writing a good introduction for thesis

How to write a fantastic thesis introduction (+15 examples)

The thesis introduction, usually chapter 1, is one of the most important chapters of a thesis. It sets the scene. It previews key arguments and findings. And it helps the reader to understand the structure of the thesis. In short, a lot is riding on this first chapter. With the following tips, you can write a powerful thesis introduction.

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Elements of a fantastic thesis introduction

Open with a (personal) story, begin with a problem, define a clear research gap, describe the scientific relevance of the thesis, describe the societal relevance of the thesis, write down the thesis’ core claim in 1-2 sentences, support your argument with sufficient evidence, consider possible objections, address the empirical research context, give a taste of the thesis’ empirical analysis, hint at the practical implications of the research, provide a reading guide, briefly summarise all chapters to come, design a figure illustrating the thesis structure.

An introductory chapter plays an integral part in every thesis. The first chapter has to include quite a lot of information to contextualise the research. At the same time, a good thesis introduction is not too long, but clear and to the point.

A powerful thesis introduction does the following:

• It captures the reader’s attention.
• It presents a clear research gap and emphasises the thesis’ relevance.
• It provides a compelling argument.
• It previews the research findings.
• It explains the structure of the thesis.

In addition, a powerful thesis introduction is well-written, logically structured, and free of grammar and spelling errors. Reputable thesis editors can elevate the quality of your introduction to the next level. If you are in search of a trustworthy thesis or dissertation editor who upholds high-quality standards and offers efficient turnaround times, I recommend the professional thesis and dissertation editing service provided by Editage . 

This list can feel quite overwhelming. However, with some easy tips and tricks, you can accomplish all these goals in your thesis introduction. (And if you struggle with finding the right wording, have a look at academic key phrases for introductions .)

Ways to capture the reader’s attention

A powerful thesis introduction should spark the reader’s interest on the first pages. A reader should be enticed to continue reading! There are three common ways to capture the reader’s attention.

An established way to capture the reader’s attention in a thesis introduction is by starting with a story. Regardless of how abstract and ‘scientific’ the actual thesis content is, it can be useful to ease the reader into the topic with a short story.

This story can be, for instance, based on one of your study participants. It can also be a very personal account of one of your own experiences, which drew you to study the thesis topic in the first place.

Start by providing data or statistics

Data and statistics are another established way to immediately draw in your reader. Especially surprising or shocking numbers can highlight the importance of a thesis topic in the first few sentences!

So if your thesis topic lends itself to being kick-started with data or statistics, you are in for a quick and easy way to write a memorable thesis introduction.

The third established way to capture the reader’s attention is by starting with the problem that underlies your thesis. It is advisable to keep the problem simple. A few sentences at the start of the chapter should suffice.

Usually, at a later stage in the introductory chapter, it is common to go more in-depth, describing the research problem (and its scientific and societal relevance) in more detail.

You may also like: Minimalist writing for a better thesis

Emphasising the thesis’ relevance

A good thesis is a relevant thesis. No one wants to read about a concept that has already been explored hundreds of times, or that no one cares about.

Of course, a thesis heavily relies on the work of other scholars. However, each thesis is – and should be – unique. If you want to write a fantastic thesis introduction, your job is to point out this uniqueness!

In academic research, a research gap signifies a research area or research question that has not been explored yet, that has been insufficiently explored, or whose insights and findings are outdated.

Every thesis needs a crystal-clear research gap. Spell it out instead of letting your reader figure out why your thesis is relevant.

* This example has been taken from an actual academic paper on toxic behaviour in online games: Liu, J. and Agur, C. (2022). “After All, They Don’t Know Me” Exploring the Psychological Mechanisms of Toxic Behavior in Online Games. Games and Culture 1–24, DOI: 10.1177/15554120221115397

The scientific relevance of a thesis highlights the importance of your work in terms of advancing theoretical insights on a topic. You can think of this part as your contribution to the (international) academic literature.

Scientific relevance comes in different forms. For instance, you can critically assess a prominent theory explaining a specific phenomenon. Maybe something is missing? Or you can develop a novel framework that combines different frameworks used by other scholars. Or you can draw attention to the context-specific nature of a phenomenon that is discussed in the international literature.

The societal relevance of a thesis highlights the importance of your research in more practical terms. You can think of this part as your contribution beyond theoretical insights and academic publications.

Why are your insights useful? Who can benefit from your insights? How can your insights improve existing practices?

Formulating a compelling argument

Arguments are sets of reasons supporting an idea, which – in academia – often integrate theoretical and empirical insights. Think of an argument as an umbrella statement, or core claim. It should be no longer than one or two sentences.

Including an argument in the introduction of your thesis may seem counterintuitive. After all, the reader will be introduced to your core claim before reading all the chapters of your thesis that led you to this claim in the first place.

But rest assured: A clear argument at the start of your thesis introduction is a sign of a good thesis. It works like a movie teaser to generate interest. And it helps the reader to follow your subsequent line of argumentation.

The core claim of your thesis should be accompanied by sufficient evidence. This does not mean that you have to write 10 pages about your results at this point.

However, you do need to show the reader that your claim is credible and legitimate because of the work you have done.

A good argument already anticipates possible objections. Not everyone will agree with your core claim. Therefore, it is smart to think ahead. What criticism can you expect?

Think about reasons or opposing positions that people can come up with to disagree with your claim. Then, try to address them head-on.

Providing a captivating preview of findings

Similar to presenting a compelling argument, a fantastic thesis introduction also previews some of the findings. When reading an introduction, the reader wants to learn a bit more about the research context. Furthermore, a reader should get a taste of the type of analysis that will be conducted. And lastly, a hint at the practical implications of the findings encourages the reader to read until the end.

If you focus on a specific empirical context, make sure to provide some information about it. The empirical context could be, for instance, a country, an island, a school or city. Make sure the reader understands why you chose this context for your research, and why it fits to your research objective.

If you did all your research in a lab, this section is obviously irrelevant. However, in that case you should explain the setup of your experiment, etcetera.

The empirical part of your thesis centers around the collection and analysis of information. What information, and what evidence, did you generate? And what are some of the key findings?

For instance, you can provide a short summary of the different research methods that you used to collect data. Followed by a short overview of how you analysed this data, and some of the key findings. The reader needs to understand why your empirical analysis is worth reading.

You already highlighted the practical relevance of your thesis in the introductory chapter. However, you should also provide a preview of some of the practical implications that you will develop in your thesis based on your findings.

Presenting a crystal clear thesis structure

A fantastic thesis introduction helps the reader to understand the structure and logic of your whole thesis. This is probably the easiest part to write in a thesis introduction. However, this part can be best written at the very end, once everything else is ready.

A reading guide is an essential part in a thesis introduction! Usually, the reading guide can be found toward the end of the introductory chapter.

The reading guide basically tells the reader what to expect in the chapters to come.

In a longer thesis, such as a PhD thesis, it can be smart to provide a summary of each chapter to come. Think of a paragraph for each chapter, almost in the form of an abstract.

For shorter theses, which also have a shorter introduction, this step is not necessary.

Especially for longer theses, it tends to be a good idea to design a simple figure that illustrates the structure of your thesis. It helps the reader to better grasp the logic of your thesis.

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How to write a good thesis introduction

1. Identify your readership

2. hook the reader and grab their attention, 3. provide relevant background, 4. give the reader a sense of what the paper is about, 5. preview key points and lead into your thesis statement, frequently asked questions about writing a good thesis introduction, related articles.

Many people struggle to write a thesis introduction. Much of your research prep should be done and you should be ready to start your introduction. But often, it’s not clear what needs to be included in a thesis introduction. If you feel stuck at this point not knowing how to start, this guide can help.

Tip: If you’re really struggling to write your thesis intro, consider putting in a placeholder until you write more of the body of your thesis. Then, come back to your intro once you have a stronger sense of the overall content of your thesis.

A good introduction draws readers in while providing the setup for the entire project. There is no single way to write an introduction that will always work for every topic , but the points below can act as a guide. These points can help you write a good thesis introduction.

Before even starting with your first sentence, consider who your readers are. Most likely, your readers will be the professors who are advising you on your thesis.

You should also consider readers of your thesis who are not specialists in your field. Writing with them in your mind will help you to be as clear as possible; this will make your thesis more understandable and enjoyable overall.

Tip: Always strive to be clear, correct, concrete, and concise in your writing.

The first sentence of the thesis is crucial. Looking back at your own research, think about how other writers may have hooked you.

It is common to start with a question or quotation, but these types of hooks are often overused. The best way to start your introduction is with a sentence that is broad and interesting and that seamlessly transitions into your argument.

Once again, consider your audience and how much background information they need to understand your approach. You can start by making a list of what is interesting about your topic:

• Are there any current events or controversies associated with your topic that might be interesting for your introduction?
• What kinds of background information might be useful for a reader to understand right away?
• Are there historical anecdotes or other situations that uniquely illustrate an important aspect of your argument?

A good introduction also needs to contain enough background information to allow the reader to understand the thesis statement and arguments. The amount of background information required will depend on the topic .

There should be enough background information so you don't have to spend too much time with it in the body of the thesis, but not so much that it becomes uninteresting.

Tip: Strike a balance between background information that is too broad or too specific.

Let the reader know what the purpose of the study is. Make sure to include the following points:

• Briefly describe the motivation behind your research.
• Describe the topic and scope of your research.
• Explain the practical relevance of your research.
• Explain the scholarly consensus related to your topic: briefly explain the most important articles and how they are related to your research.

At the end of your introduction, you should lead into your thesis statement by briefly bringing up a few of your main supporting details and by previewing what will be covered in the main part of the thesis. You’ll want to highlight the overall structure of your thesis so that readers will have a sense of what they will encounter as they read.

A good introduction draws readers in while providing the setup for the entire project. There is no single way to write an introduction that will always work for every topic, but these tips will help you write a great introduction:

• Identify your readership.
• Grab the reader's attention.
• Provide relevant background.
• Preview key points and lead into the thesis statement.

A good introduction needs to contain enough background information, and let the reader know what the purpose of the study is. Make sure to include the following points:

• Briefly describe the motivation for your research.

The length of the introduction will depend on the length of the whole thesis. Usually, an introduction makes up roughly 10 per cent of the total word count.

The best way to start your introduction is with a sentence that is broad and interesting and that seamlessly transitions into your argument. Consider the audience, then think of something that would grab their attention.

In Open Access: Theses and Dissertations you can find thousands of recent works. Take a look at any of the theses or dissertations for real-life examples of introductions that were already approved.

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How to Write a Thesis Introduction

What types of information should you include in your introduction .

In the introduction of your thesis, you’ll be trying to do three main things, which are called Moves :

• Move 1 establish your territory (say what the topic is about)
• Move 2 establish a niche (show why there needs to be further research on your topic)
• Move 3 introduce the current research (make hypotheses; state the research questions)

Each Move has a number of stages. Depending on what you need to say in your introduction, you might use one or more stages. Table 1 provides you with a list of the most commonly occurring stages of introductions in Honours theses (colour-coded to show the Moves ). You will also find examples of Introductions, divided into stages with sample sentence extracts. Once you’ve looked at Examples 1 and 2, try the exercise that follows.

Most thesis introductions include SOME (but not all) of the stages listed below. There are variations between different Schools and between different theses, depending on the purpose of the thesis.

Stages in a thesis introduction

• state the general topic and give some background
• provide a review of the literature related to the topic
• define the terms and scope of the topic
• outline the current situation
• evaluate the current situation (advantages/ disadvantages) and identify the gap
• identify the importance of the proposed research
• state the research problem/ questions
• state the research aims and/or research objectives
• state the hypotheses
• outline the order of information in the thesis
• outline the methodology

Example 1: Evaluation of Boron Solid Source Diffusion for High-Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells (School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering)

Example 2: Methods for Measuring Hepatitis C Viral Complexity (School of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences)

Note: this introduction includes the literature review.

Now that you have read example 1 and 2, what are the differences?

Example 3: The IMO Severe-Weather Criterion Applied to High-Speed Monohulls (School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering)

Example 4: The Steiner Tree Problem (School of Computer Science and Engineering)

Introduction exercise

Example 5.1 (extract 1): The effects of Fluoride on the reproduction of three native Australian plant Species (School of Geography)

Example 5.2 (extract 2): The effects of Fluoride on the reproduction of three native Australian plant Species (School of Geography)

Example 5.3

Example 5.4 (extract 4): The effects of Fluoride on the reproduction of three native Australian plant Species (School of Geography)

Example 5.5 (extract 5): The effects of Fluoride on the reproduction of three native Australian plant Species (School of Geography)

Example 5.6 (extract 6): The effects of Fluoride on the reproduction of three native Australian plant Species (School of Geography)

Well, firstly, there are many choices that you can make. You will notice that there are variations not only between the different Schools in your faculty, but also between individual theses, depending on the type of information that is being communicated. However, there are a few elements that a good Introduction should include, at the very minimum:

• Either Statement of general topic Or Background information about the topic;
• Either Identification of disadvantages of current situation Or Identification of the gap in current research;
• Identification of importance of proposed research
• Either Statement of aims Or Statement of objectives
• An Outline of the order of information in the thesis

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How To Write A Dissertation Or Thesis

8 straightforward steps to craft an a-grade dissertation.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) Expert Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2020

Writing a dissertation or thesis is not a simple task. It takes time, energy and a lot of will power to get you across the finish line. It’s not easy – but it doesn’t necessarily need to be a painful process. If you understand the big-picture process of how to write a dissertation or thesis, your research journey will be a lot smoother.  

In this post, I’m going to outline the big-picture process of how to write a high-quality dissertation or thesis, without losing your mind along the way. If you’re just starting your research, this post is perfect for you. Alternatively, if you’ve already submitted your proposal, this article which covers how to structure a dissertation might be more helpful.

How To Write A Dissertation: 8 Steps

• Clearly understand what a dissertation (or thesis) is
• Find a unique and valuable research topic
• Craft a convincing research proposal
• Write up a strong introduction chapter
• Review the existing literature and compile a literature review
• Design a rigorous research strategy and undertake your own research
• Present the findings of your research
• Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications

Step 1: Understand exactly what a dissertation is

This probably sounds like a no-brainer, but all too often, students come to us for help with their research and the underlying issue is that they don’t fully understand what a dissertation (or thesis) actually is.

So, what is a dissertation?

At its simplest, a dissertation or thesis is a formal piece of research , reflecting the standard research process . But what is the standard research process, you ask? The research process involves 4 key steps:

• Ask a very specific, well-articulated question (s) (your research topic)
• See what other researchers have said about it (if they’ve already answered it)
• If they haven’t answered it adequately, undertake your own data collection and analysis in a scientifically rigorous fashion
• Answer your original question(s), based on your analysis findings

In short, the research process is simply about asking and answering questions in a systematic fashion . This probably sounds pretty obvious, but people often think they’ve done “research”, when in fact what they have done is:

• Started with a vague, poorly articulated question
• Not taken the time to see what research has already been done regarding the question
• Collected data and opinions that support their gut and undertaken a flimsy analysis
• Drawn a shaky conclusion, based on that analysis

If you want to see the perfect example of this in action, look out for the next Facebook post where someone claims they’ve done “research”… All too often, people consider reading a few blog posts to constitute research. Its no surprise then that what they end up with is an opinion piece, not research. Okay, okay – I’ll climb off my soapbox now.

The key takeaway here is that a dissertation (or thesis) is a formal piece of research, reflecting the research process. It’s not an opinion piece , nor a place to push your agenda or try to convince someone of your position. Writing a good dissertation involves asking a question and taking a systematic, rigorous approach to answering it.

If you understand this and are comfortable leaving your opinions or preconceived ideas at the door, you’re already off to a good start!

Step 2: Find a unique, valuable research topic

As we saw, the first step of the research process is to ask a specific, well-articulated question. In other words, you need to find a research topic that asks a specific question or set of questions (these are called research questions ). Sounds easy enough, right? All you’ve got to do is identify a question or two and you’ve got a winning research topic. Well, not quite…

A good dissertation or thesis topic has a few important attributes. Specifically, a solid research topic should be:

Let’s take a closer look at these:

Attribute #1: Clear

Your research topic needs to be crystal clear about what you’re planning to research, what you want to know, and within what context. There shouldn’t be any ambiguity or vagueness about what you’ll research.

Here’s an example of a clearly articulated research topic:

An analysis of consumer-based factors influencing organisational trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms.

As you can see in the example, its crystal clear what will be analysed (factors impacting organisational trust), amongst who (consumers) and in what context (British low-cost equity brokerage firms, based online).

Need a helping hand?

Attribute #2:   Unique

Your research should be asking a question(s) that hasn’t been asked before, or that hasn’t been asked in a specific context (for example, in a specific country or industry).

For example, sticking organisational trust topic above, it’s quite likely that organisational trust factors in the UK have been investigated before, but the context (online low-cost equity brokerages) could make this research unique. Therefore, the context makes this research original.

One caveat when using context as the basis for originality – you need to have a good reason to suspect that your findings in this context might be different from the existing research – otherwise, there’s no reason to warrant researching it.

Attribute #3: Important

Simply asking a unique or original question is not enough – the question needs to create value. In other words, successfully answering your research questions should provide some value to the field of research or the industry. You can’t research something just to satisfy your curiosity. It needs to make some form of contribution either to research or industry.

For example, researching the factors influencing consumer trust would create value by enabling businesses to tailor their operations and marketing to leverage factors that promote trust. In other words, it would have a clear benefit to industry.

So, how do you go about finding a unique and valuable research topic? We explain that in detail in this video post – How To Find A Research Topic . Yeah, we’ve got you covered 😊

Step 3: Write a convincing research proposal

Once you’ve pinned down a high-quality research topic, the next step is to convince your university to let you research it. No matter how awesome you think your topic is, it still needs to get the rubber stamp before you can move forward with your research. The research proposal is the tool you’ll use for this job.

So, what’s in a research proposal?

The main “job” of a research proposal is to convince your university, advisor or committee that your research topic is worthy of approval. But convince them of what? Well, this varies from university to university, but generally, they want to see that:

• You have a clearly articulated, unique and important topic (this might sound familiar…)
• You’ve done some initial reading of the existing literature relevant to your topic (i.e. a literature review)
• You have a provisional plan in terms of how you will collect data and analyse it (i.e. a methodology)

At the proposal stage, it’s (generally) not expected that you’ve extensively reviewed the existing literature , but you will need to show that you’ve done enough reading to identify a clear gap for original (unique) research. Similarly, they generally don’t expect that you have a rock-solid research methodology mapped out, but you should have an idea of whether you’ll be undertaking qualitative or quantitative analysis , and how you’ll collect your data (we’ll discuss this in more detail later).

Long story short – don’t stress about having every detail of your research meticulously thought out at the proposal stage – this will develop as you progress through your research. However, you do need to show that you’ve “done your homework” and that your research is worthy of approval .

So, how do you go about crafting a high-quality, convincing proposal? We cover that in detail in this video post – How To Write A Top-Class Research Proposal . We’ve also got a video walkthrough of two proposal examples here .

Step 4: Craft a strong introduction chapter

Once your proposal’s been approved, its time to get writing your actual dissertation or thesis! The good news is that if you put the time into crafting a high-quality proposal, you’ve already got a head start on your first three chapters – introduction, literature review and methodology – as you can use your proposal as the basis for these.

Handy sidenote – our free dissertation & thesis template is a great way to speed up your dissertation writing journey.

What’s the introduction chapter all about?

The purpose of the introduction chapter is to set the scene for your research (dare I say, to introduce it…) so that the reader understands what you’ll be researching and why it’s important. In other words, it covers the same ground as the research proposal in that it justifies your research topic.

What goes into the introduction chapter?

This can vary slightly between universities and degrees, but generally, the introduction chapter will include the following:

• A brief background to the study, explaining the overall area of research
• A problem statement , explaining what the problem is with the current state of research (in other words, where the knowledge gap exists)
• Your research questions – in other words, the specific questions your study will seek to answer (based on the knowledge gap)
• The significance of your study – in other words, why it’s important and how its findings will be useful in the world

As you can see, this all about explaining the “what” and the “why” of your research (as opposed to the “how”). So, your introduction chapter is basically the salesman of your study, “selling” your research to the first-time reader and (hopefully) getting them interested to read more.

How do I write the introduction chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this post .

Step 5: Undertake an in-depth literature review

As I mentioned earlier, you’ll need to do some initial review of the literature in Steps 2 and 3 to find your research gap and craft a convincing research proposal – but that’s just scratching the surface. Once you reach the literature review stage of your dissertation or thesis, you need to dig a lot deeper into the existing research and write up a comprehensive literature review chapter.

What’s the literature review all about?

There are two main stages in the literature review process:

Literature Review Step 1: Reading up

The first stage is for you to deep dive into the existing literature (journal articles, textbook chapters, industry reports, etc) to gain an in-depth understanding of the current state of research regarding your topic. While you don’t need to read every single article, you do need to ensure that you cover all literature that is related to your core research questions, and create a comprehensive catalogue of that literature , which you’ll use in the next step.

Reading and digesting all the relevant literature is a time consuming and intellectually demanding process. Many students underestimate just how much work goes into this step, so make sure that you allocate a good amount of time for this when planning out your research. Thankfully, there are ways to fast track the process – be sure to check out this article covering how to read journal articles quickly .

Literature Review Step 2: Writing up

Once you’ve worked through the literature and digested it all, you’ll need to write up your literature review chapter. Many students make the mistake of thinking that the literature review chapter is simply a summary of what other researchers have said. While this is partly true, a literature review is much more than just a summary. To pull off a good literature review chapter, you’ll need to achieve at least 3 things:

• You need to synthesise the existing research , not just summarise it. In other words, you need to show how different pieces of theory fit together, what’s agreed on by researchers, what’s not.
• You need to highlight a research gap that your research is going to fill. In other words, you’ve got to outline the problem so that your research topic can provide a solution.
• You need to use the existing research to inform your methodology and approach to your own research design. For example, you might use questions or Likert scales from previous studies in your your own survey design .

As you can see, a good literature review is more than just a summary of the published research. It’s the foundation on which your own research is built, so it deserves a lot of love and attention. Take the time to craft a comprehensive literature review with a suitable structure .

But, how do I actually write the literature review chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this video post .

Step 6: Carry out your own research

Once you’ve completed your literature review and have a sound understanding of the existing research, its time to develop your own research (finally!). You’ll design this research specifically so that you can find the answers to your unique research question.

There are two steps here – designing your research strategy and executing on it:

1 – Design your research strategy

The first step is to design your research strategy and craft a methodology chapter . I won’t get into the technicalities of the methodology chapter here, but in simple terms, this chapter is about explaining the “how” of your research. If you recall, the introduction and literature review chapters discussed the “what” and the “why”, so it makes sense that the next point to cover is the “how” –that’s what the methodology chapter is all about.

In this section, you’ll need to make firm decisions about your research design. This includes things like:

• Your research philosophy (e.g. positivism or interpretivism )
• Your overall methodology (e.g. qualitative , quantitative or mixed methods)
• Your data collection strategy (e.g. interviews , focus groups, surveys)
• Your data analysis strategy (e.g. content analysis , correlation analysis, regression)

If these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these in plain language in other posts. It’s not essential that you understand the intricacies of research design (yet!). The key takeaway here is that you’ll need to make decisions about how you’ll design your own research, and you’ll need to describe (and justify) your decisions in your methodology chapter.

2 – Execute: Collect and analyse your data

Once you’ve worked out your research design, you’ll put it into action and start collecting your data. This might mean undertaking interviews, hosting an online survey or any other data collection method. Data collection can take quite a bit of time (especially if you host in-person interviews), so be sure to factor sufficient time into your project plan for this. Oftentimes, things don’t go 100% to plan (for example, you don’t get as many survey responses as you hoped for), so bake a little extra time into your budget here.

Once you’ve collected your data, you’ll need to do some data preparation before you can sink your teeth into the analysis. For example:

• If you carry out interviews or focus groups, you’ll need to transcribe your audio data to text (i.e. a Word document).
• If you collect quantitative survey data, you’ll need to clean up your data and get it into the right format for whichever analysis software you use (for example, SPSS, R or STATA).

Once you’ve completed your data prep, you’ll undertake your analysis, using the techniques that you described in your methodology. Depending on what you find in your analysis, you might also do some additional forms of analysis that you hadn’t planned for. For example, you might see something in the data that raises new questions or that requires clarification with further analysis.

The type(s) of analysis that you’ll use depend entirely on the nature of your research and your research questions. For example:

• If your research if exploratory in nature, you’ll often use qualitative analysis techniques .
• If your research is confirmatory in nature, you’ll often use quantitative analysis techniques
• If your research involves a mix of both, you might use a mixed methods approach

Again, if these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these concepts and techniques in other posts. The key takeaway is simply that there’s no “one size fits all” for research design and methodology – it all depends on your topic, your research questions and your data. So, don’t be surprised if your study colleagues take a completely different approach to yours.

Step 7: Present your findings

Once you’ve completed your analysis, it’s time to present your findings (finally!). In a dissertation or thesis, you’ll typically present your findings in two chapters – the results chapter and the discussion chapter .

What’s the difference between the results chapter and the discussion chapter?

While these two chapters are similar, the results chapter generally just presents the processed data neatly and clearly without interpretation, while the discussion chapter explains the story the data are telling  – in other words, it provides your interpretation of the results.

For example, if you were researching the factors that influence consumer trust, you might have used a quantitative approach to identify the relationship between potential factors (e.g. perceived integrity and competence of the organisation) and consumer trust. In this case:

• Your results chapter would just present the results of the statistical tests. For example, correlation results or differences between groups. In other words, the processed numbers.
• Your discussion chapter would explain what the numbers mean in relation to your research question(s). For example, Factor 1 has a weak relationship with consumer trust, while Factor 2 has a strong relationship.

Depending on the university and degree, these two chapters (results and discussion) are sometimes merged into one , so be sure to check with your institution what their preference is. Regardless of the chapter structure, this section is about presenting the findings of your research in a clear, easy to understand fashion.

Importantly, your discussion here needs to link back to your research questions (which you outlined in the introduction or literature review chapter). In other words, it needs to answer the key questions you asked (or at least attempt to answer them).

For example, if we look at the sample research topic:

In this case, the discussion section would clearly outline which factors seem to have a noteworthy influence on organisational trust. By doing so, they are answering the overarching question and fulfilling the purpose of the research .

For more information about the results chapter , check out this post for qualitative studies and this post for quantitative studies .

Step 8: The Final Step Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications

Last but not least, you’ll need to wrap up your research with the conclusion chapter . In this chapter, you’ll bring your research full circle by highlighting the key findings of your study and explaining what the implications of these findings are.

What exactly are key findings? The key findings are those findings which directly relate to your original research questions and overall research objectives (which you discussed in your introduction chapter). The implications, on the other hand, explain what your findings mean for industry, or for research in your area.

Sticking with the consumer trust topic example, the conclusion might look something like this:

Key findings

This study set out to identify which factors influence consumer-based trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms. The results suggest that the following factors have a large impact on consumer trust:

While the following factors have a very limited impact on consumer trust:

Notably, within the 25-30 age groups, Factors E had a noticeably larger impact, which may be explained by…

Implications

The findings having noteworthy implications for British low-cost online equity brokers. Specifically:

The large impact of Factors X and Y implies that brokers need to consider….

The limited impact of Factor E implies that brokers need to…

As you can see, the conclusion chapter is basically explaining the “what” (what your study found) and the “so what?” (what the findings mean for the industry or research). This brings the study full circle and closes off the document.

Let’s recap – how to write a dissertation or thesis

You’re still with me? Impressive! I know that this post was a long one, but hopefully you’ve learnt a thing or two about how to write a dissertation or thesis, and are now better equipped to start your own research.

To recap, the 8 steps to writing a quality dissertation (or thesis) are as follows:

• Understand what a dissertation (or thesis) is – a research project that follows the research process.
• Find a unique (original) and important research topic
• Craft a convincing dissertation or thesis research proposal
• Write a clear, compelling introduction chapter
• Undertake a thorough review of the existing research and write up a literature review
• Undertake your own research
• Present and interpret your findings

Once you’ve wrapped up the core chapters, all that’s typically left is the abstract , reference list and appendices. As always, be sure to check with your university if they have any additional requirements in terms of structure or content.  

Psst... there’s more!

This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

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20 Comments

thankfull >>>this is very useful

Thank you, it was really helpful

unquestionably, this amazing simplified way of teaching. Really , I couldn’t find in the literature words that fully explicit my great thanks to you. However, I could only say thanks a-lot.

Great to hear that – thanks for the feedback. Good luck writing your dissertation/thesis.

This is the most comprehensive explanation of how to write a dissertation. Many thanks for sharing it free of charge.

Very rich presentation. Thank you

Thanks Derek Jansen|GRADCOACH, I find it very useful guide to arrange my activities and proceed to research!

Thank you so much for such a marvelous teaching .I am so convinced that am going to write a comprehensive and a distinct masters dissertation

It is an amazing comprehensive explanation

This was straightforward. Thank you!

I can say that your explanations are simple and enlightening – understanding what you have done here is easy for me. Could you write more about the different types of research methods specific to the three methodologies: quan, qual and MM. I look forward to interacting with this website more in the future.

Thanks for the feedback and suggestions 🙂

Hello, your write ups is quite educative. However, l have challenges in going about my research questions which is below; *Building the enablers of organisational growth through effective governance and purposeful leadership.*

Very educating.

Just listening to the name of the dissertation makes the student nervous. As writing a top-quality dissertation is a difficult task as it is a lengthy topic, requires a lot of research and understanding and is usually around 10,000 to 15000 words. Sometimes due to studies, unbalanced workload or lack of research and writing skill students look for dissertation submission from professional writers.

Thank you 💕😊 very much. I was confused but your comprehensive explanation has cleared my doubts of ever presenting a good thesis. Thank you.

thank you so much, that was so useful

Hi. Where is the excel spread sheet ark?

could you please help me look at your thesis paper to enable me to do the portion that has to do with the specification

my topic is “the impact of domestic revenue mobilization.

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• If you are writing in a new discipline, you should always make sure to ask about conventions and expectations for introductions, just as you would for any other aspect of the essay. For example, while it may be acceptable to write a two-paragraph (or longer) introduction for your papers in some courses, instructors in other disciplines, such as those in some Government courses, may expect a shorter introduction that includes a preview of the argument that will follow.  
• In some disciplines (Government, Economics, and others), it’s common to offer an overview in the introduction of what points you will make in your essay. In other disciplines, you will not be expected to provide this overview in your introduction.  
• Avoid writing a very general opening sentence. While it may be true that “Since the dawn of time, people have been telling love stories,” it won’t help you explain what’s interesting about your topic.  
• Avoid writing a “funnel” introduction in which you begin with a very broad statement about a topic and move to a narrow statement about that topic. Broad generalizations about a topic will not add to your readers’ understanding of your specific essay topic.  
• Avoid beginning with a dictionary definition of a term or concept you will be writing about. If the concept is complicated or unfamiliar to your readers, you will need to define it in detail later in your essay. If it’s not complicated, you can assume your readers already know the definition.  
• Avoid offering too much detail in your introduction that a reader could better understand later in the paper.
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Writing Center

Effective introductions and thesis statements, make them want to continue reading.

Writing an effective introduction is an art form. The introduction is the first thing that your reader sees. It is what invests the reader in your paper, and it should make them want to continue reading. You want to be creative and unique early on in your introduction; here are some strategies to help catch your reader’s attention:

• Tell a brief anecdote or story
• As a series of short rhetorical questions
• Use a powerful quotation
• Refute a common belief
• Cite a dramatic fact or statistic

Your introduction also needs to adequately explain the topic and organization of your paper.

Your  thesis statement  identifies the purpose of your paper. It also helps focus the reader on your central point. An effective thesis establishes a tone and a point of view for a given purpose and audience. Here are some important things to consider when constructing your thesis statement.

• Don’t just make a factual statement – your thesis is your educated opinion on a topic.
• Don’t write a highly opinionated statement that might offend your audience.
• Don’t simply make an announcement (ex. “Tuition should be lowered” is a much better thesis than “My essay will discuss if tuition should be lowered”).
• Don’t write a thesis that is too broad – be specific.

The thesis is often located in the middle or at the end of the introduction, but considerations about audience, purpose, and tone should always guide your decision about its placement.

Sometimes it’s helpful to wait to write the introduction until after you’ve written the essay’s body because, again, you want this to be one of the strongest parts of the paper.

Example of an introduction:

Innocent people murdered because of the hysteria of young girls! Many people believe that the young girls who accused citizens of Salem, Massachusetts of taking part in witchcraft were simply acting to punish their enemies. But recent evidence shows that the young girls may have been poisoned by a fungus called Ergot, which affects rye and wheat. The general public needs to learn about this possible cause for the hysteria that occurred in Salem so that society can better understand what happened in the past, how this event may change present opinion, and how the future might be changed by learning this new information.

By Rachel McCoppin, Ph.D. Last edited October 2016 by Allison Haas, M.A.

How do you write a good introduction to a thesis or dissertation?

The introduction to a university dissertation or thesis is an essential part of a final year project.It is the first connection you will make with your reader.It is therefore important to write a well-written introduction to your dissertation in order to

• interest the reader or the examiner,
• capture their attention ,
• give them a clear idea of the subject covered in the dissertation.

A reader or examiner in a hurry generally reads your thesis  diagonally. In this case, they are particularly interested in the following 3 elements : the introduction to the thesis , the outline of the thesis  and the conclusion of the thesis . It is therefore important to take care with these 3 elements to highlight the quality of your work. 

In this article, we present the main elements to be included in a thesis introduction , with an example of an introduction valid for different levels of study: bachelor's thesis (bac+3), master's thesis (bac+4 and bac+5), doctoral thesis , etc.

Contents :  Writing a thesis introduction at the right time The 5 main elements in the introduction to a dissertation or thesis Highlighting your thesis introduction Example of a thesis introduction

1. Writing a thesis introduction at the right time

There are 2 schools of thought on the ideal time to write a thesis introduction :  

• Write your introduction after the writing plan has been finalised (at the start of the dissertation or thesis project).
• Write your introduction after you have finished writing your thesis (at the end of the project).

Writing a thesis introduction after finalising the outline

Drawing up a detailed outline for your dissertation or thesis is a crucial stage in the preparation of a university project .

It follows the definition of the subject, the choice of a thesis supervisor and the formulation of the problem statement . 

Drawing up an outline for your thesis is important, because your outline sets out your response to the problem.

As soon as you have finalised and validated your dissertation or thesis plan , you can start writing your project , particularly the introduction to your thesis or dissertation .

Be careful to adjust your dissertation or thesis introduction according to the elements you include in your dissertation as you go along.

Writing a thesis introduction after you've written your thesis

Writing your thesis introduction at the end may seem counter-intuitive , but in reality it is recommended practice for a number of reasons: 

When writing the different parts of your thesis, you usually have a vague idea of the points you want to cover. As you go along, your thoughts evolve and you refine your ideas . Writing the introduction at the end gives you an overview of the work as a whole, so that you can write a more precise and relevant introduction to your thesis .

Clarifying your objectives

At the end of your research, you will have a clearer idea of your objectives and the means and tools you will use to achieve them. Writing your introduction at the end makes it easier to explain your objectives.

Adjusting the problem

During the course of a research project, the subject may evolve . By writing the thesis introduction at the end, you can be sure that you are presenting the problem to which you are responding.

Consistency with the conclusion

Writing your thesis introduction at the same time as your conclusion ensures that they are aligned . This way, you can be sure that they are coherent and that they provide a good framework for your thesis .

Even if you choose to write your thesis introduction at the end of your work , you should be aware that you can write a draft introduction at the beginning of the project. This first draft will allow you to clarify your ideas and give your dissertation or thesis a direction. You can revise and finalise it once the rest of the thesis has been completed.

2. The 5 main elements of a thesis introduction

There are several elements to include in your thesis introduction , whether it's a research or professional thesis . 

Make sure your introduction is structured , brief and concise . The aim is to communicate the essential information to your reader in no more than one or two pages . 

The structure of a thesis introduction is also crucial in capturing the reader's attention. This structure may vary according to the requirements of your field of study or your institution.

Here are the 5 parts to be included in your thesis introduction and adapted according to the guidelines received :

Contextualisation

Start with a hook (statistics, key facts or concrete examples) to draw your reader's attention to the subject. Then go on to introduce the subject in a general way, highlighting its importance in the current context and its relevance to your field of study . 

Problematic

Clearly identify the question you wish to answer. Explain why this problematic is interesting and why you have chosen to address it. A good problematic should be simple, precise and understandable! 

Research objectives

Frame your study by presenting its objectives . What are you trying to measure? What are the main hypotheses you want to examine? Also describe your research methodology in this paragraph. 

Structure of the thesis

Give an overview of the overall structure of your dissertation or thesis by announcing your plan. Explain your choice of sections and parts to familiarise the reader with your organisation. 

Announcement of results (optional)

Finally, give a brief overview of the results you have reached at the end of your research. Indicate the main conclusions to pique the reader's interest and encourage them to want to find out more.

Focus on the presentation of research methodology

What is the research methodology for a thesis.

The choice of academic research methodology depends on the nature of the project: research dissertation , professional dissertation , doctoral thesis .

There are several academic research methods : quantitative studies , qualitative studies , empirical studies , comparative studies , etc.

Why present your research methodology in the thesis introduction?

By presenting your research methodology in your thesis introduction , you situate your work in a specific methodological context . You give the reader more information to u nderstand your approach and assess the validity of your results.

Focus on announcing the plan in a thesis introduction

Why include the outline in the introduction to a thesis.

To orientate the reader, we strongly advise you to announce the overall plan of your thesis in your introduction. This gives them an overview and helps them to follow your argument coherently. 

By announcing the plan, you also help the reader to understand what to expect in each part. This can be particularly useful when your work is long.

How do you announce a thesis plan in the introduction?

Here are some ideas for announcing the plan in the introduction to your thesis : 

Simple enumeration

List the main parts of your thesis .

For example : "This thesis is divided into four main parts: Part I - Background and problematic, Part II - Review of the literature, Part III...".

Explanatory sentences

To give more context to each part, you can add a brief explanatory sentence for each of them. 

For example: "This thesis is structured in four main parts. In the first part, we will examine the context and problematic of our research. The second part will be devoted to an in-depth review of the existing literature on the subject...".

3. Highlighting the thesis introduction: the layout

It is important to highlight the thesis introduction . To do this, an appropriate layout is necessary. 

The layout of the thesis introduction must be carefully thought out and well structured in order to capture the reader's attention and guide them through the text clearly and concisely. 

Here is an example of the layout for the first few pages of a thesis (including the introduction): 

Page 1: cover page of the thesis 

name of the university or institution,

• title of the thesis,
• first name and surname of the author,
• date of submission.

Page 2: acknowledgement page 

Acknowledgements to all the people who contributed to the smooth running of your academic year,

• thanks to all those who contributed to the writing of your dissertation or university thesis.

Page 3: table of contents

A detailed list of the sections and subsections of the thesis, with the corresponding page numbers.

Page 4: thesis introduction 

title of the introduction,

• catchphrase or relevant quotation to capture the reader's attention (contextualisation),
• context in which the research topic is justified (contextualisation),
• problematic and research questions (problematic), 
• research objectives and methodology used,
• outline of the plan.

4. Example of a thesis introduction

The following is an example of a thesis introduction that can be adapted to deliverables for different levels of study: bachelor's thesis , master's thesis , doctoral thesis , etc. 

Example of a thesis introduction for a dissertation or doctoral thesis on the subject of artificial intelligence and its impact on education :

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened up new perspectives in many fields, including education. AI-based technologies have the potential to transform educational practices , improve learning processes and prepare learners for the challenges of our digital society. In this doctoral thesis, we propose to explore the impact of artificial intelligences on education , taking an in-depth look at the opportunities, challenges and implications of these emerging technologies.

The problematic of this research lies in the growing need to adapt education to the demands of the 21st century , integrating technological innovations to deliver a more effective, personalised and relevant learning experience. Artificial intelligences represent a promising response to this problematic, but their integration into the field of education raises fundamental questions about the pedagogical, ethical and social consequences of these technological advances.

Research objective

The main objective of this thesis is therefore to analyse in depth the impact of artificial intelligences on education , focusing on their applications, their potential benefits, and the challenges and concerns they raise. To achieve this aim, we will adopt a multidisciplinary approach, combining conceptual analyses , case studies and empirical investigations .

Structure of the dissertation

This thesis is structured in six main parts . In the first part , we present the context and the problematic linked to the use of artificial intelligences in education . We will raise the current educational issues and the needs that AIs can meet, identifying the research questions that guide our work.

The second part will be devoted to an in-depth literature review , where we will analyse previous work and existing research on the impact of artificial intelligences in education. We will examine the different applications of AIs , such as intelligent tutoring systems , learning data analysis , personalisation of teaching , etc.

In the third part , we will describe our research methodology , explaining how we designed our case studies and empirical investigations . We will discuss the tools and methods used to collect and analyse the data, as well as the measures taken to ensure the validity and reliability of our research .

Then, in the fourth section , we will present the results of our case studies and surveys , analysing them in the light of our research problematic. We will examine the potential benefits of AI in terms of improved learner performance, adaptation to individual needs, personalised feedback, and so on.

In the fifth part , we will address the challenges and concerns associated with the use of AI .

To sum up, the introduction is an important part of the thesis. It captures the reader's attention by presenting the context, subject, problematic and structure of the thesis. By following these few tips, you can write an effective and relevant thesis introduction to encourage your reader or your examiner to read your deliverable. 

Sources for further reading :  " How to Write a Thesis Introduction " UNSW, consulted on 13/07/2023. " How to write a good thesis introduction " Paperpile, consulted on 13/07/2023. " How to write a fantastic thesis introduction " Master Academia, consulted on 13/07/2023.   Information: this informative article, which does not require any personal reflection, was written in part with the help of ChatGPT. We have reworked the automatically generated content (correcting repetitions, correcting turns of phrase, adding clarifications, adding quotations, checking the veracity of the information, etc.).

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Traditional Academic Essays In Three Parts

Part i: the introduction.

An introduction is usually the first paragraph of your academic essay. If you’re writing a long essay, you might need 2 or 3 paragraphs to introduce your topic to your reader. A good introduction does 2 things:

• Gets the reader’s attention. You can get a reader’s attention by telling a story, providing a statistic, pointing out something strange or interesting, providing and discussing an interesting quote, etc. Be interesting and find some original angle via which to engage others in your topic.
• Provides a specific and debatable thesis statement. The thesis statement is usually just one sentence long, but it might be longer—even a whole paragraph—if the essay you’re writing is long. A good thesis statement makes a debatable point, meaning a point someone might disagree with and argue against. It also serves as a roadmap for what you argue in your paper.

Part II: The Body Paragraphs

Body paragraphs help you prove your thesis and move you along a compelling trajectory from your introduction to your conclusion. If your thesis is a simple one, you might not need a lot of body paragraphs to prove it. If it’s more complicated, you’ll need more body paragraphs. An easy way to remember the parts of a body paragraph is to think of them as the MEAT of your essay:

Main Idea. The part of a topic sentence that states the main idea of the body paragraph. All of the sentences in the paragraph connect to it. Keep in mind that main ideas are…

• like labels. They appear in the first sentence of the paragraph and tell your reader what’s inside the paragraph.
• arguable. They’re not statements of fact; they’re debatable points that you prove with evidence.
• focused. Make a specific point in each paragraph and then prove that point.

Evidence. The parts of a paragraph that prove the main idea. You might include different types of evidence in different sentences. Keep in mind that different disciplines have different ideas about what counts as evidence and they adhere to different citation styles. Examples of evidence include…

• quotations and/or paraphrases from sources.
• facts , e.g. statistics or findings from studies you’ve conducted.
• narratives and/or descriptions , e.g. of your own experiences.

Analysis. The parts of a paragraph that explain the evidence. Make sure you tie the evidence you provide back to the paragraph’s main idea. In other words, discuss the evidence.

Transition. The part of a paragraph that helps you move fluidly from the last paragraph. Transitions appear in topic sentences along with main ideas, and they look both backward and forward in order to help you connect your ideas for your reader. Don’t end paragraphs with transitions; start with them.

Keep in mind that MEAT does not occur in that order. The “ T ransition” and the “ M ain Idea” often combine to form the first sentence—the topic sentence—and then paragraphs contain multiple sentences of evidence and analysis. For example, a paragraph might look like this: TM. E. E. A. E. E. A. A.

Part III: The Conclusion

A conclusion is the last paragraph of your essay, or, if you’re writing a really long essay, you might need 2 or 3 paragraphs to conclude. A conclusion typically does one of two things—or, of course, it can do both:

• Summarizes the argument. Some instructors expect you not to say anything new in your conclusion. They just want you to restate your main points. Especially if you’ve made a long and complicated argument, it’s useful to restate your main points for your reader by the time you’ve gotten to your conclusion. If you opt to do so, keep in mind that you should use different language than you used in your introduction and your body paragraphs. The introduction and conclusion shouldn’t be the same.
• For example, your argument might be significant to studies of a certain time period .
• Alternately, it might be significant to a certain geographical region .
• Alternately still, it might influence how your readers think about the future . You might even opt to speculate about the future and/or call your readers to action in your conclusion.

Handout by Dr. Liliana Naydan. Do not reproduce without permission.

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Easily understand how to write a PhD thesis introduction

Feb 26, 2019

Have you checked out the rest of  The PhD Knowledge Base ? It’s home to hundreds more free resources and guides, written especially for PhD students. 

Get the introduction right and the rest of your dissertation will follow. 

What is the purpose of a PhD thesis introduction?

1. establish your research territory (by situating your research in a broader context), 2. establish and justify your niche (by describing why your research is needed) , 3. explain the significance of your research (by describing how you conducted the research).

• What your thesis is about
• Why it is important
• How it was conducted
• How it is laid out

The introduction as a whole should outline the significance and relevance of the thesis. The main criteria for a PhD is its role as an original contribution to knowledge, so the introduction is the space in which you very clearly outline that contribution.

How to structure an PhD thesis introduction

A typical PhD thesis introduction follows the following format:

• Introduction to the introduction: a short version (of only a few paragraphs) of the thesis’ aims, research questions, contribution, objectives and findings.
• State the overarching topic and aims of the thesis in more detail Provide a brief review of the literature related to the topic (this will be very brief if you have a separate literature review chapter)
• Define the terms and scope of the topic
• Critically evaluate the current state of the literature on that topic and identify your gap
• Outline why the research is important and the contribution that it makes
• Outline your epistemological and ontological position
• Clearly outline the research questions and problem(s) you seek to address
• State the hypotheses (if you are using any)
• Detail the most important concepts and variables
• Briefly describe your methodology
• Discuss the main findings
• Discuss the layout of the thesis

Much like the abstract, the reader shouldn’t have to wait long before they understand the contribution, what you are doing and how you are doing it. So, you’ll start by presenting your research in a clear, concise way in the opening few paragraphs. These opening paragraphs should briefly summarise the aims, objectives, research questions, main argument and contribution.

The reader shouldn’t have to wait long before they understand the contribution, what you are doing and how you are doing it.

A useful exercise here is to try and write the core elements of an introduction on a Post-it note. Keep trying until they fit. When they do, use that as the basis for these first few paragraphs. This is the same technique you use when filling out the PhD Writing Template .

As you go through the chapter, you will dial down into more and more detail. That means that the next stage, after the first few paragraphs, is to provide some context (steps 2-10 above).

Here you provide all the detail necessary to situate the study and make sense of the opening few paragraphs.

But, there are two things to bear in mind.

You will need to ease into the detail gently. Don’t launch straight from your opening paragraphs into huge amounts of detail. Follow the order of the 13 steps above and you will gradually ease into your discussion.

The danger of presenting too much information too soon is that you will confuse the reader. They will struggle to understand how the information you present is relevant and will struggle to understand how it relates to your thesis aims and objectives.  

Simply follow the steps above.

You need to bear in mind that the level of detail you will go into (and therefore the length of the introduction) depends on the structure of your thesis.

If you have a standalone literature review, you will go into less detail about the current state of the literature and the gaps within it.

Similarly, if you have a dedicated theory chapter, you will not need to spend too much time on developing your theory framework.

The same is true for your methods.

The goal in any case is to present enough context to situate and make sense of your research questions but not overburden the reader with information that is superfluous to the goal of situating the research and which you will repeat at a later juncture anyhow.

Your PhD thesis. All on one page.

Use our free PhD structure template to quickly visualise every element of your thesis. 

Common problems when writing your introduction

When we proofread PhDs , we see the same mistakes again and again.

Providing too much detail

There is a tendency to provide too much background information in the introduction. As we saw above, quite how much information you present in your thesis will depend on whether you have a standalone literature review or methods chapter. What you want to avoid is any unnecessary repetition.

Sometimes there is necessary repetition though. You need to present just enough information to contextualise your study and to be able to situate your aims, research questions an argument, but not too much that you end up confusing and bombarding the reader. Keep things simple here; it’s fine to overlook some of the more technical detail at this stage. Think of a newspaper article: the first couple of paragraphs provide a brief overview of the story. The detail comes later.

Not providing enough detail

On the flip side, some students don’t provide enough detail. The danger here is that the reader is left asking questions at the end of the introduction. Remember: they should be able to understand what your thesis is about, how it was conducted and why it is important just from reading the introduction. If you present too little detail then they won’t be able to. Read through your own introduction; is it clear what your contribution is and why it is important? If not, you haven’t got enough detail.

Launching into too much detail

Make sure you introduce gently. Don’t suddenly rush into lots of detail. Instead, you should make the aims, questions and contribution clear in the opening lines and then gradually layer on more detail. That way, the reader can keep up. Present too much detail too soon and the reader will become confused. The last place you want confusion is in the introduction; if the reader can’t follow your introduction, they won’t understand the thesis.

Not following a coherent structure so that the reader is left confused

Some students don’t follow a coherent logic when they write their introductions, which means that the reader is left confused.

For example, if you present too much background information and literature review before you outline the aim and purpose of the research, the reader will struggle to follow, because they won’t know why the background information is important.

The same is true if you discuss the methods before your research questions.

What we see often is important information being spread throughout the introduction in such a way that the reader has to hunt for it. Follow our layout guide above so that each piece of vital information is contained in its own mini section. Make your reader’s job as easy as possible.

Using too much technical language not properly defined

It’s more than likely that your research relies upon lots of technical terms, concepts and techniques. If you must talk about any of these in the introduction, be sure to offer clear and concise definitions. A failure to do so means that the reader is left confused.

Conducting a literature review

Unless you are explicitly avoiding a standalone literature review chapter, the introduction is not the place to review the literature. Sure, you will need to situate your study in a body of literature, but the introduction isn’t the place to critically discuss it or justify its inclusion in that literature. It’s enough to say that you will contribute to X body of literature and briefly discuss its core features and shortcomings. The literature review is the place to justify that decision and elaborate upon its features. Read our guide to writing literature reviews and our guide to being critical when you do so.

Finalising your thesis introduction

Once you have finished your thesis, ask yourself the following questions:

• Does the first line of the introduction discuss the problem that your thesis is addressing and the contribution that it is making?
• Does the introduction provide an overview of the thesis and end with a brief discussion on the content of each chapter?
• Does the introduction make a case for the research?
• Have the research questions/problems/hypotheses been clearly outlined (preferably early on)?

Now you know how to present your research as clearly and concisely as possible. Your reader (and examiner) will thank you, because they’ll be able to understand exactly what your study is about just from reading the introductory pages. Keep this guide to hand, whatever stage of the writing process you are at.

Have you downloaded our free one page PhD Writing Template ? It’s a really effective way to visualise your entire thesis on one page.

If you’re still struggling to structure your introduction, or you need any other support as you write your thesis, check out our  one-on-one PhD coaching . It’s like having a personal trainer, but for your PhD. 

Share this:

12 comments.

I was struggling with writing the introduction chapter. Really had no idea on how to organise my ideas. Completely lost and desolate. I have no one to encourage or support me. I prayed to God to give me knowledge and wisdom and guide me. After a while I found this site. Praise the Lord. I can’t thank u enough for addressing exactly what’s in my mind. Thank you. Glory be to God for directing me to this site.

All we aim to do here is to make life a little bit easier for PhD students. I know how hard I found it when I was completing mine, so I want to give something back to the community. I’m so pleased you found it useful. Good luck with writing up. If you need any support or if you have any questions at all, email me: [email protected]

Thank you very very much for your information it is resourceful. I was having a problem how to start my introduction.

It’s great to hear you found it useful. Thanks!

Hey, this is so useful thankyou! I’m wondering does this apply broadly to all PhD’s including humanities?

Yep – it sure does.

I found this piece of information helpful. I am preparing for my proposal defense in two weeks and needed to refine my introduction. Thank you very much. God bless you richly. I wish we can have a skype conversation.

Thank you again.

thank you, learned from this

Your advice and guidance has become my constant companion in what has been a very stressful time. You write with empathy and understanding. What a wonderful job you are doing for those of us who are too proud to seek advice and support from supervisors or colleagues. Sincerest thanks for taking the loneliness out of writing.

Such nice words. Thank you so much.

this is really useful!!!

Thanks Nora! I’m glad you found it useful.

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Thesis Statements

What this handout is about.

This handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can craft or refine one for your draft.

Introduction

Writing in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying. Persuasion is a skill you practice regularly in your daily life. You persuade your roommate to clean up, your parents to let you borrow the car, your friend to vote for your favorite candidate or policy. In college, course assignments often ask you to make a persuasive case in writing. You are asked to convince your reader of your point of view. This form of persuasion, often called academic argument, follows a predictable pattern in writing. After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence. This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary of the argument you’ll make in the rest of your paper.

What is a thesis statement?

A thesis statement:

• tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion.
• is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper.
• directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel.
• makes a claim that others might dispute.
• is usually a single sentence near the beginning of your paper (most often, at the end of the first paragraph) that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation.

If your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you may need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft. The assignment may not explicitly state that you need a thesis statement because your instructor may assume you will include one. When in doubt, ask your instructor if the assignment requires a thesis statement. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. (Check out our handout on understanding assignments for more information.)

How do I create a thesis?

A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis” that presents a basic or main idea and an argument that you think you can support with evidence. Both the argument and your thesis are likely to need adjustment along the way.

Writers use all kinds of techniques to stimulate their thinking and to help them clarify relationships or comprehend the broader significance of a topic and arrive at a thesis statement. For more ideas on how to get started, see our handout on brainstorming .

How do I know if my thesis is strong?

If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following :

• Do I answer the question? Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the question. If the prompt isn’t phrased as a question, try to rephrase it. For example, “Discuss the effect of X on Y” can be rephrased as “What is the effect of X on Y?”
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than making an argument.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like “good” or “successful,” see if you could be more specific: why is something “good”; what specifically makes something “successful”?
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? If a reader’s first response is likely to  be “So what?” then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger issue.
• Does my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s okay to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as necessary.
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? If a reader’s first response is “how?” or “why?” your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the beginning.

Suppose you are taking a course on contemporary communication, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: “Discuss the impact of social media on public awareness.” Looking back at your notes, you might start with this working thesis:

Social media impacts public awareness in both positive and negative ways.

You can use the questions above to help you revise this general statement into a stronger thesis.

• Do I answer the question? You can analyze this if you rephrase “discuss the impact” as “what is the impact?” This way, you can see that you’ve answered the question only very generally with the vague “positive and negative ways.”
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not likely. Only people who maintain that social media has a solely positive or solely negative impact could disagree.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? No. What are the positive effects? What are the negative effects?
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? No. Why are they positive? How are they positive? What are their causes? Why are they negative? How are they negative? What are their causes?
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? No. Why should anyone care about the positive and/or negative impact of social media?

After thinking about your answers to these questions, you decide to focus on the one impact you feel strongly about and have strong evidence for:

Because not every voice on social media is reliable, people have become much more critical consumers of information, and thus, more informed voters.

This version is a much stronger thesis! It answers the question, takes a specific position that others can challenge, and it gives a sense of why it matters.

Let’s try another. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. “This will be easy,” you think. “I loved Huckleberry Finn!” You grab a pad of paper and write:

Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel.

You begin to analyze your thesis:

• Do I answer the question? No. The prompt asks you to analyze some aspect of the novel. Your working thesis is a statement of general appreciation for the entire novel.

Think about aspects of the novel that are important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write:

In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore.

• Do I answer the question? Yes!
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not really. This contrast is well-known and accepted.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? It’s getting there–you have highlighted an important aspect of the novel for investigation. However, it’s still not clear what your analysis will reveal.
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? Not yet. Compare scenes from the book and see what you discover. Free write, make lists, jot down Huck’s actions and reactions and anything else that seems interesting.
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? What’s the point of this contrast? What does it signify?”

After examining the evidence and considering your own insights, you write:

Through its contrasting river and shore scenes, Twain’s Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression of American democratic ideals, one must leave “civilized” society and go back to nature.

This final thesis statement presents an interpretation of a literary work based on an analysis of its content. Of course, for the essay itself to be successful, you must now present evidence from the novel that will convince the reader of your interpretation.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Anson, Chris M., and Robert A. Schwegler. 2010. The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers , 6th ed. New York: Longman.

Lunsford, Andrea A. 2015. The St. Martin’s Handbook , 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s.

Ramage, John D., John C. Bean, and June Johnson. 2018. The Allyn & Bacon Guide to Writing , 8th ed. New York: Pearson.

Ruszkiewicz, John J., Christy Friend, Daniel Seward, and Maxine Hairston. 2010. The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers , 9th ed. Boston: Pearson Education.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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How to write an introduction chapter for a thesis

Louisa Hill is a Senior Teaching Fellow and delivers workshops for Postgraduate Researchers who want to teach.

When writing a thesis, you will need to write an introductory chapter. This chapter is critical as it is the first thing that the examiner will read and it is therefore important to make a good first impression. 

A good introduction chapter should incite the reader to read the rest of the thesis by establishing the context of your topic, the motivation for undertaking your work and the importance of your research.

As a lecturer and supervisor, I have read many introductory chapters for research projects such as theses. Here is my advice to those undertaking a research project and writing a thesis.

Capture the reader’s interest

Initially you need to capture the reader’s attention with a discussion of a broader theme relating to your research. To add impact draw on research, data and quotations from international or national professional bodies, governmental organisations or key authors on the topic of study.

Give an overview of your research topic

Your discussion should then begin by detailing the broader aspects of the topic more, before focussing on the specific topic of your research. It is a good idea when you do this to assume that the reader knows nothing about your topic. Therefore definitions, drawing on key research, need to be clarified and explained. Alternatively, if having read key literature for the literature review chapter, you are not satisfied with existing definitions, then draw on these, to devise your own (but make it clear you have done this).

Detail how your research is going to make a contribution

You must then sell your idea for undertaking the research topic, demonstrating the main reasons why the research will make a significant contribution to the current body of research. This can be achieved by demonstrating a gap or limitation with existing research, then showing how your research will resolve this. There are different types of contribution (see  Constructing Research Questions: Doing Interesting Research ).

Explain what your interest is in the topic

Next you need to demonstrate your personal reasons for choosing the topic. These could relate to your previous research, work or experiences.

List your research objectives

You need to include your three or four overarching research objectives. Also include corresponding research questions if it is a qualitative piece of research or hypotheses if it is quantitative-based. The former are usually derivatives of the research objectives. Note though that these objectives and questions or hypotheses are fluid in nature and can be tweaked as you undertake the research.

Give a forthcoming chapter overview

The final part of the introduction is an overview of the rest of the chapters in the thesis. The other sections can go in any order, providing it is a logical sequence.

Learn from others

Look at other theses for example from  White Rose etheses  or your university library’s website. The majority of journal articles that you will read in the content of your topic will also provide useful insights.

Speak with your supervisor

Remember to always speak with your supervisor and have regular catch-ups. They will be able to offer guidance and encouragement, and steer you in the right direction.

Related content

• Writing a research PhD proposal
• Presenting with impact
• The benefits of undertaking a placement alongside your PhD

If you would like to get in touch regarding any of these blog entries, or are interested in contributing to the blog, please contact:

Email: [email protected] Phone: +44 (0)113 343 8754

Click here to view our privacy statement. You can repost this blog article, following the terms listed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence .

The views expressed in this article are those of the author and may not reflect the views of Leeds University Business School or the University of Leeds.

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Tips and Examples for Writing Thesis Statements

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Tips for Writing Your Thesis Statement

1. Determine what kind of paper you are writing:

• An analytical paper breaks down an issue or an idea into its component parts, evaluates the issue or idea, and presents this breakdown and evaluation to the audience.
• An expository (explanatory) paper explains something to the audience.
• An argumentative paper makes a claim about a topic and justifies this claim with specific evidence. The claim could be an opinion, a policy proposal, an evaluation, a cause-and-effect statement, or an interpretation. The goal of the argumentative paper is to convince the audience that the claim is true based on the evidence provided.

If you are writing a text that does not fall under these three categories (e.g., a narrative), a thesis statement somewhere in the first paragraph could still be helpful to your reader.

2. Your thesis statement should be specific—it should cover only what you will discuss in your paper and should be supported with specific evidence.

3. The thesis statement usually appears at the end of the first paragraph of a paper.

4. Your topic may change as you write, so you may need to revise your thesis statement to reflect exactly what you have discussed in the paper.

Thesis Statement Examples

Example of an analytical thesis statement:

The paper that follows should:

• Explain the analysis of the college admission process
• Explain the challenge facing admissions counselors

Example of an expository (explanatory) thesis statement:

• Explain how students spend their time studying, attending class, and socializing with peers

Example of an argumentative thesis statement:

• Present an argument and give evidence to support the claim that students should pursue community projects before entering college

Teladoc: Stock Likely To Be Range Bound Until Guidance Is Revised Upwards

• Teladoc reported its Q1 FY24 earnings where revenue and earnings grew 3% and 20% YoY respectively, driven by its Integrated Care Segment.
• Unfortunately, the company’s BetterHelp segment continued to struggle with a decline in paying users, leading to revenue and earnings slowdown of 3.5% and 12% YoY respectively.
• Although the management is optimistic about growth picking up in both its segments in the second half of FY24, it kept its guidance unchanged.
• Assessing both the “good” and the “bad”, I believe that although there are budding signs of a turnaround, there are still too many uncertainties, making the stock a “hold”.

nensuria/iStock via Getty Images

Introduction & Investment Thesis

Teladoc ( NYSE: TDOC ) is a virtual healthcare services company that has massively underperformed the S&P 500 and Nasdaq 100 YTD. I had put a “hold” rating in my previous post on March 24th, and my thesis was predicated on my belief that investor optimism will likely remain muted until the management can show sufficient evidence of a turnaround in its business segments, especially in BetterHelp. Unfortunately, the stock has dropped 25% since then.

The company reported its Q1 FY24 earnings on April 25th, where revenue and earnings grew 3% and 20% YoY, respectively, driven by its Integrated Care segment, as it successfully drove its cross-selling efforts across their existing customer base while acquiring new customers for a total of 91.6M members. Unfortunately, the weakness in its BetterHelp segment continued, where revenue declined 3.5% YoY from a shrinking number of paying users, coupled with margin pressures as the return on their social media advertising spend remained lackluster.

While the management believes that growth across both its Integrated Care and BetterHelp segments will pick up in the second half of the year, driven by enrollment ramp in the former and better member acquisition and retention in the latter, their FY24 guidance remained unchanged. For the full FY24, the company expects to grow its revenues by 3% to $2.685B, coupled with a margin expansion of approximately 100 basis points. Meanwhile, the company is also in a state of transition as it is in the search for a new CEO, with Mala Murthy appointed as the Acting CEO in the interim period.

Assessing both the “good” and the "bad," I believe that while there are budding signs of a possible turnaround forming, there are still too many uncertainties, which has probably led to the management holding its guidance instead of raising it higher. Until then, I believe that investor optimism will remain subdued, while I will stay on the sidelines and rate it a “hold” at its current levels.

The good: Integrated Care Segment saw its member base grow, coupled with growing Revenue and expanding profitability

Teladoc reported its Q1 FY24 earnings, where it generated $646.1M in revenue, growing 3% YoY. Out of the $646.1M in revenue, Integrated Care segment contributed 58% of Total Revenue, growing 7.7% YoY as it saw its customer installed base grow sequentially and YoY to 91.8M members.

I believe the strength in Teladoc’s Integrated Care Segment was driven by the success of cross-selling their breadth of product portfolio, where two-thirds of their bookings in the quarter came from deepening adoption among their existing customer base, while the remaining third came from acquiring new clients, as it saw a 9% increase in their Chronic Care enrollment. In Q1, the company added their diabetes program to a large health benefits provider, which had previously purchased their telehealth solutions only. Meanwhile, the company is also seeing growing interest in weight management solutions from employers, as employee demand for GLP-1 products is on the rise. During the earnings call , Mala Murthy also outlined her optimism in driving increasing product penetration across their install base of nearly 92M members as existing and prospective clients demonstrate increased intent in their Chronic Care plus bundle solutions.

Q1 FY24 Earnings Slides: Revenue and Profitability growth in the Integrated Care Segment

In terms of profitability, the company generated $63M in Adjusted EBITDA, which grew 20% YoY, which represented a margin of 9.7%. In terms of its segments, the Integrated Care segment saw its Adjusted EBITDA grow 36% YoY to $47.6M at a margin of 12.6%, which improved 260 basis points YoY. I believe the margin outperformance in the Integrated Care Segment was driven by successful cross-selling among its existing customer base, coupled with growing Chronic Care program enrollment, which improved its bottom-line performance. Although Average Integrated Care Revenue per US member declined slightly on both a sequential and annual basis, I believe this could be attributed to the timing of new client onboarding and enrollment ramp.

The bad: BetterHelp segment continues to bleed paying users, FY24 guidance unchanged reflecting slowing revenue growth and modest margin expansion.

Meanwhile, the company’s BetterHelp segment continues to struggle, where it saw its revenue decline sequentially and YoY to $269M, as paying users were reduced by 11% YoY. Additionally, the company also experienced lower returns on their social media advertising spend to acquire new customers, which put downward pressure on Adjusted EBITDA which declined 12% YoY to $15.4M, with a margin of 5.7%, which represents a deterioration of 60 basis points YoY.

Q1 FY24 Earnings Slides: Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA in the BetterHelp segment

In terms of guidance for FY24, the company expects to generate $2.685B in revenue, which represents a growth rate of 3%, slower than last year’s 8% growth rate, coupled with an Adjusted EBITDA of $370M, representing an improvement in margin of approximately 100 basis points to 13.7%. While the management is demonstrating its efforts to improve profitability, the growth picture is not looking bright, with their Integrated Care Segment projected to grow in the low to mid-single digits for FY24. Although the management expects the second half to be stronger than the first in terms of revenue growth for their Integrated Care Segment, driven by the enrollment ramp in Chronic Care from the 6M new Integrated Care members that they have added since Q2 FY23, the year-over-year slowdown in revenue growth is concerning in my opinion, indicating that it could be facing competitive pressures that are hurting its growth trajectory, despite the management’s optimism of deepening its product adoption among 92M members.

On the other hand, the company’s BetterHelp segment continues to show weakness, and the management expects the segment to remain flat or grow in the low single digits in FY24, coupled with flat to +50 basis point expansion in margin. In my previous post, I discussed that Teladoc had hired a new leader to help advance BetterHelp’s revenue growth. During the earnings call, the management outlined that they expect to see acceleration in its BetterHelp segment in the second half of the year, as they see improvement in retention as well as growth in select international geographies offsetting some of the impact of the higher cost per acquisition in the US. However, despite the management’s renewed optimism around membership growth and customer retention, coupled with its international opportunity, they did not raise their guidance for the BetterHelp segment in this quarter, which could be driven by the management's caution in managing investor expectations, especially as the company is going through a big transition as they are on a search for a permanent CEO post the departure of Jason Gorevic.

Revisiting my valuation: Teladoc remains a “hold”.

In my previous post, I discussed that the management has a lot to prove to regain investor confidence. While we saw member growth in the company’s Integrated Care segment in Q1, coupled with management’s optimism for both its Integrated Care and BetterHelp segments to see stronger growth in the second half of the year, there has been no upward revision for FY24 revenue and earnings guidance.

Therefore, taking the management’s guidance into consideration, it should grow its revenue 3% YoY to $2.685B driven by low to mid-single-digit revenue growth for its Integrated Care segment and flat to low single-digit growth in the BetterHelp segment. While the company is in a state of transition, it is making efforts to deepen its product penetration in its Integrated Care Segment, while injecting life back into its BetterHelp segment by focusing on new member additions and its international opportunities. However, until the company sees their efforts turn into tangible outcomes in the form of accelerating revenue growth in its segments, I will assume that it grows in the low single-digit range over the next 2 years until FY26, which would translate to a total revenue of $2.8B.

Assuming that it can continue to grow its profitability during this period of time to close to 15% led by its Integrated Care Segment as it sees deepening of its product adoption, especially across its Chronic Care suite of products, it should generate close to $450M in Adjusted EBITDA, which is equivalent to a present value of $319 when discounted at 10%.

Taking the S&P 500 as a proxy , where its companies grow their earnings on average by 8% over a 10-year period with a price-to-earnings ratio of 15–18, I believe that Teladoc should trade at least 0.375x the multiple, which will translate to a PE ratio of 6. In my previous post, I assumed a PE ratio of 8; however, given the sufficient lack of evidence of a turnaround, I believe it is necessary to further compress my PE ratio. This gives me a price target of $11, which is where the stock is currently trading.

Author's Valuation Model

Although the stock is trading at a fair value, I will not be initiating a position yet in Teladoc. Although there are potentially early signs of a turnaround forming where Integrated Care Segment is seeing an uptick in its members, coupled with management’s optimism of a possible recovery in both its segments in the second half of the year, there are still too many uncertainties, especially as the company is on the search for a new CEO. As a result, I will rate the stock a “hold” at its current levels.

This article was written by

Analyst’s Disclosure: I/we have no stock, option or similar derivative position in any of the companies mentioned, and no plans to initiate any such positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

Seeking Alpha's Disclosure: Past performance is no guarantee of future results. No recommendation or advice is being given as to whether any investment is suitable for a particular investor. Any views or opinions expressed above may not reflect those of Seeking Alpha as a whole. Seeking Alpha is not a licensed securities dealer, broker or US investment adviser or investment bank. Our analysts are third party authors that include both professional investors and individual investors who may not be licensed or certified by any institute or regulatory body.

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• స్మోడిన్ సంపాదకీయ బృందం
• ప్రచురణ: 31 మే, 2024

ముగింపును అనంతర ఆలోచనగా వదిలివేసేటప్పుడు విద్యార్థులు తరచుగా వ్యాస పరిచయాలను రూపొందించడానికి చాలా సమయాన్ని వెచ్చిస్తారు. ఉపోద్ఘాతం అనేది ఒక వ్యాసం యొక్క అత్యంత ముఖ్యమైన అంశాలలో ఒకటి అయితే, ఒక మంచి ముగింపు దాని ప్రభావంపై కూడా అంతే ప్రభావం చూపుతుంది. మంచి ముగింపును ఎలా వ్రాయాలో తెలుసుకోవడం చాలా ముఖ్యం, ఎందుకంటే ఇది మీ ప్రధాన అంశాలను పొందుపరుస్తుంది మరియు పాఠకులపై శాశ్వత ముద్ర వేస్తుంది.

చక్కగా రూపొందించబడిన ముగింపు మీ వాదనలకు చివరి పిచ్‌గా ఉపయోగపడుతుంది. మీ రీడర్ వారు ఇప్పుడే చదివిన దాని గురించి మరియు మీ థీసిస్ యొక్క కోర్కి ఎలా వర్తిస్తుంది అనేదానిపై స్పష్టమైన అవగాహనతో దూరంగా నడవాలి. సరైన విధానంతో, మీ ముగింపు మంచి వ్యాసాన్ని గొప్పగా మార్చగలదు, అది గుర్తుండిపోయేలా మరియు ప్రభావవంతంగా ఉంటుంది.

ఈ కథనం బలవంతపు ముగింపులను వ్రాయడానికి నాలుగు సాధారణ దశల ద్వారా మీకు మార్గనిర్దేశం చేస్తుంది. ప్రతి దశ మీ థీసిస్‌ను బలోపేతం చేయడంలో మరియు మీ ఉపాధ్యాయుడు లేదా ప్రొఫెసర్‌తో ప్రతిధ్వనించే విధంగా మీ తుది ఆలోచనలను వ్యక్తీకరించడంలో మీకు సహాయపడేలా రూపొందించబడింది. కొంచెం అభ్యాసంతో, మీరు ల్యాండింగ్‌ను ఎలా అంటుకోవాలో నేర్చుకోవచ్చు మరియు ప్రతి వ్యాసానికి అర్హమైన ముగింపును అందించవచ్చు.

ముగింపు పేరా యొక్క ఉద్దేశ్యం ఏమిటి?

ప్రభావవంతమైన వ్యాస రచన కోసం ముగింపు పేరా యొక్క ఉద్దేశ్యాన్ని అర్థం చేసుకోవడం చాలా అవసరం. ముగింపు పేరా మీ వ్యాసం యొక్క సారాంశం కంటే ఎక్కువగా ఉండాలి. ఇది ఏకీకృతం చేయాలి అన్ని మీ వాదనలు మరియు వాటిని తిరిగి మీ థీసిస్‌తో ముడిపెట్టండి.

గుర్తుంచుకోండి, అన్ని మంచి రచనలు భావోద్వేగాన్ని ప్రేరేపిస్తాయి. ప్రేరేపించడం, రెచ్చగొట్టడం లేదా నిమగ్నం చేయాలా అనేది మీ ఇష్టం, కానీ ముగింపు ఎల్లప్పుడూ శాశ్వతమైన ముద్ర వేయాలి.

అనుమానం ఉంటే, స్మోడిన్ యొక్క AI చాట్ మీ ముగింపు యొక్క భావోద్వేగ ప్రభావాన్ని అంచనా వేయడానికి సాధనం ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.

శక్తివంతమైన ముగింపును వ్రాయడంలో నైపుణ్యం సాధించడం ద్వారా, మీ వ్యాసాలు ప్రత్యేకంగా ఉండేలా చూసుకోవడానికి మీరు సాధనాలతో మిమ్మల్ని మీరు సిద్ధం చేసుకుంటారు. ఇది మీరు తరగతి కోసం వ్రాసే మొదటి లేదా చివరి వ్యాసం అయినా, మీ పాఠకుడిపై ఖచ్చితమైన గుర్తును ఉంచడానికి ఇది మీ అవకాశం.

మంచి ముగింపును ఎలా వ్రాయాలి

ఈ విధానం మీ ముగింపు విలువను జోడిస్తుంది మరియు మీ వాదనల పొందికను బలపరుస్తుంది. మీరు దృఢమైన ముగింపును రూపొందించడంలో సహాయపడటానికి ఇక్కడ మూడు సులభమైన మరియు ప్రభావవంతమైన అభ్యాసాలు ఉన్నాయి.

మీ థీసిస్‌ని పునఃప్రారంభించడం

ముగింపులో మీ థీసిస్‌ను పునఃప్రారంభించడం అనేది వ్యాస రచనలో ఒక సాధారణ అభ్యాసం మరియు మంచి కారణం కోసం. మీరు అందించిన సాక్ష్యాధారాల ఆధారంగా మీ అవగాహన ఎలా లోతుగా పెరిగింది లేదా మార్చబడింది అనేది నొక్కి చెప్పడంలో సహాయపడుతుంది.

కేవలం అర్థం చేసుకోండి a పునః మీ అసలు థీసిస్ పూర్తి అని అర్థం కాదు పదం పదం పునరావృతం. మీరు మీ ఒరిజినల్ థీసిస్‌ను తిరిగి వ్రాయాలి, తద్వారా మీరు వ్యాసం అంతటా తాకిన అంతర్దృష్టులను ఇది విశదపరుస్తుంది. స్మోడిన్ యొక్క AI రీరైటర్ మీ రీస్టేట్‌మెంట్ తాజాగా మరియు ప్రభావవంతంగా ఉందని నిర్ధారించుకోవడానికి దాన్ని మెరుగుపరచడంలో సహాయపడుతుంది.

మీ థీసిస్‌ను ప్రభావవంతంగా పునఃప్రారంభించేందుకు ఇక్కడ కొన్ని చిట్కాలు ఉన్నాయి

• సంక్లిష్టతను చూపించు : మీ వ్యాసం ఒరిజినల్ స్టేట్‌మెంట్‌కు లేయర్‌లు లేదా సూక్ష్మ నైపుణ్యాలను జోడించినట్లయితే, దానిని స్పష్టంగా వ్యక్తీకరించండి.
• కీ అన్వేషణలను ఏకీకృతం చేయండి : వారు మీ థీసిస్‌కు ఎలా మద్దతు ఇచ్చారో లేదా శుద్ధి చేశారో పటిష్టం చేయడానికి మీ వ్యాసంలోని ప్రధాన ఫలితాలను పొందుపరచండి.
• తాజాగా ఉంచండి : మళ్ళీ, మీరు ఒకే విషయాలను రెండుసార్లు పునరావృతం చేయకుండా ఉండాలనుకుంటున్నారు. సూక్ష్మ దృక్పథాన్ని ప్రతిబింబించే విభిన్న పదాలను ఉపయోగించండి.

చివరగా, పునఃప్రారంభించబడిన థీసిస్ మీ మిగిలిన వ్యాసంతో సజావుగా కనెక్ట్ అవుతుందని ఎల్లప్పుడూ నిర్ధారించుకోండి. పాఠకుడికి బలమైన మూసివేత భావనను అందించడానికి ఎల్లప్పుడూ మీ రచన యొక్క పొందికను ప్రదర్శించడానికి ప్రయత్నించండి.

వంటి AI సాధనాలను ఉపయోగించడం స్మోడిన్ యొక్క అవుట్‌లైనర్ మరియు ఎస్సే రైటర్ మీ రచన సజావుగా సాగుతుందని మరియు అనుసరించడం సులభం అని నిర్ధారించుకోవచ్చు.

ప్రభావవంతమైన సంశ్లేషణను అందించడం

సమర్థవంతమైన సంశ్లేషణను అందించడం మీ అసలు థీసిస్‌ను మెరుగుపరుస్తుంది. అన్ని మంచి వాదనలు వ్యాసం అంతటా అభివృద్ధి చెందుతాయి మరియు మారాలి. ఈ ఫలితాలను సంగ్రహించడం కంటే, మీరు లోతైన లేదా మరింత సూక్ష్మమైన అవగాహనను ప్రదర్శించడానికి క్లిష్టమైన అంతర్దృష్టులు మరియు సాక్ష్యాలను ఏకీకృతం చేయాలి.

చర్చించబడిన ప్రధాన అంశాల మధ్య కనెక్షన్‌లను గీయండి మరియు అవి మీ థీసిస్‌కు సమిష్టిగా ఎలా మద్దతిస్తాయో చూపండి. అలాగే, మీ విషయం యొక్క విస్తృత సందర్భం కోసం ఈ అంతర్దృష్టుల యొక్క చిక్కులను ప్రతిబింబించండి. మరియు మరోసారి, పాఠకుల ఆసక్తిని కొనసాగించడానికి ఎల్లప్పుడూ తాజా మరియు ఆకర్షణీయమైన భాషను ఉపయోగించండి.

మీకు కావలసిన చివరి విషయం ఏమిటంటే, మీ పాఠకుడు మీ వ్యాసాన్ని వ్యక్తిగత పాయింట్ల సమాహారంగా చూడటం. ఒక మంచి వ్యాసం ఏకీకృత మొత్తంగా చదవాలి, అన్ని ముక్కలు సహజంగా కలిసి ఉంటాయి. మీరు మీ ముగింపులో అన్ని ముక్కలను కలిపి ఉంచినప్పుడు మీ వాదన యొక్క ప్రాముఖ్యతను మీరు ధృవీకరిస్తారు.

కొత్త అంతర్దృష్టులను అందిస్తోంది

అలాగే, మీ పరిశోధనల ఆధారంగా భవిష్యత్ పరిశోధన దిశలను ప్రతిపాదించడానికి ఈ దశను మీ అవకాశంగా భావించండి. ఒక విద్యార్థి లేదా పరిశోధకుడు తర్వాత ఏమి చదువుకోవచ్చు? సమాధానం లేని ప్రశ్నలు ఏవి మిగిలి ఉన్నాయి? ఈ ప్రశ్నలకు సమాధానమివ్వడంలో మీకు సమస్య ఉంటే, ఉపయోగించడాన్ని పరిగణించండి స్మోడిన్ పరిశోధన సాధనాలు అంశం గురించి మీ జ్ఞానాన్ని విస్తరించడానికి.

మీరు మీ స్వంత థీసిస్ గురించి ఓపెన్-ఎండ్ లేదా సమాధానం లేని ప్రశ్నలను వదిలివేయవచ్చని చెప్పడం కాదు. దీనికి విరుద్ధంగా, మీ ముగింపు మీ వాదన యొక్క ప్రామాణికతను దృఢంగా నిర్ధారించాలి. ఏదైనా లోతైన మరియు తెలివైన విశ్లేషణ సహజంగా మరింత అన్వేషణకు దారి తీస్తుంది. విచారణ యొక్క ఈ సంభావ్య ప్రాంతాలపై దృష్టిని ఆకర్షించండి.

(ఐచ్ఛికం) రీడర్‌తో వ్యక్తిగత సంబంధాన్ని ఏర్పరుచుకోండి

ముగింపులో రీడర్‌తో కనెక్షన్‌ని ఏర్పరచుకోవడం ద్వారా మీ వ్యాసం యొక్క ప్రభావాన్ని వ్యక్తిగతీకరించవచ్చు మరియు బలోపేతం చేయవచ్చు. ఈ సాంకేతికత సరిగ్గా అమలు చేయబడితే శక్తివంతమైనది, మీ రచనను మరింత సాపేక్షంగా, మానవీయంగా మరియు చిరస్మరణీయంగా చేస్తుంది.

స్లిమ్ విద్యావేత్తలు అధికారిక వ్యాసాలలో "I"ని ఉపయోగించడాన్ని నిరుత్సాహపరుస్తారు. మీ గురువు లేదా ప్రొఫెసర్ వైఖరిని స్పష్టం చేయడం ఎల్లప్పుడూ ఉత్తమం ముందు మీ చివరి డ్రాఫ్ట్‌ను సమర్పించడం.

ఇది అనుమతించబడితే, మీ వ్యాసం యొక్క ప్రధాన ఇతివృత్తాలతో ముడిపడి ఉన్న సంక్షిప్త వ్యక్తిగత ప్రతిబింబం లేదా వృత్తాంతాన్ని భాగస్వామ్యం చేయండి. మీ వాదనలను మానవీకరించడానికి మరియు రీడర్‌తో కనెక్షన్‌ని సృష్టించడానికి వ్యక్తిగత స్పర్శ చాలా దూరం ఉంటుంది.

మీరు ఏది ఎంచుకున్నా, మీ ముగింపు ఎల్లప్పుడూ మీ వ్యాసం యొక్క విశ్లేషణాత్మక ఫలితాలను పూర్తి చేయాలని గుర్తుంచుకోండి. మీ థీసిస్ నుండి లేదా మీరు సమర్పించిన ఫలితాల నుండి తీసివేయబడే ఏదీ ఎప్పుడూ చెప్పకండి.

మంచి ముగింపులకు ఉదాహరణలు

చక్కగా రూపొందించబడిన ముగింపు ఎలా ఉంటుందో మరియు ఎలా ఉంటుందో వివరించడానికి కొన్ని ఉదాహరణలను అన్వేషిద్దాం. సైన్స్ మరియు సాహిత్య రంగాల నుండి క్రింది రెండు ఊహాత్మక థీసిస్ వ్యాసాలు ఉన్నాయి.

• థీసిస్ అంశం: పగడపు దిబ్బలపై వాతావరణ మార్పు ప్రభావం
• పరిచయం: “పగడపు దిబ్బలు సముద్ర జీవవైవిధ్యానికి సంరక్షకులుగా పనిచేస్తాయి. ఈ నీటి అడుగున పర్యావరణ వ్యవస్థలు మొత్తం గ్రహం మీద అత్యంత శక్తివంతమైన మరియు అవసరమైన వాటిలో ఒకటి. అయినప్పటికీ, పెరుగుతున్న వాతావరణ మార్పుల ప్రభావం వారి ఆరోగ్యానికి మరియు మనుగడకు తీవ్ర ముప్పును కలిగిస్తుంది. ఈ వ్యాసం పగడపు క్షీణతకు దోహదపడే నిర్దిష్ట పర్యావరణ మార్పులను విడదీయడం లక్ష్యంగా పెట్టుకుంది, అయితే ఉపశమన చర్యలను ప్రతిపాదిస్తుంది.
• ముగింపు: "పగడపు దిబ్బలపై వాతావరణ మార్పుల ప్రభావంపై ఈ పరిశోధన పగడపు బ్లీచింగ్ సంఘటనల యొక్క అవాంతర త్వరణం మరియు రీఫ్ జీవవైవిధ్యం యొక్క గణనీయమైన క్షీణతను వెల్లడించింది. ఈ అధ్యయనంలో సమర్పించబడిన ఫలితాలు పెరిగిన సముద్ర ఉష్ణోగ్రతలు మరియు పగడపు దిబ్బల మరణాల మధ్య స్పష్టమైన సంబంధాన్ని ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. భవిష్యత్ పరిశోధనలు పరిరక్షణ వ్యూహాలను ప్రభావితం చేసే పగడపు జాతుల యొక్క స్థితిస్థాపకత విధానాలపై దృష్టి పెట్టాలి. పగడపు దిబ్బల విధి ప్రపంచ ఉద్గారాలను అరికట్టడానికి మరియు భవిష్యత్ తరాలకు ఈ కీలక పర్యావరణ వ్యవస్థలను సంరక్షించడానికి మానవత్వం యొక్క తక్షణ మరియు కేంద్రీకృత చర్యపై ఆధారపడి ఉంటుంది.

ముగింపు కేవలం థీసిస్‌ను ఎలా పునరుద్ఘాటించలేదని గమనించండి. బదులుగా, ఇది వాతావరణ మార్పు మరియు పగడపు ఆరోగ్యం మధ్య ఖచ్చితమైన సంబంధాన్ని హైలైట్ చేస్తుంది. ఇది సమస్య యొక్క ఆవశ్యకతను పునరుద్ఘాటిస్తుంది మరియు కొనసాగుతున్న జోక్యానికి చర్య యొక్క పిలుపుని కూడా విస్తరిస్తుంది. చివరి వాక్యం సూటిగా, పాయింట్‌కి సంబంధించినది మరియు పాఠకులపై శాశ్వత ముద్ర వేస్తుంది.

మీరు మీ ముగింపు వాక్యంతో పోరాడుతున్నట్లయితే (లేదా ఏదైనా వాక్యం, దాని కోసం) స్మోడిన్ యొక్క రీరైటర్ సెకన్లలో వందలాది విభిన్న వాక్యాలను సృష్టించగలదు. ఆపై, అత్యంత ప్రతిధ్వనించే వాక్యాలను మరియు పదబంధాలను ఎంచుకోండి మరియు బలవంతపు ముగింపును రూపొందించడానికి వాటిని ఉపయోగించండి.

• థీసిస్ అంశం: 20వ శతాబ్దపు అమెరికన్ సాహిత్యంలో అమెరికన్ డ్రీం యొక్క పరిణామం
• పరిచయం: "అమెరికన్ డ్రీం ఒకప్పుడు శ్రేయస్సు మరియు విజయం ద్వారా నిర్వచించబడింది. అయినప్పటికీ, 20వ శతాబ్దం అంతటా, ప్రముఖ సాహిత్యంలో అమెరికన్ డ్రీం యొక్క ప్రాతినిధ్యం గణనీయమైన మార్పులకు గురైంది. ఈ ప్రాతినిధ్యాలు అమెరికన్ ప్రజలలో నిద్రాణమైన సుదూర భావాన్ని సూచిస్తున్నాయా? లేదా ఈ రచనలు కేవలం భ్రమలకు లోనైన రచయితలు కాలంలోని అభివృద్ధి చెందుతున్న సవాళ్లకు ప్రతిస్పందించిన ఫలితమా?
• ముగింపు: "F. స్కాట్ ఫిట్జ్‌గెరాల్డ్, జాన్ స్టెయిన్‌బెక్ మరియు టోని మోరిసన్ రచనలు అమెరికన్ డ్రీమ్ యొక్క హద్దులేని ఆశావాదం నుండి అమెరికన్ ఎథోస్ యొక్క మరింత క్లిష్టమైన పరిశీలన వరకు పరిణామాన్ని వివరిస్తాయి. ఆధునికవాద మరియు పోస్ట్-మాడర్నిస్ట్ సాహిత్యం అంతటా, అమెరికన్ డ్రీం తరచుగా ప్రధాన అమెరికన్ విలువలతో విభేదిస్తుంది. ఈ నవలలు విస్తృత సామాజిక మార్పులను ప్రతిబింబిస్తాయి, ఇవి జాతీయ చైతన్యాన్ని ఆకృతి చేయడం కొనసాగించాయి. సమకాలీన సాహిత్యంపై మరింత పరిశోధన ఈ భావన యొక్క సంక్లిష్టతలపై ఎక్కువ అవగాహనను అందిస్తుంది."

పరిచయం మరియు ముగింపు మాత్రమే చదవడం ద్వారా ఈ వ్యాసం ఏమి కవర్ చేస్తుందో మీకు ఖచ్చితంగా తెలుస్తుంది. ఇది ముగ్గురు ప్రత్యేక రచయితల రచనలను పరిశీలించడం ద్వారా అమెరికన్ డ్రీం యొక్క పరిణామాన్ని సంగ్రహిస్తుంది. ఈ రచనలు విస్తృత సామాజిక మార్పులను ఎలా ప్రతిబింబిస్తాయో ప్రదర్శించడానికి ఇది విశ్లేషిస్తుంది. భవిష్యత్ విచారణలకు వేదికను సెట్ చేయడానికి ముగింపు ఒక క్యాప్‌స్టోన్ మరియు వంతెనగా పనిచేస్తుంది.

స్మోడిన్‌తో మెరుగైన ముగింపులను వ్రాయండి

దాని వెనుక ఉన్న మానవ మూలకాన్ని ఎల్లప్పుడూ గుర్తుంచుకోండి గ్రేడింగ్ ప్రక్రియ మీ వ్యాసాన్ని రూపొందించేటప్పుడు. మీ ఉపాధ్యాయులు లేదా ప్రొఫెసర్లు మనుషులు మరియు ఇలాంటి అంశాలపై వ్యాసాలను సమీక్షించడానికి లెక్కలేనన్ని గంటలు గడిపారు. గ్రేడింగ్ ప్రక్రియ సుదీర్ఘంగా మరియు సమగ్రంగా ఉంటుంది. మీ ముగింపు వారి పనిని సులభతరం చేయడం లక్ష్యంగా ఉండాలి, కష్టతరం కాదు.

చక్కగా రూపొందించబడిన ముగింపు మీ వాదనకు చివరి భాగం. ఇది అంశంపై కొత్త వెలుగును నింపేటప్పుడు పైన చర్చించిన క్లిష్టమైన అంతర్దృష్టులను పునశ్చరణ చేయాలి. వినూత్న అంశాలు మరియు అంతర్దృష్టి పరిశీలనలను చేర్చడం ద్వారా, మీ ముగింపు మీ వ్యాసం గుంపు నుండి నిలబడటానికి సహాయపడుతుంది.

ఇప్పుడు మరియు భవిష్యత్తులో మెరుగైన గ్రేడ్‌ను పొందే అవకాశాలను పెంచుకోవడానికి మీ వ్యాసం అధిక గమనికతో ముగుస్తుందని నిర్ధారించుకోండి. స్మోడిన్ యొక్క AI సాధనాల సమగ్ర సూట్ మీ వ్యాస రచన యొక్క ప్రతి అంశాన్ని మెరుగుపరచడంలో మీకు సహాయపడుతుంది. ప్రారంభ పరిశోధన నుండి నిర్మాణాత్మకంగా, ఈ సాధనాలు ప్రక్రియను క్రమబద్ధీకరించగలవు మరియు మీ వ్యాసాల నాణ్యతను మెరుగుపరుస్తాయి.