short biography on quaid e azam

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Early years

Entry into politics, political unity, creator of pakistan.

What did Mohammed Ali Jinnah study?

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Mohammed Ali Jinnah

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• Table Of Contents

What is Mohammed Ali Jinnah known for?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah was the founder and first governor-general (1947–48) of Pakistan. He is revered as the father of Pakistan. He also sought the political union of Hindus and Muslims, which earned him the title of “the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity.”

Where was Mohammed Ali Jinnah born?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah was born in Karachi in what is today Pakistan in 1876 or 1875.

When did Mohammed Ali Jinnah die?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah died on September 11, 1948, in Karachi, Pakistan.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah was sent to England by his father to acquire business experience, but he was interested in becoming a barrister. In London, he joined Lincoln’s Inn, one of the legal societies that prepared students for the bar. In 1895, at the age of 19, he was called to the bar.

When did Mohammed Ali Jinnah join the Muslim League?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim League in 1913. He did so only when he was assured that the league was as devoted as the Congress Party to the political emancipation of India.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah (born December 25, 1876?, Karachi, India [now in Pakistan]—died September 11, 1948, Karachi) was an Indian Muslim politician, who was the founder and first governor-general (1947–48) of Pakistan .

Jinnah was the eldest of seven children of Jinnahbhai Poonja, a prosperous merchant , and his wife, Mithibai. His family was a member of the Khoja caste, Hindus who had converted to Islam centuries earlier and who were followers of the Aga Khan . There is some question about Jinnah’s date of birth: although he maintained that it was December 25, 1876, school records from Karachi (Pakistan) give a date of October 20, 1875.

After being taught at home, Jinnah was sent in 1887 to the Sind Madrasat al-Islam (now Sindh Madressatul Islam University) in Karachi. Later he attended the Christian Missionary Society High School (also in Karachi), where at the age of 16 he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay (now University of Mumbai , in Mumbai , India ). On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to acquire business experience. Jinnah, however, had made up his mind to become a barrister . In keeping with the custom of the time, his parents arranged for an early marriage for him before he left for England .

In London he joined Lincoln’s Inn, one of the legal societies that prepared students for the bar. In 1895, at the age of 19, he was called to the bar. While in London Jinnah suffered two severe bereavements—the deaths of his wife and his mother. Nevertheless, he completed his formal studies and also made a study of the British political system , frequently visiting the House of Commons . He was greatly influenced by the liberalism of William E. Gladstone , who had become prime minister for the fourth time in 1892, the year of Jinnah’s arrival in London. Jinnah also took a keen interest in the affairs of India and in Indian students. When the Parsi leader Dadabhai Naoroji , a leading Indian nationalist, ran for the British Parliament , Jinnah and other Indian students worked day and night for him. Their efforts were crowned with success: Naoroji became the first Indian to sit in the House of Commons.

When Jinnah returned to Karachi in 1896, he found that his father’s business had suffered losses and that he now had to depend on himself. He decided to start his legal practice in Bombay (now Mumbai), but it took him years of work to establish himself as a lawyer.

It was nearly 10 years later that he turned actively toward politics. A man without hobbies, he divided his interest between law and politics. Nor was he a religious zealot: he was a Muslim in a broad sense and had little to do with sects. His interest in women was also limited, to Rattenbai (Rutti)—the daughter of Sir Dinshaw Petit, a Bombay Parsi millionaire—whom he married in 1918 over tremendous opposition from her parents and others. The couple had one daughter, Dina, but the marriage proved an unhappy one, and Jinnah and Rutti soon separated. It was his sister Fatima who gave him solace and company.

Jinnah first entered politics by participating in the 1906 session of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party) held at Calcutta (now Kolkata ), in which the party began to split between those calling for dominion status and those advocating independence for India. Four years later he was elected to the Imperial Legislative Council—the beginning of a long and distinguished parliamentary career. In Bombay he came to know, among other important Congress Party personalities, Gopal Krishna Gokhale , the eminent Maratha leader. Greatly influenced by those nationalist politicians, Jinnah aspired during the early part of his political life to become “a Muslim Gokhale.” Admiration for British political institutions and an eagerness to raise the status of India in the international community and to develop a sense of Indian nationhood among the peoples of India were the chief elements of his politics. At that time, he still looked upon Muslim interests in the context of Indian nationalism .

But, by the beginning of the 20th century, the conviction had been growing among the Muslims that their interests demanded the preservation of their separate identity rather than amalgamation in the Indian nation that would for all practical purposes be Hindu. Largely to safeguard Muslim interests, the All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906. But Jinnah remained aloof from it. Only in 1913, when authoritatively assured that the league was as devoted as the Congress Party to the political emancipation of India, did Jinnah join the league. When the Indian Home Rule League was formed, he became its chief organizer in Bombay and was elected president of the Bombay branch.

Jinnah’s endeavours to bring about the political union of Hindus and Muslims earned him the title of “the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity,” an epithet coined by Gokhale. It was largely through his efforts that the Congress Party and the Muslim League began to hold their annual sessions jointly, to facilitate mutual consultation and participation. In 1915 the two organizations held their meetings in Bombay and in 1916 in Lucknow , where the Lucknow Pact was concluded. Under the terms of the pact, the two organizations put their seal to a scheme of constitutional reform that became their joint demand vis-à-vis the British government. There was a good deal of give and take, but the Muslims obtained one important concession in the shape of separate electorates, already conceded to them by the government in 1909 but hitherto resisted by Congress.

Meanwhile, a new force in Indian politics had appeared in the person of Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi . Both the Home Rule League and the Congress Party had come under his sway. Opposed to Gandhi’s noncooperation movement and his essentially Hindu approach to politics, Jinnah left both the league and the Congress Party in 1920. For a few years he kept himself aloof from the main political movements. He continued to be a firm believer in Hindu-Muslim unity and constitutional methods for the achievement of political ends. After his withdrawal from Congress, he used the Muslim League platform for the propagation of his views. But during the 1920s the Muslim League, and with it Jinnah, had been overshadowed by Congress and the religiously oriented Muslim Khilafat movement .

When the failure of the noncooperation movement and the emergence of Hindu revivalist movements led to antagonism and riots between Hindus and Muslims, the Muslim League began to lose strength and cohesion, and provincial Muslim leaders formed their own parties to serve their needs. Thus, Jinnah’s problem during the following years was to convert the Muslim League into an enlightened , unified political body prepared to cooperate with other organizations working for the good of India. In addition, he had to convince the Congress Party, as a prerequisite for political progress, of the necessity of settling the Hindu-Muslim conflict.

To bring about such a rapprochement was Jinnah’s chief purpose during the late 1920s and early 1930s. He worked toward this end within the legislative assembly, at the Round Table Conference in London (1930–32), and through his “14 points,” which included proposals for a federal form of government, greater rights for minorities, one-third representation for Muslims in the central legislature, separation of the predominantly Muslim Sindh region from the rest of the Bombay province, and introduction of reforms in the North-West Frontier Province . His failure to bring about even minor amendments in the Nehru Committee proposals (1928) over the question of separate electorates and reservation of seats for Muslims in the legislatures frustrated him. He found himself in a peculiar position at that time: many Muslims thought that he was too nationalistic in his policy and that Muslim interests were not safe in his hands, while the Congress Party would not even meet the moderate Muslim demands halfway. Indeed, the Muslim League was a house divided against itself. The Punjab Muslim League repudiated Jinnah’s leadership and organized itself separately. In disgust, Jinnah decided to settle in England. From 1930 to 1935 he remained in London, devoting himself to practice before the Privy Council . But when constitutional changes were in the offing, he was persuaded to return home to head a reconstituted Muslim League.

Soon preparations started for the elections under the Government of India Act of 1935. Jinnah was still thinking in terms of cooperation between the Muslim League and the Hindu-controlled Congress Party and with coalition governments in the provinces. But the elections of 1937 proved to be a turning point in the relations between the two organizations. Congress obtained an absolute majority in six provinces, and the league did not do particularly well. The Congress Party decided not to include the league in the formation of provincial governments, and exclusive all-Congress governments were the result. Relations between Hindus and Muslims started to deteriorate, and soon Muslim discontent became boundless.

Jinnah had originally been dubious about the practicability of Pakistan, an idea that the poet and philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal had propounded to the Muslim League conference of 1930, but before long he became convinced that a Muslim homeland on the Indian subcontinent was the only way of safeguarding Muslim interests and the Muslim way of life. It was not religious persecution that he feared so much as the future exclusion of Muslims from all prospects of advancement within India, as soon as power became vested in the close-knit structure of Hindu social organization. To guard against that danger, he carried out a nationwide campaign to warn his coreligionists of the perils of their position, and he converted the Muslim League into a powerful instrument for unifying the Muslims into a nation.

At that point, Jinnah emerged as the leader of a renascent Muslim nation. Events began to move fast. On March 22–23, 1940, in Lahore , the league adopted a resolution to form a separate Muslim state, Pakistan . The Pakistan idea was at first ridiculed and then tenaciously opposed by the Congress Party. But it captured the imagination of the Muslims. Pitted against Jinnah were many influential Hindus, including Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru . And the British government seemed to be intent on maintaining the political unity of the Indian subcontinent. But Jinnah led his movement with such skill and tenacity that ultimately both the Congress Party and the British government had no option but to agree to the partitioning of India. Pakistan thus emerged as an independent state in 1947.

Jinnah became the first head of the new state. Faced with the serious problems of a young country , he tackled Pakistan’s problems with authority. He was not regarded as merely the governor-general. He was revered as the father of the nation. He worked hard until overpowered by age and disease in Karachi, the place of his birth, in 1948.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

(1876-1948)

Who Was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah he joined the Indian National Congress in 1906. Seven years later, he joined the India Muslim League. The independent state of Pakistan that Jinnah had envisioned came to be on August 14, 1947. The following day, he was sworn in as Pakistan’s first governor-general. On September 11, 1948, he died near Karachi, Pakistan.

Jinnah was born in a rented apartment on the second floor of Wazir Mansion in Karachi, Pakistan (then part of India), on December 25, 1876. At the time of his birth, Jinnah’s official name was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai. The eldest of his parents’ seven children, Jinnah was underweight and appeared fragile at the time of his birth. But Jinnah’s mother, Mithibai, was convinced her delicate infant would one day achieve great things. Jinnah’s father, Jinnahbhai Poonja, was a merchant and exporter of cotton, wool, grain and range of other goods. As a whole, the family belonged to the Khoja Muslim sect.

When Jinnah was 6 years old, his father placed him in the Sindh Madrasatul-Islam School. Jinnah was far from a model student. He was more interested in playing outside with his friends than focusing on his studies. As the proprietor of a thriving trade business, Jinnah’s father emphasized the importance of studying mathematics, but, ironically, arithmetic was among Jinnah’s most hated subjects.

When Jinnah was nearly 11 years old, his only paternal aunt came to visit from Bombay, India. Jinnah and his aunt were very close. The aunt suggested that Jinnah return with her to Bombay; she believed the big city would provide him with a better education than Karachi could. Despite his mother’s resistance, Jinnah accompanied his aunt back to Bombay, where she enrolled him in the Gokal Das Tej Primary School. Despite the change of scenery, Jinnah continued to prove himself a restless and unruly student. Within just six months he was sent back to Karachi. His mother insisted he attend Sind Madrassa, but Jinnah was expelled for cutting classes to go horseback riding.

Jinnah’s parents then enrolled him in the Christian Missionary Society High School, hoping he would be better able to concentrate on his studies there. As a teen, Jinnah developed an admiration for his father’s business colleague, Sir Frederick Leigh Croft. When Croft offered Jinnah an internship in London, Jinnah jumped at the chance, but Jinnah’s mother was not so eager for him to accept the offer. Fearful of being separated from her son, she persuaded him to marry before leaving for his trip. Presumably she believed his marriage would ensure his eventual return.

At his mother’s urging, the 15-year-old Jinnah entered into an arranged marriage with his 14-year-old bride, Emibai, in February 1892. Emibai was from the village of Paneli in India, and the wedding took place in her hometown. Following the marriage, Jinnah continued attending the Christian Missionary Society High School until he left for London. He departed Karachi in January of 1893. Jinnah would never see his wife or his mother again. Emibai died a few months after Jinnah’s departure. Devastatingly, Jinnah’s mother, Mithibai, also passed away during his stay in London.

After disembarking at Southampton and taking the boat train to Victoria Station, Jinnah rented a hotel room in London. He would eventually, however, settle at the home of Mrs. F.E. Page-Drake of Kensington, who had invited Jinnah to stay as a guest.

After a few months of serving his internship, in June of 1893 Jinnah left the position to join Lincoln’s Inn, a renowned legal association that helped law students study for the bar. Over the next few years, Jinnah prepared for the legal exam by studying biographies and political texts that he borrowed from the British Museum Library and read in the barristers’ chambers. While studying for the bar, Jinnah heard the terrible news of his wife and mother’s deaths, but he managed to forge on with his education. In addition to fulfilling his formal studies, Jinnah made frequent visits to the House of Commons, where he could observe the powerful British government in action firsthand. When Jinnah passed his legal exam in May of 1896, he was the youngest ever to have been accepted to the bar.

With his law degree in hand, in August 1896 Jinnah moved to Bombay and set up a law practice as a barrister in Bombay’s high court. Jinnah would continue to practice as a barrister up through the mid-1940s. Jinnah’s most famous successes as a lawyer included the Bawla murder trial of 1925 and Jinnah’s 1945 defense of Bishen Lal at Agra, which marked the final case of Jinnah’s legal career.

During Jinnah’s visits to the House of Commons, he had developed a growing interest in politics, deeming it a more glamorous field than law. Now in Bombay, Jinnah began his foray into politics as a liberal nationalist. When Jinnah’s father joined him there, he was deeply disappointed in his son’s decision to change career paths and, out of anger, withdrew his financial support. Fortunately, the two had mended fences by the time Jinnah’s father died in April 1902.

Jinnah was particularly interested in the politics of India and its lack of strong representation in British Parliament. He was inspired when he saw Dadabhai Naoroji become the first Indian to earn a seat in the House of Commons. In 1904, Jinnah attended a meeting of the Indian National Congress. In 1906 he joined the congress himself. In 1912, Jinnah attended a meeting of the All India Muslim League, prompting him to join the league the following year. Jinnah would later join yet another political party, the Home Rule League, which was dedicated to the cause of a state’s right to self-government.

In the midst of Jinnah’s thriving political career, he met a 16-year-old named Ratanbai while on vacation in Darjeeling. After "Rutti" turned 18 and converted to Islam, the two were married on April 19, 1918. Rutti gave birth to Jinnah’s first and only child, a daughter named Dina, in 1919.

As a member of Congress, Jinnah at first collaborated with Hindu leaders as their Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity, while working with the Muslim League simultaneously. Gradually, Jinnah realized that the Hindu leaders of Congress held a political agenda that was incongruent with his own. Earlier he had been aligned with their opposition to separate electorates meant to guarantee a fixed percentage of legislative representation for Muslims and Hindus. But in 1926, Jinnah shifted to the opposite view and began supporting separate electorates. Still, overall, he retained the belief that the rights of Muslims could be protected in a united India. At that stage of his political career, Jinnah left Congress and dedicated himself more fully to the Muslim League.

By 1928 Jinnah’s busy political career had taken a toll on his marriage. He and his second wife separated. Rutti lived as a recluse at the Taj Mahal Hotel in Bombay for the next year, until she died on her 29th birthday.

During the 1930s Jinnah attended the Anglo-Indian Round Table Conferences in London, and led the reorganization of the All India Muslim League.

Independent Pakistan

By 1939 Jinnah came to believe in a Muslim homeland on the Indian subcontinent. He was convinced that this was the only way to preserve Muslims’ traditions and protect their political interests. His former vision of Hindu-Muslim unity no longer seemed realistic to him at this time.

During a 1940 meeting of the Muslim League at Lahore, Jinnah proposed the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan, in the area where Muslims constitute a majority. At this juncture, Jinnah was both displeased with Mohandas Gandhi's stance at the London Round Table Conference in 1939, and frustrated with the Muslim League. Much to Jinnah’s chagrin, the Muslim League was on the verge of merging with the National League, with the goal of participating in provincial elections and potentially conceding to the establishment of a united India with majority Hindu rule.

To Jinnah’s relief, in 1942 the Muslim League adopted the Pakistan Resolution to partition India into states. Four years later, Britain sent a cabinet mission to India to outline a constitution for transfer of power to India. India was then divided into three territories. The first was a Hindu majority, which makes up present-day India. The second was a Muslim area in the northwest, to be designated as Pakistan. The third was made up of Bengal and Assam, with a narrow Muslim majority. After a decade, the provinces would have the choice of opting out on the formation of a new federation. But when the Congress president expressed objections to implementing the plan, Jinnah also voted against it. The independent state of Pakistan that Jinnah had envisioned came to be on August 14, 1947. The following day, Jinnah was sworn in as Pakistan’s first governor-general. He was also made president of Pakistan's constituent assembly shortly before his death.

Death and Legacy

On September 11, 1948, just a little over a year after he became governor-general, Jinnah died of tuberculosis near Karachi, Pakistan — the place where he was born.

Today, Jinnah is credited with having altered the destiny of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. According to Richard Symons, Muhammad Ali Jinnah "contributed more than any other man to Pakistan’s survival." Jinnah’s dream for Pakistan was based on the principles of social justice, brotherhood and equality, which he aimed to achieve under his motto of "Faith, Unity, and Discipline." In the wake of his death, Jinnah’s successors were tasked with consolidating the nation of Pakistan that Jinnah had so determinedly established.

QUICK FACTS

• Name: Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Birth Year: 1876
• Birth date: December 25, 1876
• Birth City: Karachi
• Birth Country: Pakistan
• Gender: Male
• Best Known For: Muslim statesman Muhammad Ali Jinnah led Pakistan’s independence from British-controlled India and was its first governor-general and president of its constituent assembly.
• World Politics
• Astrological Sign: Capricorn
• Sindh Madrasatul-Islam
• Lincoln’s Inn
• Sind Madrassa
• University of Bombay
• Gokal Das Tej Primary School
• Christian Missionary Society High School
• Nacionalities
• Death Year: 1948
• Death date: September 11, 1948
• Death City: Karachi
• Death Country: Pakistan

CITATION INFORMATION

• Article Title: Muhammad Ali Jinnah Biography
• Author: Biography.com Editors
• Website Name: The Biography.com website
• Url: https://www.biography.com/political-figures/muhammad-ali-jinnah
• Access Date:
• Publisher: A&E; Television Networks
• Last Updated: May 18, 2021
• Original Published Date: April 2, 2014
• There is no power on earth that can undo Pakistan.
• My message to you all is of hope, courage and confidence.

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Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Pakistan, one of the largest Muslim states in the world, is a living and exemplary monument of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. With his untiring efforts, indomitable will, and dauntless courage, he united the Indian Muslims under the banner of the Muslim League and carved out a homeland for them, despite stiff opposition from the Hindu Congress and the British Government.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born in Karachi on December 25, 1876. His father Jinnah Poonja was an Ismaili Khoja of Kathiawar, a prosperous business community. Muhammad Ali received his early education at the Sindh Madrasa and later at the Mission School, Karachi. He went to England for further studies in 1892 at the age of 16. In 1896, Jinnah qualified for the Bar and was called to the Bar in 1897.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah started his political career in 1906 when he attended the Calcutta session of the All India National Congress in the capacity of Private Secretary to the President of the Congress. In 1910, he was elected to the Imperial Legislative Council. He sponsored the Waqf Validating Bill, which brought him in touch with other Muslim leaders. In March 1913, Jinnah joined the All India Muslim League.

Until the publication of Nehru Report, Jinnah continued his efforts for Hindu-Muslim unity. The Nehru Report, published in 1928, was severely criticized by all sections of the Muslim community. In December 1928, the National Convention was called to consider the Report. Jinnah proposed some amendments, but they were all rejected. He finally parted ways with the Congress.

The Muslim League held its annual session at Lahore in March 1940. This was presided over by Quaid-i-Azam. The demand for Pakistan was formally put forward here. This goal was realized on August 14, 1947. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was appointed as its first Governor General.

This article was last updated on Sunday, June 01, 2003

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Biography of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah

Table of Contents

Let us have an overview of the Biography of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the incidents which were a part of his complete and successful life which made him the leader of a dispersed nation and was responsible to unite them on one cause and then initiate one of the world’s largest migration which was from Sub-Continent India to newly formed Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam was a person who had such personality traits which forced his respondents to surrender themselves under his guidance, his multi dimensional characteristics made him one great ambassador for the Hindu-Muslim unity which ultimately gave birth to the very important Two Nation Theory. Beside an ambassador he was wise constitutionalist, an energetic and unbiased politician, an enthusiastic freedom fighter, a highlighted figure of the parliament and obviously a true, dynamic and passionate Muslim leader. The life of Mohammad Jinnah is a role model for all the Muslims and not only Muslims his personality traits and characteristics were being appreciated and valued by the Hindus as well as the British Empire. So now let us have the comprehensive all round view to the life of this legend and the events which proved him the ultimate leader.

Quaid E Azam Family and Birth Date

It was in 1893 when Jinnah joined Lincolns Inn and within the three years of his admission he was being called by the Bar, from here this young guy started to get the appreciation which he really deserved as he became the youngest Indian to be called by the Bar. And soon within no mass time Jinnah was renowned as one of the most competent and successful lawyer in the entire Bombay. In the year 1905 Quaid-e-Azam officially entered in to politics through the Indian National Congress. Jinnah went to England in the same year accompanied by Gopal Krishna. In England he continued to practice his law and even polished his skills more before returning to India. His visit of England was on the basis of Indian National Congress for the purpose of inflaming the voice of self rule and freedom for India from the British Empire. After a year he became the secretary of Dadabhai Noariji. One of the biggest political achievements came to Jinnah when he became the president of Indian National Congress which was itself a sense of Honor and pride for a Muslim youngster. Quaid E Azam Daughter Name is Dina Wadia.

Quaid E Azam Political Career

It was almost 3 decades of the stunning political career of Mr. Jinnah that led him to achieve the recognition of being the most outstanding political leader of India in 1917. In his appreciation Mr. Montagu who was the Secretary to State for India quoted his views in the following words for Mr. Jinnah at the urge of the end of World War I that;

“Jinnah is a Perfect Mannered, Impressive-Looking, armed to the teeth with dialectics” and he further quoted that “He is a very clever man, and, it is, of course, an outrage that such a man should have no chance of running the affairs of his own country”

After the establishment of All India Muslim League, Quaid-e-Azam still continued his struggle for the Hindu-Muslim unity and his efforts paid off on the day in 1916 when the Lucknow pact was being signed by the both Muslims and Hindus politicians which was also known as Hindu-Muslim Pact 0f 1916. He played very neutral role in the upcoming Montague Chelmsford Reforms in 1919 because he was not willing to widen the gap between the two very crucial communities of sub-continent.

Mohammad Ali Jinnah as a man of Constitution

This was the first point where the mass difference between the two influential leaders started to grow, one was Jinnah and the second was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Both the leaders were popular in India and Gandhi took the rigid decision of getting the civil disobedience as the source of awakening and threatening the British government. In this act British colonies were being burnt, their products were being boycotted and their British Flag was being burnt on roads. This was surely not what Jinnah wanted as he was the man having the perception that these are not the short cuts for independence and instead of short cut they will become the hurdles in the way of independence for the Hindus of India as Britain who were very kind to Hindus were gradually changing their behavior with them. In October 1920 when Gandhi was appointed as the President of Home Rule League, Jinnah made a speech while resigning from the Home rule league and said;

“Your extreme program has for the moment struck the imagination mostly of the inexperienced youth and the ignorant and the illiterate. All this means disorganization and chaos”

Another very significant Hindu leader supported Jinnah in his thoughts as it was Rabindranth Tagore who stood with Jinnah against the unconstitutional behavior and nomenclature attitude of Gandhi in dealing with the issues of the sub-continent India. Jinnah again repeated his views in the latter Nagpur congress session in 1920. These contradictions forced Jinnah to leave the congress that year because he was unwilling to compromise on his fundamentals but still he worked tirelessly for the promotion of the Hindu Muslim unity in India. Now the time was coming close when the contradiction of the views between Hindus and Muslims was getting more and more rigid on various issues. The situations became even worse when Jinnah organized a meeting in Delhi which was known as the Delhi Muslims Proposals in the year 1927 to create the liaison between both Muslims and Hindus but all the efforts of Jinnah were seemed to be going in vein, in this agreement the clause of separate electorate for Muslims which was their basic argument since 1906 was also waved off but still the agreement was not brought to terms and was rejected this further pushed the communities apart and later the approval of Nehru Report in 1928 acted as the oil in the burning flame as the Nehru report had nothing for the Muslims and was typically a Hindu favored proposal. This behavior of the Hindus surely hurt Jinnah and he left everything unfinished and went to England in early thirties. But being a patriotic Muslim he was unable to keep himself away from the homeland and his people so he returned back in 1934 and was really felt dishearten on the miserable condition of the Muslims as they were helpless with no direction and no aims and plans for the future. This was the time when Jinnah took up the responsibility to lead his nation and lead his fellow Muslims to the stage which they deserved.

Restructuring of Muslim League as Jinnah gets associated with it

When Jinnah came back the situation was very much crystal clear in front of him as the Muslims were in disarray with no leadership and he was the only one who was confident and capable enough to cope up with the situation by stepping forward in this task. The first thing which Jinnah focused was the modification and adjustment of the Muslim League which was being totally messed up by the Muslims as there was no management and controlling. The most surprising and frustrating fact was that many of the Muslim Leaders of Muslim League has started their own provincial campaigns and have left the Muslim League behind. These provinces include Punjab, Bengal, Sindh, North West Frontier, Assam and Bihar. This was the time when Jinnah was highly depressed and under such circumstances there was only one person who was the consultant, the friend and the motivator and he was Allama Iqbal, who was a poet and a philosopher having the same unique ideology for Muslims as it was of Jinnah.

Once the Jinnah started to regain Muslim League people and to gather them again he started to feel that the response from the nation was more than what he expected which was a positive sign. This response became an influential factor for Jinnah which empowered him to continue his campaign with more pace and aggression. Jinnah accompanied by Iqbal went on to visit the entire India and specially the Muslim Majority areas so that they can get the confidence and trust of the Muslims behind them which will surely be the key to success for this campaign. Jinnah molded the people and brought them to accept the Government of India Act 1935 because the man of constitution was of the perception that as far as they are in the state of India they are liable to follow the national constitution of the state.

In the general elections of 1937 Jinnah gave a clear manifesto to the Muslims so that they should support the Muslim League candidates and his thinking was that this election will be the demo for the upcoming years and the results were surprising for the entire nation. The political party which was down and out before Jinnah came up as the second largest party in the parliament where they were able to win 108 seats out of total 485 seats allocated for Muslims which was almost 23% result for Muslim League. The result was impressive but still Congress was the majority and will be surely founding the ruling government. When the Hindu rulers took the power as they were in clear majority in 7 provinces showed a new face as they openly became anti Muslims as all their activities and proposals were directly against the interest of Muslims of India. Soon Jinnah realized that the place which was their homeland is getting difficult to live in as the Muslim rights, their religious practices and their fundamental beliefs were endangered in this place and soon or later the call for an independent state was surely in tunnel now.

Voice raised for a Separate Homeland by the Quaid

Jinnah claimed that Muslim demands a separate Homeland where they can practice their religion and their culture with full religious freedom and with no restriction. He further said that as Hindus have the complete freedom and liberty in India to carry out their religious rituals same should be for Muslims as they should also be provided with the homeland where they can have freedom and liberty. This declaration from Jinnah became threatening and dangerous for both the Hindus and British Empire because British Empire was now counting their days in the sub continent India and the Hindus were shocked because they will be unable to carry out their hardships and imposing of power on the week Muslims. Jinnah gave the ultimatum that the independence procedure should be carried out not later than 1947 as this ultimatum was less an ultimatum and more as a mere order.

British-Hindu Schemes to avoid Independence

After calling for independence the first success and positive result came in 1942 under the Cripps Mission plan where the British government decided to give the provincial autonomy to the provinces on the basis of their territory. The Cripps Mission was the source of prolonging the Gandhi Jinnah talks in 1944 and hence it was rejected because it was not having exactly what the Muslims were demanding.

The crucial phase was in the year 1946 and 1947 when the Cabinet Mission Plan was being brought be the three viceroys who came from Britain to carry out the division process of the sub continent India. Initially the Cabinet Mission Plan was basically designed and formulated to make one last effort to avoid the independence as in this proposal the British government decided to keep the foreign affairs and the defense under the federal rule and the remaining was to be given to the India where they can form their own government dividing in between the two major political parties of India which included Congress and Muslim League. But Jinnah was aware of the fact that if this is being accepted by the Muslims they will be sure that Hindus will restart what they did in the general election of 1937 and will further crush and humiliate the Muslims and that’s why Jinnah with his League didn’t backed off from their demand of the separate home land and soon after observing the rigidness and the pressure from the Britain Government the independence was being considered as inevitable.

Hindus were having more influence on the British Government so it was obvious that the division of assets and the division of territories will be unfair and that is what happened. In the 3 rd June plan it was being decided that Hindu Majority areas will be joined with the India while the Muslim Majority areas will be allowed to join the newly formed Pakistan. The disputed territories were given the freedom of joining either India or Pakistan as per their own will and need. So finally it was being declared that Pakistan a new country and home land for the Muslims will be formed on the 14 th of August, 1947 while after a day of the independence of Muslims the Hindus will get the independence on the 15 th August, 1947.

Being a Leader; Dealing with the critical issues of Pakistan

Quaid-e-Azam solidarity effort in the creation of a separate homeland for the Muslim, the Muslim league decided to make Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah as the first Governor General of the state Pakistan, on the other hand Congress appoint Mountbatten as the first Governor General of the independent India. As soon as Pakistan came in to being it was all over challenges for Jinnah again, and after rescuing the Muslims from the British and Hindu rule now Jinnah had to fight against these issues which could very easily drown the newly born state.

The very initial problem was to accommodate the refugees which have migrated from the sub continent India. This migration was considered to be the largest migration ever made on earth by any nation so fulfilling the basic needs of such mountainous number of people was surely a big threat to the newly formed state. But the people had faith in their leader and the capital which was received from the Indian government was initially used for the rehabilitation of the people and fulfilling their basics needs like food, shelter, medical facilities and education.

Having neighbors like India so defense should be strong and that is what Jinnah immediately realized and soon after the independence he worked on forming the army, setting up ammunition factories so that the newly formed state can have its own protection from the evil eyes of the outside which were poking to conquer the land.

Indus water issue and the Kashmir issue were also considered to be the critical problem which Jinnah dealt with extreme calmness and assurance. This is because from the first day Pakistan was an agricultural state as the economy was directly related with agriculture, under such conditions stopping the water from Indus river India was the strategy to destroy the economy of the country but Jinnah with his companions dealt with problems strongly and soon Pakistan started to emerge on the map of the world as an independent Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Conclusive words and the message for nation by Quaid-e-Azam

Soon Jinnah realized that he has done for what he was born and he wanted to inculcate he belief, his views and his values in the nation and that is why he made his last speech on 14 th August 1948 on the first anniversary of Pakistan and said that;

“The foundations of your state have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly as well as you can” His words stated that how much he was concern for his nation and for his people and obviously for the state Pakistan. He guided the officials that “you are the servant of the nation don’t behave like the boss or the master but be the servant and work for the betterment and the cause of the nation. Never put your interest over the national interest of the state because the prime objective should be the national state and not you.”

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah died 11 th September, 1948 at the age of 72 years,  he has only one Daughter. Quaid E Azam Daughter Name is Dina Wadia. In his entire age his maximum time was spent in serving the mankind and especially in regaining and recollecting the Muslims on one platform and on one objective. Pakistan is missing such leaders and it is surely impossible that the world will ever see and witness such a personality and leader ever again.

Well this is the complete Biography of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah hope you enjoy reading this.

I am professional education consultant and Teacher, my primary goal is to support students in accessing educational services through Pakistan's rapidly expanding educational website. I strive to provide valuable guidance and assistance to help students make informed decisions about their academic paths and future careers.

please short questions about the life of quaideazam

Quaid-e-Azam was born in Thatta?

Every few years there is an attempt by vested interests to create doubts among Pakistanis about Mr. Jinnah’s birthplace. There is of course no doubt that he was born in Karachi, but the detractors say that he was born in Jherruck (near Thatta). I have studied this matter in detail, and the only basis for it is that someone (I think it was the late Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah, PPP MNA from Thatta) inserted in Sindhi textbooks the disinformation about the founder of Pakistan being born in Jherruck. His aim of course was to make Jherruck a place of pilgrimage so that its infrastructure would be improved, roads and schools would be built and tourism in the region would increase.

Some years ago, during BB’s second stint in power, this controversy was raised by those who apparently think Mr. Jinnah was out of his senses when he said he was born in Karachi (and this was the main reason for selecting Karachi as the capital of Pakistan). Even his two sisters (Ms Fatima Jinnah and Ms Shirin Jinnah) said many times that Karachi was the great man’s birthplace.

But just because of a single textbook which said otherwise, Ms Humera Alwani, PPP legislator has presented a bill to declare Jherruck as the birthplace of the Quaid. My question is, why wasn’t this issue raised when Mr. Jinnah and his associates were alive or when the Quaid’s official biography was published in the nineteen fifties? Why didn’t Sindhi MNAs and MPAs object when BB herself said that Karachi was the city in which the Quaid was born? And finally, why are they ignoring the many English and Urdu textbooks in Pakistan which confirm this?

I wouldn’t be surprised if one of these days someone builds a tomb in Jherruck and claims that the Quaid is buried there (and not in the mausoleum in Karachi)! Anything is possible in Pakistan.

AZIZ JAMALI TALHAR 03462243209

Aoa everyone Aman ki asha karnee he thee aur agar pakistanis aur indians main agar koi faraq nahin tha to kiya hamray Azeem leaders ka dimakh kharab tha jo unhon nay pakistan ki azadi kay liya din raat laray Aur saab say stupid pakistani news channel yani GEO NEWS (jo aman ki asha bhi kar raha hay)nay kaha hay k “parhnay likhnay k siwa Pakistan k matlab kiya” halan k pakistan islam k naam par liya giya tha. Agar kisi ko koi problem in my comment plz write it so i can tell u my answer. Thankyou and AH.

He was admitted in the primary school of the town established in 1870. The school’s General Register is missing. Before this controversy when the announcement of his Birth Place was made in the teaching course taught in Pakistan until 1962. It was written as Jhirk in the 8th lession of the course till 1962 in the Books from primary to Graduation level and remained in all level of books up to the tenure of Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1976.

Father of Nation was born at the old village of JHIRK the district of Thatta.

It has been alleged that Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born in Jhirk,

He was admitted in the primary school of the town established in 1870. The school’s General Register is missing. Before this controversy when the announcement of his Birth Place was made in the teaching course taught in Pakistan until 1962.

Sir i am Munir Hasan. Student Of BBA. Sir I’ve a complete history of the title of Quaid-e-Azam. Sir Muhammad Ali Jinnah ke zamane mein Maulana Mazharuddin Jo “Al-Aman” newspaper ke editor thay unhn ne sbse pehle Muhammad Ali Jinnah ko apne newspaper “Al-Aman” mein Quaid-e-Azam ke laqab se pukara. jisko us wqt ke mshor tareen leader Ferozuddin sahab ne prh kr nara lga kr mashor kia…Aur Maulana Mazharuddin ko Indians ne jb shaheed krdia to meri par nani ko Nawaz Sharif sahab ne Al Hamra Hall mein Quaid-e-Azam ke lqb ki khushi pr Gold Medal dia jo aj tk lahore mein mere nana ke pas mojod hai. Sir jahan bhi mai dekhta hn mjhe har kitab mein yehi likha nzr ata ha ke sbse pehle lqb choose hi Ferozuddin sahab ne kia. Sir correct info ye hai ke Laqab mere par nana Maulana Mazharuddin ne sbse pehle Apne Akhbar mein dia, Muhammad Ali Jinnah ke leay aik laqab psnd kia jisko unhn ne apne akhbar mein dia…aur usko prh kr Ferozuddin sahab ne mshor kia. Sir agr apko prove chaheay to Mere pas buht saray prove hain baqaida us zamane ki books bhi hain jo print hoen then Maulana Mazharuddin ke laqab dene pr. Plz is msg ko zror prh kr history dekhte hoe plz ap info update kren takay sbko pta chle yeh baat buht kam logon ko maloom hai…

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World History Edu

Muhammad Ali Jinnah – The Founder of Pakistan

by World History Edu · October 5, 2022

Popularly known as ‘Quaid-e-Azam’ in Pakistan, Muhammad Jinnah was  the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 till Pakistan gained independence in August 1947. He served as the country’s first Governor-General until his death in 1948. By founding Pakistan, Jinnah gave its people a sense of identity, territory and a sense of destiny. In reverence to his political and heroic achievements, the nation observes his birthday as a national holiday.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s epithet ‘Qaid e-Azam’ means ‘Great Leader’. He was also known as ‘Baba-I-Quam’ which means ‘Father of the Nation’

Early Years

The eldest of 7 children, Jinnah was born into a Karachi mercantile family in 1876. His parents were Jinnahbhai Poonja and Mithibai. Jinnah’s family descended from Iran with some influences of Shai, Sunni and Ismaili.

He studied at the Christian Missionary High School and graduated from Bombay University at age 16. Before Jinnah left for London to train as an apprentice with Graham Shipping and Trading Co., he married his first cousin, Emibai Jinnah and remained with till her death in 1893.

While in London, Jinnah abandoned apprenticeship and enrolled as a law student at Lincoln’s Inn Fields. In 1896 before age 20, he became the youngest Asian to be called to the bar. He developed a fascination with nationalist  politics after he had watched  Dadabhai Naoroji, Britian’s first Asian MP, deliver a speech at the House of Commons.

Law Practice

In pursuit of his law practice, he returned to Bombay after a short stopover in Karachi. A typical Indian nationalist, Jinnah loved to see his country liberated from the British colonial rule. In trying to achieve this, he attempted to work within the British system while focusing his efforts on unifying the Hindus, Muslims, Parsees and Christians against the British.

Jinnah was believed to have possessed an assertive and independent spirit that made him appear rude. Though he was careful to not cross the line, he often annoyed his British superiors. He mastered the act of using British law against its own people. He received a number of jail threats on several occasions for daring to speak in favor of Indian home rule or rights. He stepped on the toes of such British political figures as Lord Willingdon, Lord Wavell and Lord Mountbatten, who had all served as Viceroys in India in the twilight years of Britain’s rule of India.

Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity

Gandhi and Jinnah were some of the leading members of the Indian Independence movement. Jinnah, like Gandhi, was very committed to Indian nationalism and the two men believed in Hindu-Muslim unity.

Long before he fought for a Muslim Pakistan, Jinnah was known for his unifying role  among the Hindus and Muslims. When he first returned from Britain in 1896, he became a member of the Indian National Congress, a pro-Independence political party that was dominated by Hindus.

As secretary to the Dadabhai Naoroji, the president of the political party, he was present at the 1906 session of Calcutta (now Kolkata). In early 1910, he was elected to the Imperial Legislative Council of India in Delhi. This marked the start of a respectable career in Parliament.

Jinnnah got acquainted with politicians like Gopal Krishna Gokhale who a tremendous influence on the young Jinnah. He had once been described by the honorable Gopal Krishna Gokhale as “the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity”. The moderate politician and social reformer Gokhale  was right. For example, Jinnah represented Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a Hindu nationalist and teacher, in court when he was being tried by the British on charges of overt conduct.

The Muslim League

Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League. Image – The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s politics was initially woven around the need to see India esteemed in the international community and to create an Indian national identity among the people of India. The young lawyer and politician began to strong notions of Indian nationalism.

At the start of the 20th century, however, he was persuaded that Muslims in India needed a unique and separate identity instead of a collective national identity that would most likely be Hindu. This idea became the driving force behind the formation of the All-India Muslim League in 1906.

A member of the Indian National Congress (INC), Jinnah declined joining the Muslim League until 7 years after its formation. By this time, he had been assured by the leaders of the organization of their primary concern with the political liberation of India.

Jinnah rose through the ranks to serve as the president of the League from 1920 to 1930 and again from 1937 to 1947, when Pakistan was founded under his leadership. He was able to achieve an agreement between the Congress and the League with regards to reforms. Muslims were assured of a 30% representation in provincial councils. Gradually, a united front was built against the British Empire – a front whose voices kept increasing for the liberation of Indian subcontinent.

Political Unification

Historians have described Jinnah’s ambassadorial duties in the Muslim League and the INC as the climax of his political career. Through him, the two organizations started holding their yearly sessions together.

In 1915, sessions took place at Bombay, and the following year, the Lucknow Pact was signed at a meeting at Lucknow. The Pact had to do with both the government structure of India and the relations of the Hindu and Muslim communities.

Steadily, Jinnah began to win both national and international admiration for his political tact. An American historian, Wolpert, in his biography, described him as sounding “like Ronald Coleman, dressed like Anthony Eden, and was adored by most women at first sight and admired or envied by most men…”

A wife of a British general, after encountering Jinnah, described the young politician as eloquent and mannered in his ways. She added, Jinnah models “his manners and clothes on Du Maurier, the actor and his English on Burke’s speeches. He is a future Viceroy….”

Mahatma Gandhi’s Emergence

With the 1920s came Mahatma Gandhi , a refreshing force in Indian politics. Many people fell in love with his radical beliefs and political style. He was able to draw in both the Home Rule League and the Congress Party.

Soon enough, Jinnah had been taken off center stage and relegated to the shadows. Jinnah was unhappy with Gandhi’s fixation on Hinduism and its associated violence that was being perpetrated across ethnic lines.

As Britain hastily prepared to leave India, the relationship between the Hindus and Muslims became even more strained. Image – Jinnah with Mahatma Gandhi in Bombay, 1944

Jinnah continued to serve as the president of the almost defunct Muslim League throughout the decade. His continuous frosty relationship with the British leaders did not help matters.

In 1929, while Jinnah  was trying to find his feet on a political terrain that had stopped making sense to him, his second wife, Ruttie, died. He relocated to London with his family and resumed his work as an attorney. He, throughout this period, had faded off the Indian political scene.

Jinnah made a lot of money  as a lawyer. In fact, he was believed to be one of the highest paid. He belonged to the upper class and lived an affluent life in Hampstead, London during the early 1930s in London. He was reputed to be a well-dressed man who was particularly attentive to his physical appearance. He was also a great property investor and had several homes.

The Birth of Pakistan

Jinnah speaking at the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, the day Pakistan became independent

In 1935, Jinnah came back to India to lead the Muslim League upon the request of some political leaders. He steered the affairs of the League and created new structures. He also led the organization during the 1937 elections.

Though Jinnah was well-liked and admired, not all Muslims considered him a role model. Many thought him to be “too westernized.” An attempt was made on his life in late 1943, but the assailant was caught before he could inflict fatal injuries.

In 1940, Jinnah presided over a meeting where discussions concerning the Lahore Resolution were held. This Resolution was added as a creed in the All-India Muslim League constitution. The creed rejected the idea of a united India in place of an independent Muslim state consisting of Punjab, N.W.F.P and Balochistan, Bengal and other provinces. The Resolution formed the basis of the 1946 Muslim League decision to establish one state for the Muslims instead of two. The passage of the Pakistan Resolution represented a change of direction for the Muslims. Rather than fight for an alliance with the Hindu community, they preferred to walk a path that will lead to a separate homeland for the Muslims in India.

Until late 1930s, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, also known as Quaid-e-Azam (‘Great Leader’),  was a big advocate of Indian nationalism, believing that Hindus and Muslims could co-exist in one independent country. However, that all changed in the early 1940s just as the Great Britain was preparing to grant India its independence. The rift between Hindu-dominated Indian National Congress and the Muslim League caused the British to hastily partition subcontinent into Muslim-dominated Pakistan and Hindu-dominated India.

The period from 1945-6 witnessed victory for the Muslim League in the general elections. The League had, by this time, gained momentum as the third force in India, together with the National Congress and the British. Jinnah eventually won the admiration of Gandhi who considered him Quaid-i-Azam (‘Great Leader’). Nationwide, he was regarded as a hero for British Indian Muslims.

In spite of the roller coaster ride on the road to Pakistan, Jinnah maintained steady strides. Upon Britain’s agreement to the partitioning of India in 1947 , Pakistan was birthed by uniting the Muslim-majority regions in the eastern and northwestern parts of British India.

The Death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Jinnah struggled with deteriorating health as a result of tuberculosis. He was believed to be a heavy smoker. He died in September 1948 at his Karachi home at age 71. Masses of people trooped to his burial service and a moment of deep grief swept through the nation.

Pakistan remains the most important legacy of Jinnah. Wolpert again referred to him in a speech in 1998 and described him as Pakistan’s greatest leader. The former Finance Minister of India, Jaswant Singh said “With Jinnah’s death Pakistan lost its moorings. In India, there will not easily arrive another Gandhi, nor in Pakistan another Jinnah.”

Jinnah on women’s rights

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Pakistan National Hero: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

The founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, is the Pakistan National Hero who played a significant role in the independence movement of Pakistan. He was a visionary leader who fought for the rights of Muslims in the subcontinent and eventually succeeded in creating a separate homeland for them. In this article, we will discuss the life, achievements, and legacy of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Pakistan’s history is incomplete without mentioning the name of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a lawyer, politician, and statesman who dedicated his entire life to the cause of Pakistan’s independence. Born in Karachi on December 25, 1876, Jinnah was the eldest child of his parents. He received his early education in Karachi and went to England to study law.

Table of Contents

Early Life and Education of the Pakistan National Hero

Jinnah was a brilliant student and excelled in his studies. After completing his education, he started his legal practice in Bombay and soon became a prominent lawyer. He was a man of principles and never compromised on his beliefs. He was deeply influenced by the teachings of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Iqbal, who were prominent Muslim leaders of the time.

Political Career of the Pakistan National Hero

Jinnah’s political career started when he joined the Indian National Congress in 1906. He believed that the Indian National Congress was the best platform to fight for the rights of Muslims in the subcontinent. However, he soon realized that the Congress was dominated by Hindus and that the interests of Muslims were not being protected. He, therefore, resigned from the Congress in 1920 and joined the All India Muslim League, which was formed to protect the rights of Muslims.

Struggle for Pakistan

Jinnah’s struggle for Pakistan started in the 1930s when he demanded a separate homeland for Muslims in the subcontinent. He believed that Hindus and Muslims could not live together in a united India and that the only solution to the Hindu-Muslim problem was the creation of a separate homeland for Muslims. He worked tirelessly to convince Muslims of the need for a separate homeland and finally succeeded in achieving his goal in 1947 when Pakistan was created.

Achievements of the Pakistan National Hero

Jinnah’s achievements are numerous. He was the architect of Pakistan and played a crucial role in the creation of the country. He was also the first Governor-General of Pakistan and worked tirelessly to establish the country’s political, economic, and social institutions. He was a strong advocate of democracy, human rights, and equality and believed that these were the foundation stones of a progressive and prosperous society.

Legacy of the Pakistan National Hero

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s legacy is immense. He is considered to be one of the greatest leaders of the 20th century and an inspiration to millions of people around the world. His vision, determination, and leadership continue to inspire generations of Pakistanis to this day. His legacy is a reminder of the sacrifices and struggles of the people who fought for Pakistan’s independence and the need to uphold the principles of democracy, human rights, and equality.

• Who was Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah?

Answer: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the founder of Pakistan and a national hero who fought for the rights of Muslims in the subcontinent.

• What were Jinnah’s achievements?

Answer: Jinnah’s achievements are numerous. He was the architect of Pakistan and played a crucial role in the country’s creation. He was also the first Governor-General of Pakistan and worked tirelessly to establish the country’s political, economic, and social institutions.

• What was Jinnah’s political career?

Answer: Jinnah’s political career started when he joined the Indian National Congress in 1906. He later resigned from the Congress and joined the All India Muslim League, which was formed to protect the rights of Muslims.

• What was Jinnah’s vision for Pakistan?

Answer: Jinnah’s vision for Pakistan was to create a separate homeland for Muslims in the subcontinent. He believed that Hindus and Muslims could not live together in a united India and that the only solution to the Hindu-Muslim problem was the creation of a separate homeland for Muslims.

• What is Jinnah’s legacy?

Answer: Jinnah’s legacy is immense. He is considered to be one of the greatest leaders of the 20th century and an inspiration to millions of people around the world. His vision, determination, and leadership continue to inspire generations of Pakistanis to this day.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah is a national hero and a symbol of hope and inspiration for millions of Pakistanis. His vision, determination, and leadership continue to inspire people around the world, and his legacy is a reminder of the sacrifices and struggles of those who fought for Pakistan’s independence. We should strive to uphold his principles of democracy, human rights, and equality and work towards a more prosperous and progressive Pakistan.

• “Muhammad Ali Jinnah” by Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Ali-Jinnah
• “Muhammad Ali Jinnah” by History.com: https://www.history.com/topics/india/muhammad-ali-jinnah
• “Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Father of the Nation” by Government of Pakistan: https://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid-e-Azam-Muhammad-Ali-Jinnah-Profile

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Biography, Quotes & Significance

Additional info.

Dr. Kevin Downey has a Doctorate in History from the University of Wisconsin. He is currently a freelance editor in international affairs and taught academic writing and International Relations at Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand. Kevin was previously the Publications Director for the East-West Center in Washington, D.C.

Mike is a veteran of the New Hampshire public school system and has worked in grades 1-12. He has a Master's of Education specializing in Social Studies.

Was Muhammad Ali Jinnah Shia?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born into an Isma'ili Shia family who followed the forward-thinking Aga Khan. Jinnah remained a secular Muslim who performed all his religious duties properly his whole life, although early on he did not believe religion should be important in politics.

What did Quaid-e-Azam say to students?

Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah believed that education was a matter of life and death for Pakistan because each generation must be prepared for the pace with which the world changes. Students should be unselfish, disciplined, truthful, fair, and act with high moral standards and integrity. Most of all, students should avoid radical politics and keep themselves abreast of what is happening in Pakistan and around the world.

What is Muhammad Ali Jinnah known for?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah is best known for forcing the creation of Pakistan, an independent Muslim homeland in South Asia, against the wishes of the British Government of India and the Hindu-backed Congress Party. In his early years, Jinnah desired a unified India, but his political career in India made him distrust Hindu politicians who would hold a majority of the seats in the legislature.

Table of Contents

Who was muhammad ali jinnah, muhammad ali jinnah: nationalism and religion, the impact and significance of muhammad ali jinnah, lesson summary.

Up until 1947, South Asian rival countries India and Pakistan were one state ruled by the British Raj. With independence, Pakistan became its own nation due largely to Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948). Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah? He was an Indian Muslim lawyer and politician in the early twentieth century who is hailed as the father of Pakistan. His early politics were marked by efforts to foster Hindu-Muslim unity, but discord between the religious communities led him to eventually champion the creation of Pakistan, a separate state for Indian Muslims .

Jinnah was born in 1876, two decades after the British brought India into its growing empire. British imperialism was based on mercantilism and controlling sea lanes. India complimented this system and Britain benefitted greatly from its colonial possession. In the late nineteenth century, when Jinnah was a young man, Indian elites were demanding participation and representation in the Indian government. Jinnah became a great figure in this struggle.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the first child of Jinnahbhai Poonja, a rising merchant, and his wife Mithibai. He was born in their rented residence in Karachi, a booming coastal city in the southwest of modern Pakistan. Jinnah's parents were followers of the Aga Khan, the forward-thinking leader of the Isma'ili Shia sect. As a child, he disliked studies while attending the Sind Madrasat al-Islam and the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi, but when he arrived in London, education, politics, and law captured his interests. He first married in 1892 to a young wife who passed away shortly after he arrived in England. He married a second time in 1918 to Bombay elite Sir Dinshaw Petit's daughter Rattambai, but the marriage failed soon after the birth of their daughter Dina.

Education and Influences

Jinnah moved to London at the age sixteen for an apprenticeship with Sir Frederick Leigh Croft, a business associate of his father. Shortly after his arrival, Jinnah left the apprenticeship to become a lawyer . After three years of intense preparation, he passed the bar and moved to Bombay (modern Mumbai) in 1896 to establish his own legal practice. It took years of hard work to make his practice successful, and still he made time to immerse himself in political thought. His major influences were William E. Gladstone, a British laissez-faire liberal; Gopal Krishna Gokhale; and Dadabhai Naroji, influential Indian nationalist. Naroji was the first South Asian elected to the British House of Commons . Jinnah worked on Naroji's campaign, spurring the young lawyer's own political career.

Legal Career and Early Political Career

Jinnah's skills as a politician were honed through years of practicing law, but establishing his own practice in Bombay was a risk. Most Indian lawyers worked first as assistants under established lawyers as they learned their trade. Jinnah preferred to teach himself, and his strategy paid off. He gained great success as a commercial and criminal lawyer before Bombay's High Court. In 1916, he famously gained acquittal for Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a noted nationalist and activist, against a charge of sedition . His practice flourished into the 1920s, but he gave it up to pursue his growing political activities.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was dissatisfied with India's lack of representation in British Parliament and the Government of India. In 1904, he attended his first meeting of the Indian National Congress, the principal organization advocating for Indian self-rule, finally joining its ranks in 1906. He worked closely with Naroji, Gokhale, and other nationalists who favored Hindu-Muslim Unity , the belief that Hindus and Muslims were equally Indian and equally entitled to share the whole of an independent British India . However, this idea was becoming increasingly unpopular as Hindu politicians gained the favor of the British. In 1912, Jinnah joined the All-India Muslim League and four years later led the Bombay branch of the Home-Rule League , an organization of Indian elites lobbying the British Parliament for independence. He was able to bring these organizations into joint meetings for a short while, but left the Congress Party and the Home-Rule League in 1920 due to his frustration with growing partisanship among Hindu politicians associated with Mahatma Gandhi. During the 1920s, Jinnah remained aloof from politics, disenchanted with the growth of the Congress Party and the emergence of the religious-political Khilifat Movement among Muslims.

The Leadership of Pakistan

Through all this, Jinnah never left the Muslim League, and in the 1930s, he returned to politics with the intention of bringing progressive Muslims and Hindus together through participation in the legislature. He proposed '14 Points' for Indian independence that included a federal system of government, one-third guaranteed representation for Muslim legislators, and greater minority rights. These proposals failed due to lack of support by Muslims who felt him to be too secular and Hindus who felt him to be too partisan. Jinnah moved back to England and set aside politics to resume his legal career from 1930 to 1935, but the prospect of inter-communal cooperation in the elections following the 1935 India Act drew him back in. His hopes were dashed, however, by the success of the Hindu-backed Congress Party and their unwillingness to compromise with Muslim politicians.

Hindu-Muslim cooperation within an independent India had been Muhammad Ali Jinnah's objective since the early 1900s, but the 1935 elections led him to feel that such cooperation was not possible within a single state. At the Muslim League Congress of 1930, Indian Muslim philosopher and poet Sir Muhammad Iqbal proposed a separate Islamic homeland within South Asia. This state would be called Pakistan . Jinnah rejected this idea at the time, but ten years later, he had come to accept that Pakistan may be the only place where the Muslim minority could preserve its rights. In 1940, the Muslim League adopted the proposition of a separate Pakistan, but never developed the political machinery to make it seem a reality. Moreover, the idea of Pakistan had to withstand the ire of the leaders of the Congress Party, Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, who rejected the idea.

After the end of the Second World War, eventual Indian independence was undeniable, but the shape of this nation was not clear. Jinnah had been pushing his India/Pakistan 'Two-Nation' idea for years without any support from the British or the Congress Party. In 1946, a proposal for a federal system called the Cabinet Mission Plan was soundly rejected in negotiations with the British, apparently ending hopes of an independent Pakistan. However, the British were very anxious to leave India, and in a fit of impatience decided to implement a divided state. On August 14th, 1947, Pakistan was established.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan as well as the President and Speaker of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan for his lifelong efforts for Indian Muslims. But the transition was difficult and Jinnah's time brief. The Partition of India resulted in roughly 15 million Hindus and Muslims leaving their homes to emigrate to the country of their faith. In the process, upwards of 2 million people died just after independence. Jinnah had to manage the new nation's grief while trying to put Pakistan's fractured political house in order. For just over a year, Jinnah led Pakistan until his death on September 11th, 1948. Even for this, Pakistanis revere him as the Quaid e Azam , or 'great leader,' and see his life as an inspiration for the people and guide for the nation's youth.

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a consummate politician, a path that requires flexibility and the capacity to work with what you have. Jinnah guided the creation of Pakistan, a distinct and deeply Islamic state in South Asia. If you look at Jinnah's ideals as a younger man, he hoped to overcome partisanship that he saw building among Hindus in the Congress Party and Muslims in the Khilafat Movement. But in the end, he determined that a separate state would provide the Muslim community with the best opportunity to secure their rights. Jinnah also lived his life as a secular Isma'ili Shia Muslim who, without shirking his duties, believed that religion was a private affair. But the brutal politics of the 1930s and 1940s led him to embrace a national identity that revolved around Sunni piety. These results were not what he expected, but it was what he was given, and he used them as he deemed best for the people who trusted his leadership. He became Quaid e Azam, the embodiment of a Muslim leader, because he believed it was what the nation needed to survive.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah Quotes

Below are three Muhammad Ali Jinnah quotes that reflect the ideas covered in this lesson:

'I do not believe in taking the right decision, I take a decision and make it right. '

• This quote reflects his flexibility and his resilience, two skills that he employed as he navigated the politics of independence. He knew that while it was important to have principles, they could not interfere with getting things done the best way available.

'India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a subcontinent of nationalities. '

• Jinnah never believed that an undivided India could be a homogenous society, but he hoped that the Hindus and Muslims could coexist and respect each other's political and social needs. In the end, this miscarried and all that was left were separate states.

'I have lived as plain Mr. Jinnah and I hope to die as plain Mr. Jinnah. I am very much averse to any title or honors and I will be more than happy if there was no prefix to my name. '

• Jinnah worked for a cause, never acclaim. Even though he was charismatic, he did not demand the spotlight. Yet, in the end, he was given the titles First Governor-General of Pakistan and Quaid e Azam.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah's tenacity resulted in the founding of a state that divided British India but provided a home for millions of South Asian Muslims. India and Pakistan have sadly maintained an adversarial relationship since 1947, but this has allowed Pakistan to achieve great strength for a small state. But most of all, Jinnah has influenced three generations of Pakistanis who love and revere him as the father of their nation. There were many times when Pakistan could have buckled, but that was not to do.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah , a merchant's son and life-long lawyer , felt the injustice of British colonial rule and worked toward releasing India from its grasp. He worked through organizations like the Home-Rule League , dedicated to creating Indian self-rule, and the Muslim League for the advancement of India's substantial Islamic minority. As a younger man, he championed Hindu-Muslim unity , but in the process came to distrust Hindu congressmen because of their partisanship and appetite for power. In the 1940s, Jinnah took up Sir Muhammad Iqbal's call for the establishment of an independent homeland for Indian Muslims by partitioning British India. The idea started with little support, but in the end, the British decided to implement Jinnah's plan. Separate states of India and Pakistan were formed. On August 14, 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was selected to be the first Governor-General of Pakistan and died a year later. For all he has done, he is revered by Pakistanis as Quaid e Azam , their Great Leader.

Who Is Muhammad Ali Jinnah?

''Failure is a word unknown to me.'' - Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Few men lead a country. Fewer still help to establish and create the country they lead. Muhammad Ali Jinnah is one man who accomplished both these feats. Without him, the country of Pakistan would probably not exist today. Let's learn more.

Early Life and Studying for the Bar

Jinnah rose from humble beginnings. He was born in 1876 underweight in a rented apartment in British-controlled India. The eldest of seven siblings, the frail child was a poor student, much to the dismay of his father who was a successful merchant and exporter. Jinnah would go through multiple schools before interning for his father's friend in London where his true education would begin.

Less than a year after beginning his internship, Jinnah left to work with Lincoln's Inn, a legal company that assisted students in preparing for the Bar Exam. This is a test to determine if a person is eligible to practice law.

For years Jinnah prepared for the Bar Exam studying not only legal texts, but biographies as well. Jinnah was also known to observe legal proceedings at the House of Commons in his preparation.

This work paid off and in 1896 Jinnah not only passed the exam, but at 20 years old he was the youngest person ever to do so. With his law degree Jinnah returned to India and established his own law practice where he would work through the mid 1940's.

An Eye Toward Politics

Despite running a successful law practice, Jinnah had developed an eye for politics during his time in London. He couldn't help but notice India's lack of representation in the British Parliament.

In 1904 Jinnah watched Indian Dadabhai Naoroji win a seat in England's House of Commons, which inspired him to go to a meeting of the Indian National Congress. Attendance of the meeting would drastically alter his life's path, and in two years he would be a member of the Indian National League.

Jinnah continued to become more political in the coming years. In 1914 he joined the Home Rule League , a group dedicated to creating an India governed by Indians and not the British Empire. This group was far more radical than any of the groups he had previously been a member of.

Muslim Leanings

Early in his career as a congressman, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity. In this role he attempted to facilitate an agreement between the majority Hindu representatives and the Muslim minority.

In this position Jinnah would develop a distrust of Hindu Congressmen. In 1926 his distrust led him to become an advocate of separate elections for Hindu and Muslim representatives. Shortly after, Jinnah left Congress to dedicate himself fully to the Muslim League where he would be free to focus solely on the concerns of Muslims in India.

Jinnah came to believe that the only way to protect the interests of Muslims living in India would be to create a partition of land for Indian Muslims to be run by Indian Muslims. He said, ''Any idea of a united India could never have worked, and in my judgment, it would have led us to terrific disaster. Maybe that view is correct; maybe it is not - that remains to be seen.''

A year later at a Muslim League meeting Jinnah made his proposal to create this partition of land, a rejection of the work of Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi for a free secular and inclusive India. Jinnah and Gandhi were constantly at odds, though they both had respect for each other's strengths. Jinnah once said, ''What I am afraid of is...Gandhi. He has brains and always tried to put me in the wrong. I have to be on guard and alert all the time.'' Both were frail yet powerful leaders, and both would end up dying the same year.

After two years Jinnah convinced the Muslim League to advocate against living in a secular India with a Hindu majority. Jinnah argued for a new country, Pakistan, to be located in the northwest of India where a majority of Muslims already lived.

Formation of Pakistan

In 1946, shortly after the end of World War II, Britain began the process of granting India its independence. This independence would not be realized as envisioned by Gandhi, but as a smaller plot of land, with Pakistan a new country in the northwest. Jinnah said ''Pakistan not only means freedom and independence but the Muslim Ideology which has to be preserved, which has come to us as a precious gift and treasure and which, we hope other [sic] will share with us.''

August 14, 1947 Pakistan became an independent country free of British or Indian influence. The next day Muhammad Ali Jinnah would become the country's first governor-general, then the first president of Pakistan's constituent assembly. This group was tasked with creating a constitution for Pakistan.

Less than a year later Jinnah would die of tuberculosis, leaving his newly formed Islamic country to define its destiny without him.

Despite Muhammad Ali Jinnah's early difficulties in school, Jinnah quickly became a motivated and accomplished student in London. After passing the Bar Exam he returned to India to begin his law practice. Soon after, Jinnah became involved with the Home Rule League , which advocated for India to break away from England and become its own country.

Jinnah grew to distrust Hindu congressmen after his involvement in the Hindu Muslim Unity. After devoting himself to the Muslim League , Jinnah came to believe the only way to protect the interests of Muslims was for Indian land to be set aside for a Muslim country. This was contrary to Gandhi's wishes for a united, secular India.

When India broke free of England in 1947, the country of Pakistan formed. Jinnah was its first governor general and helped guide the creation of the new country's constitution. Less than a year later though, Jinnah would die of tuberculosis, never seeing what Pakistan would become.

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QUAID-E-AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

Father of the Nation Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's achievement as the founder  of Pakistan, dominates everything else he did in his long and crowded public life spanning some 42 years. Yet, by any  standard, his was an eventful life, his personality multidimensional and his achievements in other fields were many, if not  equally great. Indeed, several were the roles he had played with distinction: at one time or another, he was one of the  greatest legal luminaries India had produced during the first half of the century, an `ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity, a  great constitutionalist, a distinguished parliamentarian, a top-notch politician, an indefatigable freedom-fighter, a dynamic  Muslim leader, a political strategist and, above all one of the great nation-builders of modern times. What, however,  makes him so remarkable is the fact that while similar other leaders assumed the leadership of traditionally well-defined  nations and espoused their cause, or led them to freedom, he created a nation out of an inchoate and down-trodden  minority and established a cultural and national home for it. And all that within a decade. For over three decades before  the successful culmination in 1947, of the Muslim struggle for freedom in the South-Asian subcontinent, Jinnah had  provided political leadership to the Indian Muslims: initially as one of the leaders, but later, since 1947, as the only  prominent leader- the Quaid-i-Azam . For over thirty years, he had guided their affairs; he had given expression,  coherence and direction to their legitimate aspirations and cherished dreams; he had formulated these into concrete  demands; and, above all, he had striven all the while to get them conceded by both the ruling British and the numerous  Hindus the dominant segment of India's population. And for over thirty years he had fought, relentlessly and inexorably,  for the inherent rights of the Muslims for an honorable existence in the subcontinent. Indeed, his life story constitutes, as it  were, the story of the rebirth of the Muslims of the subcontinent and their spectacular rise to nationhood, phoenixlike . phoenixlike .

Political Career

Three years later, in January 1910, Jinnah was elected  to the newly-constituted Imperial Legislative Council. All through his parliamentary career, which spanned some four  decades, he was probably the most powerful voice in the cause of Indian freedom and Indian rights. Jinnah, who was also  the first Indian to pilot a private member's Bill through the Council, soon became a leader of a group inside the legislature.  Mr. Montagu (1879-1924), Secretary of State for India, at the close of the First World War, considered Jinnah "perfect  mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the teeth with dialectics..." Jinnah , he felt, "is a very clever man, and it is, of  course, an outrage that such a man should have no chance of running the affairs of his own country."

For about three decades since his entry into politics in 1906, Jinnah passionately believed in and assiduously worked for  Hindu-Muslim unity. Gokhale , the foremost Hindu leader before Gandhi, had once said of him, "He has the true stuff in  him and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity: And,  to be sure, he did become the architect of Hindu-Muslim Unity: he was responsible for the Congress-League Pact of 1916,  known popularly as Luck now Pact- the only pact ever signed between the two political organizations, the Congress and  the All-India Muslim League, representing, as they did, the two major communities in the subcontinent.

The Congress-League scheme embodied in this pact was to become the basis for the Montagu-Chemlsford Reforms, also  known as the Act of 1919. In retrospect, the Luckhnow Pact represented a milestone in the evolution of Indian politics.  For one thing, it conceded Muslims the right to separate electorate, reservation of seats in the legislatures and weightage  in representation both at the Centre and the minority provinces. Thus, their retention was ensured in the next phase of  reforms. For another, it represented a tacit recognition of the All-India Muslim League as the representative organization  of the Muslims, thus strengthening the trend towards Muslim individuality in Indian politics. And to Jinnah goes the  credit for all this. Thus, by 1917, Jinnah came to be recognized among both Hindus and Muslims as one of India's most  outstanding political leaders. Not only was he prominent in the Congress and the Imperial Legislative Council, he was also  the President of the All-India Muslim League and that of the Bombay Branch of the Home Rule League. More importantly,  because of his key-role in the Congress-League entente at L uckhnow , he was hailed as the ambassador, of Hindu-Muslim  unity.

Constitutional Struggle

In subsequent years, however, he felt dismayed at the injection of violence into politics. Since Jinnah stood for "ordered progress", moderation, gradualism and constitutionalism, he felt that political violence was not the pathway to national liberation but, the dark alley to disaster and destruction.

In the ever-growing frustration among the masses caused by colonial rule, there was ample cause for extremism. But, Gandhi's doctrine of non-cooperation, Jinnah felt, even as Rabindranath Tagore(1861-1941) did also feel, was at best one of negation and despair: it might lead to the building up of resentment, but nothing constructive. Hence, he opposed tooth and nail the tactics adopted by Gandhi to exploit the Khilafat and wrongful tactics in the Punjab in the early twenties. On the eve of its adoption of the Gandhian programmed, Jinnah warned the Nagpur Congress Session (1920): "you are making a declaration (of Swaraj within a year) and committing the Indian National Congress to a programme, which you will not be able to carry out". He felt that there was no short-cut to independence and that any extra-constitutional methods could only lead to political violence, lawlessness and chaos, without bringing India nearer to the threshold of freedom.

The future course of events was not only to confirm Jinnah's worst fears, but also to prove him right. Although Jinnah left the Congress soon thereafter, he continued his efforts towards bringing about a Hindu-Muslim entente, which he rightly considered "the most vital condition of Swaraj". However, because of the deep distrust between the two communities as evidenced by the country-wide communal riots, and because the Hindus failed to meet the genuine demands of the Muslims, his efforts came to naught. One such effort was the formulation of the Delhi Muslim Proposals in March, 1927. In order to bridge Hindu-Muslim differences on the constitutional plan, these proposals even waived the Muslim right to separate electorate, the most basic Muslim demand since 1906, which though recognized by the Congress in the Luckhnow Pact, had again become a source of friction between the two communities. surprisingly though, the Nehru Report (1928), which represented the Congress-sponsored proposals for the future constitution of India, negated the minimum Muslim demands embodied in the Delhi Muslim Proposals.

In vain Jinnah argued at the National Convention of Congress in 1928 that "What we want is that Hindus and Mussalmans should march together until our objective is achieved...These two communities have got to be reconciled and united and made to feel that their interests are common". The Convention's blank refusal to accept Muslim demands represented the most devastating setback to Jinnah's life-long efforts to bring about Hindu-Muslim unity, it meant "the last straw" for the Muslims, and "the parting of the ways" for him, as he confessed to a Parsee friend at that time. Jinnah's disillusionment at the course of politics in the subcontinent prompted him to migrate and settle down in London in the early thirties. He was, however, to return to India in 1934, at the pleadings of his co-religionists, and assume their leadership. But, the Muslims presented a sad spectacle at that time. They were a mass of disgruntled and demoralized men and women, politically disorganized and destitute of a clear-cut political programme.

Muslim League Reorganized

Thus, the task that awaited Jinnah was anything but easy. The Muslim League was dormant: even its provincial organizations were, for the most part, ineffective and only nominally under the control of the central organization. Nor did the central body have any coherent policy of its own till the Bombay session (1936), which Jinnah organized. To make matters worse, the provincial scene presented a sort of a jigsaw puzzle: in the Punjab, Bengal, Sindh, the North West Frontier, Assam, Bihar and the United Provinces, various Muslim leaders had set up their own provincial parties to serve their personal ends. Extremely frustrating as the situation was, the only consolation Jinnah had at this juncture was in Allama Iqbal (1877-1938), the poet-philosopher, who stood steadfast by him and helped to chart the course of Indian politics from behind the scene.

Undismayed by this bleak situation, Jinnah devoted himself to the sole purpose of organizing the Muslims on one platform. He embarked upon country-wide tours. He pleaded with provincial Muslim leaders to sink their differences and make common cause with the League. He exhorted the Muslim masses to organize themselves and join the League. He gave coherence and direction to Muslim sentiments on the Government of India Act, 1935. He advocated that the Federal Scheme should be scrapped as it was subversive of India's cherished goal of complete responsible Government, while the provincial scheme, which conceded provincial autonomy for the first time, should be worked for what it was worth, despite its certain objectionable features. He also formulated a viable League manifesto for the election scheduled for early 1937. He was, it seemed, struggling against time to make Muslim India a power to be reckoned with.

Despite all the manifold odds stacked against it, the Muslim League won some 108 (about 23 per cent) seats out of a total of 485 Muslim seats in the various legislatures. Though not very impressive in itself, the League's partial success assumed added significance in view of the fact that the League won the largest number of Muslim seats and that it was the only all-India party of the Muslims in the country. Thus, the elections represented the first milestone on the long road to putting Muslim India on the map of the subcontinent. Congress in power with the year 1937 opened the most momentous decade in modern Indian history. In that year came into force the provincial part of the Government of India Act, 1935, granting autonomy to Indians for the first time, in the provinces.

The Congress, having become the dominant party in Indian politics, came to power in seven provinces exclusively, spurning the League's offer of cooperation, turning its back finally on the coalition idea and excluding Muslims as a political entity from the portals of power. In that year, also, the Muslim League, under Jinnah's dynamic leadership, was reorganized de novo, transformed into a mass organization, and made the spokesman of Indian Muslims as never before. Above all, in that momentous year were initiated certain trends in Indian politics, the crystallization of which in subsequent years made the partition of the subcontinent inevitable. The practical manifestation of the policy of the Congress which took office in July, 1937, in seven out of eleven provinces, convinced Muslims that, in the Congress scheme of things, they could live only on sufferance of Hindus and as "second class" citizens. The Congress provincial governments, it may be remembered, had embarked upon a policy and launched a programme in which Muslims felt that their religion, language and culture were not safe. This blatantly aggressive Congress policy was seized upon by Jinnah to awaken the Muslims to a new consciousness, organize them on all-India platform, and make them a power to be reckoned with. He also gave coherence, direction and articulation to their innermost, yet vague, urges and aspirations. Above all, he filled them with his indomitable will, his own unflinching faith in their destiny.

The New Awakening

As a result of Jinnah's ceaseless efforts, the Muslims awakened from what Professor Baker calls (their) "unreflective silence" (in which they had so complacently basked for long decades), and to "the spiritual essence of nationality" that had existed among them for a pretty long time. Roused by the impact of successive Congress hammerings, the Muslims, as Ambedkar (principal author of independent India's Constitution) says, "searched their social consciousness in a desperate attempt to find coherent and meaningful articulation to their cherished yearnings. To their great relief, they discovered that their sentiments of nationality had flamed into nationalism". In addition, not only had they developed" the will to live as a "nation", had also endowed them with a territory which they could occupy and make a State as well as a cultural home for the newly discovered nation. These two pre-requisites provided the Muslims with the intellectual justification for claiming a distinct nationalism (apart from Indian or Hindu nationalism) for themselves. So that when, after their long pause, the Muslims gave expression to their innermost yearnings, these turned out to be in favour of a separate Muslim nationhood and of a separate Muslim state.

Demand for Pakistan

"We are a nation", they claimed in the ever eloquent words of the Quaid-i-Azam- "We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law, we are a nation". The formulation of the Muslim demand for Pakistan in 1940 had a tremendous impact on the nature and course of Indian politics. On the one hand, it shattered for ever the Hindu dreams of a pseudo-Indian, in fact, Hindu empire on British exit from India: on the other, it heralded an era of Islamic renaissance and creativity in which the Indian Muslims were to be active participants. The Hindu reaction was quick, bitter, and malicious.

Equally hostile were the British to the Muslim demand, their hostility having stemmed from their belief that the unity of India was their main achievement and their foremost contribution. The irony was that both the Hindus and the British had not anticipated the astonishingly tremendous response that the Pakistan demand had elicited from the Muslim masses. Above all, they failed to realize how a hundred million people had suddenly become supremely conscious of their distinct nationhood and their high destiny. In channeling the course of Muslim politics towards Pakistan, no less than in directing it towards its consummation in the establishment of Pakistan in 1947, none played a more decisive role than did Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It was his powerful advocacy of the case of Pakistan and his remarkable strategy in the delicate negotiations that followed the formulation of the Pakistan demand, particularly in the post-war period, that made Pakistan inevitable.

Cripps Scheme

While the British reaction to the Pakistan demand came in the form of the Cripps offer of April, 1942, which conceded the principle of self-determination to provinces on a territorial basis, the Rajaji Formula (called after the eminent Congress leader C.Rajagopalacharia, which became the basis of prolonged Jinnah-Gandhi talks in September, 1944), represented the Congress alternative to Pakistan. The Cripps offer was rejected because it did not concede the Muslim demand the whole way, while the Rajaji Formula was found unacceptable since it offered a "moth-eaten, mutilated" Pakistan and the too appended with a plethora of pre-conditions which made its emergence in any shape remote, if not altogether impossible. Cabinet Mission, the most delicate as well as the most tortuous negotiations, however, took place during 1946-47, after the elections which showed that the country was sharply and somewhat evenly divided between two parties- the Congress and the League- and that the central issue in Indian politics was Pakistan.

These negotiations began with the arrival, in March 1946, of a three-member British Cabinet Mission. The crucial task with which the Cabinet Mission was entrusted was that of devising in consultation with the various political parties, constitution-making machinery, and of setting up a popular interim government. But, because the Congress-League gulf could not be bridged, despite the Mission's (and the Viceroy's) prolonged efforts, the Mission had to make its own proposals in May, 1946. Known as the Cabinet Mission Plan, these proposals stipulated a limited centre, supreme only in foreign affairs, defense and communications and three autonomous groups of provinces. Two of these groups were to have Muslim majorities in the north-west and the north-east of the subcontinent, while the third one, comprising the Indian mainland, was to have a Hindu majority. A consummate statesman that he was, Jinnah saw his chance. He interpreted the clauses relating to a limited centre and the grouping as "the foundation of Pakistan", and induced the Muslim League Council to accept the Plan in June 1946; and this he did much against the calculations of the Congress and to its utter dismay.

Tragically though, the League's acceptance was put down to its supposed weakness and the Congress put up a posture of defiance, designed to swamp the League into submitting to its dictates and its interpretations of the plan. Faced thus, what alternative had Jinnah and the League but to rescind their earlier acceptance, reiterate and reaffirm their original stance, and decide to launch direct action (if need be) to wrest Pakistan. The way Jinnah maneuvered to turn the tide of events at a time when all seemed lost indicated, above all, his masterly grasp of the situation and his adeptness at making strategic and tactical moves.

Partition Plan

Partition Plan By the close of 1946, the communal riots had flared up to murderous heights, engulfing almost the entire subcontinent. The two peoples, it seemed, were engaged in a fight to the finish. The time for a peaceful transfer of power was fast running out. Realizing the gravity of the situation. His Majesty's Government sent down to India a new Viceroy- Lord Mountbatten. His protracted negotiations with the various political leaders resulted in 3 June (1947) Plan by which the British decided to partition the subcontinent, and hand over power to two successor States on 15 August, 1947. The plan was duly accepted by the three Indian parties to the dispute- the Congress the League and the Akali Dal (representing the Sikhs).

Leader of a Free Nation

In recognition of his singular contribution, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was nominated by the Muslim League as the Governor-General of Pakistan, while the Congress appointed Mountbatten as India's first Governor-General. Pakistan, it has been truly said, was born in virtual chaos. Indeed, few nations in the world have started on their career with less resources and in more treacherous circumstances. The new nation did not inherit a central government, a capital, an administrative core, or an organized defence force. The Punjab holocaust had left vast areas in a shambles with communications disrupted. This, alongwith the en masse migration of the Hindu and Sikh business and managerial classes, left the economy almost shattered.

The treasury was empty, India having denied Pakistan the major share of its cash balances. On top of all this, the still unorganized nation was called upon to feed some eight million refugees who had fled the insecurities and barbarities of the north Indian plains that long, hot summer. If all this was symptomatic of Pakistan's administrative and economic weakness, the Indian annexation, through military action in November 1947, of Junagadh (which had originally acceded to Pakistan) and the Kashmir war over the State's accession (October 1947-December 1948) exposed her military weakness. In the circumstances, therefore, it was nothing short of a miracle that Pakistan survived at all. That it survived and forged ahead was mainly due to one man-Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The nation desperately needed a charismatic leader at that critical juncture in the nation's history, and he fulfilled that need profoundly. After all, he was more than a mere Governor-General: he was the Quaid-i-Azam who had brought the State into being.

In the ultimate analysis, his very presence at the helm of affairs was responsible for enabling the newly born nation to overcome the terrible crisis on the morrow of its cataclysmic birth. He mustered up the immense prestige and the unquestioning loyalty he commanded among the people to energize them, to raise their morale, to raise the profound feelings of patriotism that the freedom had generated, along constructive channels. Though tired and in poor health, Jinnah yet carried the heaviest part of the burden in that first crucial year. He laid down the policies of the new state, called attention to the immediate problems confronting the nation and told the members of the Constituent Assembly, the civil servants and the Armed Forces what to do and what the nation expected of them. He saw to it that law and order was maintained at all costs, despite the provocation that the large-scale riots in north India had provided. He moved from Karachi to Lahore for a while and supervised the immediate refugee problem in the Punjab. In a time of fierce excitement, he remained sober, cool and steady. He advised his excited audience in Lahore to concentrate on helping the refugees, to avoid retaliation, exercise restraint and protect the minorities. He assured the minorities of a fair deal, assuaged their inured sentiments, and gave them hope and comfort. He toured the various provinces, attended to their particular problems and instilled in the people a sense of belonging. He reversed the British policy in the North-West Frontier and ordered the withdrawal of the troops from the tribal territory of Waziristan, thereby making the Pathans feel themselves an integral part of Pakistan's body-politics. He created a new Ministry of States and Frontier Regions, and assumed responsibility for ushering in a new era in Balochistan. He settled the controversial question of the states of Karachi, secured the accession of States, especially of Kalat which seemed problematical and carried on negotiations with Lord Mountbatten for the settlement of the Kashmir Issue.

The Quaid's last Message

It was, therefore, with a sense of supreme satisfaction at the fulfillment of his mission that Jinnah told the nation in his last message on 14 August, 1948: "The foundations of your State have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly and as well as you can". In accomplishing the task he had taken upon himself on the morrow of Pakistan's birth, Jinnah had worked himself to death, but he had, to quote Richard Symons, "contributed more than any other man to Pakistan's survival". He died on 11 September, 1948.

A man such as Jinnah, who had fought for the inherent rights of his people all through his life and who had taken up the somewhat unconventional and the largely misinterpreted cause of Pakistan, was bound to generate violent opposition and excite implacable hostility and was likely to be largely misunderstood. But what is most remarkable about Jinnah is that he was the recipient of some of the greatest tributes paid to any one in modern times, some of them even from those who held a diametrically opposed viewpoint.

The Aga Khan considered him "the greatest man he ever met", Beverley Nichols, the author of `Verdict on India', called him "the most important man in Asia", and Dr. Kailashnath Katju, the West Bengal Governor in 1948, thought of him as "an outstanding figure of this century not only in India, but in the whole world". While Abdul Rahman Azzam Pasha, Secretary General of the Arab League, called him "one of the greatest leaders in the Muslim world", the Grand Mufti of Palestine considered his death as a "great loss" to the entire world of Islam. It was, however, given to Surat Chandra Bose, leader of the Forward Bloc wing of the Indian National Congress, to sum up succinctly his personal and political achievements. "Mr Jinnah" he said on his death in 1948, "was great as a lawyer, once great as a Congressman, great as a leader of Muslims, great as a world politician and diplomat, and greatest of all as a man of action. By Mr. Jinnah's passing away, the world has lost one of the greatest statesmen and Pakistan its life-giver, philosopher and guide". Such was Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the man and his mission, such the range of his accomplishments and achievements.

FATHER OF PAKISTAN QUAIDE AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH AND FORMER FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREA OF PAKISTAN

• October 2020

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A Cultural Journal

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah: The Leader with Style and Panache

Jinnah Posing Next to His Car, Circa 1920

There is no denying that Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, one of the political giants of the 20th Century who shaped the map of the modern world, was a very private man. But besides his political legacy, his taste and sense of style has continued to fascinate aficionados of the Quaid.

His family of modest means was settled in the Kharadar district of Karachi , a thriving urban center. His parents, Jinnah Bhai Poonja and Sakina Bano , moved into a two-story apartment in a building constructed by Wazir Ali Ponawala – now referred to as Wazir Mansion. From an early age, Jinnah carried a disposition befitting the role he was to play in future. As a young boy, he preferred to play Cricket instead of Marbles, because he did not want his hands and clothes to get dusty. His grace, sophistication, and charm only grew with time.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a Young Barrister

Mr. Jinnah soon became the highest earning lawyer in India, and his lifestyle resembled that of a well endowed aristocrat. According to Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India from 1943-1947 , “Mr. Jinnah was one of the handsomest men I have ever seen; he combined the clear cut, almost Grecian features of the West with oriental grace and movement.” It came as no surprise that Mr. Jinnah was adored by women for his distinguished fashion sense. Dina , his daughter, lovingly called him a “dandy”. A British general’s wife once recalled, “He (Mr. Jinnah) has a great personality. He talks the most beautiful English. He models his clothes and his manners on Du Maurier, the actor, and his English on Burke’s speeches. I have always wanted to meet him and now I had my wish.”

Mr. Jinnah was widely followed, documented, and photographed all his life, but was always impeccably turned out. According to his biographer Stanely Wolpert, he “came to own over 200 suits, which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars, and as a barrister took pride in never wearing the same silk tie twice.” He mostly fancied light colours and wore cream, beige or light grey suits. Mr. Jinnah wore size 10 shoes, noticeable for their sheen even in the archival photos.

Jinnah at Home with His Dogs

The footwear in his collection comprised boots, slipon shoes, sandals, slippers, khoosa type shoes and his favourite black pump "Grugabi" (a slipon with bow), which he used on several ceremonial occasions. Most of his shoes were made in England and France, and his bespoke suits were tailored by Messers Lesley and Roberts, London, Watson Fagerstrom and Hughes Ltd London, Laffan's Bombay, and Muhammad Tailors, Dehli.

Jinnah in his Malabar Hill Home

His taste in cars was also expensive. When in London, he would go around in a chauffeur driven Bentley, and in India he used a top of the line Rolls-Royce and a Cadillac. He always smoked his favourite A. Craven cigarettes, and owned the finest collection of Havana cigars.

Jinnah's Rolls Royce Car

His monocle and pocket watches were style statements. In a display corner adjacent to his mausoleum in Karachi, one can see a collection of his personal items like ivory napkin holders, a silver cigarette case and his typical cigarette lighter, a collection of his canes, breeches, his top-of-the-line golf clubs, a fine silk handkerchief and handmade buckskin shoes. Most of his personal items, clothing and accessories were personalized with his initials, “M.A.J.”.

He ate little, but breakfast was always the most meal important for him. He would either take a scrambled or three quarter boiled egg, and one toast with a little butter, honey or marmalade in the morning. He also liked siri-paaye and enjoyed having it once or twice a month. According to Dina Jinnah, her father mostly liked to have curry and rice served on his dining table, and sometimes took a piece of naan. He always had two cooks, one Indian and one Irish. Having spent a large part of his life in England, he was very fond of fish and chips. In fruits, he especially relished mangoes and grapes.

In the 1930’s and more so after Partition, Mr. Jinnah adopted a national dress, and made the Sherwani fashionable. He either paired it with a choridar (tight pajamas) or a shalwar, but almost always topped it with the karakul cap, which is now more widely referred to as Jinnah cap. The cap is traditionally made up of the fur of the Qaraqul or Karakul breed of sheep, found in the desert areas of Central Asia. Such was the commitment to sophistication and propriety in Mr. Jinnah even when he was critically sick and on his deathbed, he insisted on being formally dressed. "I will not travel in my pajamas,” he was reported to have said.

Along with his distinct sense of style, was his love of property, starting with his prized residence in the posh Malabar Hill neighborhood of Bombay. The sea facing, 10,000 square meters’ house was built in 1936, at an enormous price of 2 lacs. It was designed by architect Claude Batley, in European-style architecture with exquisite Italian marble and walnut woodwork. Imported Italian stonemasons were employed for its construction, with Mr. Jinnah personally supervising. He also owned a house in Hampstead, one of the most exclusive and expensive areas of real estate in London, and stayed there during his time in England. He was often photographed spending time there with his daughter, his sister Fatima Jinnah, and his beloved hounds.

Jinnah with His Daughter Dina in Their Hampstead Home

Another house owned by Mr. Jinnah is located at 10 Aurangzeb Road, Delhi, referred to as the Lutyens Bungalow Zone. The British built this community as a collection of sprawling bungalows and vast open spaces, fit for the best in India’s new capital city. Jinnah lived here between 1938 and 1947. Some of the most lavish parties and historic meetings were held in this house. In particular, the 1939 meeting between Jinnah, Gandhi and Rajenda Prasad (India’s first president), in which he brought up the concept of a separate Muslim homeland.

Jinnah's Home on 10 Aurangzeb Road, Delhi

Lastly, the imposing Quaid-e-Azam House in Karachi, at the crossing of Shahrah-e-Faisal and Fatima Jinnah Road, Staff Lines, Karachi Cantonment served as his official residence till his death, and has now been converted to a museum. Mr. Jinnah purchased this property on 14th August 1943 from Mr. Sorab Kavasji Katrak, a former Mayor of Karachi.

Flagstaff House Karachi

Jinnah carved out a country for the Indian Muslims against all odds, after a constitutional and a democratic struggle. His vision and concept of Pakistan was based on the principles of equal rights of citizenship for people of different religious denominations and ethnicities, a tolerant and pluralist Pakistan.

For more pictures from Quaid-e-Azam's life, click here .

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70 Years of Pakistan Series

A message from ambassador nong rong on the occasion of the chinese new year.

As the new year begins, let us also start anew. I’m delighted to extend, on behalf of the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and in my own name, new year’s greeting and sincere wishes to YOULIN magazine’s staff and readers.

Only in hard times can courage and perseverance be manifested. Only with courage can we live to the fullest. 2020 was an extraordinary year. Confronted by the COVID-19 pandemic, China and Pakistan supported each other and took on the challenge in solidarity. The ironclad China-Pakistan friendship grew stronger as time went by. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor projects advanced steadily in difficult times, become a standard-bearer project of the Belt and Road Initiative in balancing pandemic prevention and project achievement. The handling capacity of the Gwadar Port has continued to rise and Afghanistan transit trade through the port has officially been launched. The Karakoram Highway Phase II upgrade project is fully open to traffic. The Lahore Orange Line project has been put into operation. The construction of Matiari-Lahore HVDC project was fully completed. A batch of green and clean energy projects, such as the Kohala and Azad Pattan hydropower plants have been substantially promoted. Development agreement for the Rashakai SEZ has been signed. The China-Pakistan Community of Shared Future has become closer and closer.

Reviewing the past and looking to the future, we are confident to write a brilliant new chapter. The year 2021 is the 100th birthday of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the 70th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Pakistan. The 100-year journey of CPC surges forward with great momentum and China-Pakistan relationship has flourished in the past 70 years. Standing at a new historic point, China is willing to work together with Pakistan to further implement the consensus reached by the leaders of the two countries, connect the CPEC cooperation with the vision of the “Naya Pakistan”, promote the long-term development of the China-Pakistan All-weather Strategic Cooperative Partnership with love, dedication and commitment. Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the founding father of Pakistan said, “We are going through fire. The sunshine has yet to come.” Yes, Pakistan’s best days are ahead, China will stand with Pakistan firmly all the way.

YOULIN magazine is dedicated to promoting cultural exchanges between China and Pakistan and is a window for Pakistani friends to learn about China, especially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is hoped that with the joint efforts of China and Pakistan, YOULIN can listen more to the voices of readers in China and Pakistan, better play its role as a bridge to promote more effectively people-to-people bond.

Last but not least, I would like to wish all the staff and readers of YOULIN a warm and prosper year in 2021.

Nong Rong Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of The People’s Republic of China to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan January 2021

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General knowledge questions about Quaid-e-Azam

• by Academia Magazine
• January 29, 2023

Quaid-e-Azam is the great leader and founder of Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam was born on the 25th of December in Karachi, in 1876. However, his real name is Mohammad Ali Jinnah. But he is widely known as Quaid-e-Azam or Baba-e-Qoum which means the father of the nation. Quaid-e-Azam belonged to a rich merchant family, and he was a successful lawyer as well as a politician. Quaid-e-Azam was a man with great qualities and leadership. He was a human rights activist who constantly fought for the rights of Muslims. He dedicated his whole life to the liberation of Pakistan, and he worked tirelessly for the Muslims struggling in India.

Here we are with yet another article filled with tons of interesting general questions about Quaid-e-Azam. So, are you ready to test your knowledge about the great leader of Pakistan? Well, keep on reading to test yourself with some of these mind-blowing general knowledge questions about Quaid-e-Azam.

15 General knowledge questions about Quaid-e-Azam

1. In which year did Quaid-e-Azam’s family move to Bombay?

Answer: In 1893

2. In which year did Quaid-e-Azam join congress?

Answer: In 1906

3. In which year did Quaid-e-Azam leave congress?

Answer: In 1920

4. From where did Quaid-e-Azam pursue his Law degree?

Answer: Lincoln Inn

5. What was the title given to Quaid-e-Azam in 1916?

Answer: He was given the title of “ Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity”

6. Who gave him the title of Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity?

Answer: The title was given by Sarojni Naidu

7. At what age did Quaid-e-Azam die?

Answer: He was 71 years old.

8. How many brothers and sisters did he have?

Answer: Quaid-e-Azam had 3 sisters, and 3 brothers

9. What is the name of his daughter?

Answer: Dina

10. When did Quaid-e-Azam leave for England for higher studies?

Answer: In December 1892

11. In which court did Quaid-e-Azam first register himself as a barrister?

Answer: Bombay High Court

12. When did Quaid-e-Azam first become President of the Muslim League?

Answer: In 1916

13. When did Quaid-e-Azam present his famous 14 points?

Answer: On March 28, 1929.

14. Where did he present the 14 points?

Answer: Quaid-e-Azam presented the 14 points during the session of the All India Muslim League in Delhi

15. When did Quaid-e-Azam present his two-nation theory?

Answer: In 1940

Related: General knowledge questions about Allama Iqbal

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Quaid-E-Azam

By rameez from california.

Every person in this world has a hero. People have heroes because they really admire that person and they really look up to that person. They want to do what they have done and they have achieved in their life. Like every person, I also have a hero. My hero had a great personality and a great heart. His name is Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

I choose him as my hero because I really admire him. I admire his style, his personality and what he did for the Muslims of our country. He gave Muslims their freedom from the British Empire that was ruling at that time.

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was born on Dec. 25th, 1876, to a prominent mercantile family in Karachi. He was educated at the Sindh Madrassat-ul-Islam and the Christian Mission School. Jinnah joined the Lincoln's Inn in 1893 to become the youngest Indian to be called to the Bar. Three years later, he became Bombay's most famous lawyer. He formally entered politics in 1905 from the platform of the Indian National Congress. He went to England in that year as a member of a congress delegation to plead the cause of Indian self-governemnt during the British elections.

He got us, the Muslims, freedom by forming a political group called the Muslim League. When he talked to all the Muslims around in the sub-continent at that time, he said, "We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calandar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law, we are a nation."

The Muslim league had a great impact on the nature of the Indian politics. By making the Muslim League, it shattered forever Hindu dreams of a pseudo-India. The British and the Indians were shocked at how all the Muslims came up together, asking for them to give them their own free country, which is now Pakistan.

To get the Muslim people freedom, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah played a big role. He was the only Muslim to stand up and rally all the Muslims together so they could have their freedom on Aug. 14, 1947. Before dying on Sept. 11th, 1948, he gave the Pakistanis a last message: "The foundations of your state have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly and as well as you can."

Most people also admired him and one even said, "Gandhi died by the hands of an assassin; Jinnah died by his devotion to Pakistan".

That's why I really admire him. He is like a hero to everyone in my country. This is because of what he did for our country and for the Muslims. He fought so much for us and he did so much for us that no one can ever forget. You always hear about Gandhi and how he did so much for India, but you never hear about Quaid-e-Azam who did everything to get us at the point that we are right now. He is a great freedom hero for me.

Page created on 6/28/2007 9:35:42 AM

Last edited 1/15/2019 9:05:39 PM

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If you change your past and work together in a spirit that everyone of you, no matter to what community he belongs, no matter what relations he had with you in the past, no matter what his colour, caste or creed, is first, second and last a citizen of this State with equal rights, privileges and obligations, there will be no end to the progress you will make. -Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Quaid-e-Azam – Biography, Facts & Life Story

His Social Media Profiles

Height, weight & physical stats.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah aka Quaid-e-Azam was born on 25 December 1876 and died on 11 September 1948. He was the founder of Pakistan. He worked as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913. Up to, the establishment of Pakistan, which happened on 14 August 1947. Later, as the Dominion of Pakistan’s first governor-general until his death.

Then as the ruling of Pakistan’s first governor-general until his death. The nation has observed Jinnah’s birthday as a national holiday in Pakistan.

He is the son of Jinnahbhai Poonja and Mithibai. They lived in a rented apartment on the second floor of Wazir Mansion, near Karachi. But, within the Bombay Presidency of British India. Which was built between 1860-1870. His birth name was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai.

He attended the Gokal Das Tej Primary School. After that, he studied at the Cathedral and John Connon School. He studied at the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam and the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi. Later, he completed his matriculation from Bombay University at the high school.

His family was from a Gujarati Khoja Shi’a Muslim environment. Still, Jinnah later followed the Twelver Shi’a discipline. He started towards the Sunni sect early in life.

His father, Jinnahbhai Poonja, was a merchant. Jinnah had three brothers and three sisters, including his younger sister, named Fatima Jinnah. His parents were Gujarati speakers, the children came to speak Kutchi and English. However, Jinnah was not fluent in Gujarati or Urdu, he was fluent in English.

Check out exclusive ➡ facts about Quaid-e-Azam .

Quaid-e-Azam Education

School: Gokal Das Tej Primary School Christian Missionary Society High School City Law School Cathedral and John Connon School

College: Lincoln’s Inn, Sind Madrassa Sindh Madrasa-Tul-Islam University University of Bombay

Quaid-e-Azam Career

Profession: Lawyer, Barrister, Politician

Known For: Founder of Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Net Worth: USD $80 Million Approx

Family & Relatives

Father: Poonja Jinnah

Mother: Mithibai Jinnah

Brother: Ahmad Ali Jinnah, Rahmat Ali Jinnah, Bunde Ali Jinnah

Sister: Fatima Jinnah, Shireen Jinnah, Mariyam Bai Jinnah

Marital Status: Married

Wife: Emibai Jinnah (1878–1893), Rattanbai Jinnah (1918 – 1929)

No. of Children: 1

Daughter: Dina Wadia (by Rattanbai Petit)

• Emibai Jinnah (1878–1893)
• Rattanbai Jinnah (1918 – 1929)

Related Video

Who was Quaid-e-Azam?

Quaid-e-Azam was a British India (1876–1947) Pakistan (1947–1948) lawyer, barrister, politician, born on 25 December, 1876 in Wazir Mansion, Karachi.

When did Quaid-e-Azam pass away?

Quaid-e-Azam passed away on September 11, 1948.

How old was Quaid-e-Azam at the time of death?

Quaid-e-Azam was 71 years old when he passed away.

How tall was Quaid-e-Azam?

Quaid-e-Azam was 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m).

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We proud to be Pakistani but we should be do study’s English language’s is the must for all peoples i love my leader i won’t to do work and struggle for my country of pakistan

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Biography Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah History

In this article we will throw light on the biography of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah history. Quaid-e-Azam is one of such greatest leaders of Pakistan whose name cannot be erased from the history of Pakistan. He was born on 25 th December, 1876 in Karachi . He completed his early education from Karachi. After getting finished with the education, he moved to England for getting filled with the education of Law. After getting done with the law education he preferred becoming the Barrister. Afterwards he returned back to India and became a lawyer in Bombay. In the beginning of his career he was not much successful but then he moved towards the success heights with the passage of time. Quaid e Azam was a great and top excellent statesman. At the beginning of his political life, he took part in Indian Congress where he worked wholeheartedly and passionately to give rise to Indian-Muslim unity. But soon after he came to the final conclusion that Congress was just in the favor of supporting the Hindu rule in India and for that reason he left Indian Congress and carry out the functions of the Muslim League. He worked full dedicatedly for bringing the Muslims as the strong political party and for that reason he put forward the entire attention towards the education standards of the Muslims so that they can stand firmly in front of the rivals.

In 1940 , Quaid-e-Azam highlighted the idea of dividing the India into two countries namely as India and Pakistan. He worked with full enthusiasm for holding the real rights of the Muslims and in such struggles he even faced many oppositions and criticism of the Hindus and British. He was the first Governor General of Pakistan and was one of such leaders who worked for the progress of Pakistan till the last moments of his life. A great and superior leader like Pakistan departed from Pakistan on 1948 in Karachi . He belongs to a very ordinary and middle class family and was surely not born with the silver spoon in his mouth. He was the most popular and dedicated leaders of Pakistan and will always be the one in the future timings as well. On the whole of the discussion we would say that the way Quaid e Azam united the Pakistan into one fist cannot be neglected at any cost. Pakistan get a separate land just because of his efforts and Pakistani nation will always salute him for his hard work and uphill struggles.

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Essay On Quaid-e-Azam 200 & 500 Words For Students

200 Words Essay On Quaid E Azam

Introduction.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the esteemed founder of Pakistan, was a charismatic leader whose pivotal role in the creation of an independent nation for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent remains indelible. His exceptional qualities and unwavering determination continue to inspire individuals to this day. This essay sheds light on the unique and captivating attributes of Quaid-e-Azam that made him an iconic figure in Pakistan’s history.

Visionary Leadership

Quaid-e-Azam’s visionary leadership served as a beacon of hope for millions. With resolute conviction, he envisioned a separate homeland where Muslims could live with dignity and freedom. His farsightedness, coupled with his ability to articulate the aspirations of the people, inspired a sense of unity and purpose among his followers.

Unyielding Determination

Quaid-e-Azam’s determination knew no bounds. Despite facing formidable challenges, he remained steadfast in his pursuit of a separate nation. His resolute stance during negotiations with the British and his unwavering commitment to the cause of independence were instrumental in realizing the dream of Pakistan.

Charismatic Persona

Quaid-e-Azam possessed a magnetic personality that captivated the masses. His eloquence, grace, and dignified demeanor left an indelible impression on all who encountered him. His ability to connect with people from all walks of life made him an influential leader and an inspiration for generations to come.

Defender of Rights

Quaid-e-Azam was a staunch advocate for the rights of all individuals. He firmly believed in upholding justice, equality, and freedom for every citizen. His tireless efforts to protect the rights of minorities and marginalized communities showcased his unwavering commitment to building a just and inclusive society.

Quaid-e-Azam’s visionary leadership, indomitable spirit, and commitment to justice continue to inspire and guide Pakistan toward a brighter future. His legacy remains a testament to his remarkable character and enduring impact.

500 Words Essay On Quaid E Azam

Introduction:.

Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, stands as the eminent founding father of Pakistan. His influential role in the creation of Pakistan and his exceptional leadership during the independence movement has shaped the destiny of the nation. This essay delves into the remarkable life and achievements of Quaid-e-Azam, presenting a captivating account of his invaluable contributions to the birth of Pakistan.

Early Life and Education

Born into a privileged family on December 25, 1876, Quaid-e-Azam hailed from Karachi, which was then part of British India. His family background instilled in him a sense of dignity and honor. With a strong educational foundation, he pursued his studies in Karachi and later moved to England to refine his legal education at Lincoln’s Inn. Quaid-e-Azam’s unwavering dedication and commitment to his work as a lawyer earned him immense respect among his peers.

Political Career

Quaid-e-Azam’s journey in politics commenced with his early association with the Indian National Congress, where he sought to advocate for the rights of all Indians. However, growing disillusionment with Congress’s inability to protect the interests of Muslims led Quaid-e-Azam to part ways and spearhead the All India Muslim League. Under his astute leadership, he aimed to unite the fragmented Muslim population and secure their rightful place in the Indian subcontinent.

Demand for Pakistan

Quaid-e-Azam’s historic Fourteen Points and the Lahore Resolution are emblematic of his resolute determination to establish an independent Muslim state. He envisaged a land where Muslims could thrive and flourish without fear of marginalization. His unwavering commitment and persuasive negotiations with the British and Congress paved the way for the creation of Pakistan on August 14, 1947.

Leadership during the Independence Movement

As the leader of the Muslim League, Quaid-e-Azam emerged as a skilled diplomat and negotiator during the tumultuous partition process. Despite facing numerous challenges, he navigated the delicate political landscape with remarkable resilience, ensuring the rights and protection of minority communities. His indomitable spirit and steadfast leadership provided the strength needed to overcome the trials of independence.

Vision for Pakistan

Quaid-e-Azam’s vision for Pakistan was rooted in democratic values, inclusivity, and social justice. He championed the cause of religious freedom and emphasized the importance of equality among all citizens. Through his impassioned speeches and addresses, he outlined his vision for a modern, progressive, and prosperous Pakistan, where every individual had the opportunity to succeed.

Quaid-e-Azam’s enduring legacy remains etched in the fabric of Pakistan’s history. His contributions to nation-building, such as the drafting of the country’s constitution, continue to shape the nation’s trajectory. As Pakistan’s first Governor-General, he nurtured unity and stability during the early years, setting a precedent for future leaders.

In conclusion, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s exceptional leadership and visionary guidance played a pivotal role in the creation of Pakistan. His unwavering commitment to the rights of Muslims and his relentless pursuit of a separate homeland have left an indelible mark on the nation. Today, Pakistan stands as a testament to Quaid-e-Azam’s principles, serving as a source of inspiration for generations to come. As we remember his illustrious legacy, we must strive to uphold the values of unity, equality, and progress that he ardently advocated.