelines ensure that your proposal is presented in a professional and organized manner. Here are some key points to consider:

– Use a clear and legible font, such as Times New Roman or Arial, with a font size of 12. – Set your margins to one inch on all sides of the document. – Include a title page that clearly states the title of your research proposal, your name, and any other relevant information required by your institution. – Number all pages of your proposal, starting from the title page. – Double-space your entire document, including the executive summary and reference list. – Use appropriate headings and subheadings to structure your proposal and make it easy to navigate.

Writing an Executive Summary that Outlines Key Points about Your Proposal

The executive summary is a brief overview of your research proposal that highlights its main points. It is typically written after completing the entire proposal. Here are some tips for writing an effective executive summary:

– Keep it concise: Aim for a length of around 250-300 words. – Start with a clear statement of the problem or research question you are addressing. – Summarize the objectives of your study and briefly outline your methodology. – Highlight the significance of your research and its potential impact on nursing practice or patient outcomes. – Include a brief summary of your findings or expected results. – Conclude with a strong statement that emphasizes the importance of your study and its relevance to the nursing field.

Remember, the executive summary should provide enough information for readers to understand the essence of your proposal without having to read the entire document. Make it engaging and compelling to capture their interest.

Editing and Proofreading for Accuracy and Clarity

Editing and proofreading are essential steps in the final draft preparation process. They ensure that your research proposal is free from errors, both grammatical and factual. Here are some strategies to help you edit and proofread effectively:

– Read your proposal aloud to identify any awkward sentences or unclear passages. – Check for consistency in language and style throughout the document. – Verify the accuracy of all data, statistics, and references cited in your proposal. – Use grammar and spell-check tools, but also manually review your proposal for any overlooked errors. – Consider seeking feedback from a colleague or mentor to gain fresh perspectives and identify areas for improvement.

Taking the time to thoroughly edit and proofread your proposal demonstrates professionalism and attention to detail. It enhances the overall quality of your work and increases the chances of it being well-received by reviewers.

In conclusion, formatting your research proposal according to requirements, writing a compelling executive summary, and editing for accuracy and clarity are crucial steps in preparing the final draft. Following these guidelines will help you present a polished and well-structured proposal that showcases your research abilities. Good luck with your research endeavors!

For more information on research proposal writing, you may find the following resources helpful: – OWL Purdue – Writing Research Proposals – NCBI – How to Write a Research Proposal

How to write a research proposal

M Annersten

A structured written research proposal is a necessary requirement when making an application for research funding or applying to an ethics committee for approval of a research project. A proposal is built up in sections of theoretical background; aim and research questions to be answered; a description and justification of the method chosen to achieve the answer; awareness of the ethical implications of the research; experience and qualifications of the team members to perform the intended study; a budget and a timetable.

This paper describes the common steps taken to prepare a written proposal as attractively as possible to achieve funding.

American Association of Diabetes Educators Education and Research Foundation. Application Form. http://www.aadenet.org [Accessed 1 February 2006].

Polit DF, Hungler BP. Nursing Research. Principles and Methods, 4th edn. Pennsylvania: JB Lippincott Company, 1991.

Lemne C. Handbook for Clinical Investigators. Sweden, Lund: Studentlitteratur, 1999.

Bell J. Doing your Research Project. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1999.

Directive 90/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data. http://www.cdt.org/privacy/eudi-rective/EU_Directivehtml [Accessed 1 February 2006].

Declaration of Helsinki. http://www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm [Accessed 1 February 2006].

International Council of Nurses. Ethical Guidelines for Nursing Research. Geneva: ICN, 2003.

ICH Topic E6: Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. http://www.emea.eu.int/pdfs/human/ich/013595en.pdf [Accessed 1 February 2006].

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Writing Nursing Dissertations, Theses, & Scholarly Projects (Step-by-Step Guide)

Are you a doctoral, master's, or undergraduate nursing student? If yes, this guide has been made with love for you! As long as you will be handling a nursing scholarly project or dissertation, you have all the reasons to fall in love with this well-thought-guide.

The dissertation writing process is complicated to follow for most DNP nursing students. So, we made this guide to simplify it; we created this guide to make life a bit easier for you.

Although this step-by-step guide will not help you design and execute clinical research or implement quality improvement processes, it will help you successfully plan, organize, and write your nursing dissertation or scholarly project.

Let's begin.

What Is a Nursing Dissertation?

A nursing dissertation is a comprehensive research project a doctoral nursing student must complete to graduate. The centerpiece of the research project is the paper documenting the entire thing, and this paper is what is known as a dissertation.

Some nursing programs allow master's and undergraduate students to write dissertation-style scholarly projects.

Generally, nursing dissertations are between 5,000 to 15,000 words long. The length of your dissertation will largely be determined by the dissertation requirements set by your nursing school, and it will take you between three to twelve months to write your dissertation, depending on its length and complexity.

A typical nursing dissertation comprises several chapters, a references section, and an appendices section. And it is formatted following the APA manual. Therefore, when writing your paper, strictly adhere to the APA stylebook or Harvard formatting style (if you study in Australia or UK).

Before you commence your dissertation project, you will be assigned a supervisor. The supervisor is supposed to provide you with the guidance (mentorship) you need to make your dissertation a robust academic paper.

Therefore, you and them will have to meet regularly to discuss your dissertation from start to finish. So if you were very worried about the dissertation writing process thinking you may fail, you now know there will be someone to hold your hand and get you back on track in case you deviate.

As you may have noticed from the information shared above, a nursing dissertation is a complex paper requiring plenty of work and effort, and you must be at the top of your game to write a solid dissertation paper.

Get professional dissertation assistance from us if you need it at any point.

Structure of Nursing Dissertation

The typical nursing dissertation has the following chapters.

Chapter 1: Introduction

Your nursing dissertation paper has to start with an introduction chapter. In the chapter, you have to provide the reader with background information on the topic of your paper.

The chapter introduces your topic and makes a case for its significance. Any reader reading your nursing dissertation should tell the topic by reading the first two sentences.

Therefore, if you are handling a topic related to CAUTIs, make the first sentence about CAUTIs. A good way is to give statistics or statements about the CAUTIs issue in healthcare settings. You can describe the affected population, the depth of the issue, mortality and morbidity rates, and whether the problem is increasing or its impact is becoming greater.

Beginning the introduction with general to specific ideas help you settle in your readers. Therefore, the first paragraph of the introduction chapter should state the problem and its prevalence while making a general statement on its impact. In your succeeding paragraphs, you will have finer details through your problem statement, purpose statement, research or PICOT question, rationale, and aims/objectives. Giving appropriate background information is critical.

When writing the introduction, you should answer four fundamental questions:

What is happening?
Why should we care?
What do we know currently?
What do we need to find out and why?

Answering these questions should lead to a statement otherwise referred to as the purpose statement. A clear and concise purpose statement is vital to your dissertation introduction. Below is an example of a nursing dissertation purpose statement.

This quality improvement project aims to reduce the number of adverse events resulting from medical errors within 90 days.

This study aims to determine whether educating mothers about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding at a local maternity facility will increase adherence and acceptance to exclusive breastfeeding of newborns rather than relying on alternatives such as supplements.

Sometimes, you might be required to write a PICOT-based problem statement, especially if you are doing quantitative research or a quality improvement project.

PICOT stands for:

Population: Who is the focus of the project or study?
Intervention: What activity/behavior is being tested?
Comparison: What group are you comparing your population to?
Outcome: What are the outcomes you are examining?
Time: What is the duration of the intervention or study?

Related Reading: Formulating PICOT questions plus examples.

Since patients with heart failure have high readmission rates, I propose implementing a discharge follow-up program that encompasses a bi-weekly post-discharge home visit by nurse practitioners within two weeks after hospital discharge. I will compare 40-day readmission rates for the patients during the six months before and after the introduction of the program.

Note that not all the purpose statements for nursing dissertations can be formulated as PICOT problem statement the same way; not all nursing research questions can be PICOT questions. If you are doing a qualitative study, you might sometimes not have time for the comparison, outcome, and intervention.

The purpose statement is followed immediately with a brief description of how you plan to accomplish it. If you are researching, detail your methodological approach, including the design, population, data collection and analysis methods, and your research timeline.

You can also state your hypotheses in the last section of your paragraph. It is also wise to include measurable objectives. Below is an example:

In the six months following the implementation of nurse practitioner-led post-discharge home visits, the average 40-day heart failure readmission rate will be lower than 15%.

You can then reformulate the purpose statement into a specific research question or question. For example:

Will biweekly home visits by nursing practitioners for two weeks post-hospital discharge reduce the readmission rates of heart failure patients?

You also have to provide the reader with an explanation of what is known and what is not known. Lastly, it would be best to clarify what you are investigating, why it is important, and how you will do it.

A good dissertation introduction convinces the reader of the importance of the study or project, includes clear and concise background information and a purpose statement, and identifies the research gap. It also has research questions, hypotheses, and aims/objectives as needed.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

In this chapter, you have to provide definitions for concepts and variables, and you also have to provide the theoretical framework for your dissertation. Your chapter two or the literature review should help the readers understand everything you are researching, the issue you are addressing, and why. It offers the context of the study or project and establishes the significance of the topic and the rationale for your study. A comprehensive literature review helps you critically analyze or synthesize all the available information on your topic. Focusing on peer-reviewed scholarly articles published in the last five years is important. You can also include seminal and classic articles. If you have gray literature, identify it as such in your literature review. The gray literature includes non-peer-reviewed articles,

technical reports, conference reports, reports from recognized organizations working in the topic area (such as NGOs), committee reports, white papers, or unpublished research report

Note that chapters one and two of the dissertation are the same as your proposal (if you were initially asked to write one). It should explain your chosen theoretical model or conceptual framework in depth. You can include your search strategy in the literature review, especially for doctoral programs.

Wrap up the literature review by stating the research gaps you identified that your current study would address.

As the literature review is the longest chapter in a dissertation, you can use subheadings to organize information and guide the readers through complex concepts.

Of course, your lit review must have a review of the literature, and you must provide a comprehensive and analytical review of the literature in this chapter, followed by a summary and an identification of the research gaps.

Chapter 3: Methodology

The methodology chapter is one of the most important chapters of a nursing dissertation because it is the chapter where the design of the study is revealed. So you have to discuss the design of your project in this chapter.

The discussion should include your planning activities, the setting, the people, the sample, the ethical considerations, the data collection, the instruments, the data analysis, the anticipated and actual barriers, the strategic plan, the budget, and the project timeline.

As you can see, many important project elements are to be covered in this chapter. Do not forget any of them if you want to ensure your dissertation is not rejected.

Chapter 4: Results/Findings

This chapter is just as crucial as the chapter above, and it is where you discuss the results of your project. The must-have elements of this chapter include the response rate, the sample size, the demographics, the preliminary statistical tests, the final statistical tests/analyses, the qualitative tests, and the project implementation outcomes.

This chapter is written at a sweet time when you have already collected and analyzed your data or fully implemented your science project. Writing it is all about detailing what you did and the outcomes.

Chapter 6: Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendation

After detailing what you found out in your project, you must discuss it. This is where the rubber meets the road - you show the world you are a worthy doctoral nursing student. The essential elements you should have in this chapter include a summary of the problem, your key findings, what the findings mean, the implications of the findings, recommendations for future studies, the limitations of the study, and your conclusion.

Unlike the previous chapters, this chapter needs a lot of thinking and a lot of interpretation. Therefore, many students consider it challenging to write. Nevertheless, it is just a chapter like the others, so it can be written. It may take some time, but it can be written.

References Section

The references section of your dissertation is where you make clear the sources you used. Here, you must correctly include the citations for all the sources you have used in your dissertation.

You do this to credit other researchers who have worked hard like you to do their research. You also do it to avoid plagiarism, and your dissertation can be dismissed if you are found to have used sources without referencing.

Appendices Section

The appendices section of your dissertation provides your reader with all the images, tables, and other raw data you used in your dissertation.

You do this to enable the reader to find out more without distracting them from the main objective of your paper.

Steps for Writing the Perfect Nursing Dissertation

Follow the steps below to write a brilliant nursing dissertation.

1. Choose A Topic

This may sound easy, but it is not because your chosen topic will determine whether your dissertation is successful. To choose the perfect topic for your dissertation, you need to do a lot of brainstorming.

Do this by thinking about your areas of interest in nursing. What would you like to improve or to know more about? Note down everything significant that comes to mind. Then proceed to look at recently published journal articles in nursing and note down interesting gaps in the research.

All the things you have noted are potential topics for your dissertation. Identify the three most interesting ones and present them to your dissertation supervisor for a discussion. They will help to settle on the perfect topic for your nursing dissertation.

2. Conduct Pre-Research

After settling on the perfect topic for your dissertation, you should research your topic. This research aims to help you refine your topic and your potential research question.

The most efficient way to conduct pilot research into your chosen topic is to find and review relevant scholarly literature. Find the literature by searching your topic or its keywords in broad scholarly databases such as Google Scholar and CINAHL.

Take plenty of notes as you review the literature to understand the topic better.

3. Conduct Deep Research

A nursing dissertation is an opportunity to show your readers (professors) your nursing knowledge, research, and writing skills. And the only way you can confidently do this is by reading a lot of literature on the topic you want to write about.

So conduct deep research into your chosen topic to find relevant literature for your dissertation. Use the notes you took in the step above to conduct the research. And conduct the research into as many nursing databases as you have access to ï¿½ Google Scholar, CINAHL, Embase, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalKey, PubMed, etc.

As you conduct deep research into the topic, take plenty of notes. Your goal during this step should be to know your topic inside-out, which will help you think clearly about it and know what exactly you need to do.

4. Write A Research Proposal

Before writing your dissertation, you will need to write a research proposal. Your supervisor will assess the proposal, and the format and all the other requirements will be made clear by your supervisor.

The proposal aims to show you understand what you want to investigate and discuss in your dissertation. Therefore, make sure it discusses your dissertation research topic, proposed methodology, and the key literature reviewed. In this step, you will have to think of the best methodology to use for your research.

Upon assessing your proposal, your supervisor will give you feedback on whether you are on the right track. They will tell you what to do to ensure your dissertation is perfect.

5. Research A Lot

After getting feedback from your supervisor, you should incorporate their feedback and then embark on research. Research differentiates an ordinary dissertation from an extraordinary one, so ensure your research is thorough.

What are you researching in this step? You are researching similar dissertations to the one you have proposed, and you should use resources like ProQuest Dissertations to find them.

The purpose of researching similar dissertations to what you have is to understand what it takes to develop an outstanding dissertation. You most likely have never read a published dissertation before. So read several and look at the language, the formatting, the methodology, the discussion, and so on to find out what you need to do.

6. Start Writing

This is where you start pulling everything together. Start writing your introduction chapter, the next chapter, and the next until you conclude. Writing the thousands of words you need to complete your dissertation will take time and effort. Have this in mind when you start writing to avoid getting frustrated.

As you are writing, make sure you properly organize your chapters. If you are unsure what chapter to write next or what to write in a chapter, refer to the outline/structure provided in this post.

One more thing to remember is that each chapter is a building block to your entire research. Therefore, it must agree with the rest of the chapters; nothing in it must sound off or out of place.

7. Present Your Paper to Your Supervisor

After you write your dissertation or thesis paper, present it to your supervisor for discussion. You now have something to show and something concrete for them to assess. Send it to them and await their feedback.

They will assess your dissertation and give you feedback. Upon receiving the feedback, you need to incorporate the feedback into your dissertation. This will ensure your final paper/dissertation is perfect or near perfect.

8. Proofread and Polish Your Dissertation

After incorporating the feedback given by your professor, proceed to proofread and polish your dissertation. Since your dissertation is thousands of words long, you should proofread and polish it chapter by chapter.

Remember, it usually takes days to proofread and polish a dissertation. Therefore, do not feel pressured or frustrated if you feel as if you are moving slowly. Just push forward, and you will get to the end.

9. Make Sure Your Dissertation Is Well-Formatted

After polishing your paper, ensure your dissertation is well-formatted. You need to be very careful when formatting. Do not forget to apply any APA rule to your dissertation.

Move methodically and apply every relevant formatting rule to your paper. Do not forget to correctly add all the references and appendices to your dissertation.

10. Present Your Dissertation to Your Supervisor

After you complete the step above, you will be all but done with writing your dissertation. What you need to do now is to present your dissertation to your supervisor one more time.

They will give you their feedback and help you prepare to defend your dissertation. Of course, you must incorporate their feedback into your academic writing before starting any dissertation defense preparations.

Once you are done with this step, you are done writing your dissertation.

Tips for Writing an Excellent Dissertation for Nursing

Follow the 20 tips below to write a brilliant nursing dissertation paper.

1. Start Immediately

When you know your school's guidelines for writing a nursing dissertation, you should start working toward choosing a dissertation topic. After choosing a topic, you should begin taking steps to prepare your dissertation writing, and then you should go ahead and start writing it.

Students often assume they have much time to write their dissertations, which is frequently untrue. Time flies when you are a DNP student; before you know it, you will have only a few short months to start and complete your dissertation.

2. Cite All the Sources You Use

When writing your dissertation, cite all the sources you use. A dissertation is an opportunity for you to show not only your academic knowledge but also your academic integrity. And academic integrity is all about honesty.

You need to cite all the sources you use. Never present someone else's work as your own. Always cite the source where you've taken information. Failure to cite correctly can result in your dissertation being rejected. Most professors are rigorous on this.

3. Make Sure Your Topic Is Specific

When choosing a topic for your dissertation, ensure it is very specific. Making sure your topic is particular will make your research easier, and it will also make your dissertation much easier to write and better to read.

In contrast, if your topic is too big or ambitious, you will end up with a situation where your dissertation sounds too broad. You will find it somewhat difficult to cover your topic as in-depth as you like. So be realistic and make your topic specific.

4. Don't Use Big Words When Simple Words Can Do

Some students think a dissertation is an opportunity to show how clever or sophisticated they are. Therefore, they use big words, jargon, and complicated sentences to try and prove this. This is unnecessary because it usually doesn't make their work any better.

Using big words, jargon, and complicated sentences will most likely make your work difficult to read and affect the flow of your work. So use simple words instead of big words whenever you can.

5. Save Your Progress Often and in Multiple Places

Starting and completing a dissertation is a massive undertaking. This is because a typical dissertation research project takes months to complete. The number of words to be typed to complete a dissertation is in the thousands, and the formatting is usually a pain in the *ss.

Because starting and completing a dissertation is difficult, you should save your work often and in multiple places. Send it to yourself in your email, WhatsApp, etc. These backup copies will ensure all your hard work is NOT lost in case you lose your laptop to a virus or a thief.

6. Plan Your Dissertation Writing Process

There is a common saying about planning that is almost cliche; failure to plan is planning to fail. If you don't plan for something, you unknowingly plan to fail. In other words, planning is essential for success.

So once you have been given the departmental guidelines for writing your dissertation, you should create a comprehensive plan with deadlines to help you complete your dissertation project. If you create a good plan, you will find the dissertation writing process easier to manage.

7. Make Sure Your Major Decisions Are Research-Informed

Every big decision you make in your paper is informed by research. For example, before you decide on your dissertation's focus, research more about what you want to write about. Before you decide on the methodology, you will use research to discover the most appropriate methods.

Making sure your significant decisions are backed up by research, as shown in the two examples above, will make it very easy for you to explain why you made the decisions to your reader. It will also make your paper more scientific, accurate, and academically sound.

8. Don't Panic If Your Results Are Not What You Expected

If, after the careful planning and execution of your research project, you get unexpected results, do not panic. Unexpected results are as valuable as expected results. The key is to ensure you do more research to explain why you think you got the results in your discussion section.

By carefully explaining your unexpected results, you will show your professors you researched and understood the topic you decided to investigate. This will make your dissertation more likely to get an excellent mark/grade.

9. Show Awareness of Your Research Limits

No matter how good your research skills are, it would help if you showed awareness of your research limits. In other words, you should indicate the limitations of your research. Of course, the limitations you note should be backed by research.

It is essential to show the limitations of your project to let the reader know that you fully understood what you were doing. It will also help the reader better contextualize your results and findings.

10. Take It Easy

Dissertation writing is hard work full of pressure and frustrations. However, it would help if you didn't let all that get to you. Remember, calm heads always prevail in one way or another. So keep your cool no matter how difficult and frustrating things get.

Keeping your cool no matter what will help you to push forward with your dissertation and to complete it successfully. On the other hand, getting frustrated will make you get stuck, which could result in you being among the many students that do not complete their dissertations.

11. First Draft Isn't Perfect

When writing your dissertation, please do not feel too much pressure to perfect it. Your goal should be simple; to complete your first draft, and your goal should be to complete your first draft to get a psychological boost and not make the first draft perfect.

The first draft isn't perfect and doesn't need to be. If you make peace with this, writing and completing your first draft will be easier. The right time to perfect your dissertation is when you proofread and edit it. You will likely need to rewrite huge parts of your first draft to make it brilliant.

12. Be Flexible

You don't need to write the chapters in a perfect sequence when writing your essay. Some students think they must do this to create a good dissertation flow. However, this is unnecessary. You create flow by making sure your sentences and paragraphs are easy to understand and by using transition words and sentences generously.

Write your chapters in any way you like. Write the easiest chapters first to gain momentum in your dissertation. This momentum will make it easier for you to write the trickier chapters.

13. Talk to Your Supervisor Regularly

Your dissertation supervisor/advisor is there to help you. You should plan to meet them biweekly or more frequently to discuss your dissertation and the progress you have made.

Do not be afraid or shy to ask your supervisor questions or clarifications. Your supervisor is there to help you and guide you through your work, and they are there to ensure you stay on track. So meet them regularly and show them your work to get all the tips and advice you need to remain on the proper path.

14. Don't Forget Your Health and Wellbeing

Just because you are writing your dissertation doesn't mean you have to let your health deteriorate. Ensure you eat well, exercise, sleep well, and stay healthy. Maintaining your physical health will ensure you are always in the right physical condition to continue putting in the hard work you need to complete your project.

Also, take care of your mental health. Your mind is the biggest tool you need for your project. Protect it by taking breaks, relaxing, hanging out with friends, and doing the things you love regularly. The more protected your mind is, the easier it will be for you to write your dissertation.

15. Don't Give Up

Dissertating is extremely difficult, and it takes a lot of physical and mental effort to complete a nursing dissertation successfully. Therefore, you will feel like throwing in the towel in many instances. If you ever feel like this, do not do it.

Don't give up. Choosing not to give up and persevering will give you a sweet psychological victory and make you feel stronger and more capable. It will also ensure you graduate with the master's degree you have sacrificed so much to get.

16. Get Professional Assistance

If you ever need assistance to complete your entire dissertation or a part of it, do not be afraid to get professional assistance. Many dissertation writing services can provide you with the help you need at a small fee, and we are one such service.

We can help you write your entire dissertation paper or any part. We can also help with specific parts of the dissertation writing process, e.g., the research, the introduction, the methodology section, the proofreading/editing, and the incorporation of feedback.

As you Ponder the Steps and Tips ...

We hope we have provided all the information you need to write your nursing dissertation paper. Now it is up to you to step up and start dissertating.

Step-by-step guide for writing a nursing change project
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If you need any assistance in any part of the dissertation writing process, please visit our home page to get the assistance you need.

Our writers are experts with multiple years of experience in dissertation writing, formatting, and editing. You can never go wrong with us.

What is a dissertation?

A dissertation is a comprehensive research paper written to fulfill a graduate degree. A dissertation can be required to graduate with a master's degree in the UK or a doctorate in the US.

How long does it take to write a nursing dissertation?

It usually takes between three to twelve months to write a nursing dissertation. Two things largely determine how short or long a dissertation will be - the departmental requirements and the methodology chosen.

Can you write a nursing dissertation in three months?

Yes, you can. It is certainly not impossible, but it will take you every single day and night to write a good dissertation in such a short time. If you don't have enough time to write a dissertation, work with a dissertation writing service to get the desired results quickly.

Related: Is the WGU RN-BSN worth your time and money?

How long is a nursing dissertation?

Most nursing dissertations are between 6000 to 16000 words long. Of course, some are shorter than 6,000 words, and others are longer than 16000 words.

What is the difference between a thesis and a dissertation?

Masters nursing students need to write a thesis to complete their degree, while doctoral nursing students need to write a dissertation to complete their degree.

Is getting help with a nursing dissertation online illegal?

No, it is not. No law prohibits you or anybody else from getting a nursing dissertation online. So if you need dissertation assistance from a dissertation writing business online, feel free to get it.

Can a nursing dissertation be done as a group?

No. Dissertations are individual research projects, and you can get guidance and assistance from anywhere you want, but your dissertation is your project and will only have a single author - you.

Does a nursing dissertation require an abstract poster?

Yes, if it is going to be presented at a conference. The poster should include a title, a summary, an intro, the methodology used, the results, the discussion, and the conclusions. All these things should be less than 300 words.

Do nursing students defend their nursing theses and dissertations?

Yes, they do. In most colleges, nursing students must defend their theses and dissertations before a committee that usually includes faculty members.

Who writes a nursing dissertation?

In the US, a doctoral student writes a nursing dissertation, while a master's student writes a nursing thesis. In the UK, it is the opposite - a master's student writes a nursing dissertation and a doctoral student writes a nursing thesis.

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How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

Search for relevant literature
Evaluate sources
Identify themes, debates, and gaps
Outline the structure
Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

Quick Run-through
Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

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See an example

Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

Your university’s library catalogue
Google Scholar
Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
EconLit (economics)
Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

What question or problem is the author addressing?
What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
What are the key theories, models, and methods?
Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
What are the results and conclusions of the study?
How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

Most research has focused on young women.
There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Sampling methods
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Likert scales
Reproducibility

Statistics

Null hypothesis
Statistical power
Probability distribution
Effect size
Poisson distribution

Research bias

Optimism bias
Cognitive bias
Implicit bias
Hawthorne effect
Anchoring bias
Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .

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Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here .

Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample Professional Paper

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Note: The APA Publication Manual, 7 th Edition specifies different formatting conventions for student and professional papers (i.e., papers written for credit in a course and papers intended for scholarly publication). These differences mostly extend to the title page and running head. Crucially, citation practices do not differ between the two styles of paper.

However, for your convenience, we have provided two versions of our APA 7 sample paper below: one in student style and one in professional style.

Note: For accessibility purposes, we have used "Track Changes" to make comments along the margins of these samples. Those authored by [AF] denote explanations of formatting and [AWC] denote directions for writing and citing in APA 7.

APA 7 Student Paper:

Apa 7 professional paper:.

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How to Write a Nursing Research Proposal
22+ SAMPLE Nursing Research Proposal in PDF
22+ SAMPLE Nursing Research Proposal in PDF
Nursing Research Proposal Paper Example
Nursing Research Proposal by Nursing Research Proposal
22+ SAMPLE Nursing Research Proposal in PDF

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Advanced Nursing Research Proposal

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Nursing Research Proposal Topics
Current Nursing research proposal topics. Nursing research proposal topics can vary greatly, depending on the type of research you're looking to conduct. Some common topics include: The effects of sleep deprivation on nurses. The use of technology in nursing care. The effect of patient communication skills on nurses' outcomes.
How to write a research proposal?
A proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new paradigm will it add to the literature, while specifying the question that the research will answer, establishing its significance, and the implications of the answer. [ 2] The proposal must be capable of convincing the evaluation committee about ...
How to write a nursing research proposal: Complete Guide
Writing a nursing research proposal can be daunting, but with the right approach and resources, it can become an achievable goal. The key is to identify a relevant and exciting topic, conduct thorough research, develop an outline that clearly outlines your objectives and methodology, and present your findings clearly and concisely. ...
Writing a Nursing Proposal: 10 Most Effective Tips
By structuring your proposal in a clear and organized manner, you make it easier for readers to follow your thought process and understand the value of your proposal. 4. Write with Clarity and Precision. When writing your nursing proposal, strive for clarity and precision. Use clear and concise language to convey your ideas effectively.
PDF Structural Outline of a Research Proposal
Structural Outline of a Research Proposal Prepared by Marjorie Batey, Professor Emeritus. A research proposal, whether prepared for a Thesis or as a research grant application, or as a Scholarly Project in one's ongoing work, is an explication of each aspect of the proposed study. Its first section, known as the conceptual phase of
How to Write a Research Proposal
Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".
NURS 3750
Information for Students: Writing a Research Proposal. Baylor University; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal. International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University; Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing a Research Proposal. University ...
PDF Writing a Research Proposal and A Research Protocol in Clinical Nursing
INTRODUCTION Contd. Writing an academic project proposal requires that one demonstrates an understanding of a specific problem within ones discipline. A Clinical research is concerned with the study of health and illness in people. It helps us how learn how to prevent, diagnose and treat illness.
Research Proposals
Developing Research Proposals by Lucinda Becker; Pam Denicolo Writing a research proposal is one of the most important tasks facing academics, researchers and postgraduate students. Yet there is a good deal of misinformation and a great lack of guidance about what constitutes a good research proposal and what can be done to maximise one′s chances of writing a successful research proposal ...
Tips for Writing a Nursing Research Proposal
The first step in writing a nursing research proposal is to choose a relevant and feasible research topic. You should choose a topic that is of interest to you and relevant to the nursing profession. Your research topic should also be feasible and practical. You should consider the resources, time, and funding available for your research.
Creating a Research Plan
The following sample research plans illustrate how a Research Plan can help you develop and keep track of search terms that are useful in finding information sources on your topic. (For a blank form, and instructions on how to use it, see the Creating a Research Plan box below.)
A guide to writing grant proposals for nursing research
A guide to writing grant proposals for nursing research. A guide to writing grant proposals for nursing research. A guide to writing grant proposals for nursing research Res Nurs Health. 2021 May 11. doi: 10.1002/nur.22137. Online ahead of print. Authors Hyochol Ahn 1 ...
How to write a nursing research proposal [10 EBP & Research Proposal
The proposal should be divided into sections that are easy to read and follow. Use headings to organize your ideas. For example, you might have one heading for "Background" followed by "Objective," "Scope of Research," and so on. This will help readers easily see what the proposal is about and where it is going.
Research/Clinical/Student Project Proposal Guidelines
A 200-word abstract are to accompany the proposal. The abstract should include the study aim, significance, the population and sample description and a statement of the design and analysis. 2. Proposal Outline (1,500 word limit) The following areas are to be included in the proposal, as appropriate. A.
PDF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Here are some of the common mistakes you should look out for when writing a research proposal: 1. Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question. 2. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research. 3. Failure to cite landmark studies. 4. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions ...
How to prepare a Research Proposal
It puts the proposal in context. 3. The introduction typically begins with a statement of the research problem in precise and clear terms. 1. The importance of the statement of the research problem 5: The statement of the problem is the essential basis for the construction of a research proposal (research objectives, hypotheses, methodology ...
Writing Research Proposals
A quality study proposal is clear, concise, and complete. Writing a quality proposal involves (1) developing ideas logically, (2) determining the depth or detail of the content of the proposal, (3) identifying critical points in the proposal, and (4) developing an esthetically appealing copy ( Martin & Fleming, 2010; Merrill, 2011; Offredy ...
Comprehensive guide for nursing research proposal for students
Generally, a nursing research proposal for master's students ranges between 2500 words to 3500 words. A PhD-level nursing proposal goes between 5000 to 8000 words. Some universities request a ...
How to Write a Nursing Research Proposal
In this video, we'll teach you how to write a nursing research proposal. We'll cover everything from what to include to how to format the proposal. After wat...
How to Write a Nursing Research Proposal
Overview of Research Proposal Writing When it comes to advancing in your nursing career, research plays a crucial role in expanding knowledge and improving patient care. One of the essential tools in conducting research is a well-written research proposal. In this article, we will define what a research proposal is and outline the steps involved in creating one.
How to write a Research Proposal in Nursing?? Step by step ...
This Part 1 video details the information on writing a Research proposal : The purpose of writing a proposal, components and step by step explanation of comp...
How to write a research proposal
AbstractA structured written research proposal is a necessary requirement when making an application for research funding or applying to an ethics committee for approval of a research project. A proposal is built up in sections of theoretical background; aim and research questions to be answered; a description and justification of the method chosen to achieve the answer; awareness of the ...
How to Write a Nursing Dissertation (A Guide)
Chapter 1: Introduction. Your nursing dissertation paper has to start with an introduction chapter. In the chapter, you have to provide the reader with background information on the topic of your paper. The chapter introduces your topic and makes a case for its significance.
How to Write a Literature Review
Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
Welcome to the Purdue Online Writing Lab
Mission. The Purdue On-Campus Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue Writing Lab serves the Purdue, West Lafayette, campus and coordinates with local literacy initiatives.
APA Sample Paper
Crucially, citation practices do not differ between the two styles of paper. However, for your convenience, we have provided two versions of our APA 7 sample paper below: one in student style and one in professional style. Note: For accessibility purposes, we have used "Track Changes" to make comments along the margins of these samples.
The Writing Center
An abstract is a 150- to 250-word paragraph that provides readers with a quick overview of your essay or report and its organization. It should express your thesis (or central idea) and your key points; it should also suggest any implications or applications of the research you discuss in the paper. According to Carole Slade, an abstract is ...
Browse journals and books
The Nuclear Research Foundation School Certificate Integrated, Volume 2. Book • 1966. Abschlusskurs Sonografie der Bewegungsorgane First Edition. Book • 2024. ... Accident and Emergency Nursing. Journal. Accident & Emergency Radiology (Second Edition) A Survival Guide. Book • 2005.
How to write a sponsorship letter
Choose an easy-to-read font such as Times New Roman or another serif font and never format text smaller than size 12. Include your name, address, contact information, and the potential sponsor's information at the top of the letter. Add your name, position, and organization, and then sign your name. 5. Follow up.

How to Write a Nursing Research Proposal Topics | Guide & Examples [Updated]

How to Write a Nursing Research Proposal

Key components of a Nursing Research Proposa l

Problem Statement

Research Question

Study Design

Methodology

Sample Size Determination

Ethical Considerations

Nursing Research Proposal Outline

List of Nursing research proposal topics

DNP Research proposal topics

Current Nursing research proposal topics

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Nursing Research Proposal Examples

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Writing a Nursing Proposal: A Comprehensive Guide for Success

1. Understand the Purpose and Scope of the Nursing Proposal

2. Conduct Thorough Research

3. Structure Your Proposal

4. Write with Clarity and Precision

5. Tailor the Proposal to Your Audience

6. Collaborate and Seek Feedback

7. Revise and Edit

8. Proofread Carefully

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NURS 3750 - Nursing Honors Project: Research Proposals

Nursing Research Proposals

Carrie Forbes, MLS

Doctor of Nursing Practice Scholarly Project

How to Write a Research Proposal

Examples of Research Proposals

Writing a Research Proposal

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Tips for Writing a Nursing Research Proposal

Choose a relevant and feasible research topic

Conduct a literature review

Develop a research question or hypothesis

Identify your research methodology

Develop a research design

Write a research proposal

Get feedback

Submit your proposal

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NUR 401: Introduction to Nursing Research

Sample Research Plan

How a Research Plan Helps You Search for Sources

Typing in your entire research question or thesis statement does not work well when using these databases to find sources

Creating a Research Plan can help you avoid these problems

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A guide to writing grant proposals for nursing research

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