government assignment class 9

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Civics Chapter 2 What is Democracy? Why Democracy? (Updated for 2021 – 22)

What is democracy why democracy class 9 notes social science civics chapter 2.

In the previous many years of examinations, significant importance has been given to the following topics from this chapter. The students are therefore asked to have a deep understanding as detailed answers (Long Answer Type) could be asked on these concepts.

• Meaning and Features of Democracy
• Importance of Democracy
• Alternatives to Democracy

What is Democracy? Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.

• Myanmar where the army rules, Dictator Pinochet’s rule in Chile, or President Nkrumah’s rule in • Ghana was not democratic. They were not chosen by the people.
• Hereditary kings, like the king of Nepal or Saudi Arabia, are also not democratic rulers. They rule because they were born into noble families.

In a democracy final, decision-making power must rest with those elected by the people.

• In Pakistan, President Musharraf had the power to dismiss national and state assemblies; so the final powers rest with the army and the General himself. We cannot call it a democracy. Now Pakistan has an elected government.

Democracy must be based on a free and fair election where those currently in power have a fair chance of losing. For example, in Mexico elections have been held every six years since 1980. But the same party, PRI, has won the elections. Obviously, there has been rigging and malpractices, with freedom denied to the opposition. This is not what a democracy should be.

In a democracy, people’s will is ascertained by each adult citizen having one vote and each vote has one value. Democracy is based on the fundamental principle of political equality.

A democratic government rules within the limits set by constitutional and citizens’ rights.

• A democratic government cannot do what it likes after winning the elections. It has to respect certain basic rules and is accountable not only to the people but also to other independent officials.

The Pillars of Democracy are The Sovereignty of the people, Government based upon the consent of the government, Majority rule, Minority rights, Guarantee of basic human rights, Free and Fair elections, Equality before the law, Constitutional limits on government, Values of tolerance, Pragmatism, Cooperation and Compromise.

Why Democracy?

Points Against There has been a criticism of democracy by various people. The charges are that:

• It creates instability by changing its leaders frequently.
• Democracy is about power play and political competition. There is no scope for morality.
• So many people have to be consulted before any issue is resolved. It leads to delay.
• Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people.
• It leads to corruption for it is based on electoral corruption.
• Ordinary people do not know what is good for them, so decision-making should not be left to them.

Alternative to Democracy To overcome political instability and legislative gridlock associated with democratic rule, expansions of executive power and limits on democratic freedoms are been looked for.

An exceptional example is that of Russia’s transition from unstable democracy in the 1990s to economic growth and political stability.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9th: What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Civics Social Studies (S.St)

Page No: 15 Exercises 1. Here is some information about four countries. Based on this information, how would you classify each of these countries. Write ‘democratic’, ‘undemocratic’ or ‘not sure’ against each of these. (a) Country A: People who do not accept the country’s official religion do not have a right to vote. (b) Country B: The same party has been winning elections for the last twenty years. (c) Country C: Ruling party has lost in the last three elections. (d) Country D: There is no independent election commission. Answer (a) Undemocratic (b) Not sure (c) Democratic (d) Undemocratic 2. Here is some information about four countries. Based on this information, how would you classify each of these countries. Write ‘democratic’, ‘undemocratic’ or ‘not sure’ against each of these. (a) Country P: The parliament cannot pass a law about the army without the consent of the Chief of Army. (b) Country Q: The parliament cannot pass a law reducing the powers  of the judiciary. (c) Country R: The country’s leaders cannot sign any treaty with another country without taking permission from its neighbouring  country. (d) Country S: All the major economic decisions about the country are taken by officials of the central bank which the ministers cannot change. Answer (a) Undemocratic (b) Democratic (c) Undemocratic (d) Undemocratic 3. Which of these is not a good argument in favour of democracy? Why? (a) People feel free and equal in a democracy. (b) Democracies resolve conflict in a better way than others. (c) Democratic government is more accountable to the people. (d) Democracies are more prosperous than others. Answer Option ‘D’ Democracies are more prosperous than others is not a good argument in favour of democracy as there are many countries such as Sri Lanka, India which opted for democracy but not prosperous where other countries such as China or Saudi Arabia which have communist and monarchy rule respectively are more prosperous. The prosperity of any country depends on the correct policies of the government. It also depends on the availibility of natural resources not with the form of government. Democracy can’t guarantee prosperity. Page No: 16 4. Each of these statements contains a democratic and an undemocratic element. Write out the two separately for each statement. (a) A minister said that some laws have to be passed by the parliament in order to conform to the regulations decided by the World Trade Organisation (WTO). (b) The Election Commission ordered re-polling in a constituency where large-scale rigging was reported. (c) Women’s representation in the parliament has barely reached 10 per cent. This led women’s organisations to demand one-third seats for women. Answer (a) A minister said that some laws have to be passed by the parliament – Democratic element to the regulations decided by the World Trade Organisation (WTO). – Undemocratic element (b) The Election Commission ordered re-polling in a constituency – Democratic element large-scale rigging was reported – Undemocratic element (c) This led women’s organisations to demand one-third seats for women. – Democratic element Women’s representation in the parliament has barely reached 10 percent. – Undemocratic element 5. Which of these is not a valid reason for arguing that there is a lesser possibility of famine in a democratic country? (a) Opposition parties can draw attention to hunger and starvation. (b) Free press can report suffering from famine in different parts of the country. (c) Government fears its defeat in the next elections. (d) People are free to believe in and practise any religion. Answer Option ‘d’ is not a valid reason for arguing that there is a lesser possibility of famine in a democratic country. This is because practising a religion has nothing to do with preventing famine. 6. There are 40 villages in a district where the government has made no provision for drinking water. These villagers met and considered many methods of forcing the government to respond to their need. Which of these is not a democratic method? (a) Filing a case in the courts claiming that water is part of right to life. (b) Boycotting the next elections to give a message to all parties. (c) Organising public meetings against government’s policies. (d) Paying money to government officials to get water. Answer Option ‘d’, which advocates paying the government officials money, is an undemocratic method. 7.Write a response to the following arguments against democracy. (a) Army is the most disciplined and corruption-free organisation in the country. Therefore army should rule the country. (b) Rule of the majority means the rule of ignorant people. What we need is the rule of the wise, even if they are in small numbers. (c) If we want religious leaders to guide us in spiritual matters, why not invite them to guide us in politics as well. The country should be ruled by religious leaders. Answer A democracy is  government elected by the people, from among the people themselves. The Army is integral in protecting the country, but it is not elected by the people; hence, it cannot form a democratic government. The second statement is not true as all people are intelligent to some extent. The third statement is dangerous because bringing religion into politics can cause serious conflict. 8. Are the following statements in keeping with democracy as a value? Why? (a) Father to daughter: I don’t want to hear your opinion about your marriage. In our family children marry where the parents tell them to. (b) Teacher to student: Don’t disturb my concentration by asking me questions in the classroom. (c) Employee to the officer: Our working hours must be reduced according to the law. Answer (a) This statement of father is undemocratic as every adult has right to choose their life partner. The father does not have right to impose their choice on daughter. (b) This statement also is not under democratic setup. The student have right to ask question. This is undemocratic if his right is denied. (c) The third statement is democratic as it calls for a rule of law which is beneficial for the employees. 9. Consider the following facts about a country and decide if you would call it a democracy. Give reasons to support your decision. (a) All the citizens of the country have right to vote Elections are held regularly. (b) The country took loan from international agencies. One of the conditions for given loan was that the government would reduce its expenses on education and health. (c) People speak more than seven languages but education is available only in one language, the language spoken by 52 percent people of the country. (d) Several organisations have given a call for peaceful demonstrations and nation wide strikes in the country to oppose these policies. Government has arrested these leaders. (e) The government owns the radio and television in the country. All the newspapers have to get permission from the government to publish any news about government’s policies and protests. Answer (a) This is democracy as only democratic setup allow right to vote and also election at regular time period. (b) A democratic country has to look after the welfare of its people. The condition of reducing of expenses on health and education is against the welfare of the people. (c) In democracy, education is available in all languages as it basic right. Official language can be the language of majority of people. (d) In a democracy, people have right to express their opinion in peaceful manner. It is undemocratic behaviour. (e) This is undemocratic nature as in democracy freedom of press and media is must. If government own radio and television then freedom of press violated. Page No. 17 10. In 2004 a report published in USA pointed to the increasing inequalities in that country. Inequalities in income reflected in the participation of people in democracy. It also shaped their abilities to influence the decisions taken by the government. The report highlighted that: • If an average Black family earns $ 100 then the income of average White family is $ 162. A White family has twelve times more wealth than the average Black family. • In a President’s election ‘nearly 9 out of 10 individuals in families with income over $ 75,000 have voted. These people are the top 20% of the population in terms of their income. On the other hand only 5 people out of 10 from families with income less than $15,000 have voted. They are the bottom 20% of the population in terms of their income. • About 95% contribution to the political parties comes from the rich. This gives them opportunity to express their opinions and concerns, which is not available to most citizens. • As poor sections participate less in politics, the government does not listen to their concerns – coming out of poverty, getting job, education, health care and housing for them. Politicians hear most regularly about the concerns of business persons and the rich.  Write an essay on ‘Democracy and Poverty’ using the information given in this report but using examples from India.

What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9 Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What does a candidate need before contesting elections in China? Answer: Approval of the Chinese Communist Party.

Question 2. In a democracy, the final decision must rest with those leaders or representatives who are _______ . Answer: Elected by the people

Question 3. What is peculiar with ZANU-PF? Answer: It has always won elections

Question 4. The one of the main features of a democratic government is that it rules within the limits set by the constitutional law above _______ . Answer: Citizen’s rights

Question 5. Why does a democratic government is a better government? Answer: Because it is more accountable form of government

Question 6. Democracy offers _______ . Answer: Dignity of citizens and principle of political equality

Question 7. Democracy cannot provide solution to all the problems, it is also a difficult form of government to implement. It is _______ . Answer: One of the weaknesses of democracy

Question 8. The major challenges to democracy are _______ . Answer: Economic equality among people and abolition of casteism from society.

Question 9. It is a system in which only those who are in power and their supporters are benefited, and excludes minorities and weaker sections. Answer: Dictatorship

Question 10. It Is a system under which military chief enjoys all the powers and suppress all the protests against him by the people. Answer: Military

Question 11. The strength of democracy is its ability to uphold the values for which it stands for. These values are _______ . Answer: Freedom, Equality and Justice

Question 12. Who led a military coup iirPakistan in 1999? Answer: Pervez Musharraf

Question 13. When did Zimbabwe attain independence and from whom? Answer: In 1980 from white minority rule

Question 14. In which period did China face one of the worst famines that have occurred in the world? Answer: China’s famine of 1958-1961 was the worst recorded famine in the world history.

Question 15. Democracy improves the quality of decision-making because Answer: Decisions are taken by consultation and discussion.

Question 16. What is the most common form of democracy in modern world? Answer: Representative Democracy

Question 17. Which body in the Indian political system is an example of direct democracy? Answer: Gram Sabha

Question 18. What is ZANU-PF? Answer: Political party of Zimbabwe

Question 19. Name the Chinese Parliament. Answer: The National People’s Congress

Question 20. Give a definition of democracy. Answer: Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.

Question 21. What was the ‘Legal Framework Order’ passed by Pervez Musharraf in I August 2002? Answer: In August 2002, Musharraf issued a ‘Legal Framework Order’ that amended the Constitution of Pakistan. According to this Order, the President can dismiss the national and provincial assemblies.

Question 22. Name the country where women do not have the right to vote till 2015. Answer: Saudi Arabia

Question 23. Media is not independent in Zimbabwe. How? Answer: Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the ruling party’s version. There are independent newspapers, but the government harasses those journalists who went against it.

Question 24. How can you say that China is not a democratic country? Answer: In China, the elections do not offer the people any serious choice. They must choose the ruling party and the candidates approved by it. That is why, we cannot say that China is a democratic country.

Question 25. What is the role of citizen in promoting democracy? Answer: In a democracy, every citizen should be able to play equal role in decision-making. For this the citizen not only needs an equal right to vote but also equal information, basic education, equal resources and a lot of commitment.

What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9 Extra Questions Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What are three features of democracy? Answer: Features of democracy are :

• Rulers elected by the people take all the major decisions;
• Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers;
• This choice and opportunity is available to all the people on an equal basis;
• The exercise of this choice leads to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and citizens’ rights. (Any three)

Question 2. Explain any three major political changes that took place recently in India’s neighbourhood. Answer:

• Pakistan-General Musharaf led a military coup.
• Nepal-In 2005, the new king dismissed the elected government.
• Iraq-Saddam Hussein’s regime was overthrown.

Question 3. How does democracy improve the quality of decision making? Answer: Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. A democratic decision always involves many persons, discussions and meetings. When a number of people put their heads together, they are able to point out possible mistakes in any decision. This takes time. But there is a big advantage in taking time over important decisions. This reduces the chances of rash or irresponsible decisions. Thus, democracy improves the quality of decision-making.

Question 4. How does democracy enhances the dignity of citizens? Answer: Even if democracy does not bring about better decisions and accountable government, it is still better than other forms of government. Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens. Democracy is based on the principle of political equality, on recognising that the poorest and the least educated has the same status as the rich and the educated. People are not subjects of a ruler, they are the rulers themselves. Even when they make mistakes, they are responsible for their conduct.

Question 5. How is democracy better than other forms of government? Answer:

• It is correct that democracy is better than other forms of government because it allows us to correct its own mistakes. There is no guarantee that mistakes cannot be made in democracy.
• No form of government can guarantee that. The advantage in a democracy is that such mistakes cannot be hidden for long.
• There is a space for public discussion on these mistakes. And there is a room for correction. Either the rulers have to change their decisions, or the rulers can be changed. This cannot happen in a non-democratic government.

Question 6. Democracy cannot get us everything and is not the solution to all problems. Than why are we interested in democracy? Answer:

• It is clearly better than any other alternative form that we know. It offers better | chances of a good decision and it is likely to respect people’s own wishes and allows different kinds of people to live together.
• Even when it fails to do some of these things, it allows a way of correcting its mistakes and offers more dignity to all citizens. That is why, democracy is considered the best form of government.

Question 7. What does ‘one person, one vote, one value’ mean? Name the countries who deny the equal right to vote. Answer: Democracy is based on a fundamental principle of political equality. In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value. Democracy is linked to the demand for Universal Adult Franchise. Yet, there are many instances of denial of equal right to vote.

• Until 2015, in Saudi Arabia, women did not have the right to vote.
• Estonia has made its citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote.
• In Fiji, the electoral system is such that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than that of an Indian-Fijian.

Question 8. Is it correct that a democratic government cannot do whatever it likes? Explain. Answer:

• A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes because it has won an election. It has to respect some basic rules. In particular, it has to respect some guarantees to the minorities. Every major decision has to go through a series of consultations.

Every office bearer has certain rights and responsibilities assigned by the constitution and the law. Each of these is accountable not only to the people but also to other independent officials.

• A democratic government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.

Question 9. Pakistan under the General Pervez Musharraf is not called a democracy. Why? Answer: Pakistan under the General Pervez Musharraf is not called a democracy because :

• The rulers are not elected by the people in Pakistan. People may have elected their representatives to the national and provincial assemblies but those elected representatives are not really the rulers.
• They cannot take the final decisions.
• The power to take final excision rests with army officials and with General Musharraf, and none of them are elected by the people.

Question 10. How popular governments can be undemocratic? Explain with an example. Answer: In Zimbabwe, since it attained independence in 1980, elections have been held regularly and always won by ZANU-Ph the party that led the freedom struggle. Its leader, President Robert Mugabe, is popular but also uses unfair practices in elections. His government has changed the constitution several times to increase the powers of the President and make him less accountable. Opposition party workers are harassed. Public protests and demonstrations against the government are declared illegal. There is a law that limits the right to criticise the President. Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the ruling party’s version.

Question 11. Till 2000, Mexico was not a democratic country. Explain. Answer: In Maxico, people seemed to really have a choice but in practice they had no choice. There was no way the ruling party could be defeated, even if people were against it. These are not fair elections. But until 2000 every election was won by a party called PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party). ‘Opposition parties did contest elections, but never managed to win. The PRI was known to use many dirty tricks to win elections.

Question 12. What is the significance of the rule of law and respect for rights in democratic country? Answer: A democratic government cannot do whatever it likes, simply because it has won an election. It must respect some basic rules. It must respect some guarantees to the minorities. Every major decision has to go through a series of consultations.

Question 13. Explain any three differences between democratic country and non-democratic country. Answer: In a Democratic Country :

• Each adult citizen has a right to vote.
• Each vote has one value.
• Free and fair elections are held.

In a Non-democratic Country :

• Elections do not offer a choice and fair opportunity.
• Rulers are not elected by the people.
• The rulers have unlimited power.

What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9 Extra Questions Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. “Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts”. Discuss. Answer: Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. In any society, people are bound to have differences of opinions and interests. These differences are particularly sharp in a country like ours which has an amazing social diversity. People belong to different regions, and have different languages, practise different religions and have different castes. They look at the world very differently and have different preferences. The preferences of one group can clash with those of other groups. Democracy provides the only peaceful solution to this problem. In democracy, no one is a permanent winner. No one is a permanent loser. Different groups can live with one another peacefully. In a diverse country like India, democracy keeps our country together.

Question 2. What are the various aspects of democracy? Answer: We may refer to three aspects of democracy—political, social and economic.

• Political Aspect: Political democracy requires “government by consent and political equality.” Democracy, as a form of government, implies that elections must be held with reasonable frequency. Moreover, there should be more than one political party competing for political power.
• Social Aspect: A democratic society is one in which an atmosphere of equality prevails. There should be no discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex. Every one should have equal access to shops, restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment. Our Constitution guarantees equality to every person before law.
• Economic Aspect: Political democracy will be a reality only when it is supported by economic democracy. The most stable democracies of the world are those which have extensive welfare schemes for the poor people.

Question 3. What are the merits of a democratic government? Answer: The merits of a democratic government are :

• A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government.
• Democracy improves the quality of decision-making.
• Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
• Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.
• It is better than other forms of government because it allows us to correct its own mistakes.

Question 4. Why has India not experiences a famine as severe as that of China in 1958-61? Answer: China’s famine of 1958-1961 was the worst recorded famine in the world history. Nearly three crore people died in this famine. During those days, India’s economic condition was not much better than China. Yet India did not have a famine of the kind China had. Economists think that this was a result of different government policies in the two countries.

The existence of democracy in India made the Indian government respond to food scarcity in a way that the Chinese government did not. They point out that no large-scale famine has ever taken place in an independent and democratic country. If China too had multiparty elections, an opposition party and a press free to criticise the government, then so many people may not have died in the famine.

Question 5. What are the drawbacks of a democracy. Answer: The following are the draw backs of a democracy :

• Leaders keep changing in a democracy. This leads to instability.
• Democracy is all about political competition and power play. There is no scope for morality.
• So many people have to be consulted in a democracy that it leads to delays.
• Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people. It leads to bad decisions.
• Democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral competition.
• Ordinary people don’t know what is good for them; they should not decide anything.

Question 6. How far is it correct that no country has a perfect democracy? Answer: No country has a perfect democracy because :

• Every democracy has to try to realise the ideals of a democratic decision-making. This cannot be achieved once and for all. This requires a constant effort to save and strengthen democratic forms of decision-making. What we do as citizens can make a difference to making our country more or less democratic. This is the strength and the weakness of democracy: the fate of the country depends not just on what the rulers do, but mainly on what we, as citizens, do.
• This is what distinguished democracy from other governments. Other forms of government like monarchy, dictatorship or one party rule do not require all citizens to take part in politics.
• In fact, most non-democratic governments would like citizens not to take part in politics. But democracy depends on active political participation by all the citizens. That is why, a study of democracy must focus on democratic politics.

Question 7. Why did the Institutional Revolutionary Party in Mexico never lose any election till 2000? Answer: The Institutional Revolutionary Party in Mexico was very strong till 2000. There are many reasons behind it:

• Until 2000, every election was won by Institutional Revolutionary Party in Mexico. Opposition parties did contest elections, but never managed to win.
• All those who were employed in government offices had to attend its party meetings. Teachers of government schools used to force parents to vote for the PRI.
• Media largely ignored the activities of opposition political parties except to criticise them.
• Sometimes, the polling booths were shifted from one place to another in the last minute, which made it difficult for people to cast their votes.
• The PRI spent a large sum of money in the campaign for its candidates.

Question 8 What were the steps taken by Musharraf in Pakistan to empower himself? Answer: The following steps were taken by Musharraf in Pakistan to empower himself:

• In Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup in October 1999. He overthrew a democratically elected government and declared himself the ‘Chief Executive’ of the country.
• Later, he changed his designation to President and in 2002, held a referendum in the country that granted him a five-year extension.
• In 2002, he issued a ‘Legal Framework Order’ that amended the Constitution of Pakistan. According to this Order, the President can dismiss the national or provincial assemblies.
• The power to take final decision rested with army officials and with General Musharraf.
• The work of the civilian cabinet was supervised by a National Security Council which was dominated by military officers.

What is Democracy? Why Democracy? Class 9 MCQs Questions with Answers

Choose the correct option:

Question 1. The word ‘Democracy’ comes from the Greek word – (a) Democracia (b) Demokratia (c) Demos (d) Kratia

Answer: (b) Demokratia

Question 2. The head of the government in Nepal is the: (a) President (b) Prime Minister (c) King (d) Vice President

Answer: (a) President

Question 3. In which case was the real power with external powers and not with the locally elected representatives? (a) India in Sri Lanka (b) US in Iraq (c) USSR in Communist Poland (d) Both (b) and (c)

Answer: (d) Both (b) and (c)

Question 4. How many members are elected to the National People’s Congress from all over China? (a) 3050 (b) 3000 (c) 4000 (d) 2000

Answer: (b) 3000

Question 5. Which party always won elections in Mexico since its independence in 1930 until 2000? (a) Revolutionary Party (b) Mexican Revolutionary Party (c) Institutional Revolutionary Party (d) Institutional Party

Answer: (c) Institutional Revolutionary Party

Question 6. When did Zimbabwe attain independence and from whom? (a) 1970, from Black minority rule (b) 1880, from White minority rule (c) 1980, from Americans (d) 1980, from White minority rule

Answer: (d) 1980, from White minority rule

Question 7. which of these features is/are necessary to provide the basic rights to the citizens? (a) Citizens should be free to think (b) should be free to form associations (c) Should be free to raise protest (d) All the above

Answer: (d) All the above

Question 8. What is Constitutional Law? (a) Provisions given in the Constitution (b) Law to make Constitution (c) Law to set up Constituent Assembly (d) none of the above

Answer: (a) Provisions given in the Constitution

Question 9. Some of the drawbacks of democracy is (a) Instability and delays (b) corruption and hypocrisy (c) Politicians fighting among themselves (d) all the above

Answer: (d) all the above

Question 10. In which period did China face one of the worst famines that have occurred in the world? (a) 1932-36 (b) 1958-61 (c) 2001-2002 (d) 2004-2007

Answer: (b) 1958-61

Question 11. Democracy improves the quality of decision-making because (a) Decisions are taken by educated people (b) Decisions are taken by consultation and discussion (c) Decisions are taken over a long period of time (d) All decisions are approved by judiciary

Answer: (b) Decisions are taken by consultation and discussion

Question 12. The most common form that democracy takes in our time is that of (a) Limited democracy (b) representative democracy (c) Maximum democracy (d) none of the above

Answer: (b) representative democracy

Question 13. Which of these is an example of perfect democracy? (a) USA (b) UK (c) India (d) None of the above

Answer: (d) None of the above

Read the Cartoon (From the NCERT Textbook)

Answer: The cartoon is saying that democracy is being set up in Iraq with the help of the US and other foreign powers.

Democracy is being ridiculed in this cartoon. The way the word is written shows that it is not a true democracy because the real power is with some external powers and not with locally elected representatives. This cannot be called people’s rule.

Answer: The cartoon suggests the scene of booth capturing at gunpoint during elections. Yes, it applies to the Pakistani situation as well. Here, General Pervez Musharraf established army rule and controlled the elected representatives.

This could be applied in countries like China, Iraq, etc. Booth capturing remained an important feature of the Indian elections sometimes ago. But nowadays this rarely happens.

Answer: This cartoon suggests that elections cannot be held without money. Different political parties spend a lot of money during election period to win the election. The government also spend money profusely to conduct free and fair election.

Moneybags signify here that money is the real strength in democracy. Without it, it is difficult for a political party to exist or win in the election.

This cartoon can could be applied to India also. Whenever there is an election in the country, money is spent recklessly inspite of EC’s warnings.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Chapter 5 - Democratic Rights

• NCERT Solutions
• Social Science Democratic Politics
• Chapter 5 Democratic Rights

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Democratic Politics-I Chapter 5 - Democratic Rights PDF Download

Vedantu is the best place where you can learn Democratic Politics with NCERT solutions for Class 9 Civics chapter working of institutions. You can easily download the free PDF file for NCERT Solutions and get started with the learning procedure. The question bank has been designed as per the NCERT Guidelines by our expert teachers. With the Vedantu learning techniques, you can quickly master subjects like Science, Maths, Social Science, Hindi, English, and more. Every NCERT Solution is provided to make the study simple and interesting on Vedantu. Subjects like Science, Maths, English, Hindi, and Social Science will become easy to study if you have access to NCERT Solution for Class 9 Science , Maths solutions and solutions of other subjects. You can also download NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths to help you to revise the complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Access NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Democratic Politics I- Chapter 5 – Democratic Rights

1 . Which of the following is not an instance of an exercise of a fundamental right? 

(a) Workers from Bihar go to the Punjab to work on the farms 

(b) Christian missions set up a chain of missionary schools 

(c) Men and women government employees get the same salary 

(d) Parents’ property is inherited by their children

Because inheritance rights are not Fundamental rights, whereas the other examples are part of Right to Freedom and Right to Equality, which are Fundamental Rights. 

2. Which of the following freedoms is not available to an Indian citizen? 

(a) Freedom to criticize the government 

(b) Freedom to participate in armed revolution 

(c) Freedom to start a movement to change the government 

(d) Freedom to oppose the central values of the Constitution

The Indian Constitution empowers citizens to protest any injustice; nevertheless, armed resistance is illegal and hence prohibited under the constitution.

3. Which of the following rights is available under the Indian Constitution? 

(a) Right to work 

(b) Right to adequate livelihood 

(c) Right to protect one’s culture 

(d) Right to privacy

Ans:  

Every citizen has the right to retain and protect their culture and language, according to Article 29 of the Indian Constitution, which falls under the category of fundamental rights.

4. Name the Fundamental Right under which each of the following rights falls:

(a) Freedom to propagate one’s religion

Right to Freedom of Religion 

Article 25 of the Indian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion to all persons in India.

(b) Right to life 

Right to freedom

“No person shall be deprived of his life or his personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law,” according to Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which is a Fundamental Right. 

(c) Abolition of untouchability 

Right to equality

Article 17 of the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability and its practice in any form is forbidden. 

(d) Ban on bonded labor 

Right against exploitation

Rights against exploitation is a Fundamental Right which ensures the ban on bonded labor or forced labor. 

5. Which of these statements about the relationship between democracy and rights is more valid? Give reasons for your preference. 

(a) Every country that is a democracy gives rights to its citizens. 

(b) Every country that gives rights to its citizens is a democracy. 

(c) Giving rights is good, but it is not necessary for a democracy.

(a) Every country that is a democracy gives rights to its citizens.  

Every democratic country recognizes the rights of its citizens. Every country that gives its citizens rights is not a democracy, but it is necessary for a democracy to give its citizens rights.

6. Are these restrictions on the right to freedom justified? Give reasons for your answer.

(a) Indian citizens need permission to visit some border areas of the country for reasons of security

Ans: This is justified. All citizens have the right to freedom, which allows them to go freely everywhere in the country. However, some regions are prohibited for security concerns, as the freedom of movement of every citizen could endanger India's security. This is done to guarantee that the risk of loss of life and property is kept to a minimum.

(b) Outsiders are not allowed to buy property in some areas to protect the interest of the local population.

Ans: In some circumstances, this is justified in order to preserve the cultural or ethnic character of the local population.

(c) The government bans the publication of a book that can go against the ruling party in the next elections.

Ans: This cannot be justified because it is against the freedom of speech and expression of the author. Every person in the country has a right to freedom of speech and expression.

7. Manoj went to a college to apply for admission into an MBA course. The clerk refused to take his application and said “You, the son of a sweeper, wish to be a manager! Has anyone done this job in your community? Go to the municipality office and apply for a sweeper’s position”. Which of Manoj’s fundamental rights are being violated in this instance? Spell these out in a letter from Manoj to the district collector.

Ans: Here Manoj’s Right to Equality has been violated. According to Right to Equality every citizen is equal before the law, and he/she cannot be discriminated against on the grounds of race, caste, class, gender or religion. And also Manoj’s Right to freedom is violated which grants him personal liberty and right to choose and carry out any profession. 

Letter to the District Collector,

The District Collector 

Subject- Violation of Fundamental Rights

Respected Sir/Madam,

I had applied for an MBA course In order to fulfill my dream to become a Manager. But the Clerk in the office rejected my application and passed discriminatory comments. He made this decision on the basis of class bias. This is a clear violation of my Right to Freedom and equality. I am free to choose the profession I want to practice and nobody should discriminate against me on the basis of my class or caste. I request you to look into the matter and take the necessary action.

Thanking you,

8. When Madhurima went to the property registration office, the Registrar told her, “You can’t write your name as Madhurima Banerjee d/o A. K. Banerjee. You are married, so you must give your husband’s name. Your husband’s surname is Rao. So your name should be changed to Madhurima Rao.” She did not agree. She said “If my husband’s name has not changed after marriage, why should mine?” In your opinion who is right in this dispute? And why?

Ans: Madhurima is correct in this case. By inquiring and intervening in her personal issues, the Registrar is infringing on her right to freedom. In addition, the social issue of taking one's husband's surname has its origins in a religious tradition that views women as weaker and inferior. Moreover, forcing Madhurima to change her name is a violation of her right to equality and freedom of religion.

Here the learning is made more straightforward for the students to grasp the concept quickly. The questions showcase the writing style with which a student can obtain excellent marks. NCERT Solutions is what you need when you are worried about exams and how to pass them. Make your study time enjoyable with Vedantu.

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Chapter 5 Working of Institutions Class 9th Overview

Enjoyment of rights is an essential aspect of democracy apart from the working of institutions and elections. Every individual has democratic rights sanctioned by the court of law. The Class 9 SST working of institutions syllabus helps a student learn about a citizen's various democratic rights provided by our constitution. But to obtain excellent marks, you need to practice NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Civics chapters working at institutions. The more number of working institutions Class 9 solutions you practice, the more significant the proficiency you have on the subject. With this, your exam preparations will be smooth, and automatically it builds greater confidence within you.

Why Do You Need NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Democratic Politics Chapter 5?

Students can refer to the solutions and practice problems, which will help them score good marks in the exams. The NCERT Class 9 Democratic Politics Chapter 5 solutions help you express the answers in your own words in the Social Science exam. The writing style depicted in the solutions is what you need in your answers to top the charts. But before jumping into the problems directly, a student needs to clear his concept of democratic rights. In any democratic Nation, rights are essential for an individual. All of them have the authority to be elected, the authority to vote, express themselves, and the Right to form or dissolve political clans.

What is The Significance and Importance of NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science Working of Institutions?

There are times when you get miscellaneous questions to solve during the exams. Many students get tensed on noticing such questions due to which often their exams don't go well. The Class 9 Civics working of institutions NCERT Solutions has difficult questions and standard questions that give you an idea to solve such problems. The study material is entirely following the syllabus. It also helps in strengthening the fundamental concepts regarding the subject. Once you have a good grasp of the subject, it boosts your confidence and helps you give the exam without stress.

Democratic Rights Learning Topics in a Nutshell

The NCERT Solutions for Class 9 SST Civics working of institutions give a good idea of the democratic voting and electoral rights of an individual. The definition and requirement of rights in a democracy are present here. Detailed analysis of case studies from real-world situations is there in the NCERT Solutions for Class 9 social working institutions. All the Indian Constitution rights are present in the study materials starting right from the fundamental rights. The Right to freedom, Right to equality, right to religion, and education all fall under fundamental rights.

Over the years, rights like freedom of the press and RTI (Right To Information) have come from the fundamental rights. The chapter working of institutions Class 9 syllabus also comprises case studies that discuss life without rights. Another critical aspect of any democracy is securing rights. It is known as the Right to constitutional remedies, which is also present here. In the short working of institutions, Class 9 NCERT Solutions provide you detailed insight into all these topics.

Solved Examples

1. Name the fundamental right under which a ban on bonded labour falls.

a). Freedom of Religion

b). Right against exploitation

c). Right to equality

d). Educational Rights

Answer: b). Right against exploitation.

2. Which organization ensures that the deprived section of the society can retain their rights.

a). National Commission

b). Human Rights Commission

c). Rights Commission

d). National Human Rights Commission

Answer: d). National Human Rights Commission.

FAQs on NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Chapter 5 - Democratic Rights

1. How can you Justify the Restrictions on the Right to Freedom?

Some restrictions are justified like Indian citizens need permission to visit a few border lines for security issues. Any citizen can travel to any part of the country. But to maintain law and order and safeguard different communities, certain reasonable restrictions are very much justified. Another restriction that is also justified is that to safeguard the local population's interest, outsiders cannot buy property in some country areas. It saves the linguistic and cultural dignities of individual communities. But it is unjustified when the government bans a book stating against the ruling party. This curbs the freedom of expression of an individual and builds an oppressive environment that is not tolerable.

2. What do you Mean by Cultural and Educational Rights? Also, State the Importance of the Right to Freedom of Religion.

India is a diverse country with multiple religions, languages, cultures, regions, and people having individual characteristics and identity. One has to preserve these diversities for the minorities and other sections of the society. For this, we have cultural and educational rights. The Right to establish educational institutes provides the minority with the Right to open and run educational institutions. While granting aid to them, the government should not discriminate. The minorities also can preserve the language, script, culture, or join government institutes under the Right to conserve the language script and culture section. The Right to freedom of religion proves that India is secular, and all religions are the same. No state government institute is supposed to give religious education.

3. What are democratic rights in Chapter 5 of Democratic Rights of Class 9?

'Rights' are the claim of every person and these protect them from oppression, provide them with equality and other necessities. But, a right when granted to an individual should hold equal weight as an obligation to respect other individuals' rights as well. When these rights are recognized both by the government and the society, they become the law, thus constituting what is known as democratic rights.

4. What do you mean by Right against exploitation according to Chapter 5 of Democratic Rights of Class 9?

The Right Against Exploitation safeguards an individual from being exploited because the Constitution has laid down provisions to prevent the exploitation of minority communities in society. Three specific evils have been identified by the Constitution and deemed illegal:

Human trafficking.

Forced and bonded labor.

Child labour.

These three have been exploiting people for years, so the Constitution has recognized them and made them illegal for those vulnerable to such exploitation.

5. What are the important definitions coming under Chapter 5 of Democratic Rights of Class 9?

The given points focus on the main concepts in the chapter of Democratic Rights in class 9:

Democratic Rights.

Claim and Covenant.

Fundamental Rights.

Forced and Bonded labor.

Secularism.

Amnesty International.

Ethnic group.

These definitions help students identify their rights and help them understand that they form the basis of other concepts in the chapter and thus, are important definitions to be kept in mind.

6. How are NCERT Solutions advantageous in learning Democratic Rights Textbook in Class 9?

Vedantu's NCERT Solutions offer expert answers to the exercise problems for the chapter on Democratic Rights Textbook of Class 9. These solutions help the students in writing well-structured and informative answers on their own for their exams. This is solely due to the easily explained answers. Thus, these solutions provide an effective way of understanding the chapter and writing the answers with all the techniques and tips provided in the solutions. The solutions are free of cost and also available on Vedantu Mobile app as well as Vedantu website.

7. How is India justified as a secular state as per Chapter 5 of Democratic Rights of Class 9?

The fundamental rights guarantee the right to practice and follow any religion, thus bringing in the concept of secularism. The following statements justify that India practices secularism:

Each individual in India is free to follow and practice any religion.

There is no official religion that belongs to India because of various religious communities.

Every religious community is free and has the right to manage and practice its customs and affairs.

NCERT Class 9 Social Science Democratic Politics-I Chapter wise Solutions

Ncert solutions for class 9 social science, cbse study materials.

MCQ Questions for Class 9 Civics: Chapter 1 What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

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Class 9 Political Science(Civics) Chapter 1 Notes

Ncert Class 9 Political Science (civics) Chapter 1 Notes WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? WHY DEMOCRACY? in this step by step answer guide . In some of State Boards and CBSE schools, students are taught thru NCERT books. As the chapter comes to an end, students are requested few questions in an exercising to evaluate their expertise of the chapter. Students regularly want guidance managing those NCERT Notes. It’s most effective natural to get stuck withinside the exercises while solving them so that you can assist students score higher marks, we’ve provided step by step NCERT answers for all exercises of Class nine Social Science WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? WHY DEMOCRACY? so you can are looking for assist from them. Students should solve those exercises carefully as questions withinside the final exams are requested from those so these exercises immediately have an impact on students’ final score. Find all NCERT Notes for Class nine Social Science WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? WHY DEMOCRACY?  below and prepare in your tests easily

WHAT IS DEMOCRACY? WHY DEMOCRACY?

Definition of democracy, non democratic government, features of democracy.

A simple definition the democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the peple.

Major decisions by elected leaders

In a democracy the final decision making power must rest with those elected by the people.

What is the name of China Parliament?

A democracy must be based on a free and fair election where those currently in power have a fair chance of losing.

One person, one vote, one value

This principle has now come to be accepted almost all over the world.

Rule of law and respect

In this case, government is not democratic as there is no citizen basic rights, no-political opposition, no judiciary.

Summary definition

Arguments against democracy, arguments for democracy.

China’s famine of 1958-1961 was the worst recorded famine in world history.

Thus democracy improves the quality of decision-making

BROADER MEANINGS OF DEMOCRACY

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MCQ Questions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 5 Working of Institutions with Answers

We have compiled the NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 9 Civics Chapter 5 Working of Institutions with Answers Pdf free download covering the entire syllabus. Practice MCQ Questions for Class 9 Civics with Answers on a daily basis and score well in exams. Refer to the Working of Institutions Class 9 MCQs Questions with Answers here along with a detailed explanation.

Working of Institutions Class 9 MCQs Questions with Answers

Question 1. The president of India is elected by (a) Direct Election by citizens 18 years of age (b) Indirect Election by the Electoral College (c) The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers (d) None of the above

Answer: (b) Indirect Election by the Electoral College

Question 2. Which of these options is/are correct regarding the powers of the Prime Minister? (a) He chairs the Cabinet meetings (b) He distributes work to the different departments (c) He can dismiss ministers (d) All the above

Answer: (d) All the above

Question 3. Which organ of the government has the power to interpret the Constitution? (a) Supreme Court (b) District Court (c) High Court (d) Both (a) and (c)

Answer: (a) Supreme Court

Question 4. Who among the following is a part of the political executive? (a) Home Minister (b) District Collector (c) Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs (d) Director General of Police

Answer: (a) Home Minister

Question 5. Whom does the President appoint as the Prime Minister? (a) Anyone he likes (b) Leader of the majority party (c) MP who has secured the largest number of votes (d) None of the above

Answer: (b) Leader of the majority party

Question 6. What is a Public Interest Litigation? (a) Filing a case in the court in the interest of the public (b) Reviewing of Supreme Court judgements (c) Procedure of removal of a judge (d) None of the above

Answer: (a) Filing a case in the court in the interest of the public

Question 7. Who appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts? (a) President, according to his own wishes (b) President, on the advice of the PM (c) President on the advice of the PM in consultation with the Chief Justice of India (d) None of the above

Answer: (c) President on the advice of the PM in consultation with the Chief Justice of India

Question 8. Which of these disputes can the Supreme Court take? (a) Between citizens of the country (b) Between citizens and the government (c) Between two or more state governments (d) All the above

Question 9. Two features of Indian judicial system are: (a) Independent Judiciary (b) Integrated Judiciary (c) Dependent Judiciary (d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 10. For how long can the Rajya Sabha delay a Money Bill? (a) 15 days (b) 1 month (c) 3 months (d) 14 days

Answer: (d) 14 days

Question 11. Which of these are correct so far as powers of the Parliament are concerned, apart from making laws? (a) Exercising control over the government (b) Controlling finance of the country (c) Serving as the highest forum of discussion and debate (d) All the above

Question 12. Why did people react strongly to the Mandal Commission Report? (a) It left out many backward communities (b) It affected thousands of job opportunities (c) Some high castes wanted to be included in it (d) Both (a) and (c)

Answer: (b) It affected thousands of job opportunities

Question 13. When was the Second Backward Class Commission appointed? (a) 1989 (b) 1979 (c) 1999 (d) 2001

Answer: (b) 1979

Question 14. President of India is: (a) Head of the Government (b) Head of the State (c) Head of the parliament (d) None of the above

Answer: (b) Head of the State

Question 15. Which of the following statements is not true? (a) The Judiciary safeguards the laws (b) The Legislature implements the laws (c) The political executives are more powerful than the permanent executives (d) The permanent executives comprises the civil servants

Answer: (b) The Legislature implements the laws

Question 16. What is the government formed by an alliance of two or more political parties called? (a) Cooperation government (b) Coalition government (c) Consensus government (d) Cooperative government

Answer: (b) Coalition government

Question 17. What is the tenure of office of the Prime Minister? (a) 5 years (b) 6 years (c) As long as he wants (d) He does not have a fixed tenure

Answer: (d) He does not have a fixed tenure

Question 18. Why does the political executive have more powers than the permanent executive? (a) Because hardly any expertise is required in taking policy decisions (b) Because political executive consists of the direct representatives of the people (c) Political leaders are more educated (d) None of the above

Answer: (b) Because political executive consists of the direct representatives of the people

Question 19. What are the two types of ‘Executives’ in India? (a) Political Executive (b) Permanent Executive (c) Judicial Executive (d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 20. What does the Supreme Court say over the Parliament’s power of amendment of the Constitution? (a) Parliament can amend the entire Constitution (b) Parliament can amend only the basic structure of the Constitution (c) Parliament cannot amend the basic structure of the Constitution (d) None of the above

Answer: (c) Parliament cannot amend the basic structure of the Constitution

Question 21. What is the power of the Supreme Court to judge the constitutional validity of a law passed by the Parliament or an action of the Executive called? (a) Judicial Revision (b) Judicial Review (c) Judicial Consent (d) Judicial Permission

Answer: (b) Judicial Review

Question 22. How can a judge of the Supreme Court be removed? (a) By the Supreme Court itself (b) By the Parliament through impeachment (c) By the President alone (d) By the Police

Answer: (b) By the Parliament through impeachment

Question 23. Apart from Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, who else constitutes the Parliament? (a) Prime Minister (b) Chief Minister (c) Governor (d) President

Answer: (d) President

Question 24. What do the Civil Servants do? (a) They take important policy decisions (b) They implement the ministers’ decisions (c) They settle the disputes (d) None of the above

Answer: (b) They implement the ministers’ decisions

Question 25. What is meant by ‘Office Memorandum’? (a) Order issued by the Government of India (b) Memoirs of the leaders of the past (c) Important defence documents (d) None of the above

Answer: (a) Order issued by the Government of India

Question 26. What is ‘Parliament’? (a) Assembly of elected representatives at the national level (b) A body consisting of appointed ministers (c) Body comprising judges (d) Assembly of only appointed members

Answer: (a) Assembly of elected representatives at the national level

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• Personal tax
• Benefits in kind statistics: June 2024
• HM Revenue & Customs

Benefit in kind statistics commentary June 2024

Published 27 June 2024

© Crown copyright 2024

This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] .

Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.

This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/benefits-in-kind-statistics-june-2024/benefit-in-kind-statistics-commentary-june-2024

1. About this release

This annual publication provides a breakdown of HMRC ’s taxable benefits in kind statistics for company cars (and company car fuel).

In 2020 the scope of HMRC ’s taxable benefits in kind statistics was restricted to company cars (and company car fuel) only. This decision was made because the increased uptake of payrolling had substantially reduced the completeness of the data on which statistics for other benefits were based.

A further table reports the total amount of Class 1A National Insurance paid on all benefits in kind (including company cars), and the corresponding value of those benefits.

Figures for tax year 2022 to 2023 are based on an early extract of electronically captured data on car benefits. Income Tax and NICs figures for that year are also based on projections of the Survey of Personal incomes (SPI) for tax year 2021 to 2022. These figures are provisional and subject to revision in future publications.

2. Main points

Key points for company car and fuel benefits in tax year 2022 to 2023 are:

the total number of reported recipients of company car benefit was 760,000, up 40,000 from the previous year. This figure had been in steady decline from 960,000 in 2015 to 2016

the total taxable value of company car benefit was £3.60 billion in tax year 2022 to 2023 down from £3.95 billion in 2021 to 2022

the number of reported fuel benefit recipients was 50,000 in 2022 to 2023 the same as the previous year, although there has been as steady decline from 240,000 in 2011 to 2012. The shift towards electric powered cars is expected to be in part behind the decline in fuel benefit use

in tax year 2022 to 2023, only around 2% of company cars had reported CO 2 emissions in excess of 165 g/km. By contrast in 2002 to 2003, 58% of company cars had reported emissions in excess of 165 g/km

the average reported CO 2 emission of company cars including electric cars was 71 g/km, compared to 86 g/km in the previous tax year. For cars with internal combustion engines the average was 99 g/km

diesel cars account for 23% of company cars in 2022 to 2023 following a steady decline from 80% of company cars in 2017

the number of reported recipients of company cars with CO 2 emissions of 75g/km or less was 369,000 (up from around 243,000 in the previous tax year). Fully electric cars account for 29% of car benefit recipients

the total taxable value of all Class 1A taxable benefits in kind was £9.1 billion, an increase of £0.7 billion from the previous year

Comparisons over time are made more difficult by incompleteness arising from the introduction of voluntary payrolling in April 2016. Until April 2018 there was no requirement to report the details of voluntarily payrolled company cars. Reporting of these cars is now required but it appears there is still considerable underreporting, which may account for some of the reduction in company cars since tax year 2015 to 2016. This is explained more fully in section 8 of the accompanying background documentation.

Appropriate percentages (used to calculate tax liability for those in receipt of company cars) were increased by three percentage points for most cars in 2019 to 2020 but only increased slightly for non-electric cars with CO 2 emissions of 75g/km or more in 2020 to 2021. Furthermore, the appropriate percentage rates for non-electric cars with CO 2 emissions of under 75g/km were reduced and for cars classified as being zero emission was reduced to 0% for the tax year 2020 to 2021, increasing to 1% in 2021 to 2022 and 2% in 2022 to 2023. Further information on these policy changes .

3. What taxes are paid on company cars and car fuel benefit?

Directors of companies and employees are liable to pay Income Tax on the value of their company cars and car fuel benefits. Their employers (or in certain cases other third parties who provide benefits in kind) are liable to pay Class 1A NICs on these benefits. Other benefits may be subject to Class 1 NICs. The taxable value of a benefit depends on its type.

4. How are taxes collected for company cars and car fuel benefit?

Tax on benefits is usually collected via tax code adjustment notified by HMRC to the employer, based on P11D returns submitted after the end of the tax year.

From April 2016 the requirement to report certain benefits in kind on the P11D form was removed for those employers who register to deduct the tax due on those benefits in kind directly from payroll.

The introduction of voluntary payrolling affected the way in which company car data are reported, and this has impacts on the level of completeness of these statistics for different years.

From April 2017, employers who payroll company cars or car fuel benefits could voluntarily report details as part of their regular PAYE returns on RTI (Real Time Information).

From April 2018, company cars and car fuel are the only benefits for which it is mandatory for employers who have chosen to payroll to report detailed information as part of their regular PAYE returns on RTI .

In the 2020 publication the scope of HMRC ’s taxable benefits in kind statistics was restricted to company cars (and company car fuel) only. This decision was made because the increased uptake of payrolling had substantially reduced the completeness of the data on which statistics for other benefits were based. Company cars (and car fuel) remain the focus of this year’s publication.

For a more detailed explanation of company cars and car fuel benefit and how the data sources are used, users are encouraged to read the background quality report that accompanies this release.

5. Company car benefit and company car fuel benefit

Figure 1 shows the number of recipients of car benefit and the total taxable value of company cars by year. Figure 2 shows the number of recipients of car fuel benefit and the total taxable value of company car fuel. The underlying data for these charts can be found alongside this publication.

Figure 1: Number of recipients and total taxable value of company cars (from April 2011)

Figure 2: Number of recipients and taxable value of fuel benefit (since April 2011)

Tax year 2022 to 2023

Company car benefit was reported for 760,000 individuals in tax year 2022 to 2023, up 40,000 from the previous year. This figure had been in steady decline from 960,000 in 2015 to 2016. The total taxable value of company car benefit was £3.60 billion in tax year 2022 to 2023 down from £3.95 billion in 2021 to 2022. Total Income Tax and NIC liabilities arising from company car benefit were around £1.21 billion and £0.52 billion respectively.

The drop in the number of company car drivers in 2020 to 2021 is expected to have been exacerbated somewhat by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, and associated reduction in economic activity. Changes in work practices during that period may have continued into 2021 to 2022. The increase in company car drivers in 2022 to 2023 may indicate a slight return to more normal activity.

50,000 individuals reporting company car benefit were also reported to be in receipt of car fuel benefit, the same as in 2021 to 2022. This is about 7% of all car benefit recipients (down from 8%). This will have been affected by the Covid pandemic travel restrictions in 2020, as well as the continuing increased share of company cars powered exclusively by electricity in 2022 to 2023.

The total taxable value of car fuel benefit has fallen steeply from £0.47 billion in 2019 to 2020, to £0.24 billion in 2021 to 2022 and to £0.20 billion in 2022 to 2023. Total Income Tax and NIC liabilities for car fuel benefit were around £70 million and £30 million respectively.

The average taxable values for car benefit and car fuel benefit in 2022 to 2023 were £4,750 and £4,260 respectively down from £5,520 and £4,660 the year prior.

Longer term trends

Between tax year 2011 to 2012 and 2015 to 2016 the reported number of recipients of company car benefit remained relatively stable at just under one million. In more recent years it has steadily declined to the level of 720,000 in 2021 to 2022, increasing slightly to 76,000 in 2022 to 2023. However, the reporting issues noted in section 8 mean that there is likely to be a substantial number of individuals in these years who received company car benefit that (while taxed at payroll) was not properly reported to HMRC . The appropriate tax was collected but car benefit not recorded.

Over the period from tax year 2011 to 2012 to tax year 2019 to 2020 the total taxable value of reported company cars increased significantly from £3.61 billion to £5.43 billion but fell to £4.62 billion in 2020 to 2021, £3.95 billion in 2021 to 2022 and £3.60 billion in 2022 to 2023. The increase to 2019 to 2020 was primarily due to increases in the ‘appropriate percentages’ used to calculate the taxable value of a company car, and to a lesser extent increases in the average car list price. These offset the falling number of company car drivers. By contrast, in 2020 to 2021 the total taxable value decreased. This was driven by a reduction in the number of company cars and a shift towards electric powered cars which are subject to lower ‘appropriate percentages’. The shift to electric powered cars has continued through to 2022 to 2023. The ‘appropriate percentages’ only increased slightly for non electric vehicles and there was only a modest increase in the average list price for non electric vehicles.

There has been a long-term downward trend in both the number of recipients and the total taxable value of car fuel from 240,000 recipients (taxable value £770 million) in tax year 2011 to 2012 to 50,000 recipients (taxable value £200 million) in 2022 to 2023.

This trend is likely to reflect rising fuel prices during most of this period, causing employers and employees to look more carefully at whether the fuel benefit formula results in a tax charge commensurate with the perceived value of the benefit. Although average fuel costs were around 10% lower in 2020 to 2021, there were significant travel restrictions at various times due to the Covid pandemic which may have driven some taxpayers to relinquish car fuel from their employer. The rise in electric vehicles means fewer company cars used car fuel in 2022 to 2023 compared to earlier years.

6. Company cars by CO 2 emissions and fuel type

The current system of company car taxation, in which the taxable benefit of a company car is calculated with reference to the car’s reported CO 2 emissions, was introduced in April 2002.

In the intervening 20 years the population of company cars has become significantly more efficient with much reduced CO 2 emissions for distance travelled.

In tax year 2002 to 2003, 58% of company cars had reported emissions of 165 g/km or more. In tax year 2022 to 2023, only around 2% of company cars had reported CO 2 emissions of 165 g/km or more due to fossil fuel cars becoming more efficient and an increasing share of company cars powered exclusively by electricity.

The number of reported recipients of company cars with CO 2 emissions of 75g/km or less was 369,000, up from around 243,000 in the previous tax year. This includes fully electric cars (50,000 in 2020 to 2021, 125,000 in 2021 to 2022 and 222,000 in 2022 to 2023).

Figure 3 shows the number of recipients of car benefit by CO 2 emission band. The underlying data for this chart can be found alongside this publication.

Figure 3: Recipients of car benefit by emission range (tax year 2011 to 2012 and tax year 2022 to 2023)

The number of recipients of cars with emissions of 115 g/km and above has decreased substantially. In 2011 to 2012 only 13% of company cars had emissions of less than 115 g/km. In 2022 to 2023 this was 69%.

In tax year 2022 to 2023 the proportion of cars that were zero emission (fully electric vehicles or ‘EV’) cars rose to 29% or 222,000.

WLTP and RDE2

The way that a vehicle’s CO 2 emissions are measured changed between 2018 and 2020 with the introduction of the Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) which replaced the old NEDC (New European Driving Cycle test). From April 2020 all new cars should be using the WLTP CO 2 measurement for tax calculations. As WLTP typically gives higher emission rates, most appropriate percentages have been reduced by 2 percentage points compared to the current percentage for cars with emissions measured under NEDC to help support its introduction.

Figure 4 shows the average reported CO 2 emission of company cars by year. The underlying data for this chart can be found alongside this publication.

Figure 4: Average (reported) CO 2 emissions of company cars since April 2011

There has been a significant shift in the proportion of diesel company cars. Diesel cars accounted for around 80% of company cars up to 2017 with a steady decline through to 49% by 2020 to 2021. The proportion of company cars using diesel fuel reduced to 23% (170,000) in 2022 to 2023, with 29% (222,000) of company cars being fully electric in this year.

Between April 2010 and April 2015 electric cars (with CO 2 emissions of 0 g/km) were not liable to company car tax. Accordingly, these statistics only include electric cars from tax year 2015 to 2016, however as stated above their numbers were very small until 2020 to 2021. One effect of the increase in electric cars is that they have helped reduce the average CO 2 emission rate of company cars to 86 g/km. Even after excluding electric cars from the average, the average CO 2 emission rate has reduced to 99 g/km confirming a trend towards lower emission fossil fuel cars.

The number of Ultra-Low Emission Vehicles (ULEVS), with CO 2 emissions no greater than 75 g/km (but not zero emission), have also increased steadily in recent years from 5,000 in tax year 2014 to 2015 to 147,000 in 2022 to 2023.

7. Company cars and employer-provided fuel by range of total income

Figure 5 shows the average taxable value of company car and car fuel benefit by income band for tax year 2022 to 2023. The underlying data for this chart can be found alongside this publication.

Figure 5: Average taxable value of company car and fuel benefit by range of total income (tax year 2022 to 2023)

In general the average (taxable) value of company car benefit increases with total income. This is generally the same for fuel benefit recipients with incomes less than £75,000. Above £75,000 income the taxable value of fuel levels off. Individuals who received company car fuel benefit (50,000) are a small proportion of the 760,000 who benefit from a company car.

Note that the taxable value of a company car is determined by a calculation involving the car’s list price and CO 2 emissions (among other factors), and this will therefore not solely reflect the value of the car as perceived by the recipient.

8. The impact of ‘voluntary payrolling’ on these statistics

As noted previously, the term ‘payrolling’ refers to the situation in which an employer calculates and deducts tax on employee benefits in kind through their payroll. In recent years the increased uptake of payrolling has had an impact on the completeness of the data on which these statistics are based.

8.1 Informal payrolling

Before April 2016 a small number of employers were permitted to operate informal payrolling systems for taxable benefits in kind. These employers were still legally obliged to return P11Ds at the end of the tax year, but these P11Ds were not electronically processed and therefore are not included in these statistics.

Voluntary payrolling

From April 2016 the requirement to report certain benefits in kind on the P11D form has been removed for those employers who register to deduct the tax due on those benefits in kind directly from payroll. A system was set up for employers who voluntarily payroll company cars to report these cars in their regular PAYE returns on RTI , but this was not compulsory until April 2018.

Tax year 2016 to 2017: RTI reporting of company cars not possible

Tax year 2017 to 2018: RTI reporting of company cars on a voluntary basis

Tax year 2018 to 2019 and later: RTI reporting of company cars compulsory

The statistics in these tables therefore omit all cars which were voluntarily payrolled in tax year 2016 to 2017, as well as some cars that were voluntarily payrolled in tax year 2017 to 2018 (those which the employers chose not to report).

From April 2018 onward all voluntarily payrolled company cars should have been reported to HMRC . However, there is evidence that compliance with the new reporting system is not complete.

The issue of incompleteness means that it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions from these statistics about the trend in the number of company cars in recent years. The number of company cars reported to HMRC has fallen from 960,000 in tax year 2015 to 2016 (the final year before the introduction of voluntary payrolling) to 760,000 in tax year 2022 to 2023. But there is internal evidence to suggest that a substantial number of company car benefits were not correctly reported to HMRC in recent tax years, which suggests that the 760,000 figure underestimates the true number of company car recipients.

This evidence includes both identifying PAYE schemes which registered to payroll company car benefits and yet did not report any company cars through RTI , and observing unusual trends in the number of company cars reported by PAYE schemes which do not seem likely to reflect real changes in the provision of company cars to employees. It is not possible to precisely quantify the impact of payrolling on the figures provided, but users of these statistics should be aware that this ‘reporting gap’ is likely to have exaggerated the observed trend in the number of company car recipients in years since April 2016.

9. Other (Class 1A) taxable benefits in kind

Figure 6 shows the taxable value of Class 1A benefits in kind since April 2015. The underlying data for this chart can be found alongside this publication.

Figure 6: Total taxable value of Class 1A benefits in kind (since April 2015)

As noted in the background documentation, changes to the way that taxable benefits in kind are calculated – in particular, the increased uptake of payrolling – mean that it is no longer possible for HMRC to publish detailed statistics on the majority of taxable benefits in kind. Therefore, since September 2020, the focus of this publication shifted to company cars (and company car fuel) only.

In response to a user engagement exercise the publication includes a table showing the total value of taxable benefits in kind.

The value of Class 1A taxable benefits in kind has increased steadily year-on-year to £10.0 billion in 2019 to 2020. The total value of Class 1A taxable benefits in kind decreased in tax year 2020 to 2021 to £9.0 billion, then £8.4 billion in 2021 to 2022, recovering to £9.1 billion in 2022 to 2023, meaning that the (taxable) value of company cars is projected to be 40% of the total (taxable) value of all such benefits (reducing from £5.43 billion in 2019 to 2020 to £3.95 billion in 2021 to 2022 and £3.6 billion in 2022 to 2023).

10. Car benefit recipients by region

Figure 7 is a map showing the number of car benefit recipients in each region or country of the UK for tax year 2022 to 2023. The underlying data for this chart can be found alongside this publication.

Figure 7: Number of car benefit recipients by region

The Figure shows that the South East of England has the highest number of car benefit recipients at 115,000 with a taxable value of £520 million. A full regional breakdown can be found in Table 4 which accompanies this publication.

11. User engagement exercise

In 2020 HMRC carried out a user engagement exercise to better understand how the removal of non-car benefits in kind affected users of these statistics and to seek their view on the changes being considered to the way these statistics are presented.

HMRC published a response to that user engagement exercise .

Previous publications have implemented some of the changes discussed in the user engagement exercise. Although the user engagement exercise is now closed, users of the statistics who wish to share their views about these changes can do so by contacting [email protected].

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• NCERT Solutions
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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science

Download chapter-wise ncert solutions for class 9 social science.

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science can be accessed by the students to answer the textbook questions and solve them for practice. These will help the students to self-evaluate their progress in class and prepare for the exams based on their knowledge gap. We provide complete solutions for the students with proper explanations of the entire chapter. The NCERT Solutions Class 9 covers all the questions from the class textbooks, spread across subjects such as History, Geography, Political Science and Economics.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History

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CBSE Class 9 Social Science Syllabus Course Structure 2023-24

Internal Assessment Class 9 Social Science 2023-24

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