short essay on online examination

Essay on Online Exam

Students are often asked to write an essay on Online Exam in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Online Exam

Introduction.

Online exams are tests conducted via the internet. They are a popular method of evaluating students’ knowledge in the digital age.

Online exams offer flexibility. They can be taken from anywhere and at any time. They also provide instant results, saving time for both students and teachers.

Disadvantages

However, online exams also have drawbacks. They require a stable internet connection and a suitable device. Cheating can also be a problem, as it’s harder for teachers to monitor students.

Despite challenges, online exams are a convenient, modern approach to education assessment.

250 Words Essay on Online Exam

Introduction to online examinations.

The advent of the digital age has revolutionized many aspects of life, including education. Online examinations have become a significant component of this digital transformation. They are a method of assessing student knowledge, skills, and abilities over the internet, where physical presence in a classroom is unnecessary.

Advantages of Online Examinations

Online exams offer several benefits. Firstly, they provide flexibility as students can take them from any location, reducing travel time and expenses. Secondly, they allow for immediate feedback, facilitating quicker learning. Thirdly, they promote environmental sustainability by reducing paper usage.

Challenges and Solutions

Despite the advantages, online exams pose challenges such as technical issues, internet connectivity problems, and concerns about academic integrity. However, solutions like robust IT infrastructure, reliable internet connections, and sophisticated proctoring software can mitigate these issues.

Future of Online Examinations

As technology advances, online exams are set to become more sophisticated and user-friendly. Innovations like AI-powered proctoring, adaptive testing, and virtual reality could redefine the future of testing, making it more efficient and effective.

In conclusion, online examinations are a transformative educational tool that offers numerous benefits while posing some challenges. However, with technological advancements and effective solutions, they are poised to become an integral part of the education system, reshaping the way we assess learning and knowledge.

500 Words Essay on Online Exam

Online examinations have emerged as a revolutionary trend in the educational sector. They represent a shift from traditional pen-and-paper tests to digital platforms, providing a more efficient, reliable, and convenient evaluation method. This digital transformation in education is primarily driven by advancements in technology and the need for flexible learning environments.

The Mechanism of Online Examinations

Online exams typically involve a secure, internet-based platform where students log in to take their tests. The questions can be presented in various formats, including multiple-choice, short answer, essay, or even interactive formats like drag-and-drop. The system is designed to automatically grade the answers where possible, reducing the burden on educators and providing quick feedback to students.

One of the significant advantages of online examinations is their geographical independence. Students can take these exams from anywhere, reducing the need for physical infrastructure and travel. This accessibility can be especially beneficial for students residing in remote areas or for those with physical disabilities.

Moreover, online exams provide instant feedback, enhancing the learning experience. Students can quickly identify their areas of weakness and work on them immediately. This immediate feedback mechanism helps in improving the overall learning process and outcomes.

Challenges with Online Examinations

Despite the numerous benefits, online examinations also come with their set of challenges. One of the most pressing issues is the potential for academic dishonesty. Without physical supervision, students may resort to unfair means to score higher. Hence, ensuring academic integrity in an online environment requires sophisticated proctoring methods, including AI-based monitoring and identity verification systems.

Technical issues also pose a significant challenge. Not all students have access to reliable internet and suitable devices, leading to potential disparities in the examination process. Additionally, technical glitches during the exam can cause stress and negatively impact performance.

The Future of Online Examinations

The future of online examinations looks promising with the advent of advanced technologies. Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and data analytics can further streamline the process by automating grading, providing personalized feedback, and identifying learning patterns.

However, it’s crucial to address the current challenges to ensure fairness and integrity. This involves improving the infrastructure, providing technical support, and implementing robust anti-cheating measures.

Online examinations represent a significant milestone in the evolution of education, providing numerous benefits over traditional methods. However, their successful implementation requires addressing the challenges they pose. With the right strategies and advancements in technology, online exams can revolutionize the educational landscape, making learning more accessible, efficient, and personalized.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Essay on My Preparation for the Board Examination
Essay on Importance of Examination
Essay on If There Were No Examination

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

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Examination and Proctoring | 4 Min Read

The advantages and disadvantages of an online examination system

Table of contents, introduction.

As technology continues to advance and change the assessment landscape, online exams have become a common feature of the modern-day evaluation system. With the shift from traditional examinations to digital alternatives, it is essential for candidates and educators to have an understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of online examinations.

In this guide, we will explore the various aspects of online exams, including their flexibility, accessibility, and the difficulties they present. We will also look at the advantages and disadvantages of this assessment method in greater depth.

The advantages of an online examination system

There are many advantages of online examination systems, such as security, customization, reliability, high interactivity, reduced turnaround time, and better accessibility.

1. Environment-friendly

The traditional pen-and-paper exams have detrimental effects on the environment. Considering the waste of paper, online examinations minimize natural resource usage. In a world where addressing the climate change crisis is our utmost priority, this method substantially safeguards the environment.

The adverse environmental impact of cutting down trees for paper is reduced with the online examination, ensuring that institutions and organizations can go paper-free and not print exam papers and create a paper record of applicants.

2. Technologically advanced

In the past, a leading challenge for organizations and institutes was to conduct offline exams at scale. The cost and coordination involved in managing examinations at a large scale increase exponentially.

One of the benefits of an online examination system is reducing this hassle and using technology to conduct assessments at scale. Recruiters and exam coordinators can scale their evaluations without challenges and improve access to assessments and education.

3. Economical

When considering the human, logistic and administrative costs associated with the traditional exam setting, it’s easy to distinguish an online exam system as a cost-effective system to conduct exams at scale. There is no need for candidates to assemble in large, spacious test centers to take the assessment. The flexibility of time and venue is feasible for both candidates and evaluators.

Multiple factors are involved in setting up an examination, including invigilators to manage exams successfully, administrators to ensure convenience for candidates, etc. Online examinations eliminate redundant and expensive processes, ensuring evaluation efficiency and quality.

4. Quick turnaround time

One of the leading benefits of online examinations is that it reduces the time invested in overseeing the entire examination process. The exam platform saves precious time for both candidates and examiners, which would otherwise be spent on repetitive tasks. Examiners only need to upload the contact details of the participants and invite them to the assessment. Further, the results are generated instantly for quick evaluation during events like recruitment drives.

5. Highly secure

An online examination system ensures secure execution. There is less room for cheating or other such unfaithful practices due to advanced proctoring and cheating controls, such as video and audio monitoring. In this secure system, candidates also embrace the results without contesting the outcomes, which encourages positive growth.

6. Easy-to-use

Online examinations are easy and seamless for the administration and candidates. The examiners can easily set up the questionnaire, determine the grading, and send invites to participants. Candidates and students can take these examinations remotely anytime, anywhere. Additionally, there’s less chance of question paper leaks as every participant gets a randomly selected set of questions as per the arrangement determined by the examiner.

7. Auto grading

An advanced online examination system has an automated grading system. This technology allows for a flawless scoring mechanism even when there are hundreds of candidates involved in the evaluation. This saves time for the proctor and ensures fairness for the candidates involved.

Automated scoring finds the correct answers by comparing the respondents’ replies against the model answer. Interestingly, MCQs are extensively used in online tests because they make automatic scoring simpler.

The disadvantages of an online examination system

Online examinations have improved the evaluation process, ensuring high efficiency, simpler execution, and desired output. However, there are both merits and demerits of online examination. Explore the limitations of online examinations and how to overcome them using the right proctoring technology.

1. Challenges in technology adoption

Implementing a new system may create a minor disruption and require a period of familiarization by the users. Additionally, any transition from traditional methodology to the online mode will require some investment to upgrade the systems. However, familiarizing both candidates and evaluators with appropriate training may minimize the transition challenges. Such training should educate evaluators and candidates about the features and benefits of an online examination system.

2. Infrastructural barriers

In remote locations where there is a shortage of electricity, lack of stable internet connection, and other basic challenges, online examinations may be difficult. Therefore, while shifting to the online mode, examiners must consider giving candidates appropriate time to arrange the necessary equipment for the test.

3. Difficulty in grading long answer-type

Even though online examinations have eased the invigilators’ job, the problem arises mostly with long answer-type questions. Subjective answers require manual grading, for which examiners need to invest additional time. With advanced proctoring technology, the grading of subjective questions can be streamlined using different norming techniques, support from external invigilators, and insightful reports.

4. Susceptible to cheating

Test takers often resort to impersonation and the use of external help via smartphones or smartwatches. The systems used by candidates also offer multiple cheating opportunities, such as connecting external storage devices, screen sharing, etc.

Mercer | Mettl’s highly secure examination platform features advanced AI-based proctoring with a three-step authentication process and secure browsing. It flags many malpractices, such as impersonation and use of PDF, lending to credible online exams.

5. Transitioning to open-book exams

Usually, the format of online exams is perceived as akin to open-book exams. Unlike a traditional exam setting where external materials are not permitted inside the exam hall, there is no such provision in the digital format.

An advanced online platform such as Mercer | Mettl offers several benefits to address the challenges of remote proctoring . If a candidate deviates from their computer screen to use reference material, seeks support from another person or attempts to open multiple tabs on the browser, proctors will flag such suspicious behavior and take appropriate action.

There are merits and demerits of an online examination system , as mentioned above. While technology continues to simplify processes for educational institutions and organizations, it has limitations. However, choosing the right online examination platform can help you avert such drawbacks. An easy-to-use, robust, secure examination platform with all the latest AI-based anti-cheating measures enables you to get credible results quickly.

How Mercer | Mettl can help?

Mercer | Mettl’s online examination system helps conduct high-stakes assessments on its secure examination platform, preloaded with online proctoring. The tool enables companies to manage the end-to-end online assessment process. From online registration, test creation, and center management to real-time reporting, the entire process is centered on helping clients conduct assessments effortlessly and efficiently.

1. What are the disadvantages of an online examination?

The disadvantages of online examination include: i) Difficulty in technology adoption ii) Infrastructure management challenges iii) Grading of subjective questions iv) Susceptibility to cheating

2. What is the advantage of online assessments?

Advantages of online assessments include: i) Flexibility to the assessors to design, schedule, administer and grade exams ii) Instant test evaluation and report generation iii) Auto grading of objective questions iv) Economical and time-efficient execution

Originally published April 2 2018, Updated February 16 2024

Vaishali Parnami

Vaishali has been working as a content creator at Mercer | Mettl since 2022. Her deep understanding and hands-on experience in curating content for education and B2B companies help her find innovative solutions for key business content requirements. She uses her expertise, creative writing style, and industry knowledge to improve brand communications.

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Online Examination

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The Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Essay Exams

What this handout is about.

At some time in your undergraduate career, you’re going to have to write an essay exam. This thought can inspire a fair amount of fear: we struggle enough with essays when they aren’t timed events based on unknown questions. The goal of this handout is to give you some easy and effective strategies that will help you take control of the situation and do your best.

Why do instructors give essay exams?

Essay exams are a useful tool for finding out if you can sort through a large body of information, figure out what is important, and explain why it is important. Essay exams challenge you to come up with key course ideas and put them in your own words and to use the interpretive or analytical skills you’ve practiced in the course. Instructors want to see whether:

You understand concepts that provide the basis for the course
You can use those concepts to interpret specific materials
You can make connections, see relationships, draw comparisons and contrasts
You can synthesize diverse information in support of an original assertion
You can justify your own evaluations based on appropriate criteria
You can argue your own opinions with convincing evidence
You can think critically and analytically about a subject

What essay questions require

Exam questions can reach pretty far into the course materials, so you cannot hope to do well on them if you do not keep up with the readings and assignments from the beginning of the course. The most successful essay exam takers are prepared for anything reasonable, and they probably have some intelligent guesses about the content of the exam before they take it. How can you be a prepared exam taker? Try some of the following suggestions during the semester:

Do the reading as the syllabus dictates; keeping up with the reading while the related concepts are being discussed in class saves you double the effort later.
Go to lectures (and put away your phone, the newspaper, and that crossword puzzle!).
Take careful notes that you’ll understand months later. If this is not your strong suit or the conventions for a particular discipline are different from what you are used to, ask your TA or the Learning Center for advice.
Participate in your discussion sections; this will help you absorb the material better so you don’t have to study as hard.
Organize small study groups with classmates to explore and review course materials throughout the semester. Others will catch things you might miss even when paying attention. This is not cheating. As long as what you write on the essay is your own work, formulating ideas and sharing notes is okay. In fact, it is a big part of the learning process.
As an exam approaches, find out what you can about the form it will take. This will help you forecast the questions that will be on the exam, and prepare for them.

These suggestions will save you lots of time and misery later. Remember that you can’t cram weeks of information into a single day or night of study. So why put yourself in that position?

Now let’s focus on studying for the exam. You’ll notice the following suggestions are all based on organizing your study materials into manageable chunks of related material. If you have a plan of attack, you’ll feel more confident and your answers will be more clear. Here are some tips:

Don’t just memorize aimlessly; clarify the important issues of the course and use these issues to focus your understanding of specific facts and particular readings.
Try to organize and prioritize the information into a thematic pattern. Look at what you’ve studied and find a way to put things into related groups. Find the fundamental ideas that have been emphasized throughout the course and organize your notes into broad categories. Think about how different categories relate to each other.
Find out what you don’t know, but need to know, by making up test questions and trying to answer them. Studying in groups helps as well.

Taking the exam

Read the exam carefully.

If you are given the entire exam at once and can determine your approach on your own, read the entire exam before you get started.
Look at how many points each part earns you, and find hints for how long your answers should be.
Figure out how much time you have and how best to use it. Write down the actual clock time that you expect to take in each section, and stick to it. This will help you avoid spending all your time on only one section. One strategy is to divide the available time according to percentage worth of the question. You don’t want to spend half of your time on something that is only worth one tenth of the total points.
As you read, make tentative choices of the questions you will answer (if you have a choice). Don’t just answer the first essay question you encounter. Instead, read through all of the options. Jot down really brief ideas for each question before deciding.
Remember that the easiest-looking question is not always as easy as it looks. Focus your attention on questions for which you can explain your answer most thoroughly, rather than settle on questions where you know the answer but can’t say why.

Analyze the questions

Decide what you are being asked to do. If you skim the question to find the main “topic” and then rush to grasp any related ideas you can recall, you may become flustered, lose concentration, and even go blank. Try looking closely at what the question is directing you to do, and try to understand the sort of writing that will be required.
Focus on what you do know about the question, not on what you don’t.
Look at the active verbs in the assignment—they tell you what you should be doing. We’ve included some of these below, with some suggestions on what they might mean. (For help with this sort of detective work, see the Writing Center handout titled Reading Assignments.)

Information words, such as who, what, when, where, how, and why ask you to demonstrate what you know about the subject. Information words may include:

define—give the subject’s meaning (according to someone or something). Sometimes you have to give more than one view on the subject’s meaning.
explain why/how—give reasons why or examples of how something happened.
illustrate—give descriptive examples of the subject and show how each is connected with the subject.
summarize—briefly cover the important ideas you learned about the subject.
trace—outline how something has changed or developed from an earlier time to its current form.
research—gather material from outside sources about the subject, often with the implication or requirement that you will analyze what you’ve found.

Relation words ask you to demonstrate how things are connected. Relation words may include:

compare—show how two or more things are similar (and, sometimes, different).
contrast—show how two or more things are dissimilar.
apply—use details that you’ve been given to demonstrate how an idea, theory, or concept works in a particular situation.
cause—show how one event or series of events made something else happen.
relate—show or describe the connections between things.

Interpretation words ask you to defend ideas of your own about the subject. Don’t see these words as requesting opinion alone (unless the assignment specifically says so), but as requiring opinion that is supported by concrete evidence. Remember examples, principles, definitions, or concepts from class or research and use them in your interpretation. Interpretation words may include:

prove, justify—give reasons or examples to demonstrate how or why something is the truth.
evaluate, respond, assess—state your opinion of the subject as good, bad, or some combination of the two, with examples and reasons (you may want to compare your subject to something else).
support—give reasons or evidence for something you believe (be sure to state clearly what it is that you believe).
synthesize—put two or more things together that haven’t been put together before; don’t just summarize one and then the other, and say that they are similar or different—you must provide a reason for putting them together (as opposed to compare and contrast—see above).
analyze—look closely at the components of something to figure out how it works, what it might mean, or why it is important.
argue—take a side and defend it (with proof) against the other side.

Plan your answers

Think about your time again. How much planning time you should take depends on how much time you have for each question and how many points each question is worth. Here are some general guidelines:

For short-answer definitions and identifications, just take a few seconds. Skip over any you don’t recognize fairly quickly, and come back to them when another question jogs your memory.
For answers that require a paragraph or two, jot down several important ideas or specific examples that help to focus your thoughts.
For longer answers, you will need to develop a much more definite strategy of organization. You only have time for one draft, so allow a reasonable amount of time—as much as a quarter of the time you’ve allotted for the question—for making notes, determining a thesis, and developing an outline.
For questions with several parts (different requests or directions, a sequence of questions), make a list of the parts so that you do not miss or minimize one part. One way to be sure you answer them all is to number them in the question and in your outline.
You may have to try two or three outlines or clusters before you hit on a workable plan. But be realistic—you want a plan you can develop within the limited time allotted for your answer. Your outline will have to be selective—not everything you know, but what you know that you can state clearly and keep to the point in the time available.

Again, focus on what you do know about the question, not on what you don’t.

Writing your answers

As with planning, your strategy for writing depends on the length of your answer:

For short identifications and definitions, it is usually best to start with a general identifying statement and then move on to describe specific applications or explanations. Two sentences will almost always suffice, but make sure they are complete sentences. Find out whether the instructor wants definition alone, or definition and significance. Why is the identification term or object important?
For longer answers, begin by stating your forecasting statement or thesis clearly and explicitly. Strive for focus, simplicity, and clarity. In stating your point and developing your answers, you may want to use important course vocabulary words from the question. For example, if the question is, “How does wisteria function as a representation of memory in Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom?” you may want to use the words wisteria, representation, memory, and Faulkner) in your thesis statement and answer. Use these important words or concepts throughout the answer.
If you have devised a promising outline for your answer, then you will be able to forecast your overall plan and its subpoints in your opening sentence. Forecasting impresses readers and has the very practical advantage of making your answer easier to read. Also, if you don’t finish writing, it tells your reader what you would have said if you had finished (and may get you partial points).
You might want to use briefer paragraphs than you ordinarily do and signal clear relations between paragraphs with transition phrases or sentences.
As you move ahead with the writing, you may think of new subpoints or ideas to include in the essay. Stop briefly to make a note of these on your original outline. If they are most appropriately inserted in a section you’ve already written, write them neatly in the margin, at the top of the page, or on the last page, with arrows or marks to alert the reader to where they fit in your answer. Be as neat and clear as possible.
Don’t pad your answer with irrelevancies and repetitions just to fill up space. Within the time available, write a comprehensive, specific answer.
Watch the clock carefully to ensure that you do not spend too much time on one answer. You must be realistic about the time constraints of an essay exam. If you write one dazzling answer on an exam with three equally-weighted required questions, you earn only 33 points—not enough to pass at most colleges. This may seem unfair, but keep in mind that instructors plan exams to be reasonably comprehensive. They want you to write about the course materials in two or three or more ways, not just one way. Hint: if you finish a half-hour essay in 10 minutes, you may need to develop some of your ideas more fully.
If you run out of time when you are writing an answer, jot down the remaining main ideas from your outline, just to show that you know the material and with more time could have continued your exposition.
Double-space to leave room for additions, and strike through errors or changes with one straight line (avoid erasing or scribbling over). Keep things as clean as possible. You never know what will earn you partial credit.
Write legibly and proofread. Remember that your instructor will likely be reading a large pile of exams. The more difficult they are to read, the more exasperated the instructor might become. Your instructor also cannot give you credit for what they cannot understand. A few minutes of careful proofreading can improve your grade.

Perhaps the most important thing to keep in mind in writing essay exams is that you have a limited amount of time and space in which to get across the knowledge you have acquired and your ability to use it. Essay exams are not the place to be subtle or vague. It’s okay to have an obvious structure, even the five-paragraph essay format you may have been taught in high school. Introduce your main idea, have several paragraphs of support—each with a single point defended by specific examples, and conclude with a restatement of your main point and its significance.

Some physiological tips

Just think—we expect athletes to practice constantly and use everything in their abilities and situations in order to achieve success. Yet, somehow many students are convinced that one day’s worth of studying, no sleep, and some well-placed compliments (“Gee, Dr. So-and-so, I really enjoyed your last lecture”) are good preparation for a test. Essay exams are like any other testing situation in life: you’ll do best if you are prepared for what is expected of you, have practiced doing it before, and have arrived in the best shape to do it. You may not want to believe this, but it’s true: a good night’s sleep and a relaxed mind and body can do as much or more for you as any last-minute cram session. Colleges abound with tales of woe about students who slept through exams because they stayed up all night, wrote an essay on the wrong topic, forgot everything they studied, or freaked out in the exam and hyperventilated. If you are rested, breathing normally, and have brought along some healthy, energy-boosting snacks that you can eat or drink quietly, you are in a much better position to do a good job on the test. You aren’t going to write a good essay on something you figured out at 4 a.m. that morning. If you prepare yourself well throughout the semester, you don’t risk your whole grade on an overloaded, undernourished brain.

If for some reason you get yourself into this situation, take a minute every once in a while during the test to breathe deeply, stretch, and clear your brain. You need to be especially aware of the likelihood of errors, so check your essays thoroughly before you hand them in to make sure they answer the right questions and don’t have big oversights or mistakes (like saying “Hitler” when you really mean “Churchill”).

If you tend to go blank during exams, try studying in the same classroom in which the test will be given. Some research suggests that people attach ideas to their surroundings, so it might jog your memory to see the same things you were looking at while you studied.

Try good luck charms. Bring in something you associate with success or the support of your loved ones, and use it as a psychological boost.

Take all of the time you’ve been allotted. Reread, rework, and rethink your answers if you have extra time at the end, rather than giving up and handing the exam in the minute you’ve written your last sentence. Use every advantage you are given.

Remember that instructors do not want to see you trip up—they want to see you do well. With this in mind, try to relax and just do the best you can. The more you panic, the more mistakes you are liable to make. Put the test in perspective: will you die from a poor performance? Will you lose all of your friends? Will your entire future be destroyed? Remember: it’s just a test.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Axelrod, Rise B., and Charles R. Cooper. 2016. The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing , 11th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s.

Fowler, Ramsay H., and Jane E. Aaron. 2016. The Little, Brown Handbook , 13th ed. Boston: Pearson.

Gefvert, Constance J. 1988. The Confident Writer: A Norton Handbook , 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

Kirszner, Laurie G. 1988. Writing: A College Rhetoric , 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Lunsford, Andrea A. 2015. The St. Martin’s Handbook , 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s.

Woodman, Leonara, and Thomas P. Adler. 1988. The Writer’s Choices , 2nd ed. Northbrook, Illinois: Scott Foresman.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Tips for Taking Online Exams

For some students, taking an online exam is a new and somewhat bewildering experience. They don’t know what to expect, and aren’t certain of the skills and strategies that will enable them to perform at their best. On a good note, many of the steps they’d take to complete an online exam are quite similar to those that they’d engage in as they prepare for an in-class test; however, the online environment does present some differences that warrant a bit of extra awareness and preparation. Many faculty use exam integrity tools like LockDown Browser or test monitoring software. Students should be aware they may need to download and learn how to use tools like these.

In their book E-Learning Companion: A Student’s Guide to Online Success, Fourth Edition , Ryan Watkins and Michael Corry provide several recommended steps that students can take in order to succeed on their online exams. We’ve adapted them below. You might want to share these tips with students.

Before the Online Exam: Prepare

Read and understand the test guidelines. Be sure you can answer these questions: Will the test take place at a specific date and time, or can you take the exam at any point during a particular window of time? How much time will you have to complete the test? Can you take the test at home, or must you take the exam in a specific location (e.g., a campus computer lab)? Are there any other important, “need to know” factors outlined by the instructor?
Know the test format. What kinds of questions will the instructor use on the exam—multiple-choice, fill-in, short answer, essay? Perhaps a combination of various types?
Test yourself. If your instructor makes a practice exam available to you, take it! You may also find practice tests in your class textbook.
Check your computer. Avoid last-minute problems! Whether you’re using your own computer or one in a lab, verify that it has all the correct hardware and software well in advance of the exam. Also, make sure you’ll be in a location with an adequate Internet location.
Study the class materials! Even if the test is “open book,” it’s still important to study and review just as if you were taking the test in a classroom.
Plan your time. As you test yourself, limit your time to that which will be allotted for the actual test, and decide how long you will spend on each question (e.g. if the test is one hour long, and you’ll have
Carve out a quiet test-taking spot with minimal distractions. Turn off all notifications from IM, your phone, your email, and elsewhere (or, set them to silent). Shut off the TV and radio. Let your roommates or family know that you’ll be taking a test, so that they’re less likely to interrupt you during that time.
Determine when you will take the test. You may have to take the exam at a specific time; however, if the test will be available for several hours (or even a few days), choose a time that presents the least potential for distraction, interruption, and stress.
Gather all that you’ll need to take the test. If you can have materials such as notes, books, or writing implements with you, be sure that they’re set to go.
Take a deep breath! Once you’re logged in, take a moment to relax and get focused.

During the Online Exam: Focus

Keep an eye on the clock. You may want to set an alarm to notify you when you have limited time (e.g., 10 minutes) remaining in your testing period.
If allowed by your instructor, print and save copies of the test questions, as well as your answers. These will prove extremely helpful if you have technical problems during the test or if you encounter issues while submitting your answers.
Don’t leave the test page! If you are permitted to search the web or check other websites for information, do not use the same tab or copy of the browser as you do for your exam—you may lose all your work. Instead, open a second copy of your browser (or, choose a completely different browser), then conduct your search.
Technical problems? Don’t panic. But do contact your instructor immediately, detailing the exact problem that occurred and any error messages you might have received. If you can take a screen shot, that is helpful as well.
Check your work before you submit it. Ensure that every answer is complete and appears as you intended. Review the accuracy of your answers, as well as your spelling and grammar.
Click submit. You should only need to do so once, but if you have a problem, try once more. If you still have a problem submitting the test, let your instructor know immediately, and send your intended answers in an attached document.

After the Online Exam: Review

Assess your own progress. How do you believe you did? What questions did you find confusing? Did you have to skip anything? Return to your notes and readings, and see if you can find the answers to the questions that challenged you.
Check your grade. In some cases, you may be able to learn your grade immediately. However, exams with written answers will take longer for your instructor to grade, so allow some time to find out your score.
Ask yourself how you can improve on the next exam. Did your study strategies work? Did your plan for taking the test online prove successful? Write down your observations and keep them in mind for the next time you take a test. (Watkins and Corry, 183-185)

Reference: Watkins, Ryan and Corry, Michael. 2014. E-Learning Companion: A Student’s Guide to Online Success . 4th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

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Writing Essays for Exams

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What is a well written answer to an essay question?

Well Focused

Be sure to answer the question completely, that is, answer all parts of the question. Avoid "padding." A lot of rambling and ranting is a sure sign that the writer doesn't really know what the right answer is and hopes that somehow, something in that overgrown jungle of words was the correct answer.

Well Organized

Don't write in a haphazard "think-as-you-go" manner. Do some planning and be sure that what you write has a clearly marked introduction which both states the point(s) you are going to make and also, if possible, how you are going to proceed. In addition, the essay should have a clearly indicated conclusion which summarizes the material covered and emphasizes your thesis or main point.

Well Supported

Do not just assert something is true, prove it. What facts, figures, examples, tests, etc. prove your point? In many cases, the difference between an A and a B as a grade is due to the effective use of supporting evidence.

Well Packaged

People who do not use conventions of language are thought of by their readers as less competent and less educated. If you need help with these or other writing skills, come to the Writing Lab

How do you write an effective essay exam?

Read through all the questions carefully.
Budget your time and decide which question(s) you will answer first.
Underline the key word(s) which tell you what to do for each question.
Choose an organizational pattern appropriate for each key word and plan your answers on scratch paper or in the margins.
Write your answers as quickly and as legibly as you can; do not take the time to recopy.
Begin each answer with one or two sentence thesis which summarizes your answer. If possible, phrase the statement so that it rephrases the question's essential terms into a statement (which therefore directly answers the essay question).
Support your thesis with specific references to the material you have studied.
Proofread your answer and correct errors in spelling and mechanics.

Specific organizational patterns and "key words"

Most essay questions will have one or more "key words" that indicate which organizational pattern you should use in your answer. The six most common organizational patterns for essay exams are definition, analysis, cause and effect, comparison/contrast, process analysis, and thesis-support.

Typical questions

"Define X."
"What is an X?"
"Choose N terms from the following list and define them."

Q: "What is a fanzine?"

A: A fanzine is a magazine written, mimeographed, and distributed by and for science fiction or comic strip enthusiasts.

Avoid constructions such as "An encounter group is where ..." and "General semantics is when ... ."

State the term to be defined.
State the class of objects or concepts to which the term belongs.
Differentiate the term from other members of the class by listing the term's distinguishing characteristics.

Tools you can use

Details which describe the term
Examples and incidents
Comparisons to familiar terms
Negation to state what the term is not
Classification (i.e., break it down into parts)
Examination of origins or causes
Examination of results, effects, or uses

Analysis involves breaking something down into its components and discovering the parts that make up the whole.

"Analyze X."
"What are the components of X?"
"What are the five different kinds of X?"
"Discuss the different types of X."

Q: "Discuss the different services a junior college offers a community."

A: Thesis: A junior college offers the community at least three main types of educational services: vocational education for young people, continuing education for older people, and personal development for all individuals.

Outline for supporting details and examples. For example, if you were answering the example question, an outline might include:

Vocational education
Continuing education
Personal development

Write the essay, describing each part or component and making transitions between each of your descriptions. Some useful transition words include:

first, second, third, etc.
in addition

Conclude the essay by emphasizing how each part you have described makes up the whole you have been asked to analyze.

Cause and Effect

Cause and effect involves tracing probable or known effects of a certain cause or examining one or more effects and discussing the reasonable or known cause(s).

Typical questions:

"What are the causes of X?"
"What led to X?"
"Why did X occur?"
"Why does X happen?"
"What would be the effects of X?"

Q: "Define recession and discuss the probable effects a recession would have on today's society."

A: Thesis: A recession, which is a nationwide lull in business activity, would be detrimental to society in the following ways: it would .......A......., it would .......B......., and it would .......C....... .

The rest of the answer would explain, in some detail, the three effects: A, B, and C.

Useful transition words:

consequently
for this reason
as a result

Comparison-Contrast

"How does X differ from Y?"
"Compare X and Y."
"What are the advantages and disadvantages of X and Y?"

Q: "Which would you rather own—a compact car or a full-sized car?"

A: Thesis: I would own a compact car rather than a full-sized car for the following reasons: .......A......., .......B......., .......C......., and .......D....... .

Two patterns of development:

Full-sized car

Disadvantages

Compact car

Useful transition words

on the other hand
unlike A, B ...
in the same way
while both A and B are ..., only B ..
nevertheless
on the contrary
while A is ..., B is ...
"Describe how X is accomplished."
"List the steps involved in X."
"Explain what happened in X."
"What is the procedure involved in X?"

Process (sometimes called process analysis)

This involves giving directions or telling the reader how to do something. It may involve discussing some complex procedure as a series of discrete steps. The organization is almost always chronological.

Q: "According to Richard Bolles' What Color Is Your Parachute?, what is the best procedure for finding a job?"

A: In What Color Is Your Parachute?, Richard Bolles lists seven steps that all job-hunters should follow: .....A....., .....B....., .....C....., .....D....., .....E....., .....F....., and .....G..... .

The remainder of the answer should discuss each of these seven steps in some detail.

following this
after, afterwards, after this
subsequently
simultaneously, concurrently

Thesis and Support

"Discuss X."
"A noted authority has said X. Do you agree or disagree?"
"Defend or refute X."
"Do you think that X is valid? Defend your position."

Thesis and support involves stating a clearly worded opinion or interpretation and then defending it with all the data, examples, facts, and so on that you can draw from the material you have studied.

Q: "Despite criticism, television is useful because it aids in the socializing process of our children."

A: Television hinders rather than helps in the socializing process of our children because .......A......., .......B......., and .......C....... .

The rest of the answer is devoted to developing arguments A, B, and C.

it follows that

A. Which of the following two answers is the better one? Why?

Question: Discuss the contribution of William Morris to book design, using as an example his edition of the works of Chaucer.

a. William Morris's Chaucer was his masterpiece. It shows his interest in the Middle Ages. The type is based on medieval manuscript writing, and the decoration around the edges of the pages is like that used in medieval books. The large initial letters are typical of medieval design. Those letters were printed from woodcuts, which was the medieval way of printing. The illustrations were by Burn-Jones, one of the best artists in England at the time. Morris was able to get the most competent people to help him because he was so famous as a poet and a designer (the Morris chair) and wallpaper and other decorative items for the home. He designed the furnishings for his own home, which was widely admired among the sort of people he associated with. In this way he started the arts and crafts movement.

b. Morris's contribution to book design was to approach the problem as an artist or fine craftsman, rather than a mere printer who reproduced texts. He wanted to raise the standards of printing, which had fallen to a low point, by showing that truly beautiful books could be produced. His Chaucer was designed as a unified work of art or high craft. Since Chaucer lived in the Middle Ages, Morris decided to design a new type based on medieval script and to imitate the format of a medieval manuscript. This involved elaborate letters and large initials at the beginnings of verses, as well as wide borders of intertwined vines with leaves, fruit, and flowers in strong colors. The effect was so unusual that the book caused great excitement and inspired other printers to design beautiful rather than purely utilitarian books.

From James M. McCrimmon, Writing with a Purpose , 7th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1980), pp. 261-263.

B. How would you plan the structure of the answers to these essay exam questions?

1. Was the X Act a continuation of earlier government policies or did it represent a departure from prior philosophies?

2. What seems to be the source of aggression in human beings? What can be done to lower the level of aggression in our society?

3. Choose one character from Novel X and, with specific references to the work, show how he or she functions as an "existential hero."

4. Define briefly the systems approach to business management. Illustrate how this differs from the traditional approach.

5. What is the cosmological argument? Does it prove that God exists?

6. Civil War historian Andy Bellum once wrote, "Blahblahblah blahed a blahblah, but of course if blahblah blahblahblahed the blah, then blahblahs are not blah but blahblah." To what extent and in what ways is the statement true? How is it false?

For more information on writing exam essays for the GED, please visit our Engagement area and go to the Community Writing and Education Station (CWEST) resources.

EXPLORE Random Article

How to Prepare for an Essay Exam

Last Updated: April 20, 2023

This article was co-authored by Michelle Golden, PhD . Michelle Golden is an English teacher in Athens, Georgia. She received her MA in Language Arts Teacher Education in 2008 and received her PhD in English from Georgia State University in 2015. This article has been viewed 137,181 times.

The dreaded essay exam. Whether you like it or not, at some point in your life you are certain to encounter an exam composed entirely of essays. In the days leading up to the exam you may feel anxious or downright sick to your stomach. Fortunately, with a little bit of preparation and practice, you can turn any pre-exam jitters into a feeling of confidence, which will allow you to successfully tackle any essay exam.

Participating in Class

Actively participate. It’s important to find a participation method that works for you, whether that’s asking thought-provoking questions or commenting on the reading. Active participation just means involving yourself in some way, so even if you don’t feel comfortable speaking at length in front of your peers, try to ask a question every now and then.
Free yourself from distractions. Put away your cell phone or tablet and concentrate on listening and taking good notes. Now is not the time to work on homework for another class or to catch up with friends on Facebook.

Always have a notebook on hand. It is helpful to use one notebook per subject or course, so that you don’t confuse yourself when looking back.
Be sure to date your notes so that you can quickly reference or find the subject material covered on the exam.
If you struggle with taking notes, ask the instructor if you can record the lecture. You can then go back and listen to the recording and either take notes at your own pace or review any parts of the lecture, which will be relevant for the exam.

Take notes on what you’ve read and have questions ready for class.
Follow the schedule for reading assignments. Typically readings are broken out in a way that is both manageable and topical. If, however, you find yourself unable to keep up with the readings, speak with your instructor about a schedule that suits your particular needs. For example, if readings are assigned for every other day of class, you may need to break it out such that you are reading a portion every day.

Reviewing the Material

In addition to having one notebook per course, it may be helpful to also have an individual course binder or folder, which contains all course materials.
Take your organization to the next level by categorizing according to exams. Don’t throw away previous notes or materials from past exams. They may come in handy for midterm or final exams. Instead, organize the materials as if they were chapters, with chapter one being the first exam and so forth and so on.

Limit phone calls and any other distractions such as texting. It might help to turn your phone and other devices to silent mode while you’re studying.
The TV should always be off while you’re preparing for an exam.
If you want to listen to music, be sure it’s something that is relaxing or peaceful. Also, keep the music at a low level. Otherwise, music can easily become a distraction.

Get into the habit of reviewing class materials after each course. This will help to ease anxiety leading up to the exam, as you won’t have as much to review and will be able to clear up any questions that arise, prior to the big day.
Cramming doesn’t work. Multiple studies have shown that spacing out learning was more effective than cramming. [2] X Research source What’s more, cramming only increases the feeling of desperation which leads to panic, and then to test anxiety.

Creating an outline will also come in handy when drafting essay responses, so give yourself some practice and start with your class materials.

Practicing Ahead of Time

Step 1 Understand the structure of an essay.

Don’t wait until the night before to outline answers. As you’re studying and organizing your class materials, come up with potential questions along the way. You can then go back and review and revise as necessary.
Some instructors do specify a word count for essays. Don’t focus on counting words though. Write what you can and look for opportunities to flesh out your answers without being overly wordy.

Step 3 Recognize different types of questions.

Identify - typically short and direct answers will do.
Explain - requires a more detailed answer.
Compare - look for connections.
Argue - address this from your own perspective.

This is a good opportunity to proofread your work and to look for any grammatical errors as well.
Have a friend, parent or peer look over your essay as well. It is often helpful to have a fresh set of eyes review your work and provide feedback.

Community Q&A

For open-notes or open-book tests, study thoroughly anyway. This will prepare you for other exams or tests where you're not allowed to use notes, and will allow for you to complete the test faster and easier because you won't need to search for everything in the book or your notes. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
Be positive. If you are negative and believe you will not do well, chances are that you will perform the way you expect to. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0
Practice writing. Be sure you can write fairly well in other situations so that you can express your ideas clearly. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/essay-exams/
↑ http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20140917-the-worst-way-to-learn

About this article

If you’re worried about an upcoming essay exam, start reviewing your class notes by topic. One helpful way to prepare for your essay exam is to create a potential outline for each theme. For example, if you’re studying Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, you might come up with an essay outline about the themes of the play. Once you have a few of these outlines, do practice essays at home under timed conditions, using old exams or questions you can see from your outline. Additionally, make it easier to prepare for future exams by attending all classes, doing the assigned readings and taking clear notes. Keep reading for more tips, including how to understand what the essay questions are asking of you. Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Writing Better University Essays/Exam essays

Exam essays are essays like others. They differ mostly by the constraints of time and therefore space. For these reasons, it’s even more important to follow a clearly structured approach to writing. The time constraints mean that you need to remain very focused in order to make most of what is available to you.

Very important in the setting of the exam is that you delimit the scope of your answer. Often a question is to a certain extent tied with a particular module or even a single lecture. Whilst this helps you in terms of deciding what goes in your essay and what does not, you should always leave some clues to the markers. By being explicit about the content and theories used in the essay, you demonstrate that you have put thought into the question. As a result, the answer will be more focused.

Because of the time/space constraints it’s advisable to reduce many sections, but don’t leave them out. One or two sentences can delimit the scope of the answer. One or two sentences can outline the answer, giving the marker an idea where you’re going to take him or her. The time constraints also mean that you may be better of with choosing a few key arguments and develop them properly. Don’t, however, focus on one side of the argument only: the overall structure of your essay answer should be essentially the same as if you were writing a full length version. What is different is that you may only include one example, or only consider two schools of thought in detail.

It’s usually worth drawing up a quick timetable for the exam. Say there are three questions in three hours, you should spend one hour on each (assuming the same number of points to be gained). You may need 10 or even 15 minutes for a good essay plan, leaving you with about 45 minutes to write up the essay. Ideally, you should allow a few minutes to check what you have written, too.

An exam plan should be clear about the priorities should you run out of time. For example, spending 15 minutes on the introduction will waste time better spent on the main argument—no matter how brilliant the introduction turns out to be. Make sure you know what your main argument is going to be before starting writing. It’s better to cut short a minor point than missing the key argument. Similarly, never use time allocated for another question to finish off the one you’re working on. You’ll almost certainly lose more points than you gain.

Next: Using feedback

Book:Writing Better University Essays

Exam preparation: Strategies for essay exams

Essay exams test you on “the big picture”-- relationships between major concepts and themes in the course. Here are some suggestions on how to prepare for and write these exams.

Exam preparation

Learn the material with the exam format in mind.

Find out as much information as possible about the exam –- e.g., whether there will be choice –- and guide your studying accordingly.
Think, and make notes or concept maps, about relationships between themes, ideas and patterns that recur through the course. See the guide Listening & Note-taking and Learning & Studying for information on concept mapping.
Compare/contrast and think about what you agree and disagree with, and why.

Focus your studying by finding and anticipating questions

Find sample questions in the textbook or on previous exams, study guides, or online sources.
Looking for patterns of questions in any tests you have already written in the course;
Looking at the course outline for major themes;
Checking your notes for what the professor has emphasized in class;
Asking yourself what kind of questions you would ask if you were the professor;
Brainstorming questions with a study group.
Organize supporting evidence logically around a central argument.
Memorize your outlines or key points.
A couple of days before the exam, practice writing answers to questions under timed conditions.

If the professor distributes questions in advance

Make sure you have thought through each question and have at least an outline answer for each.
Unless the professor has instructed you to work alone, divide the questions among a few people, with each responsible for a full answer to one or more questions. Review, think about, and supplement answers composed by other people.

Right before the exam

Free write about the course for about 5 minutes as a warm-up.

Exam writing

Read carefully.

Look for instructions as to whether there is choice on the exam.
Circle key words in questions (e.g.: discuss, compare/contrast, analyze, evaluate, main evidence for, 2 examples) for information on the meaning of certain question words.
See information on learning and studying techniques on the SLC page for Exam Preparation .

Manage your time

At the beginning of the exam, divide the time you have by the number of marks on the test to figure out how much time you should spend for each mark and each question. Leave time for review.
If the exam is mixed format, do the multiple choice, true/ false or matching section first. These types of questions contain information that may help you answer the essay part.
If you can choose which questions to answer, choose quickly and don’t change your mind.
Start by answering the easiest question, progressing to the most difficult at the end.
Generally write in sentences and paragraphs but switch to point form if you are running out of time.

Things to include and/or exclude in your answers

Include general statements supported by specific details and examples.
Discuss relationships between facts and concepts, rather than just listing facts.
Include one item of information (concept, detail, or example) for every mark the essay is worth.
Limit personal feelings/ anecdotes/ speculation unless specifically asked for these.

Follow a writing process

Use the first 1/10 to 1/5 of time for a question to make an outline or concept map.
Organize the plan around a central thesis statement.
Order your subtopics as logically as possible, making for easier transitions in the essay.
To avoid going off topic, stick to the outline as you write.
Hand in the outline. Some professors or TAs may give marks for material written on it.
Write the essay quickly, using clear, concise sentences.
Include key words from the question in your thesis statement.
Body paragraph each containing one main idea, with a topic sentence linking back to the thesis statement, and transition words (e.g.: although, however) between paragraphs.
A short summary as a conclusion, if you have time.
If it is easier, leave a space for the introduction and write the body first.
As you write, leave space for corrections/additional points by double-spacing.
Review the essay to make sure its content matches your thesis statement. If not, change the thesis.

Further sources and attribution

For more information on exam preparation and writing strategies, see our Exams pages.

Some suggestions in this handout were adapted from “ Fastfacts – Short-Answer and Essay Exams” on the University of Guelph Library web site; “Resources – Exam Strategies” on the St. Francis Xavier University Writing Centre web site; and “Writing Tips – In-Class Essay Exams” and “Writing Tips – Standardized Test Essay Exams” on the Center for Writing Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign web site

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School Education /

Essay On Online Education: In 100 Words, 150 Words, and 200 Words

Updated on
Apr 26, 2024

Online education has emerged as a significant transformation in the global education landscape, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic . This essay explores the various facets of online education, from its inception to its advantages and disadvantages and its impact on learners and educators alike. The evolution of online education presents a new horizon for accessible and flexible learning .

Table of Contents

1 Essay on Online Education in 100 words
2 Essay on Online Education in 150 words
3 Essay on Online Education in 200 words
4 Short Essay on Online Education

Essay on Online Education in 100 words

Online education is a modern educational paradigm where students access instructional content through the internet. This innovative approach has gained immense popularity, especially after the pandemic, owing to its convenience and adaptability. It has enabled students of all ages to acquire knowledge from the comfort of their homes, transcending geographical barriers. Online education offers a diverse range of courses and resources, fostering continuous learning. However, it also presents challenges, such as dependency on technology and potential disengagement from the physical world.

Also Read: The Beginner’s Guide to Writing an Essay

Essay on Online Education in 150 words

Online education marks a revolutionary shift in how we acquire knowledge. It harnesses the power of the internet to deliver educational content to students, making learning more flexible and accessible. Technology advancements have accelerated the development of online education, enabling educational institutions to provide a wide range of courses and programmes through digital platforms.

One of the primary advantages of online education is its ability to cater to a diverse audience, regardless of geographical location or physical limitations. It eliminates the need for commuting and offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional classroom learning. However, online education also comes with its challenges. It requires self-discipline and motivation as students often learn independently. Additionally, prolonged screen time can have adverse effects on students’ physical and mental well-being, potentially leading to social disconnection.

Essay on Online Education in 200 words

Online education has witnessed remarkable growth in recent years, with the internet serving as the conduit for delivering educational content. This transformation has been accelerated, particularly in response to the global pandemic. Online education transcends the boundaries of traditional learning, offering students the opportunity to acquire knowledge and skills from anywhere in the world.

One of the most compelling aspects of online education is its flexibility. Learners can access course materials and engage with instructors at their convenience, breaking free from rigid schedules. Moreover, this mode of education has expanded access to a vast array of courses, allowing individuals to pursue their interests and career goals without geographical constraints.

However, it’s important to acknowledge the challenges associated with online education. It demands a high degree of self-discipline, as students must navigate the coursework independently. Prolonged screen time can have adverse effects on health and may lead to a sense of disconnection from society.

In conclusion, online education represents a significant shift in how we approach learning. It offers unprecedented access and flexibility but also requires learners to adapt to a more self-directed approach to education. Striking a balance between the benefits and challenges of online education is key to harnessing its full potential.

Also Read: Essay on Fire Safety in 200 and 500+ words in English for Students

Short Essay on Online Education

Find a sample essay on online education below:

An organised argument backed up by proof and examples is the key to writing a convincing essay. Create a clear thesis statement at the outset, follow a logical progression of points, and then summarise your main points.

To improve readability, use clear and concise language, break your essay into paragraphs with clear topic sentences, and vary your sentence structure.

If you’re struggling to meet the word count, review your content to see if you can expand on your ideas, provide more examples, or include additional details to support your arguments. Additionally, check for any redundancies or irrelevant information that can be removed.

Manasvi Kotwal

Manasvi's flair in writing abilities is derived from her past experience of working with bootstrap start-ups, Advertisement and PR agencies as well as freelancing. She's currently working as a Content Marketing Associate at Leverage Edu to be a part of its thriving ecosystem.

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Exam Strategies: Short Answer & Essay Exams

Essay exams involve a significant written component in which you are asked to discuss and expand on a topic. These could include written responses in the form of a formal essay or a detailed short-answer response.

Short answer vs essay questions

Preparing for an essay exam

Answering essay questions.

Check out our visual resources for " Test Taking Strategies: Short Answer & Essay Questions " below!

What is the difference between a short answer and an essay question?

Both short-answer and essay questions ask you to demonstrate your knowledge of course material by relating your answer to concepts covered in the course.
Essay questions require a thesis (argument) and supporting evidence (from course material - lectures, readings, discussions, and assignments) outlined in several paragraphs, including an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Short-answer questions are more concise than essay answers - think of it as a “mini-essay” - and use a sentence or two to introduce your topic; select a few points to discuss; add a concluding sentence that sums up your response.
Review your course material - look for themes within the topics covered, use these to prepare sample questions if your instructor has not given direction on what to expect from essay questions.
Create outlines to answer your practice questions. Choose a definite argument or thesis statement and organize supporting evidence logically in body paragraphs. Try a mnemonic (like a rhyme or acronym) to help remember your outline.
Practice! Using your outline, try using a timer to write a full response to your practice or sample questions within the exam time limit.
Review the question carefully. Think about what it is asking - what are you expected to include? What material or examples are relevant?
Underline keywords in the question to identify the main topic and discussion areas.
Plan your time. Keep an eye on the time allowed and how many essay questions you are required to answer. Consider the mark distribution to determine how much time to spend on each question or section.
Make a plan. Take a few minutes to brainstorm and plan your response - jot down a brief outline to order your points and arguments before you start to write.
Include a thesis statement in your introduction so that your argument is clear, even if you run out of time, and help structure your answer.
Write a conclusion , even if brief - use this to bring your ideas together to answer the question and suggest the broader implications.
Clearly and concisely answer the question :
In your introduction, show that you understand the question and outline how you will answer it.
Make one point or argument per paragraph and include one or two pieces of evidence or examples for each point.
In your conclusion, summarize the arguments to answer the question.

"Test Taking Strategies: Short Answer & Essay Questions"

Does your next test have short answer or essay questions? Let's look at how to prepare for these type of questions, how to answer these types of questions, and strategies to keep in mind during the exam. Fight exam writer's block and achieve your best marks yet!

"Test Taking Strategies: Short Answer & Essay Questions" PDF
"Test Taking Strategies: Short Answer & Essay Questions" Video

Looking for more strategies and tips? Check out MUN's Academic Success Centre online!

Carnegie Mellon University. (n.d.). Successful exam strategies. Carnegie Mellon University: Student Academic Success. Retrieved April 1, 2022 from https://www.cmu.edu/student-success/other-resources/fast-facts/exam-strategies.pdf

Memorial University of Newfoundland. (n.d.). Exam strategies: Short answer & essay exams. Memorial University of Newfoundland: Academic Success Centre. Retrieved April 1, 2022 from https://www.mun.ca/munup/vssc/learning/exam-strategies-essays.php

Trent University. (n.d.). How to understand and answer free response or essay exam questions. Trent University: Academic Skills. Retrieved April 1, 2022 from https://www.trentu.ca/academicskills/how-guides/how-study/prepare-and-write-exams/how-understand-and-answer-free-response-or-essay-exam

University of Queensland Australia. (n.d.). Exam tips. University of Queensland Australia: Student support, study skills. Retrieved April 1, 2022 from https://my.uq.edu.au/information-and-services/student-support/study-skills/exam-tips

University of Waterloo. (n.d.). Exam questions: Types, characteristics, and suggestions. University of Waterloo: Centre for Teaching Excellence. Retrieved April 1, 2022 from https://uwaterloo.ca/centre-for-teaching-excellence/teaching-resources/teaching-tips/developing-assignments/exams/questions-types-characteristics-suggestions

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How to Write a Short Essay

Last Updated: January 17, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Christopher Taylor, PhD . Christopher Taylor is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of English at Austin Community College in Texas. He received his PhD in English Literature and Medieval Studies from the University of Texas at Austin in 2014. There are 12 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 114,131 times.

Essay writing is a common assignment in high school or college courses, especially within the humanities. You’ll also be asked to write essays for college admissions and scholarships. In a short essay (250-500 words), you will need to provide an introduction with a thesis, a body, and a conclusion, as you would with a longer essay. Depending on the essay requirements, you may also need to do academic or online research to find sources to back up your claims.

Picking a Topic and Gathering Research

If you have any questions about the topic, ask your instructor. If your essay doesn't respond to the prompt, you likely won't receive full credit.

Step 2 Choose a single arguable point for your brief essay.

If you're writing an essay for an in-class test or for an application, tailor the essay to the given prompt and topic. Quickly brainstorm a few ideas; for example, think of positive things you can say about yourself for a college-entrance essay.
For example, the topic “depression in American literature” is far too broad. Narrow down your topic to something like “Willie Loman’s depression in Death of a Salesman .”
Or, you could write about a narrow topic like “the increase in the USA’s national debt in the 1950s” rather than a broad topic like “the American economy in the 20th century.”

Step 3 Find 1-2 appropriate secondary sources in an online research database.

Depending on the field in which you’re writing the essay—e.g., hard sciences, sociology, humanities, etc.—your instructor will direct you towards appropriate databases. For example, if you’re writing a high-school or college-level essay for your English class, visit online literary databases like JSTOR, LION, and the MLA Bibliography.
If you're writing the essay for a college or graduate-school application, it's unlikely that you'll need to include any secondary sources.
If you're writing a timed or in-class essay, you may not be able to find research articles. But, still do draw information from texts and sources you've studied both in and out of class, and build from points made in any provided reading passages.

If you’re writing about current events or journalism topics, read articles from well-known news sites like CNN or the BBC.
Avoid citing unreliable websites like blogs or any sites that have a clear bias about the topic they’re reporting on.

Composing the Essay

If you write the essay without outlining, the essay will be poorly organized.

This thesis statement is far too weak: “ Death of a Salesman shows the difficulty of living in America after WWII.”
Instead, hone your thesis to something like: “Arthur Miller uses Death of a Salesman to show that the American Dream is materialist and impractical.”

Step 3 Use your introduction paragraph to explain the essay’s topic.

So, avoid beginning the paragraph by writing something like, “Since the beginning of time, all people have been consumed with the desire for their father’s approval.”
Instead, write something like, “In the play Death of a Salesman , Willie Loman’s sons compete for their father’s approval through various masculine displays."
Then, you can say, "To examine this topic, I will perform a close reading of several key passages of the play and present analyses by noted Arthur Miller scholars."

Step 4 Keep the introduction and conclusion under 75 words each.

In a short essay, the conclusion should do nothing more than briefly restate your main claim and remind readers of the evidence you provided.

Step 5 Use body paragraphs to prove various aspects of your central argument.

So, take the example about Death of a Salesman . The first body paragraph could discuss the ways in which Willie’s sons try to impress him.
The second body paragraph could dive into Willie’s hopelessness and despair, and the third paragraph could discuss how Miller uses his characters to show the flaws in their understanding of the American Dream.

Step 6 Add information from your research sources to strengthen claims.

Always cite your sources so you avoid charges of plagiarism. Check with your instructor (or the essay prompt) and find out what citation style you should use.
For example, if you’re summarizing the inflation of the American dollar during the 1930s, provide 2 or 3 years and inflation-rate percentages. Don’t provide a full-paragraph summary of the economic decline.
If you're writing an in-class essay and don't have time to perform any research, you don't need to incorporate outside sources. But, it will impress your teacher if you quote from a reading passage or bring up pertinent knowledge you may have gained during the class.

Step 7 Ask someone else to read your first draft.

If no one agrees to read the essay, read over your own first draft and look for errors or spots where you could clarify your meaning. Reading the essay out loud often helps, as you’ll be able to hear sentences that aren’t quite coherent.
This step does not apply to essays written during a timed or in-class exam, as you won't be able to ask peers to read your work.

Step 8 Revise the first draft into the final essay.

It’s always a mistake to submit an unrevised first draft, whether for a grade, for admissions, or for a scholarship essay.
However, if you're writing an essay for a timed exam, it's okay if you don't have enough time to combine multiple drafts before the time runs out.

Condensing Your Essay

Step 1 Quote only from secondary sources that are related to your topic.

So, if you’re writing about Death of a Salesman , an article about symbolism in Arthur Miller’s plays would be useful. But, an article about the average cost of Midwestern hotels in the 1940s would be irrelevant.
If you’re writing a scholarship essay, double-check the instructions to clarify what types of sources you’re allowed to use.

Step 2 Remove verbiage to keep your essay under the word count.

A common cliche you might find in an essay is a statement like, "I'm the hardest working student at my school."
For example, this sentence is too verbose: “I have been a relentlessly stellar student throughout my entire high school career since I am a seriously dedicated reader and thoroughly apply myself to every assignment I receive in class.”
Shortened, it could read: “I was a stellar student throughout my high school career since I was a dedicated reader and applied myself to every assignment I received.”

Avoid writing something like, “Willie Loman can be seen as having achieved little through his life because he is not respected by his sons and is not valued by his co-workers.”
Instead, write, “Arthur Miller shows readers that Willie’s life accomplishments have amounted to little. Willie’s sons do not look up to him, and his co-workers treat him without respect.”

Step 4 Present only the most relevant argument in your essay.

For example, if you’re trying to prove that WWII pulled the USA out of the Great Depression, focus strictly on an economic argument.
Avoid bringing in other, less convincing topics. For example, don’t dedicate a paragraph to discussing how much it cost the USA to build fighter jets in 1944.

Short Essay Template and Example

Expert Q&A

When composing the text of your essay, resist the temptation to pull words from a thesaurus in an attempt to sound academic or intelligent. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
If your high school or college has an online or in-person writing center, schedule an appointment. Taking advantage of this type of service can improve your essay and help you recognize structural or grammatical problems you would not have noticed otherwise. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/research_papers/choosing_a_topic.html
↑ https://monroecollege.libguides.com/c.php?g=589208&p=4072926
↑ https://www.utep.edu/extendeduniversity/utepconnect/blog/march-2017/4-ways-to-differentiate-a-good-source-from-a-bad-source.html
↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/essay-outline/
↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/thesis-statements/
↑ https://libguides.newcastle.edu.au/how-to-write-an-essay/essay-introduction
↑ https://lsa.umich.edu/sweetland/undergraduates/writing-guides/how-do-i-write-an-intro--conclusion----body-paragraph.html
↑ https://mlpp.pressbooks.pub/writingsuccess/chapter/8-3-drafting/
↑ https://www.trentu.ca/academicskills/how-guides/how-write-university/how-approach-any-assignment/writing-english-essay/using-secondary
↑ https://patch.com/michigan/berkley/bp--how-to-shorten-your-college-essay-without-ruining-it
↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/style/ccs_activevoice/
↑ https://wordcounter.net/blog/2016/01/26/101025_how-to-reduce-essay-word-count.html

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Exam Questions: Types, Characteristics, and Suggestions

Examinations are a very common assessment and evaluation tool in universities and there are many types of examination questions. This tips sheet contains a brief description of seven types of examination questions, as well as tips for using each of them: 1) multiple choice, 2) true/false, 3) matching, 4) short answer, 5) essay, 6) oral, and 7) computational. Remember that some exams can be conducted effectively in a secure online environment in a proctored computer lab or assigned as paper based or online “take home” exams.

Multiple choice

Multiple choice questions are composed of one question (stem) with multiple possible answers (choices), including the correct answer and several incorrect answers (distractors). Typically, students select the correct answer by circling the associated number or letter, or filling in the associated circle on the machine-readable response sheet.

Example : Distractors are:

A) Elements of the exam layout that distract attention from the questions B) Incorrect but plausible choices used in multiple choice questions C) Unnecessary clauses included in the stem of multiple choice questions Answer: B

Students can generally respond to these type of questions quite quickly. As a result, they are often used to test student’s knowledge of a broad range of content. Creating these questions can be time consuming because it is often difficult to generate several plausible distractors. However, they can be marked very quickly.

Tips for writing good multiple choice items:

Suggestion : After each lecture during the term, jot down two or three multiple choice questions based on the material for that lecture. Regularly taking a few minutes to compose questions, while the material is fresh in your mind, will allow you to develop a question bank that you can use to construct tests and exams quickly and easily.

True/false questions are only composed of a statement. Students respond to the questions by indicating whether the statement is true or false. For example: True/false questions have only two possible answers (Answer: True).

Like multiple choice questions, true/false questions:

Are most often used to assess familiarity with course content and to check for popular misconceptions
Allow students to respond quickly so exams can use a large number of them to test knowledge of a broad range of content
Are easy and quick to grade but time consuming to create

True/false questions provide students with a 50% chance of guessing the right answer. For this reason, multiple choice questions are often used instead of true/false questions.

Tips for writing good true/false items:

Suggestion : You can increase the usefulness of true/false questions by asking students to correct false statements.

Students respond to matching questions by pairing each of a set of stems (e.g., definitions) with one of the choices provided on the exam. These questions are often used to assess recognition and recall and so are most often used in courses where acquisition of detailed knowledge is an important goal. They are generally quick and easy to create and mark, but students require more time to respond to these questions than a similar number of multiple choice or true/false items.

Example: Match each question type with one attribute:

Multiple Choice a) Only two possible answers
True/False b) Equal number of stems and choices
Matching c) Only one correct answer but at least three choices

Tips for writing good matching items:

Suggestion: You can use some choices more than once in the same matching exercise. It reduces the effects of guessing.

Short answer

Short answer questions are typically composed of a brief prompt that demands a written answer that varies in length from one or two words to a few sentences. They are most often used to test basic knowledge of key facts and terms. An example this kind of short answer question follows:

“What do you call an exam format in which students must uniquely associate a set of prompts with a set of options?” Answer: Matching questions

Alternatively, this could be written as a fill-in-the-blank short answer question:

“An exam question in which students must uniquely associate prompts and options is called a ___________ question.” Answer: Matching.

Short answer questions can also be used to test higher thinking skills, including analysis or evaluation. For example:

“Will you include short answer questions on your next exam? Please justify your decision with two to three sentences explaining the factors that have influenced your decision.”

Short answer questions have many advantages. Many instructors report that they are relatively easy to construct and can be constructed faster than multiple choice questions. Unlike matching, true/false, and multiple choice questions, short answer questions make it difficult for students to guess the answer. Short answer questions provide students with more flexibility to explain their understanding and demonstrate creativity than they would have with multiple choice questions; this also means that scoring is relatively laborious and can be quite subjective. Short answer questions provide more structure than essay questions and thus are often easy and faster to mark and often test a broader range of the course content than full essay questions.

Tips for writing good short answer items:

Suggestion : When using short answer questions to test student knowledge of definitions consider having a mix of questions, some that supply the term and require the students to provide the definition, and other questions that supply the definition and require that students provide the term. The latter sort of questions can be structured as fill-in-the-blank questions. This mix of formats will better test student knowledge because it doesn’t rely solely on recognition or recall of the term.

Essay questions provide a complex prompt that requires written responses, which can vary in length from a couple of paragraphs to many pages. Like short answer questions, they provide students with an opportunity to explain their understanding and demonstrate creativity, but make it hard for students to arrive at an acceptable answer by bluffing. They can be constructed reasonably quickly and easily but marking these questions can be time-consuming and grader agreement can be difficult.

Essay questions differ from short answer questions in that the essay questions are less structured. This openness allows students to demonstrate that they can integrate the course material in creative ways. As a result, essays are a favoured approach to test higher levels of cognition including analysis, synthesis and evaluation. However, the requirement that the students provide most of the structure increases the amount of work required to respond effectively. Students often take longer to compose a five paragraph essay than they would take to compose five one paragraph answers to short answer questions. This increased workload limits the number of essay questions that can be posed on a single exam and thus can restrict the overall scope of an exam to a few topics or areas. To ensure that this doesn’t cause students to panic or blank out, consider giving the option of answering one of two or more questions.

Tips for writing good essay items:

Suggestions : Distribute possible essay questions before the exam and make your marking criteria slightly stricter. This gives all students an equal chance to prepare and should improve the quality of the answers – and the quality of learning – without making the exam any easier.

Oral examinations allow students to respond directly to the instructor’s questions and/or to present prepared statements. These exams are especially popular in language courses that demand ‘speaking’ but they can be used to assess understanding in almost any course by following the guidelines for the composition of short answer questions. Some of the principle advantages to oral exams are that they provide nearly immediate feedback and so allow the student to learn as they are tested. There are two main drawbacks to oral exams: the amount of time required and the problem of record-keeping. Oral exams typically take at least ten to fifteen minutes per student, even for a midterm exam. As a result, they are rarely used for large classes. Furthermore, unlike written exams, oral exams don’t automatically generate a written record. To ensure that students have access to written feedback, it is recommended that instructors take notes during oral exams using a rubric and/or checklist and provide a photocopy of the notes to the students.

In many departments, oral exams are rare. Students may have difficulty adapting to this new style of assessment. In this situation, consider making the oral exam optional. While it can take more time to prepare two tests, having both options allows students to choose the one which suits them and their learning style best.

Computational

Computational questions require that students perform calculations in order to solve for an answer. Computational questions can be used to assess student’s memory of solution techniques and their ability to apply those techniques to solve both questions they have attempted before and questions that stretch their abilities by requiring that they combine and use solution techniques in novel ways.

Effective computational questions should:

Be solvable using knowledge of the key concepts and techniques from the course. Before the exam solve them yourself or get a teaching assistant to attempt the questions.
Indicate the mark breakdown to reinforce the expectations developed in in-class examples for the amount of detail, etc. required for the solution.

To prepare students to do computational questions on exams, make sure to describe and model in class the correct format for the calculations and answer including:

How students should report their assumptions and justify their choices
The units and degree of precision expected in the answer

Suggestion : Have students divide their answer sheets into two columns: calculations in one, and a list of assumptions, description of process and justification of choices in the other. This ensures that the marker can distinguish between a simple mathematical mistake and a profound conceptual error and give feedback accordingly.

If you would like support applying these tips to your own teaching, CTE staff members are here to help. View the CTE Support page to find the most relevant staff member to contact.

Cunningham, G.K. (1998). Assessment in the Classroom. Bristol, PA: Falmer Press.
Ward, A.W., & Murray-Ward, M. (1999). Assessment in the Classroom. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

This Creative Commons license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon our work non-commercially, as long as they credit us and indicate if changes were made. Use this citation format: Exam questions: types, characteristics and suggestions . Centre for Teaching Excellence, University of Waterloo .

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Essay on Examination 500+ Words

Examinations, often called “exams,” are a common part of education. They are tests that help us learn, measure our knowledge, and prepare for the future. In this essay, we will explore the importance of examinations in education, how they help us grow, and why they are necessary.

Assessing Learning

Examinations are essential for assessing what we have learned. They evaluate our understanding of subjects like math, science, history, and more. Through exams, teachers can identify areas where students excel and where they might need extra help.

Goal Setting

Examinations set goals for students. Knowing that there will be tests encourages us to study and learn. Achieving good results in exams gives us a sense of accomplishment and motivates us to keep learning.

Academic Progress

Exams help track our academic progress. By taking regular tests, teachers and parents can see how we are doing in school. If we are struggling in a particular subject, exams help identify the areas where we need improvement.

Preparing for the Future

Examinations prepare us for the future. As we grow, we face bigger exams like high school finals and college entrance exams. The skills we develop in earlier exams, such as time management and problem-solving, help us succeed in these more significant tests.

Critical Thinking

Exams encourage critical thinking. We are often asked to solve problems, analyze information, and apply what we have learned. These skills are valuable in everyday life and future careers.

Fair Assessment

Examinations provide a fair way to assess students. They are standardized, which means that all students take the same test under the same conditions. This ensures that everyone is evaluated fairly.

Time Management

Exams teach us time management. We have a limited amount of time to complete the test, which helps us learn how to prioritize tasks and work efficiently.

Building Confidence

Exams can boost our confidence. When we prepare well and do our best, we feel proud of our accomplishments. This self-confidence extends beyond exams and into other areas of life.

Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses

Exams help us identify our strengths and weaknesses. If we do well in a particular subject, we may discover a passion for it. On the other hand, if we struggle, we can seek help and improve.

Preparing for Challenges

Exams prepare us for life’s challenges. In the real world, we often face situations where we need to think critically, solve problems, and make decisions. The skills we develop through exams help us tackle these challenges.

Conclusion of Essay on Examination

In conclusion, examinations play a vital role in education. They assess our learning, set goals, track progress, and prepare us for the future. Exams encourage critical thinking, time management, and confidence-building. They provide a fair way to evaluate students and help us identify our strengths and weaknesses. While exams can be challenging, they are a valuable part of our educational journey. Embracing them and approaching them with a positive mindset can lead to personal growth and success. Examinations are not just tests; they are stepping stones to a brighter future.

Also Check: Simple Guide on How To Write An Essay

Highlights: Trump trial judge admonishes defense witness for 'side eye' and clears press from courtroom

Here's what happened at trump's trial today.

The prosecution rested its case against Donald Trump after his former lawyer Michael Cohen completed a fourth day on the stand . Cohen faced more questions about a key phone call he said he had with Trump in Oct. 2016. He also testified that he stole money from the Trump Organization as a form of "self-help."
Cohen's testimony is central to Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg’s case against Trump. The former president is facing 34 counts of falsifying business records related to hush money payments made to adult film actress Stormy Daniels. He has pleaded not guilty.
Cohen was the prosecution's final witness. The defense called to the stand Robert Costello, a criminal attorney who Cohen once considered hiring but with whom he now publicly feuds. Costello was admonished by Judge Juan Merchan over his remarks and behavior on the stand when the judge sustained objections pertaining to his testimony. The judge also removed all journalists from the courtroom to reprimand Costello.
Merchan said both sides should expect to deliver closing arguments on May 28, after the Memorial Day holiday.

'We have a right to remain here': Journalists protested as judge cleared courtroom

Members of the media protested in open court today when Judge Merchan took the highly unusual step of clearing journalists from the courtroom during trial proceedings.

"Your Honor, may I object on behalf of the press," one person in the audience said, according to the official court transcript. "Your Honor, our lawyer is objecting, the press lawyer is objecting. We have a right to remain here."

The transcript includes other quotes from "a person in the audience" but does not specify if it was the same individual. The press was cleared by Merchan before he admonished defense witness Robert Costello for his behavior on the stand.

"This is an open courtroom," one person said while asking why the room was being cleared of journalists, while the attorneys and Trump’s surrogates were allowed to stay.

A court officer responded by saying, "This is not an open forum. We will answer all questions in the hallway."

NBC News has requested comment from a court spokesperson on why Merchan cleared the court to address Costello.

Judge tells Costello his ‘conduct is contemptuous’ after clearing press from courtroom

Judge Merchan chastised defense witness Robert Costello and threatened to strike all of his testimony in an exchange that took place after the judge unexpectedly had reporters removed from the courtroom.

"I’m putting you on notice that your conduct is contemptuous," the judge told Costello, according to the court transcript released this evening. "If you try to stare me down one more time, I will remove you from the stand."

Merchan then told Trump's attorney Emil Bove that he would strike Costello's "entire testimony" if his conduct persisted.

"Listen to the question and answer the question," Merchan told Costello.

"Can I say something, please?" Costello asked.

"No. No. This is not a conversation," the judge responded before telling the court officer to let the press back in the room.

When will this trial be over?

Ginger Gibson Senior Washington Editor

The schedule has been in a bit of a tumult today. When the trial wrapped last week, Judge Merchan told the lawyers to be prepared to deliver closing arguments this Tuesday. But before testimony even resumed this morning, the end of the trial had already been delayed by another week.

That’s because it wasn’t clear whether witness testimony was going to be finished by the end of the day today and whether there would be enough time for closing arguments, jury instructions and then deliberations to begin before the long holiday weekend. So Merchan made the decision to let witness testimony conclude this week and then take off for the holiday.

Then, another twist got added to the mix when the defense and prosecution argued over entering a photo from a C-SPAN video. To be able to enter the photo, the prosecution asked to bring in another witness, requesting to do so tomorrow. But Trump’s lawyers got mad, saying they had two witnesses waiting and wanted to conclude today. Eventually, they reached an agreement.

So the schedule as it is written now: Defense witness Robert Costello will be back on the stand tomorrow, and the judge and lawyers will meet Thursday to discuss jury instructions. They're taking Friday and Monday off for Memorial Day and closing arguments will be next week.

Trump complains about judge admonishing defense witness

Trump exited the courtroom and complained about Judge Merchan clearing the courtroom to admonish a defense witness.

"The press is not happy, I don’t imagine, they just got thrown out of a courthouse. Nobody has seen anything like it," Trump said.

Trump also complained that he wasn't able to call an expert witness to discuss federal election law. Courts generally oppose legal witness testimony since it's the court that interprets the law in a case.

Court adjourned for the day

Kyla Guilfoil

Judge Merchan has dismissed the court for the day and said it will reconvene tomorrow at 9:30 am ET.

Judge won't rule immediately on defense's motion to dismiss

Jillian Frankel

Rebecca Shabad is in Washington, D.C.

Judge Merchan said he will wait to decide on Trump lawyer Todd Blanche's motion to dismiss the case.

Trump attorney argues case can't hang only on Cohen's testimony

Trump's lawyer Todd Blanche argued that the case can't be decided based only on Cohen's testimony.

“There is no way the court should let this case go to the jury relying on Mr. Cohen’s testimony," Blanche told the judge.

Blanche went on to say that Cohen has lied to the court repeatedly about his congressional testimony, and that Cohen's entire testimony in the case should not be considered because of his "history of lying under oath."

Judge asks if Cohen can 'fool 12 New Yorkers'

Reporting from Manhattan criminal courthouse

As is routine, the court is now hearing arguments from the defense that the case should be dismissed because the prosecution failed to prove a crime.

Judge Merchan responded to Trump's lawyer Blanche saying that because Cohen has lied in the past, his entire testimony should be tossed out: “Do you think that he’s going to fool 12 New Yorkers?”

Robert Costello calls Michael Cohen a 'drama queen'

Costello went on to describe Cohen as a "drama queen" while answering questions about meeting Cohen following the FBI's raid of his home, office and hotel room.

Costello testified that when it happened, Cohen was "suicidal that day and very manic."

Prosecutor Susan Hoffinger asked Costello if he thought Cohen was a drama queen for his response. Costello answered that he didn't know Cohen at that time, and thought "he was putting on quite a show."

Defense makes motion to dismiss

Daniel Arkin

The defense has made a motion to dismiss the case — saying the prosecution has failed to prove business records were falsified.

It is common for defense teams to make a motion to dismiss after the prosecution has finished completing their case.

Costello declines to call the search of Cohen's belongings a raid

Robert Costello, resisting prosecutor Susan Hoffinger, said he would not characterize the FBI search of Cohen's home, office and hotel room as a "raid."

Instead, Costello said it was "an execution of a search warrant." That is often the same description legal experts give when describing the search for government documents at Mar-a-Lago, to Trump's dismay.

Costello refuses to admit he wanted Cohen as a client

Under cross-examination from prosecutor Susan Hoffinger, Costello was asked if he had hoped Cohen would hire him as an attorney.

Costello said he met with Cohen because Jeffrey Citron scheduled a meeting. Asked if it would be a big get for his firm and a high-profile case, Costello said probably yes.

Hoffinger entered into evidence emails between Costello and his son in which Costello said he'll be on Cohen's team, noting that it wasn't public yet. His son wished his dad congratulations and said he hopes it leads to a lot of good things coming his way.

Eric Trump says judge 'won't allow' Costello to tell his story

Moments after Judge Merchan cleared members of the press from the courtroom, Eric Trump tweeted that the judge “will not allow" Robert Costello to speak freely on the witness stand.

"The judges treatment of Bob Costello is truly disgraceful - he will not allow him to tell his story - the same story he told Congress - as he knows it will be devastating and end this sham trial," his post read .

Eric Trump was one of the few people present in the courtroom who was not ushered out following Merchan's admonishment of Costello. Attorneys from both sides and Trump's surrogates remained in the courtroom while members of the press were moved into the hallway.

Prosecution begins cross-examining second defense witness

The defense has completed the direct examination of their second witness — after suggesting they may only have two witnesses to call.

That means the defense could be near resting their case.

Judge orders press cleared from courtroom after admonishing Costello

Allan Smith

The judge ordered the courtroom cleared of reporters after warning Robert Costello about his responses to sustained objections.

"I’d like to discuss proper decorum in my courtroom," Judge Juan Merchan said. "You don't give me side eye and you don't roll your eyes."

Judge admonishes Robert Costello

Judge Merchan asked for the jury to step out of the courtroom and admonished Robert Costello, saying that he wants to discuss proper decorum.

"If you don't like my ruling, you don't say, 'Jeez,'" Merchan said, adding that Costello can't strike anything because the judge is the only person who can strike something.

"You don't give me side eye and you don't roll your eyes," Merchan said. Costello said he understands.

Judge loses patience with Robert Costello's reactions to objections

To Costello's visible annoyance, Judge Merchan has had to instruct him not to answer when an objection is sustained.

Even after the warning, Costello emitted a loud "jeez" after another sustained objection.

Merchan did not take well to that, responding, "I'm sorry?" A chastened Costello was silent.

Robert Costello says Michael Cohen said Trump wasn't aware of Stormy Daniels payment

Trump lawyer Emil Bove said the defense wants to focus on whether Cohen said if he knew Trump was aware of the payment to Stormy Daniels.

Costello said on the stand that Cohen said numerous times that Trump didn't know, that Cohen did it on his own and that Cohen repeated that numerous times.

Robert Costello visibly frustrated by sustained objections to his testimony

Laura Jarrett

Costello was visibly frustrated after multiple sustained objections cut off his testimony.

He muttered "ridiculous" to himself on the stand.

Robert Costello says Michael Cohen was 'absolutely manic' when home and office were searched

Robert Costello said on the stand that he met Cohen on April 17, 2016, at the Regency Hotel in Manhattan.

Asked what they discussed, Costello said that Cohen told him that his home and office had been searched and "he was absolutely manic." Costello said Cohen was marching back and forth in a conference room and saying that his life was shattered.

Costello said Cohen wanted him to explain his options, and Costello said he told Cohen that the type of search warrant executed was much harder to get.

"'What's my escape route?' That's the phrase he used," Costello said.

Judge tells lawyers what Robert Costello can testify about

Judge Merchan told prosecutors that they can cross-examine Costello on two prior inconsistent statements and said he would give some latitude on the pressure campaign.

But Merchan said he will not allow this to become "a trial within a trial" about the pressure campaign and how it affected Cohen. He said that's not the purpose of this trial.

Lawyers clash over permissibility of Costello's testimony

After the jury was excused, the lawyers began arguing in open court about the permissibility of Costello’s testimony.

Prosecutor Susan Hoffinger argued that Costello’s testimony should be admissible only to address any prior inconsistent statements. Defense attorney Emil Bove said the prosecution opened the door to this evidence, and that they intend to rebut the prosecution's “pressure campaign” theory.

Trump looks bemused as the defense moved to call Robert Costello

Katherine Doyle

As the defense moved to call Costello, Trump remained fixated on papers in front of him.

Then, Trump put down his pen and began gazing slightly ahead with a quizzical, bemused look.

Defense calls Robert Costello, a lawyer who talked with Cohen

After the brief testimony of a paralegal for the defense, Trump's lawyers called Robert Costello.

Immediately, the lawyers moved into a sidebar conversation with the judge.

Costello has said he told the grand jury that Cohen told him that Trump was unaware of the payment to Stormy Daniels.

Prosecution secures admissions from Daniel Sitko on cross-examination

Rebecca Mangold, on cross-examination, got Sitko to acknowledge that the calls were made from the law firm Davidoff Hutcher & Citron, but it is not clear who at the firm called Cohen and there is no way to know.

Sitko also admitted that any call to a number ending 0000 reflected a call that was not answered. Mangold also got Sitko to concede that when there were two adjacent calls from and to the law firm and then to a voicemail inbox, it was really double counting: a missed call for which the caller left a voicemail.

The point here is that Blanche’s 75 calls between Cohen and Costello were not exactly that, due to double counting, missed connections and the possibility that someone else called.

Daniel Sitko's testimony aims to address the phone calls discussed

Daniel Sitko's testimony is being used to enter a chart that sums up all of the phone calls that were already admitted into evidence through prior testimony.

The chart organizes the calls as a way to make it easier for the jury to understand them, what they mean and where they fall into the case.

Defense calls its first witness

Daniel Sitko, a paralegal at Blanche's firm, takes the stand. The testimony is expected to be brief, after Blanche said Sitko would be used to enter a chart about phone calls.

Prosecution rests

The prosecution rested their case.

Next up, the defense may call witnesses.

Trump lawyer is cross-examining Michael Cohen again

Todd Blanche is grilling Cohen on whether he blames Trump for losing his law license.

Cohen says involvement with Trump 'turned my life upside down'

Cohen responded to questions from the prosecution about how "painful" it has been as a result of speaking out against Trump. In one response, Cohen said his life "has been turned upside down."

Asked if he had faced "attacks" due to his speaking out against Trump, Cohen answered, "Yes." When asked if it's been "painful" for him and his family, he said, "Very much so."

"My life has been turned upside down," Cohen said, adding that he has lost his law license, business and financial security and his family’s happiness as a "direct result" of speaking out against the former president.

Cohen says 'no doubt' Trump gave him final sign-off on Daniels payment

Cohen said during afternoon questioning by the prosecution that he had "no doubt" about having a conversation with Trump in which the then-candidate gave him the OK to make the payment to Daniels.

He said there was no way he could make the payment without Trump signing off on it because he wanted to ensure he would be repaid the $130,000.

Trump legal spokeswoman says Trump wants to testify but must listen to lawyers

Vaughn Hillyard

In an interview with Fox News outside the courthouse, Trump's legal spokeswoman Alina Habba said: "We know he wants to testify. He is willing, he is able, he is nothing to hide at all. He’s absolutely ready to tell the truth."

Still, she said, "he's got to listen to his attorneys."

Inside the courtroom, Trump's attorneys have not provided a firm indication that their client intends to take the witness stand. Nothing is prohibiting the former president from testifying in his own defense, and he could start doing so as early as this afternoon.

C-SPAN photo will be admitted; no need for testimony

The C-SPAN photo purportedly showing Trump and Schiller together when Cohen called on Oct. 24, 2016, will now be admitted after an agreement was met between the prosecution, the defense and Judge Merchan.

The picture will come in by stipulation through Cohen’s testimony; it appears no additional testimony is necessary, so a C-SPAN representative will not need to appear tomorrow morning after all. The stipulation will be read into the record and will reflect that the photo comes from the end of a video taken of the campaign event.

Trump team complains about delay for C-SPAN witness

C-SPAN is booking travel for its witness to travel tomorrow, according to Manhattan Assistant DA Rebecca Mangold.

Trump lawyer Todd Blanche complained that this is the fifth or sixth time that there has been a delay because of the DA’s office’s running out of witnesses. Prosecutor Joshua Steinglass replied that Blanche’s portrayal of events is simply wrong and that they have stopped early once for a medical reason.

If time were of the essence, Judge Merchan said, he would agree with Blanche, but there is no prejudice to anyone given that the jury is already going to be out for almost a week.

It’s up to Blanche, Merchan says, to decide whether he wants to continue with his witnesses today or adjourn until tomorrow morning at 9:30 a.m. It also appears, based on Merchan’s statements, that he expects a charging conference tomorrow and to have a draft jury charge for the parties to review Thursday.

C-SPAN representative can testify at 9:30 a.m. tomorrow

Rebecca Mangold, an assistant district attorney, told the court that a representative for C-SPAN will be available to testify at 9:30 a.m. tomorrow about the authenticity of the images purportedly showing Trump and Schiller together when Cohen called on Oct. 24, 2016.

Dershowitz and CNN legal analyst have an audible exchange in the courtroom

Alan Dershowitz, a prominent lawyer who defended Trump during his first impeachment, and Norm Eisen, a CNN legal analyst who worked for House Democrats during Trump's first impeachment, got into a very audible back-and-forth in the courtroom just now.

Dershowitz could be heard saying that he was not attending the trial for political reasons. Court security gently asked Dershowitz to return to his seat.

Dershowitz was seated in rows reserved for Trump.

District attorney's office only learned of C-SPAN photos over the weekend

The district attorney's office represents that they only learned about the C-SPAN photos over the weekend and therefore they are last-minute additions to their case against Trump.

Blanche does not dispute that Schiller and Trump were together on Oct. 24, 2016, but says it is “patently unfair” to allow the prosecution to present this evidence after the defense had already put on their case.

Judge Merchan raises the prospect of adjourning until 9:30 a.m. tomorrow in the event the C-SPAN witness can be present in court.

Merchan won't allow prosecutors to show C-SPAN images

The state wanted the chance to show stills from a C-SPAN video that purportedly shows that Trump and Schiller were together when Cohen called on Oct. 24, 2016. Merchan denied that request, however, sustaining the defense team's objection and ruling that "those videos cannot come in."

Trump's lawyer says defense has two witnesses waiting

Reporting from Manhattan criminal court

In the back-and-forth between lawyers, Trump's lawyer Blanche said the defense has two witnesses waiting to testify.

Trial takes lunch break

Reporting from the Manhattan criminal court

The trial has taken a break for lunch.

Prosecutor says DA's office has photo of Keith Schiller and Trump from 2016

With the jury excused for lunch, prosecutor Joshua Steinglass and Trump lawyer Todd Blanche are arguing about whether the jury should see a photograph of Keith Schiller and Trump taken on Oct. 24, 2016, at 7:57 p.m., which is a still from a C-SPAN video.

Blanche is extremely animated in arguing that the admission of the photograph would be hearsay, especially since the only relevance is the date and time. That makes it an out-of-court statement offered for the truth of the matter asserted, Blanche insists.

Steinglass noted that the C-SPAN witness testified to their method of capturing events. To the extent that Blanche is arguing the photo is not relevant, the photo shows Trump and Schiller walking off the stage together at 7:57 pm, raising the prospect that, as Cohen testified, he could easily have spoken to both of them.

Blanche denies disclaiming that Trump and Schiller were together that night.

Cohen testifies about using AI program to create cases

Hoffinger asked Cohen about an episode when he used an artificial intelligence program to fake cases that his attorney included in a filing requesting early termination of his supervised release.

Cohen, for the second time in his testimony, explained that he went on the AI platform Google Bard to research relevant cases. The platform gave him cases that appeared to be legitimate, so he sent them along to his lawyer to work into the filing.

"I ultimately sent it to my current lawyer and she noticed that these cases were not legit, they were create by an AI program, which wants to please the user," Cohen said in part. "It created these hypotheticals, and she immediately notified me they were wrong and we should notify the court, to which I said to her: Absolutely, please do."

Blanche, for his part, appeared incredulous as Cohen presented this episode as an inadvertent error. He looked at Cohen's current attorney, who is seated in the front row, and shook his head. Blanche had attempted to use the episode to show that Cohen was still lying.

(Including fake cases in a legal filing would be grounds for sanctions.)

Cohen says he never considered having Robert Costello as his attorney

The defense appeared to be trying to make a point by pressing Cohen to testify that he never signed a retainer agreement with Robert Costello but did speak at length with him. Those conversations would still have attorney-client privilege even though Cohen never hired him.

Prosecutor Susan Hoffinger is now asking Cohen about his waiver agreement with SDNY through which he waived any privilege with Costello.

In that waiver agreement, which Cohen signed in 2019, Cohen says “Costello sought to represent me in connection with the SDNY Investigation and presented me with a retainer agreement."

"I declined to sign the retainer agreement and informed him that I was already represented. . . . [A]t no time did I sign a retainer or otherwise agree to retain Costello, nor did I ever consider Costello … to be my attorney," Cohen continued.

Cohen says he pled guilty to campaign finance violation in connection with Stormy Daniels payment

Prosecutor Susan Hoffinger asked Cohen if the NDA with Stormy Daniels was legal and Cohen said it wasn't — undoing a point that Blanche had tried to hammer.

Asked if he pleaded guilty to a campaign finance violation in connection with paying off Stormy Daniels, Cohen said he did.

This is a point that the prosecution is like to also keep trying to hammer, pointing to that guilty plea as the underlying crime they say Trump was trying to hide when the business records were changed.

Trump lawyer did not question Cohen about 2017 Oval Office meeting, a key element in prosecution's case

Reporting from the Manhattan courtroom

Trump lawyer Todd Blanche finished questioning Cohen without asking about a meeting Cohen said happened in the Oval Office in early 2017.

Cohen said it was in this meeting that the reimbursement plan was confirmed — a key point for the state's case as it reaffirms the former president's knowledge of a scheme prosecutors say established the cover-up.

Cohen explains what Red Finch did for Trump

In response to prosecutor Susan Hoffinger asking Cohen what Red Finch did for Trump, Cohen said the technology company was asked to assist in a CNBC poll about the most famous businessmen in the last century.

Cohen said Trump’s name was on that list but was at the bottom, which upset him. Cohen said he reached out to Red Finch, which assured him that they were able, through various IP addresses, to make Trump rise in the poll.

Cohen testified that he told Trump, and that they spoke about what number he should be, so as long as he was in the top 10 he would go to the next round of the poll. Cohen said he advised the CEO of Red Finch to start acquiring IP addresses, and purchased more and more.

Ultimately, when the poll came to its conclusion, Cohen said Trump was No. 9 on the list.

Trump allies speak as protesters scream over them outside courthouse

A group of Trump surrogates spoke outside the courthouse while protesters screamed, drowning out certain allies' statements by yelling out words like "liar" and "traitor" and booing loudly.

South Carolina Attorney General Alan Wilson was the first to speak, telling the crowd that he was there because he chose to be, because "prosecution matters."

"I wanted this country to understand that prosecutors around the country are calling the sham trial exactly what it is: a sham trial," Wilson said.

"When I was the prosecutor in South Carolina, I was taught that a real prosecutor doesn't prosecute people. They prosecute conduct. What we're seeing today is the prosecution of a person because of who he is," the attorney general continued.

Kash Patel, a former U.S. National Security Council official, spoke next, saying that the real criminal is Cohen and Trump is merely a victim.

"I am honored to be here in support of Donald Trump. He has been victimized, we as a country are being victimized, by the unconstitutional weaponization of justice," Patel said.

Several other Trump allies, including Rep. Andrew Clyde, R-Ga., and state representatives from New York, Missouri and Georgia, also shared comments in support of Trump as the protestors' screams grew louder, calling out, "We don't care what you have to say!"

Prosecution attempts to restore Cohen's credibility at the start of redirect

Summer Concepcion

The prosecution’s redirect begins by attempting to restore Cohen’s credibility on the 2016 call he had with Trump and his ability to negotiate the hush money payment with Stormy Daniels.

“Were you too busy in October 2016 to get Trump’s approval on the Stormy Daniels payment?” prosecutor Susan Hoffinger asks.

“No, ma’am,” Cohen replies.

Cohen now under redirect examination

Susan Hoffinger, one of the prosecutors, has started her redirect examination of Cohen.

Blanche is done questioning Cohen

"I have no further questions," Blanche told Merchan.

Cohen says he has a financial interest in the case's outcome

Trump lawyer Todd Blanche asked Cohen, "Do you have a financial interest in the outcome of this case?"

"Yes, sir," Cohen said.

Asked again if Cohen will benefit financially from a conviction, Cohen said no, it's better if Trump is not found guilty because it "gives me more to talk about in the future."

Cohen says he's considering writing a third book, running for Congress

Cohen, responding to questions from Blanche, confirmed that he's thinking about writing a third book and launching a congressional bid.

In addressing Blanche's questions, Cohen said his name recognition would help in a hypothetical run for Congress. He pushed back on the suggestion that he would simply be coasting off his links to the former president, saying in part: "My name recognition is because of the journey I have been on and it is associated with Trump."

Blanche replied: "Your journey has included daily attacks on Trump?"

Cohen's answer: "My journey is to tell my story."

Alan Dershowitz and Bernie Kerik attend today's court session

Matthew Nighswander

Alan Dershowitz and Bernard Kerik listen as former President Donald Trump speaks to reporters

Law professor Alan Dershowitz, center left, and Bernard Kerik, a former New York city police commissioner, listen to Trump outside the courtroom today.

Trump does not have to show up for Wednesday hearing in classified documents case, judge says

U.S. District Judge Aileen Cannon, who is presiding over Trump’s classified documents case in Florida, has granted his request to not be required to attend a hearing in Florida on Wednesday.

Cannon said counsel for Trump must attend, but Trump himself does not.

Cannon this month indefinitely delayed the trial because of multiple pretrial issues that have yet to be resolved.

Trump lawyer presses Cohen on income and where it came from

Trump lawyer Todd Blanche asked Cohen a series of questions about how much he made in certain years and where it came from.

Asked how much he made in 2017, besides what Trump paid him, Cohen said about $4 million from consulting. He confirmed that he made another $420,000 from Trump.

Asked how much money he made in 2018, Cohen said about $4 million from the 2017 to 2018 period.

Cohen said that he's made about $4 million annually from books and podcasts, including $3.4 million from two books he wrote. He said he's not making a significant amount of money off of TikTok, and while he's not pitching a TV show about himself, someone else is exploring the idea.

Cohen says Trump Organization wasn't paying invoices from his lawyers

Cohen acknowledged he was still talking to Costello by June 23, 2018, and expressed a concern over “nonpayment” to his lawyers at McDermott Will & Emery, which had sent “significant invoices” to the Trump Organization but which were “not being paid in accordance with the invoices.”

Cohen says he expressed to Costello that the nonpayment was becoming an issue and asked that Costello have Giuliani pass that on to Trump. (In this line of questioning, Blanche is inadvertently calling attention to Trump's history of not paying people such as building contractors.)

Donald Trump, far left, watches as defense attorney Todd Blanche cross examines Michael Cohen on the witness stand with Judge Juan Merchan presiding in Manhattan criminal court, Monday, May 20, 2024, in New York.

Cohen details interactions with Robert Costello

After initially testifying that he talked to Robert Costello 10 or so times, Cohen said today that he actually spoke for more than nine hours total with Costello over the course of a few months and had 75 communications with him.

Blanche asked Cohen if he rememberd a call with Costello that lasted an hour and a half over Memorial Day weekend; Cohen testified that he does not remember the date, but that yes, he remembered some lengthy calls.

Asked who initiated more calls between them, Cohen said, “I believe Mr. Costello reached out more to me."

Cohen said he met with Costello once or twice.

What to know about Cohen friend Steve Croman

Blanche is asking Cohen about his conversations with multiple people cited in a 2018 Wall Street Journal article, including his family, New York Times reporter Maggie Haberman and his college friend Steve Croman.

Croman is a real estate landlord who has drawn harsh criticism for his alleged treatment of tenants. Earlier this year, New York Gov. Kathy Hochul announced that the state had reached a $514,000 settlement with Croman for allegedly defrauding renters.

Blanche trying to emphasize Cohen's history of denials

Blanche is asking Cohen about his conversations with multiple people after the Wall Street Journal article came out in 2018, including his family, New York Times reporter Maggie Haberman and his college friend, Steve Croman, as Croman was serving jail time.

Cohen told all of these people, at the time, that Trump knew nothing about the payment, and in some cases, even recorded himself talking to various reporters.

With his cross-examination this morning, Blanche is using Cohen's repeated denials to create doubt about the veracity of Cohen's testimony now.

Man who wanted to hire Cohen for work was later prosecuted by DOJ

Cohen testified that a man named Imaad Zuberi wanted to hire him and he declined. Zuberi was later prosecuted by the Justice Department for lobbying and campaign finance-related crimes .

Blanche suggests Trump was annoyed over Cohen's consulting gigs

Blanche is grilling Cohen over a string of consulting contracts he signed in 2017, including one with the telecoms giant AT&T. Cohen confirmed that Trump introduced him to the then-CEO of AT&T, but he conceded he never told the former president about these clients.

Cohen testified that, at some point, Trump asked about his fixer's consulting work. "He was frustrated you signed a deal with AT&T?" Blanche said.

The prosecution objected to the question. The judge sustained the objection.

Jurors are holding their heads in their hands

Reporting from inside the courtroom

The jury is having a tough time; jurors are rubbing their eyes, holding their head in hands and shifting in seats.

Cohen admits he did legal work with Mark Kasowitz, DA will have to address Cohen's hours of legal work for Trump

Cohen admitted that among the legal work he did in 2017 as personal attorney to Trump, he served as co-lead counsel with Mark Kasowitz in a litigation. That data point could elevate Cohen as a lawyer in jurors’ minds.

Cohen also previously testified that he spent fewer than 10 hours total in 2017 doing legal work for Trump. His active assistance with legal matters — including helping with serving subpoenas on the State Department — seems to contradict that testimony and is an area for potential clean-up by the DA’s office when prosecutor Susan Hoffinger is up again on redirect.

Blanche scores key concession from Cohen

Blanche elicits an admission from Cohen that while Trump’s job changed, his didn’t.

This was a good moment for the defense. Blanche will use this to back up a key defense theme: that Cohen did, in fact, function as Trump’s personal lawyer and was paid as such despite their never executing a retainer agreement, as had been the case historically.

Trump's eyes are closed, but his surrogates are watching closely

While Trump is at the defense table, his eyes are closed for the most part and his chin is jutting toward Cohen.

Trump's surrogates, which today includes several members of Congress and a state attorney general, are upright and watching the proceedings closely.

Law professor Alan Dershowitz is also in the courtroom, and can be seen resting his hand by his face while watching Blanche press Cohen on his specific recollection of events during the days after the release of the "Access Hollywood" tape, how he was repaid by Trump for the payment to Daniels, and his acknowledgement that he stole from the Trump Organization.

Trump’s senior aides, seating by his allies in the gallery, glance up from their cellphones on occasion.

Trump lawyer's 'gotcha' moment on Cohen appears to fall short

Trump lawyer Blanche showed Cohen an email from former Trump Organization chief financial officer Allen Weisselberg to Cohen in January 2017, around the time of Cohen’s admitted last day at the company. The email itself says: “Thank you. You never stopped on for a bro hug. Anyway please prepare the agreement we discussed so we can pay you monthly.”

In this exchange, Blanche is reminding Cohen that he previously testified that he and Weisselberg had an agreement there would never be any retainer agreement. Blanche seems to think this is a big “gotcha” moment, but it does not quite go over that way, at least in the overflow room.

Cohen acknowledges he stole from the Trump Organization

Trump lawyer Blanche pressed Cohen about the money paid to RedFinch not adding up to the total that the Trump Org. gave him to make the payment.

Blanche said to Cohen that he gave Red Finch $20,000 and he took $30,000. "You stole from the Trump Organization, right?"

"Yes, sir," Cohen testified, adding that he never paid the amount that he owed. He added that he discussed this with both federal and state prosecutors.

Cohen had previously testified that he received some immunity by testifying before the grand jury.

Cohen testifies about giving cash in brown paper bag to tech firm owner

Blanche pressed Cohen on the $20,000 he paid to the owner of RedFinch, a tech company that had done work for Trump. Blanche asked Cohen how he paid the firm, and the ex-fixer replied: "I went to TD Bank and took out cash over a couple of days, I just didn't want to take out $20,000."

Cohen could not recall the exact increments for the cash withdrawal. Blanche asked Cohen whether he had a "duffel bag of cash" for the RedFinch owner, and Cohen said no, it was "a brown paper bag."

"He came to the office and I gave him the cash," Cohen said.

Blanche gets animated as he presses Cohen

Blanche is quite worked up, suggesting that he thinks he is about to disprove that Cohen’s retainer was always a fiction.

Blanche asks Cohen about communications with reps for MLK relative

Cohen is being asked about pastor Darrell Scott, a Black community leader who continues to be an adviser to Trump.

Cohen separately acknowledged that on Oct. 26, 2016, he spoke multiple times with representatives for a relative of Martin Luther King Jr. who endorsed Trump.

All that was happening the week that Cohen was negotiating and finalizing the Stormy Daniels settlement.

Portions of testimony seem disjointed, but lawyers need them for closing arguments

There have been portions of testimony elicited by both the prosecution and the defense in this trial that feel disjointed and out of place at the time, but the lawyers need to get them into evidence to use during closing arguments.

The hope is that it all comes together in the end, but in the meantime, the jury is left to sit and wonder.

The jury seems to be less engaged

So far Cohen has been looking directly at Trump's lawyer, Todd Blanche, while testifying, not the jury.

Several of the jurors appear to be looking around the audience and watching the door to the courtroom as several people cycle in and out — appearing less than engaged in this stretch of the cross-examination.

The difficulty this morning will be that while these proceedings are important for the jury to understand due to the complex nature of this case, the line of questioning is at times very hard to follow.

Trump lawyer seeks to imply Cohen lied after preparations with Dan Goldman

Pressed by Trump lawyer Todd Blanche, Cohen acknowledged that he met with Rep. Dan Goldman, D-N.Y., in 2019, when Goldman was a congressional aide, to prepare for prior congressional testimony.

Cohen also admitted to lying during that testimony.

The implication is that even when prepped by a federal prosecutor-turned-congressman, Cohen lies.

Are we going to see more Blanche-on-Cohen fireworks today?

Blanche’s questioning of Cohen reached a crescendo last week as the defense lawyer forcefully grilled the ex-fixer about his history of false statements and other contested issues. It’ll be interesting to see whether Blanche can build back to that level of intensity today.

Cohen confirms he spoke to the press last week, but not about the trial

Cohen acknowledged speaking to reporters after Thursday’s court day ended, but says it was not about the case.

This year alone, Cohen says it’s possible he met with prosecutors more than 20 times, and closer to 20 than 12.

Michael Cohen is back on the stand

Trump's former fixer is expected to face more cross-examination from Trump defense attorney Todd Blanche.

We're on Day 4 of Cohen's testimony.

Michael Cohen, former personal lawyer to Donald Trump, leaves his apartment building on his way to Manhattan criminal court in New York on May 20, 2024.

Why are we talking about election law?

Some of you reading this might be wondering, “Why are we having this extensive conversation about an election law expert’s testimony?”

It’s because a felony falsification of business record charge requires not only that the prosecution prove Trump had an intent to defraud (through the false business records), but also had an intent to commit or conceal another crime, whether or not that crime is completed or even committed by him.

Prior to trial, Judge Merchan found that the District Attorney's office had alleged three underlying crimes that could be a part of their case at trial: violations of federal campaign finance law, state election law or state tax law.

At trial, however, the prosecution has made clear that their primary theory of the case is based on Trump’s intent to conceal his violation of New York Election Law 17-152, which prohibits conspiracies to promote the election of a particular person through “unlawful means” and where at least one act is taken toward that goal.

Here, the prosecution seems to be arguing that Trump, Pecker, Cohen et al. conspired to promote Trump’s election through the two unlawful campaign contributions that Cohen and AMI made. In other words, the unlawful means were campaign contributions in violation of federal law.

Judge nods at question of underlying crime

Lots of legal analysts and political pundits (who may or may not know much about the law) have opined about the prosecution's decision to charge Trump with a felony by relying on a part of the law that says documents were altered to cover up another crime.

Critics have said that the prosecution failed to show exactly what the underlying crime was. Prosecutors have alluded to two crimes that they could invoke, one being federal election law (that Cohen pleaded guilty to violating for the hush money payments) and the other being a New York state law.

Critics have said that New York prosecutors shouldn't be able to use federal law violations to prove another crime. And others have said that without even charging a New York state law violation, they have failed on that front.

But Merchan just made clear that it's not that cut and dry.

Merchan said that prosecutors aren't required to prove the underlying crime beyond a reasonable doubt — which could be a key distinction when he writes the jury instructions.

'Just relax': Judge appears to chastise Trump lawyer

Merchan was in the process of explaining his ruling on a particular piece of expert witness testimony when Trump lawyer Emil Bove tried to interject. Merchan quickly admonished Bove.

"Just relax," Merchan told Bove.

Judge discusses defense's application for testimony from a supposed expert on campaign finance

Judge Merchan said there was an application last week seeking testimony from Brad Smith, who the defense wanted to interpret certain phrases and definitions pertinent to federal election law.

They wanted him to opine on federal regulations, agency advisory opinions and decisions, and Supreme Court precedent.

Merchan had signaled last week that legal analysis and interpretation are usually off limits for an expert. Here, Merchan noted that if Smith is only going to testify to very basic legal concepts and frameworks, it is hard to see why he needs to rely on such materials.

One option, Merchan, noted would be to allow the prosecution to have its own expert on campaign finance law, which would provoke a battle of the experts.

Merchan said, however, that for similar reasons, Smith’s testimony was precluded by two federal courts, including Judge Lew Kaplan (the E. Jean Carroll judge) in the Sam Bankman-Fried matter.

Ultimately, Merchan said the best way forward is for both sides to submit proposed jury instructions. But Smith can discuss the function and role of the FEC and can explain general terms that have an official definition, such as expenditure or independent expenditure.

Merchan and lawyers discuss evidence defense wants to use in its cross examination of Cohen

Merchan, Trump lawyer Todd Blanche and prosecutor Susan Hoffinger are working through evidence that the defense wants to use today to cross-examine Michael Cohen and are going over whether the prosecution would have grounds for an objection.

The discussion is happening before jurors enter the courtroom. Merchan has consistently required that the lawyers not argue their objections before the jury, a move that keeps them from potentially hearing things that are allowed.

Merchan says summations set for after Memorial Day

Upon taking the stand, Merchan said it has “become apparent that we are not going to sum up tomorrow.”

Closing arguments will instead happen the Tuesday after Memorial Day, or May 28, Merchan said, to ensure there are not multiple days between summations and deliberations.

Trump maintains prosecutors have 'no case and they have no crime'

Before entering the courtroom, Trump complained that the trial is holding him back from campaigning, saying that sitting in a “very freezing cold courtroom” for the hush money trial for the last four weeks is “very unfair.”

“They have no case and they have no crime,” he said.

Trump then read aloud a series of quotes from legal experts who support his claims that the trial is a “witch hunt” and an attempt at election interference amid his presidential campaign.

The presumptive Republican presidential nominee also repeated accusations without evidence that Judge Juan Merchan is “totally conflicted” and that the Biden administration is behind his legal troubles in an effort to attack the president's political opponent.

Court begins for the day

The court has begun for the day.

Here's what you missed Thursday

The defense drew closer to the end of its cross-examination Michael Cohen, Trump’s former lawyer and fixer, on Day 18 of the former president’s hush money trial in New York City.

Trump lawyer Todd Blanche repeatedly asked Cohen about a 2016 phone call he had with Trump about the $130,000 hush money payment to adult film actor Stormy Daniels that Cohen had set up.

Blanche also sought to discredit Cohen when pressing him about what had happened around the time of his 2018 guilty plea on federal charges in connection to the payment to Daniels.

A group of Trump’s congressional allies also attended the trial expressing their solidarity and loyalty to the former president during the hush money trial, which they slammed as an election interference effort amid Trump’s required court attendance during his presidential campaign.

After seeking clarity from the defense and the prosecution about the timing of witness testimony before proceeding with closing arguments, Merchan told lawyers on both sides to be prepared to begin them on Tuesday.

Trump’s hush money trial makes big money for professional line-standers

Alex Seitz-Wald

Some moms get flowers for Mother’s Day; Paige Singh got to see Donald Trump on trial.

The Bay Area mom, in town from California to accompany her husband on business, snagged a spot on Tuesday for what has quickly become one of the hottest tickets in New York City, thanks to her husband and the professional line-stander he hired as a Mother’s Day gift to hold a spot for her in the queue outside the courthouse.

“My husband? He thinks it’s crazy,” she said. And her kids “just laugh.”

But for Singh, the hundreds of dollars she sent via Zelle to a stranger holding her place outside the Manhattan criminal courthouse was well worth the chance to see the former president of the United States on trial.

Read the full story here.

Here's who's joining Trump in court today

Trump just arrived at the courthouse. He will be joined today by a number of allies:

South Carolina Attorney General Alan Wilson
Rep. Eric Burlison, R-Mo.
Rep. Andrew Clyde, R-Ohio.
Rep. Mary Miller, R-Ill.
Rep. Keith Self, R-Texas.
John Coale of the America First Policy Institute, senior adviser for Center for Litigation
Alan Dershowitz
Will Scharf, Missouri attorney general candidate
Steve Witkoff, NYC real estate exec; friend of Trump's since 1986; testified in civil fraud trial as an “expert"
Bernie Kerik, former NYC police commissioner; Trump ally; advised Rudy Giuliani after the 2020 election
Kash Patel, Trump ally; was elevated to chief of staff to Acting Secretary of Defense Christopher Miller in Nov. 2020 after the election following Trump’s firing of Defense Secretary Mark Esper
Vernon Jones, former Georgia state legislator; Trump ally; tried to run for governor of Georgia and then for Congress
Jerry Kassar, chair of the New York State Conservative Party
Chuck Zito, actor; former president of the NY chapter of the Hells Angels

Court is beginning earlier than usual

Judge Juan Merchan is ordering everyone to be in their seats by 8:45 A.M.

What to expect today in the Trump trial: Michael Cohen back on the stand

Dareh Gregorian

Michael Cohen will take the stand today for his third day of cross examination by Trump's attorneys. It could be the final day of testimony in Trump's first criminal trial.

Just as it did last Thursday, Todd Blanche's cross-examination of Cohen could get tense. At one point, Blanche, Trump's attorney, even barked, "That's a lie!" at Cohen, the prosecution's star witness.

One question still looming over the proceedings is whether Trump will take the stand in his own defense. On Thursday, the most recent trial day, Blanche told the judge that he didn't yet know whether Trump would take the stand.

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You may need 10 or even 15 minutes for a good essay plan, leaving you with about 45 minutes to write up the essay. Ideally, you should allow a few minutes to check what you have written, too. An exam plan should be clear about the priorities should you run out of time. For example, spending 15 minutes on the introduction will waste time better ...
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Latest news and updates in the hush money case as the prosecution rests after Michael Cohen's testimony and the judge reprimands defense witness Robert Costello.

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The advantages and disadvantages of an online examination system

The advantages of an online examination system

1. Environment-friendly

2. Technologically advanced

3. Economical

4. Quick turnaround time

5. Highly secure

6. Easy-to-use

7. Auto grading

The disadvantages of an online examination system

1. Challenges in technology adoption

2. Infrastructural barriers

3. Difficulty in grading long answer-type

4. Susceptible to cheating

5. Transitioning to open-book exams

How Mercer | Mettl can help?

1. What are the disadvantages of an online examination?

2. What is the advantage of online assessments?

Vaishali Parnami

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