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Computer Fundamentals Lectures 1 to 5

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FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

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Fundamental of Computers

This document provides an overview of computer hardware and software components. It discusses how a computer system includes hardware, software, data, and users. The hardware components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. The CPU consists of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit. Memory holds data and instructions for processing. Software includes system software like the operating system and application software. Data is represented digitally using binary numbers. The document also provides details on how computers process data using the CPU and memory. Read less

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• 1. Dr. Himanshu Gupta Senior Faculty Member AIIT, AMITY University, Noida. Fundamental of Computers
• 2. • A computer can convert data into information that is useful to people. • A complete computer system includes four distinct parts: Hardware Software Data User What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device used to process data.
• 4. • A computer's hardware consists of electronic devices; the parts you can see and touch. • The term "device" refers to any piece of hardware used by the computer, such as a keyboard, monitor, modem, mouse, etc. Hardware
• 6. • Software – also called programs – consists of organized sets of instructions for controlling the computer. • Some programs exist for the computer's use, to help it manage its own tasks and devices. • Other programs exist for the user, and enable the computer to perform tasks for you, such as creating documents. Software
• 7. • Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can manipulate and process into information that is useful to people. • Computerized data is digital, meaning that it has been reduced to digits, or numbers. The computer stores and reads all data as numbers. • Although computers use data in digital form, they convert data into forms that people can understand, such as text, numerals, sounds, and images. Data
• 8. • People are the computer's operators, or users. • Some types of computers can operate without much intervention from people, but personal computers are designed specifically for use by people. Users
• 9. Computer Architecture • Types of Hardware • The CPU • Memory • How Memory is Measured • Input and Output Devices • Storage Devices
• 10. A computer's hardware devices are categorized as follows: • Processor • Memory • Input and output (I/O) devices • Storage devices Types of Hardware
• 11. 01001010 01101010 01101111 10001111 10000000
• 12. CPU The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information is called processing. This function is divided between the computer's processor and memory. The processor is also called the central processing unit (CPU). It manages all devices and performs the actual processing of data. The CPU consists of one or more chips attached to the computer's main circuit board (the motherboard).
• 13. • Memory also consists of chips attached to the motherboard. • Memory holds data and program instructions as the CPU works with them. This memory is called Random Access Memory (RAM). • The CPU can find any piece of data in RAM, when it needs it for processing. • RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data only when the power is on. When the power is off, RAM's contents are lost. Memory
• 14. • The smallest usable unit of measure for memory is the byte – the amount of memory required to hold one character, like the letter A or the numeral 2. • Computers work with larger chunks of data, measured in multiple bytes, as shown below: Unit Approx. Value Actual Value (bytes) (bytes) Kilobyte (KB) 1,000 1,024 Megabyte (MB) 1,000,000 1,048,576 Gigabyte (GB) 1,000,000,000 1,073,741,824 Terabyte (TB) 1,000,000,000,000 1,099,511,627,776 How Memory is Measured
• 15. • Input devices accept data and instructions from the user or from another computer system. The keyboard and mouse are examples of input devices. • Output devices return processed data back to the user or to another computer system. The printer and monitor are examples. • Communications devices (such as modems and network interface cards) perform both input and output, allowing computers to share information. Input and Output Devices
• 17. • Storage devices hold data not currently being used by the CPU. Data is commonly stored on a magnetic or optical disk. Each type uses a special medium for storing data on its surface. • A disk drive is a device that reads data from and writes data to a disk. Most new computers feature a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, and an optical disk drive. • The most common optical storage devices are CD- ROM and DVD-ROM drives. Storage Devices
• 19. Software • Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions is often called a program. • When a computer is using a particular program, it is said to be running or executing the program. • The two most common types of programs are system software and application software.
• 21. • System software exists primarily for the computer itself, to help the computer perform specific functions. • One major type of system software is the operating system (OS). All computers require an operating system. • The OS tells the computer how to interact with the user and its own devices. • Common operating systems include Windows, the Macintosh OS, OS/2, and UNIX . System Software
• 22. • Application software tells the computer how to accomplish tasks the user requires, such as creating a document or editing a graphic image. • Some important kinds of application software are: Word processing programs Spreadsheet software Database management Presentation programs Graphics programs Networking software Web design tools and browsers Internet applications Communications programs Utilities Entertainment and education Multimedia authoring Applications Software
• 23. Computer Classifications
• 24. Super Computers
• 25. Mainframe Computers
• 26. Mini Computers
• 27. Workstation
• 28. Micro Computers (PC)
• 29. • Binary Numbers • The Binary Number System • Bits and Bytes • Text Codes How Computers Represent Data
• 30. Binary Numbers • Computer processing is performed by transistors, which are switches with only two possible states: on and off. • All computer data is converted to a series of binary numbers– 1 and 0. For example, you see a sentence as a collection of letters, but the computer sees each letter as a collection of 1s and 0s. • If a transistor is assigned a value of 1, it is on. If it has a value of 0, it is off. A computer's transistors can be switched on and off millions of times each second.
• 31. Base 10 Base 2 0 0 1 1 2 10 3 11 4 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 8 1000 9 1001 10 1010 • To convert data into strings of numbers, computers use the binary number system. • Humans use the decimal system (“deci” stands for “ten”). • The binary number system works the same way as the decimal system, but has only two available symbols (0 and 1) rather than ten (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9). The Binary Number System
• 32. • A single unit of data is called a bit, having a value of 1 or 0. • Computers work with collections of bits, grouping them to represent larger pieces of data, such as letters of the alphabet. • Eight bits make up one byte. A byte is the amount of memory needed to store one alphanumeric character. • With one byte, the computer can represent one of 256 different symbols or characters. . How Computers Represent Data - Bits and Bytes
• 33. 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 01 0 0 1 0 0 1 01 0 0 1 0 0 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
• 34. • A text code is a system that uses binary numbers (1s and 0s) to represent characters understood by humans (letters and numerals). • An early text code system, called EBCDIC, uses eight- bit codes, but is used primarily in older mainframe systems. • In the most common text-code set, ASCII, each character consists of eight bits (one byte) of data. ASCII is used in nearly all personal computers. • In the Unicode text-code set, each character consists of 16 bits (two bytes) of data. How Computers Represent Data - Text Codes
• 35. Code Character 00110000 0 00110001 1 00110010 2 00110011 3 00110100 4 00110101 5 01000001 A 01000010 B 01000011 C 01000100 D 01000101 E Examples from the ASCII Text Code
• 36. Where Processing Occurs: • The Control Unit • The Arithmetic Logic Unit • Machine Cycles • The Role of Memory in Processing • Types of RAM How Computers Process Data
• 37. • Processing takes place in the PC's central processing unit (CPU). • The system's memory also plays a crucial role in processing data. • Both the CPU and memory are attached to the system's motherboard, which connects all the computer's devices together, enabling them to communicate. CPU
• 39. The two main parts of a CPU are the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) • The control unit directs the flow of data through the CPU, and to and from other devices. • The control unit stores the CPU's microcode, which contains the instructions for all the tasks the CPU can perform. The Control Unit
• 41. • The actual manipulation of data takes place in the ALU. • The ALU can perform arithmetic and logic operations. • The ALU is connected to a set of registers—small memory areas in the CPU, which hold data and program instructions while they are being processed. The Arithmetic Logic Unit
• 42. Arithmetic Operations Logical Operations + Add =, ≠ equal to, not equal to − Subtract >, > greater than, not greater than x Multiply <, < less than, not less than ÷ Divide ≥, ≥ greater than or equal to, not greater than or equal to ^ Raise by a power ≤, ≤ less than or equal to, not less than or equal to ALU Operations List
• 43. • RAM stores data and program code needed by the CPU. The contents of RAM change rapidly and often. • Read-only memory (ROM) is nonvolatile (or permanent). It holds instructions that run the computer when the power is first turned on. • The CPU accesses each location in memory by using a unique number, called the memory address. Memory
• 44. There are two basic types of RAM: static and dynamic • Dynamic RAM (DRAM) chips must be recharged with electricity very frequently, or they will lose their contents. • Static RAM (SRAM) does not need to be recharged as often as DRAM, and can hold its contents longer. Another type of RAM, called flash memory, can store its contents after power is turned off. Flash memory is used in digital cameras to store pictures. Types of RAM
• 45. More RAM = Better Performance!
• 46. • Cache memory is high-speed memory that holds the most recent data and instructions that have been loaded by the CPU. • Cache is located directly on the CPU or between the CPU and RAM, making it faster than normal RAM. • CPU-resident cache is called Level-1 (L1) cache. External cache is called Level-2 (L2) cache. • The amount of cache memory has a tremendous impact on the computer's speed. Cache Memory
• 48. • The operating system manages all the other programs that run on the PC. • The operating system provides services to programs and the user, including file management, memory management, and printing • To provide services to programs, the OS makes system calls—requesting other hardware and software resources to perform tasks. Operating system
• 49. • Multitasking is the capability of running multiple processes simultaneously. • A multitasking OS lets you run multiple programs at the same time. • Through multitasking, you can do several chores at one time, such as printing a document while downloading a file from the Internet. • There are two types of multitasking: cooperative and preemptive. Operating System - Multitasking
• 51. • The operating system keeps track of all the files on each disk. • Users can make file management easier by creating a hierarchical file system that includes folders and subfolders arranged in a logical order. Operating System - Managing Files
• 52. • The OS uses interrupt requests (IRQs) to maintain organized communication with the CPU and other pieces of hardware. • Each hardware device is controlled by a piece of software, called a driver, which allows the OS to activate and use the device. • The operating system provides the software necessary to link computers and form a network. Operating system - Managing Hardware
• 54. • Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) • Command-Line Interfaces The User Interface
• 55. • Most modern operating systems, like Windows and the Macintosh OS, provide a graphical user interface (GUI). • A GUI lets you control the system by using a mouse to click graphical objects on screen. • A GUI is based on the desktop metaphor. Graphical objects appear on a background (the desktop), representing resources you can use. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
• 56. Icons Start menu Start button Taskbar Desktop Dialog box Program running in a window Window control buttons
• 57. • Some older operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX, use command-line interfaces. • In a command-line interface, you type commands at a prompt. • Under command-line interfaces, individual applications do not need to look or function the same way, so different programs can look very different . Command-Line Interfaces
• 58. • The Difference between Databases and DBMSes • Database Basics • DBMSes Basics Databases and Database Management Systems
• 59. • A database is a repository for collections of related data or facts. • A database management system (DBMS) is a software tool that lets users add, view, and work with the data in a database. • Large databases and DBMS’ are commonly used by companies, but many productivity applications are built around database concepts. The Difference between Databases and DBMSes
• 60. The two primary types of databases are flat-file databases (with only one table) and relational databases (with multiple, related tables). • Fields, which store various pieces of data related to a single entity. • Records, or collections of fields relating to an entity. • Tables, which are collections of related records. Databases use three main structures for organizing data: Databases and DBMSes - Database Basics
• 61. Field Record
• 62. Table PROFESSIONAL ADDRESS BOOK
• 63. • Entering data into the database. • Sorting (rearranging) the data in the database. • Obtaining subsets of the data for use. A DBMS allows users to access and manage the data collected in a database. Data management tasks (all done through the DBMS) can be divided into three categories: Databases and DBMSes - DBMS Basics
• 64. • Simultaneous Access • Shared Peripheral Devices • Personal Communication A network connects computers so they can communicate, exchange information, and share resources. The main benefits of using a network are: Computer Network
• 65. • In organizations, many people may need to use the same data or programs. A network solves this problem. • Shared data and programs can be stored on a central network server. A server that stores data files may be called a file server. • Managers may assign access rights to users. Some users may only be able to read data, others may be able to make changes to existing files. The Uses of a Network - Simultaneous Access
• 66. • Because peripheral (external) devices like printers can be expensive, it is cost-effective to connect a device to a network so users can share it. • Through a process called spooling, users can send multiple documents (called print jobs) to a networked printer at the same time. The documents are temporarily stored on the server and printed in turn. The Uses of a Network -Shared Peripheral Devices
• 67. • One of the most common uses of networks is for electronic mail (e-mail). • An e-mail system enables users to exchange written messages (often with data files attached) across the local network or over the Internet. • Two other popular network-based communications systems are teleconferencing and videoconferencing. The Uses of a Network - Personal Communication
• 68. 1 2 3 4
• 69. • A LAN is a network whose computers are located relatively near one another. The nodes may be connected by a cable, infrared link, or small transmitters. • A network transmits data among computers by breaking it into small pieces, called packets. • Every LAN uses a protocol – a set of rules that governs how packets are configured and transmitted. Type of Networks – Local Area Networks (LANs)
• 70. • Multiple LANs can be connected together using devices such as bridges, routers, or gateways, which enable them to share data. • A WAN is two or more LANs connected together. The LANs can be many miles apart. • To cover great distances, WANs may transmit data over leased high-speed phone lines or wireless links such as satellites. Type of Networks – Wide Area Networks (WANs)
• 71. LAN 1 WAN LAN 2 Type A header Payload Type A header Payload Type A header Payload Significant geographical distance ROUTER ROUTER SERVER SERVER
• 72. • In client/server computing, individual nodes share the processing and storage workload with the server. • Client/server networks require specialized software that enables nodes and the server to collaborate on processing and storage, but no special type of network hardware. Networks Structure – Client/Server Networks
• 74. • In a peer-to-peer network, all nodes have an equal relation to one another. • Each node usually has access to some resources on other nodes, so users can share files, programs, or devices on other users' systems. • Some peer-to-peer networks use a server, but some do not. Networks Structure – Peer-to-Peer Networks
• 75. • Bus. Each node is connected in series along a single conduit. • Star. All nodes are connected to a central hub. • Ring. Nodes are connected in a circular chain, with the conduit beginning and ending at the same computer. • Mesh. Each node has a separate connection to every other node. A network's topology is the layout of the cables and devices that connect the nodes. The four most common network topologies are: Network Topologies for LANs
• 76. • In a network, the media are the wires, cables and other means by which data travels from its source to its destination. • The most common network media are twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and wireless links. • Each node uses a special device, called a network interface card (NIC). The card connects to the network media and controls the flow of data. • NICs must use a common network technology to communicate. The most popular network technologies for LANs are Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Token Ring. Network Media and Hardware
• 77. • Word processors provide tools for creating, editing, and formatting text-based documents. • You can use a word processor to create virtually any type of document, from a simple letter to a complete book. • A word processor's formatting tools let you create professional-quality documents easily. Word Processing Programs and Their Uses
• 78. Word processors provide tools to produce professional looking documents.
• 79. • Document area • Menu bar • Toolbars • Rulers • Scroll Bars • Status Bar Most Windows-based word processors offer a similar set of tools, which you use to navigate, edit, and format documents: The Word Processor's Interface
• 80. Menu bar Toolbars Ruler Document area Status bar Scroll bar Scroll boxes
• 81. • Spreadsheets provide tools for working with numerical data. • You can use a spreadsheet program to create budgets, balance sheets, and other types of number-based documents. • You can display your information in a traditional row-and-column format, or in a chart. Spreadsheet Programs and Their Uses
• 82. Classic row and column format Report using color and graphics
• 83. • In a spreadsheet program, you work in a document called a worksheet. You can collect multiple worksheets into a file called a workbook. • Most Windows-based word spreadsheets offer a similar set of tools, including a formula bar, where you can enter and edit data. • Data is displayed in cells. A cell is the intersection of a row and column. • Each cell has a cell address – the combination of the cell's column letter and row number. The Spreadsheet's Interface
• 84. Menu bar Tool bars Column Row Status bar Scroll boxes Cell Formula bar

Computer Fundamentals

Mar 14, 2019

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Computer Fundamentals. MSCH 233 Lecture 7. Magnetic Drives. Types of Magnetic Drives: Floppy drive Hard disk Removable hard drive Tape drive Pocket-sized drive Microdrive. Floppy drive. Uses a high density floppy disk The floppy disk can store 1.44 MB of data It’s called drive A.

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Computer Fundamentals MSCH 233 Lecture 7

Magnetic Drives Types of Magnetic Drives: • Floppy drive • Hard disk • Removable hard drive • Tape drive • Pocket-sized drive • Microdrive

Floppy drive • Uses a high density floppy disk • The floppy disk can store 1.44 MB of data • It’s called drive A

Hard Disk • Called C drive • Used to keep software and files organized in a convenient way • Can hold several gigabytes of data

Removable Hard Drive • Zip and Jaz drive are the most popular • Can hold 1.5 GB

Tape Drive • Stores data on tape cartridge • Used for backup purposes • A tape hold up to 10 GB of data

Pocket-Sized drive • Ultra portable drives • Used with mobile computers • Hold 40 MB of data • The Peerless system can hold 20 GB, which allow you to store thousands of MP3 and video games.

Microdrive • Smallest hard drive • Used for digital cameras, laptop, and audio players • It comes in 340 MB, 1 GB • Uses a PC card adapter.

How to protect your data? • Protect floppy against high temperatures • Check for virus before opening a file you received from the Web • Keep a back-up of your data • Magnetic field can damage the information stored on disks, Don’t leave them near the telephone • Keep disks away from water and humidity • When handling CDs and DVDs, hold the disk s around the edge. • Add password and security devices to protect confidential information. • Update your anti virus program regularly since new viruses are created everyday.

Floppy Disk in details • They are called Floppy because they consist of flexible plastic material which has a magnetized surface • When you format a floppy: the tracks in the disk is divided into sectors. • When you save a file: the OS moves the read/write heads of the disk drive toward empty sector, and record the data and write an entry for the directory • When you open the file: The OS looks for its entry in the directory , move the read/write head to the correct sector, and read the file into the RAM.

Hard Disk • Work like a floppy but can hold much more data and spin at a higher speed. • The speed at which hard drive find data is called “ access time” • Access time is measured in milliseconds. • Most hard drive have an access time of 8 to 14 ms • Data transfer rate is the average speed required to transmit data from a system to the RAM. Example 10 MG/second • There are external, internal , and removable hard drives.

Optical Drives Vs. Magnetic Drives • OD can store information at much higher densities than magnetic disks. • OD are Ideal for multimedia applications , where images, sounds and animation occupy a lot of disk space. • OD are not affected by magnetic field • OD are secure and stable • OD are slower than hard drives

Types of Optical Drives: • CD-ROM • CD-RW & CD-R • DVD • Magneto Optical (MO)

CD-ROM • Most economical way of sharing information • Can store 650 MB of data , that replaces 300,000 pages of text ( about 500 floppies) • Can play music, and store data • Cannot write anything onto a CR-ROM . You can only read.

CD-Recorders - Allows you to create and duplicate CDs. • Used to backup hard disk • Used to distribute & archive information Come in two forms: • CD-R (write once) • Can write once only • CD-RW (rewritable) • Can be erased and re-used,

DVD (Digital versatile Disk) • Can hold 17 GB about 25 times an ordinary CR-ROM • Can Store large amount of multimedia software, movies ,and music. • They are read only devices • Companies produced also DVD-R and DVD-RW

Magneto-Optical drives • Use both laser and electromagnet to record information • MO disks are rewritable • Comes in two formats: • 5.25” cartridge and can hold 5.2 GB • 3.5” floptical disks , have capacity of 230 MB to 1..3 GB • Ideal for backup and portable mass storage

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Computer Fundamentals. MDCS 134 Lecture 1. What is a computer?. A computer is an electronic machine which can accept data in a certain form, process the data and give the results of the process on a specific format as information. Where can computers be found and what are they used for ?.

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Computer Fundamentals is not only useful topic for students it is also a must learn topic for all students. After the invention of computers life become more flexible for all human being. There are many computer languages for students to learn but before that they should learn all the simple Basic computer knowledge questions and answers from Mydearstudent website. Basic computer knowledge of anybody is a measure for today's job oppurtunities. For more details go through the website http://www.mydearstudent.com/basic-computers

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Learn Basic Computer fundamentals

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14. Computer Fundamentals. Advanced Automotive Electricity and Electronics James D. Halderman. FIGURE 14.1 All computer systems perform four basic functions: input, processing, storage, and output.

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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS. Instructor: Fatima Naseem Lecture # 02 [email protected] http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2010/cpCFbs/index.asp. Chapter 1B. Looking Inside the Computer System. Overview. Parts of Computer System &gt; Hardware &gt; Software

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71. COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS. Figure 71-1 All computer systems perform four basic functions: input, processing, storage, and output. Figure 71-2 A potentiometer uses a movable contact to vary resistance and send an analog voltage right to the PCM.

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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS. Instructor: Fatima Naseem Lecture # 01 [email protected] http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2010/cpCFbs/index.asp. Course Book. “Introduction to Computers” by Peter Norton, 6th Edition. Contact. Fatima Naseem Room # 17, CED.

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