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The Origin of the English Language

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Doth thee knoweth the ‘rigin of English? Well, here you have an example of how old English would be. Do you want to present the different historical and linguistic changes of the English language? Then, this template is for you! The cream vintage slides with brown and red motifs and lettering will transport your presentation to the British country, and era as well! Teach everyone about the language contacts and development of the language in a different and attractive way!

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The History

Of the English Language

Ten minute history of the English language

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3r9bOkYW9s

The home of free learning

from The Open University

Language → Humanity

Our language is inextricably bound up with our humanity

To be human is to use language

To talk is to be a person

For our purposes,

Language will

be defined as:

a system of conventional vocal signs by means of which people communicate.

Why did human beings begin speaking?

Human beings have been writing for at least 5000 years but we have been speaking for much longer. Doubtless, ever since there have been fully human beings.

We have already established that language is a specifically human activity.

That statement, however, raises several questions:

• When and how did human beings acquire language?
• To what extent is language innate, and to what extent is it learned?

Frankly, we have

information

The earliest languages of which we have any records were already in a high stage of development .

The problem of how language began has naturally tantalized philosophical minds, and many theories have been advanced…

4 Main Theories

Pooh-Pooh Theory

Bow Wow Theory

Ding Dong Theory

Ye-He-Ho Theory

What is a theory?

|ˈTHēərē, ˈTHi(ə)rē|

noun (pl. theories )

a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, esp. one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained:

Darwin's theory of evolution .

Pooh Pooh Theory

Language began with interjections. Instinctive, emotional cries.

Such as OH! for surprise, And OUCH! for pain.

This theory suggests that there is a relationship between the sounds of words and the meanings of words.

Small, sharp, high things tend to have words with high front vowels in many languages, while big, round, low things tend to have round back vowels .

Compare itsy bitsy teeny weeny with moon, for example

This is often referred to as sound symbolism.

Some people, including the famous linguist Max Muller , have pointed out that there is a rather mysterious

Language began as imitations of natural sounds -- moo, choo- choo, crash, clang, buzz, bang, meow…This is more technically referred to as onomatopoeia or echoism.

Ye He Ho Theory

Language began as rhythmic chants, perhaps ultimately from the grunts of heavy work (heave- ho!). These were perhaps calls for assistance or cooperation accompanied by appropriate gestures.

We cannot know how language really began; we can be sure only of its immense antiquity. However human beings started to talk, they did so a breathtakingly long time ago, and it was not until much later that they devised a system for making marks on wood, stone, and the like to represent what they said.

How Did Language Begin?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvRtlH-3Asc

Compared with languages, writing is a newfangled invention, although certainly none the less brilliant for being so.

However language originated, about 5000 years ago there was a number of related changes in human physiology and behavior.

(the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.)

Lateralized

The human brain, which had been expanding in size, LATERALIZED, that is, each half came to specialize in certain activities.

verb ( be lateralized )

(of the brain) show laterality.

• (of an organ, function, or activity) be largely under the control of one side of the brain: this is a function that is usually lateralized on the right .

• [Medicine (of a lesion or pathological process) be diagnosed as localized to one or the other side of the brain.

Language was localized in the LEFT hemisphere of most persons.

As a consequence, “handedness” developed, right handed for those with a left brain dominance.

There was greater manual specialization

As people had more things to do with their hands, they could use them less for communication and had to rely more on sounds

Human beings have been writing for at least 5000 years

When written language did develop, it was derived from and represented speech

Even today there are spoken languages that have no written form

Left or Right Brain Dominance

Left or Right brain dominance quiz

https://braintest.sommer-sommer.com/en/

http://www.edu-nova.com/apps/brain_dominance.html

We all learn to talk before we learn to write

Any human child who is not severely disabled physically or mentally will learn to talk - a human being can not be prevented from doing so.

On the other hand, it takes a special effort to learn to write

In the past many intelligent and extraordinary members of society did not acquire the skill. Many today struggle with learning more than the rudimentary skills of writing

There is a direct correlation between how effectively we write and how successful we are

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuUAPVFFCRQ

As biologist and author Lewis Thomas remarks in The Lives of the Cell (1974, p.89):

The gift of language is the single human trait that marks us genetically, setting us apart from the rest of life. Language is , like nest-building or hive-making, t he universal and biologically specific activity of human beings. We engage in it communally, compulsively, and automatically. We cannot be human without it; if we were to be separated from it our minds would die, as surely as bees lost from the hive.

There was once a language

Now no longer spoken

That developed in different ways

In the various parts of the world

To which its speakers traveled

Proto = First Prototype

We give the name PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN to that prehistoric and now dead language because at the beginning of historical times languages that derived from it were spoken from Europe in the west to India in the east.

Prehistoric

Prehistoric = Relating to or denoting the period before written records.

Pre = previous to; before.

from Latin prae- .

History = late Middle English (also as a verb): via Latin from Greek historia ‘finding out, narrative, history’, from histōr ‘l earned, wise man ’, from an Indo-European root shared by wit 2 .

Dead Language

Dead Language = a language which is no longer in everyday spoken use, such as Latin.

The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE),

a reconstructed prehistoric language of Eurasia.

Proto - the Greek word for first

Indo - the Greek word for Indian

Europe = continent of the northern hemisphere, separated from Africa to the south by the Mediterranean Sea and from Asia to the east roughly by the Bosporus, the Caucasus Mountains, and the Ural Mountains.

Europe contains approximately 20% of the world's population.

National Geographic Human Migration

“ When humans first ventured out of Africa some 60,000 years ago , they left genetic footprints still visible today. By mapping the appearance and frequency of genetic markers in modern peoples, we create a picture of when and where ancient humans moved around the world. These great migrations eventually led the descendants of a small group of Africans to occupy even the farthest reaches of the Earth” ( Genographic Project 1).

Kibish, Ethiopia

“Our species is an African one : Africa is where we first evolved, and where we have spent the majority of our time on Earth. The earliest fossils of recognizably modern Homo sapiens appear in the fossil record at Omo Kibish in Ethiopia , around 200,000 years ago. Although earlier fossils may be found over the coming years, this is our best understanding of when and approximately where we originated” ( Genographic Project 1).

“According to the genetic and paleontological record, we only started to leave Africa between 60,000 and 70,000 years ago. What set this in motion is uncertain, but we think it has something to do with major climatic shifts that were happening around that time—a sudden cooling in the Earth’s climate driven by the onset of one of the worst parts of the last Ice Age: ( Genographic Project 1).

“ This cold snap would have made life difficult for our African ancestors, and the genetic evidence points to a sharp reduction in population size around this time. In fact, the human population likely dropped to fewer than 10,000. We were holding on by a thread” ( Genographic Project 1).

“Once the climate started to improve, after 70,000 years ago, we came back from this near-extinction event. The population expanded, and some intrepid explorers ventured beyond Africa. The earliest people to colonize the Eurasian landmass likely did so across the Bab-al-Mandab Strait.

These early beachcombers expanded rapidly along the coast to India, and reached Southeast Asia and Australia by 50,000 years ago. The first great foray of our species beyond Africa had led us all the way across the globe” ( Genographic Project 1).

“Slightly later, a little after 50,000 years ago , a second group appears to have set out on an inland trek, leaving behind the certainties of life in the tropics to head out into the Middle East and southern Central Asia. From these base camps, they were poised to colonize the northern latitudes of Asia, Europe, and beyond: ( Genographic Project 1).

Late 3rd Millennium BC

By the late third millennium BC, (which s panned the years 3000 through 2001 BC. ) offshoots of the Proto-Indo-Europeans had reached Anatolia , the Aegean , Western Europe , the edges of Central Asia , and southern Siberia .

The Proto-Indo-Europeans likely l ived during the late Neolithic , or roughly the 4th millennium BC ( spanned the years 4000 through 3001 BC .) . Mainstream scholarship places them in the forest-steppe zone immediately to the north of the western end of the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Eastern Europe . Some archaeologists would extend the time depth of PIE to the middle Neolithic (5500 to 4500 BCE) or even the early Neolithic (7500 to 5500 BC), and suggest alternative location hypotheses .

Proto Indo European Families

The Indo-European family includes several major branches:

• Latin and the modern Romance languages (French, Italian, etc.)
• the Germanic languages (English, German, Swedish etc.)
• the Indo-Iranian languages (Hindi, Urdu, Sanskrit etc.)
• the Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Czech etc.)
• the Baltic languages of Latvian and Lithuanian
• the Celtic languages (Welsh, Irish Gaelic etc.)

Tower of Babel

(in the Bible) a tower built in an attempt to reach heaven, which God frustrated by confusing the languages of its builders so that they could not understand one another (Genesis 11:1–9).

ORIGIN Babel from Hebrew Bāḇel ‘Babylon,’ from Akkadian bāb ili ‘gate of god.’

Research Relay Challenge

Find 30 interesting facts on the Proto Indo European people, culture, and language. Cite Sources .

Please find five related images.

Select your most interesting fact for the board - put your initials.

Indo Europeans

• Had a complex sense of family relationships and organization
• Could count
• Made use of gold and perhaps silver
• Drank a honey-based alcoholic beverage
• whose name comes down to us as mead
• Words corresponding to wheel, axil, and yoke make it perfectly clear that they used wheeled vehicles
• Were small farmers, not nomads, who worked fields with their plows

Nomad = a member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock.

late 16th century: from French nomade , via Latin from Greek nomas , nomad- ‘roaming in search of pasture’ , from the base of nemein ‘to pasture’.

• Had religious feeling with a conception of multiple gods
• Polytheism = the belief in or worship of more than one god.
• Early 17th century: from French polythéisme , from Greek polutheos ‘of many gods’, from polu- ‘many’ + theos ‘god’.
• They had domesticated cattle and horses, which they kept for milk, meat, and transportation
• They combined farming with herding
• They were a mobile people using four wheeled carts
• They built fortified palaces on hilltops (the Indo-European word for these was Polis, and it passes down to our Indianapolis and police)
• Built small villages near the Polis
• They had a stratified society with a warrior nobility and a common laboring class
• They worshipped a sky god associated with thunder
• The sun, the horse, the boar, and the snake were also important in their religion
• They had a highly developed belief about life after death, which led to the construction of elaborate burial sites, by which their culture can be traced all over Europe

A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

late Middle English: via Old French and medieval Latin from Greek hierarkhia , from hierarkhēs ‘ sacred ruler’ (see hierarch ). The earliest sense was ‘system of orders of angels and heavenly beings’; the other senses date from the 17th century.

Medieval England

4th millennium BC

• Early in the fourth millennium B.C. they began expanding into the Balkans and Northern Europe, and thereafter Iran, Anatolia, and Southern Europe.
• The spread of the language can be attributed to two theories. The I-E people either wanted to conquer their neighbors or look for better farming land. Either way, the language spread to many areas with the advancement of the people. This rapid and vast spread of the I-E people is attributed to their use of horses for transportation.

Important Branches

Of these branches of the Indo-European family, two are, as far as the study of the development of English is concerned, of paramount importance:

The Germanic and the Romance (called that because the Romance languages derived from Latin, the language of ancient Rome.

Of these branches of the Indo-European family, two are, for our purposes of studying the development of English, of paramount importance, the Germanic and the Romance. English is in the Germanic group of languages. This group began as a common language in the Elbe river region about 3,000 years ago. Around the second century BC, this Common Germanic language split into three distinct sub-groups:

Abbreviations

B.C . stands for the English phrase “ before Christ ,”

A.D. stands confusingly for a Latin phrase: anno domini (“in the year of the Lord”—the year Jesus was born). Not after death.

BCE/CE usually refers to the Common Era (the years are the same as AD/BC). That is, BC is usually understood to mean " Before the Common Era " and CE to mean "Common Era," though it is possible to reinterpret the abbreviations as "Christian Era."

Resources you can trust

A potted history of the English language

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History of the English Language.

Published by Sylvia Lawson Modified over 8 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "History of the English Language."— Presentation transcript:

Unit 2 Reading English and its history WenShu high school Liu Jing.

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History of the English Language

A Short History of the Origins and Development of English

The history of the English language

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The History of the English Language “a brief overview”

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General Overview of History of English

Lead-in: 1.Are you good at English? What do you think is the most difficult part of studying English pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary or something.

During this unit of study, we will analyze the deep history of the English language. We will also take a look at some of the literature that symbolizes.

Summary Slide First Invasions The Beginning of English Viking Invasions Middle English The Great Vowel Shift Modern English.

English around the world

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A Short History of the Origins and Development of English

Oct 23, 2014

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A Short History of the Origins and Development of English. History of the English Language. The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD.

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A Short History of the Origins and Development of English LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

History of the English Language • The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. • These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. • At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. • But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. • The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc - from which the words England and English are derived. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Old English (450-1100 AD) • The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. • Old English did not sound or look like English today. • Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. • Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. • The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Middle English (1100-1500) • In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. • The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. • For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. • In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. • This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

An example of Middle English by Chaucer LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Modern EnglishEarly Modern English (1500-1800) • Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. • From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. • This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. • The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. • Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. • Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Late Modern English (1800-Present) • The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. • Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: 1. the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words 2. secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Varieties of English From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English pronunciations and words "froze" when they reached America. In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Varieties of English Some expressions that the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up, was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies). LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Varieties of English • Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently British English), with words like canyon, ranch, stampede and vigilante being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. • French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English). LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Varieties of English • Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (including the Internet). • But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The Germanic Family of LanguagesEnglish is a member of the Germanic family of languages.Germanic is a branch of the Indo-European language family. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Global English English has now inarguably achieved global status. Whenever we turn on the news to find out what's happening in East Asia, or the Balkans, or Africa, or South America, or practically anywhere, local people are being interviewed and telling us about it in English. To illustrate the point when the late Pope John Paul II arrived in the Middle East recently to retrace Christ's footsteps and addressed Christians, Muslims and Jews, the pontiff spoke not Latin, not Arabic, not Italian, not Hebrew, not his native Polish. He spoke in English. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Global English Indeed, if one looks at some of the facts about the amazing reach of  the English language many would be surprised. English is used in over 90 countries as an official or semi-official language. English is the working language of the Asian trade group ASEAN. It is the de facto working language of 98 percent of international research physicists and research chemists. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Global English It is the official language of the European Central Bank, even though the bank is in Frankfurt and neither Britain nor any other predominantly English-speaking country is a member of the European Monetary Union. It is the language in which Indian parents and black parents in South Africa overwhelmingly wish their children to be educated. It is believed that over one billion people worldwide are currently learning English. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Global English As part of the European Year of Languages,  a special survey of European attitudes towards and their use of languages has just published. The report confirms that at the beginning of 2001 English is the most widely known foreign or second language, with 43% of Europeans claiming they speak it in addition to their mother tongue. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Global English Sweden now heads the league table of English speakers, with over 89% of the population saying they can speak the language well or very well. However, in contrast, only 36% of Spanish and Portuguese nationals speak English.  What's more, English is the language rated as most useful to know, with over 77% of Europeans who do not speak English as their first language, rating it as useful. French rated 38%, German 23% and Spanish 6%. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

English has without a doubt become the global language. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Timeline of English Language History LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Timeline The previous figure shows the timeline of the history of the English language. The earliest known residents of the British Isles were the Celts, who spoke Celtic languages—a separate branch of the Indo-European language family tree. Over the centuries the British Isles were invaded and conquered by various peoples, who brought their languages and customs with them as they settled in their new lives. There is now very little Celtic influence left in English. The earliest time when we can say that English was spoken was in the 5th century CE (Common Era—a politically correct term used to replace AD). LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

In case you hadn’t made the connection, “England” <– “Engla Land” <– “Angle Land” (Land of the Angles, a people of northern old Germany). Their name lives on in the district of England named East Anglia, and also in the Anglican Church. In the present day there is still a region of Germany known as Angeln, which is likely the same area from which the original Angles came. Angeln lies in Schleswig-Holstein on the eastern side of the Jutland peninsula near the cities of Flensburg and Schleswig. LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

A Chronology of the English Language 449Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain begins 450-480Earliest Old English inscriptions date from this period 597St. Augustine arrives in Britain. Beginning of Christian conversion 731The Venerable Bede publishes The Ecclesiastical History of the English People in Latin 792Viking raids and settlements begin 871Alfred becomes king of Wessex. He has Latin works translated into English and begins practice of English prose. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is begun LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

A Chronology of the English Language 911Charles II of France grants Normandy to the Viking chief Hrolf the Ganger. The beginning of Norman French c. 1000The oldest surviving manuscript of Beowulf dates from this period 1066The Norman conquest c. 1150The oldest surviving manuscripts of Middle English date from this period1171Henry II conquers Ireland 1204King John loses the province of Normandy to FranceEnglish Dictionary is published LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

A Chronology of the English Language 1348English replaces Latin as the medium of instruction in schools, other than Oxford and Cambridge which retain Latin 1362The Statute of Pleading replaces French with English as the language of law. Records continue to be kept in Latin. English is used in Parliament for the first time 1384Wyclif publishes his English translation of the Bible LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

A Chronology of the English Language c. 1388Chaucer begins The Canterbury Tales1476William Caxton establishes the first English printing press 1492Columbus discovers the New World LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

A Chronology of the English Language 1549First version of The Book of Common Prayer 1604Robert Cawdrey publishes the first English dictionary, Table Alphabeticall 1607Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World, established 1611The Authorized, or King James Version, of the Bible is published LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

A Chronology of the English Language 1702Publication of the first daily, English-language newspaper, The Daily Courant, in London 1755Samuel Johnson publishes his dictionary 1770Cook discovers Australia 1928The Oxford English Dictionary is published LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

THE END! LECTURE 6A -A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

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