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Creative Problem-Solving In The Face Of Extreme Limits: Navi Radjou (Transcript)

• March 8, 2024 12:26 am March 8, 2024 12:26 am
• by Pangambam S

Here is the full transcript of Navi Radjou’s talk titled “Creative Problem-Solving In The Face Of Extreme Limits” at TED conference.

Listen to the audio version here:

TRANSCRIPT:

When you grow up in a developing country like India, as I did, you instantly learn to get more value from limited resources and find creative ways to reuse what you already have. Take Mansukh Prajapati , a potter in India. He has created a fridge made entirely of clay that consumes no electricity. He can keep fruits and vegetables fresh for many days. That’s a cool invention, literally.

Resourcefulness Across Continents

In Africa, if you run out of your cell phone battery, don’t panic. You will find some resourceful entrepreneurs who can recharge your cell phone using bicycles. And since we are in South America, let’s go to Lima in Peru, a region with high humidity that receives only one inch of rainfall each year. An engineering college in Lima designed a giant advertising billboard that absorbs air humidity and converts it into purified water, generating over 90 liters of water every day. The Peruvians are amazing. They can literally create water out of thin air.

For the past seven years, I have met and studied hundreds of entrepreneurs in India, China, Africa, and South America, and they keep amazing me. Many of them did not go to school. They don’t invent stuff in big R&D labs. The street is the lab. Why do they do that? Because they don’t have the kind of basic resources we take for granted, like capital and energy, and basic services like healthcare and education are also scarce in those regions.

The Essence of Jugaad

When external resources are scarce, you have to go within yourself to tap the most abundant resource, human ingenuity, and use that ingenuity to find clever ways to solve problems with limited resources. In India, we call it Jugaad . Jugaad is a Hindi word that means an improvised fix, a clever solution born in adversity. Jugaad solutions are not sophisticated or perfect, but they create more value at lower cost.

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• Blog , Ted Talk of the Week

Ted Talk of the Week – Navi Radjou: Creative problem-solving in the face of extreme limits

• January 29, 2015

Navi Radjou has spent years studying “jugaad,” also known as frugal innovation. Pioneered by entrepreneurs in emerging markets who figured out how to get spectacular value from limited resources, the practice has now caught on globally. Peppering his talk with a wealth of examples of human ingenuity at work, Radjou also shares three principles for how we can all do more with less.

http://www.ted.com/talks/navi_radjou_creative_problem_solving_in_the_face_of_extreme_limits

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TEDx: Not finding a great idea, but solving the right problem

by Roger Firestien | Apr 26, 2021 | Print + Podcasts | 0 comments

I’ve led over 1,000 Creative Problem Solving sessions over my 40-year career, and only once did what we originally think was the problem actually end up being the one that needed solving.

Some questions that we encounter in life only have one right answer: What’s the capital of Poland? Warsaw. What’s 2 + 2? Four. But in reality, we’ll all have to deal with problems that are more complex than that. That’s when it’s crucial to challenge our initial impression of what we think the problem is.

The first step of the Creative Problem Solving process is to clarify the problem, and that’s what I focus on in my TEDx Talk. Two keys to accomplishing this step are to ask creative questions and ask “What’s stopping me?”

“The language we use to describe a problem is going to dictate the kinds of ideas we generate.”

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In Forbes.com: 5 Keys To Solving The Right Problems In Your Business

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Trustworthy, creative problem-solving in the face of extreme limits, navi radjou [ted].

To read this summary in Myanmar language, click here

Sharing from his experiences of growing up in India, Navi Radjou explains that he instinctively learned “how to get more value from limited resources.”

Radjou is a Fellow at Judge Business School at the University of Cambridge and a member of the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on Design Innovation. Additionally, Radjou is a columnist for Harvard Business Review and wrote a best-selling book, Jugaad Innovation, advocating “the ability to create something of economically higher value from fewer resources.”

In this TED Talk, “ Creative problem-solving in the face of extreme limits ,” Radjou shares breakthrough innovations developed in India, China, Africa, and Latin America – ranging from refrigerators made of clay, bicycle-powered phone chargers, and a large billboard that generates purified water from the humid air in Lima, Peru.

Radjou surveyed hundreds of entrepreneurs in these regions and shares that many lack access to education or high quality labs. The streets are their laboratories, Radjou says, because “when external resources are scarce, you have to go within yourself to tap the most abundant resource: human ingenuity.” Radjou calls this “frugal innovation.”

Radjou further points out companies in emerging markets that use frugal innovation at larger scale to meet societal needs such as little to no access to healthcare. For example, Radjou refers to a Chinese IT company that has developed a tele-health solution to virtually connect rural villages to Chinese doctors in cities.

While frugal innovation began in other parts of the world out of necessity, companies in the West are now adopting the model to meet consumers’ needs. Grameen Danone Foods, a joint venture between Mohammed Yunus’ Grameen Bank and Danone yogurt company, is actively employing frugal innovation. One Danone yogurt factory in Bangladesh is 10% the size of traditional factories and relies heavily on employing local, manual labor rather than automated processes.

“(T)his model combines economic efficiency and social sustainability,” shares Radjou, and “they’re planning to roll this out in other parts of the world.”

Frugal innovation provides both ‘low-tech’ and ‘high-tech’ solutions that are “more affordable and more accessible to more people.” Radjou gives another example of Chinese research and development engineers who designed a medical CT scanner that is “easy enough to be used by less qualified healthcare workers like nurses and technicians.” This scanner can “scan more patients on a daily basis while consuming less energy,” reducing the cost of treatment by 30% and radiation dosage by up to 60%. These scanners were originally designed for the Chinese market, but they are now in high demand for American and European hospitals.

Radjou recommends that more companies from developed and developing countries collaborate to develop life-changing, frugal solutions that benefit humanity.

He shares three principles of frugal innovation that should inspire companies to do more with less:

• “Keep it simple.” Don’t create something fancy to impress customers. Create something easy to use and widely accessible.
• “Do not reinvent the wheel.” Focus on creating new solutions.
• “Think and act horizontally.” Typically, companies scale up vertically and centralize operations within large factories and warehouses. In order to reach a diverse customer base and remain agile, Radjou recommends scaling out “horizontally by using a distributed supply chain with smaller manufacturing distribution units.”

Radjou urges the global society to “harness the collective ingenuity of innovators from around the world to co-create frugal solutions that will improve the quality of life for everyone…while preserving our precious planet.”

To watch the full video, click here.

### About DeBoer Fellowship The DeBoer Fellowship develops change leaders across all sectors of Myanmar society. Through a multi-year training class and additional public programs, the DeBoer Fellowship serves Myanmar by helping to grow competent, compassionate, and ethical leaders. For more information about DeBoer Fellowship or to apply for the Fellowship, please visit: www.deboerfellowship.org .

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What Is Creative Problem-Solving & Why Is It Important?

• 01 Feb 2022

One of the biggest hindrances to innovation is complacency—it can be more comfortable to do what you know than venture into the unknown. Business leaders can overcome this barrier by mobilizing creative team members and providing space to innovate.

There are several tools you can use to encourage creativity in the workplace. Creative problem-solving is one of them, which facilitates the development of innovative solutions to difficult problems.

Here’s an overview of creative problem-solving and why it’s important in business.

Access your free e-book today.

What Is Creative Problem-Solving?

Research is necessary when solving a problem. But there are situations where a problem’s specific cause is difficult to pinpoint. This can occur when there’s not enough time to narrow down the problem’s source or there are differing opinions about its root cause.

In such cases, you can use creative problem-solving , which allows you to explore potential solutions regardless of whether a problem has been defined.

Creative problem-solving is less structured than other innovation processes and encourages exploring open-ended solutions. It also focuses on developing new perspectives and fostering creativity in the workplace . Its benefits include:

• Finding creative solutions to complex problems : User research can insufficiently illustrate a situation’s complexity. While other innovation processes rely on this information, creative problem-solving can yield solutions without it.
• Adapting to change : Business is constantly changing, and business leaders need to adapt. Creative problem-solving helps overcome unforeseen challenges and find solutions to unconventional problems.
• Fueling innovation and growth : In addition to solutions, creative problem-solving can spark innovative ideas that drive company growth. These ideas can lead to new product lines, services, or a modified operations structure that improves efficiency.

Creative problem-solving is traditionally based on the following key principles :

1. Balance Divergent and Convergent Thinking

Creative problem-solving uses two primary tools to find solutions: divergence and convergence. Divergence generates ideas in response to a problem, while convergence narrows them down to a shortlist. It balances these two practices and turns ideas into concrete solutions.

2. Reframe Problems as Questions

By framing problems as questions, you shift from focusing on obstacles to solutions. This provides the freedom to brainstorm potential ideas.

3. Defer Judgment of Ideas

When brainstorming, it can be natural to reject or accept ideas right away. Yet, immediate judgments interfere with the idea generation process. Even ideas that seem implausible can turn into outstanding innovations upon further exploration and development.

4. Focus on "Yes, And" Instead of "No, But"

Using negative words like "no" discourages creative thinking. Instead, use positive language to build and maintain an environment that fosters the development of creative and innovative ideas.

Creative Problem-Solving and Design Thinking

Whereas creative problem-solving facilitates developing innovative ideas through a less structured workflow, design thinking takes a far more organized approach.

Design thinking is a human-centered, solutions-based process that fosters the ideation and development of solutions. In the online course Design Thinking and Innovation , Harvard Business School Dean Srikant Datar leverages a four-phase framework to explain design thinking.

The four stages are:

• Clarify: The clarification stage allows you to empathize with the user and identify problems. Observations and insights are informed by thorough research. Findings are then reframed as problem statements or questions.
• Ideate: Ideation is the process of coming up with innovative ideas. The divergence of ideas involved with creative problem-solving is a major focus.
• Develop: In the development stage, ideas evolve into experiments and tests. Ideas converge and are explored through prototyping and open critique.
• Implement: Implementation involves continuing to test and experiment to refine the solution and encourage its adoption.

Creative problem-solving primarily operates in the ideate phase of design thinking but can be applied to others. This is because design thinking is an iterative process that moves between the stages as ideas are generated and pursued. This is normal and encouraged, as innovation requires exploring multiple ideas.

Creative Problem-Solving Tools

While there are many useful tools in the creative problem-solving process, here are three you should know:

Creating a Problem Story

One way to innovate is by creating a story about a problem to understand how it affects users and what solutions best fit their needs. Here are the steps you need to take to use this tool properly.

1. Identify a UDP

Create a problem story to identify the undesired phenomena (UDP). For example, consider a company that produces printers that overheat. In this case, the UDP is "our printers overheat."

2. Move Forward in Time

To move forward in time, ask: “Why is this a problem?” For example, minor damage could be one result of the machines overheating. In more extreme cases, printers may catch fire. Don't be afraid to create multiple problem stories if you think of more than one UDP.

3. Move Backward in Time

To move backward in time, ask: “What caused this UDP?” If you can't identify the root problem, think about what typically causes the UDP to occur. For the overheating printers, overuse could be a cause.

Following the three-step framework above helps illustrate a clear problem story:

• The printer is overused.
• The printer overheats.
• The printer breaks down.

You can extend the problem story in either direction if you think of additional cause-and-effect relationships.

4. Break the Chains

By this point, you’ll have multiple UDP storylines. Take two that are similar and focus on breaking the chains connecting them. This can be accomplished through inversion or neutralization.

• Inversion: Inversion changes the relationship between two UDPs so the cause is the same but the effect is the opposite. For example, if the UDP is "the more X happens, the more likely Y is to happen," inversion changes the equation to "the more X happens, the less likely Y is to happen." Using the printer example, inversion would consider: "What if the more a printer is used, the less likely it’s going to overheat?" Innovation requires an open mind. Just because a solution initially seems unlikely doesn't mean it can't be pursued further or spark additional ideas.
• Neutralization: Neutralization completely eliminates the cause-and-effect relationship between X and Y. This changes the above equation to "the more or less X happens has no effect on Y." In the case of the printers, neutralization would rephrase the relationship to "the more or less a printer is used has no effect on whether it overheats."

Even if creating a problem story doesn't provide a solution, it can offer useful context to users’ problems and additional ideas to be explored. Given that divergence is one of the fundamental practices of creative problem-solving, it’s a good idea to incorporate it into each tool you use.

Brainstorming

Brainstorming is a tool that can be highly effective when guided by the iterative qualities of the design thinking process. It involves openly discussing and debating ideas and topics in a group setting. This facilitates idea generation and exploration as different team members consider the same concept from multiple perspectives.

Hosting brainstorming sessions can result in problems, such as groupthink or social loafing. To combat this, leverage a three-step brainstorming method involving divergence and convergence :

• Have each group member come up with as many ideas as possible and write them down to ensure the brainstorming session is productive.
• Continue the divergence of ideas by collectively sharing and exploring each idea as a group. The goal is to create a setting where new ideas are inspired by open discussion.
• Begin the convergence of ideas by narrowing them down to a few explorable options. There’s no "right number of ideas." Don't be afraid to consider exploring all of them, as long as you have the resources to do so.

Alternate Worlds

The alternate worlds tool is an empathetic approach to creative problem-solving. It encourages you to consider how someone in another world would approach your situation.

For example, if you’re concerned that the printers you produce overheat and catch fire, consider how a different industry would approach the problem. How would an automotive expert solve it? How would a firefighter?

Be creative as you consider and research alternate worlds. The purpose is not to nail down a solution right away but to continue the ideation process through diverging and exploring ideas.

Continue Developing Your Skills

Whether you’re an entrepreneur, marketer, or business leader, learning the ropes of design thinking can be an effective way to build your skills and foster creativity and innovation in any setting.

If you're ready to develop your design thinking and creative problem-solving skills, explore Design Thinking and Innovation , one of our online entrepreneurship and innovation courses. If you aren't sure which course is the right fit, download our free course flowchart to determine which best aligns with your goals.

About the Author

Curiosity breeds intentionality

• Nov 23, 2021

Leading with Intrinsic Motivators, a Ted Talk by Dan Pink

Updated: Jan 6

Dan Pink, from his Ted Talk :

Traditional management techniques are great for COMPLIANCE. If you want engagement, self-direction works better. Focus on autonomy, mastery, and purpose instead.

For those that lead others, Dan Pink provides a concise summary of how to enable better creative problem solving by enabling intrinsic motivation, as opposed to the traditional focus on extrinsic (external) rewards. Here's a summary of his Ted Talk key takeaways. I highly recommend the 18 minute watch linked at the end of the article.

Laws of Motivational Science

There's a mismatch of what Science knows and what business does . The laws:

Standard 20th century motivations work, but only in a narrow band of circumstances

"If then rewards" often destroy creativity

Secret to high performance isn't rewards and punishment, but that unseen intrinsic drive to do things for their own sake (autonomy, mastery) and because they matter (purpose)

The Candle Problem

In the talk, Dan explains the difference between simple and creative problem solving in the framing of psychologist Karl Duncker's Candle Problem experiment.

The Scientific Proof

In case you need the scientific proof from multiple studies, Dan supplies some of that too. An excerpt from the Ariely study:

As long as the task involved only mechanical skill, bonuses worked they would be expected: the higher the pay, the better the performance. But once the task called for "even rudimentary cognitive skill," a larger reward "led to poorer performance.†

Continued Learning

A great resource to diver deeper into the full intrinsic motivational stack to achieve things you thought were impossible is Steven Kotler's The Art of Impossible .

† D. ARIELY, U. GNEEZY, G. LOWENSTEIN, & N. MAZAR, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Working Paper No. 05-11, July 2005, Ny Times, 20 Nov. 08

TED 558 Teaching Creative Problem Solving Section: 601

Course description.

Provides teachers with the opportunity to study the research associated with creativity and apply these theories to implement a creative problem solving program.

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Problem Solving and Decision Making

Equip yourself with effective work-related problems solving skills.

• Duration 2 days
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Course Info

In any organisation, everyone encounters problems and faces critical decisions. This course aims to familiarise the participants with the necessary skills, motivation, tools and techniques in systematically solving day-to-day problems at the workplace. By attending this course, the participants will equip themselves with effective strategies in identifying, analysing and solving work related problems situations. Participants in teams will undertake a real-life work related problem solving simulation during the training session

What Will I Learn From This Course?

Enhance their ability to think critically when dealing with work related problems, understand the systematic framework for identifying, analysing and solving work related problems, analyse problems, apply analytical reasoning and derive at conclusions when finding root causes, propose effective solutions and plan alternative implementation plans, target audience.

Selected participants of maximum 20 persons

Methodology

A highly interactive and a case-study oriented methodology will be utilized. Consists of seminars, group discussions, video presentations, mini case discussions, individual and group “hands-on” exercises, as well as plenty of self-reflection sessions.

Course Outline for This Programme

Module: critical thinking dynamics.

• Why think critically?
• Critical thinking components
• Applications of critical thinking
• Brain dominance assessment

Module: Problem Solving & Critical Thinking

• Critical thinking in problem solving
• Pitfalls in problem solving efforts
• Reactive vs proactive approaches
• Types of problems

Module: Problem Solving Process

• The PDCA cycle
• The 5-Step PSDM framework
• The Team-oriented problem solving
• Problem solving competencies

Module: The 5-Step PSDM Approach

• Problem definition
• Root cause analysis
• Determining solutions
• Implementing the action plans • Preventing recurrence

Module: Problem Solving Tools

• IS and IS-NOT analysis
• Fishbone diagram
• Elimination process
• Why-why analysis
• Pareto chart
• Scatter diagram

Module: Decision Making Fundamentals

• Decision making dyanmics
• Identify the decision
• Gather information
• Identify alternatives
• Weigh the evidence
• Choose among alternatives
• Take action
• Review the decision

Module: Decision Making Tools

• Force Field analysis
• Decision matrix

Module: Decision Making Simulation

• Application of the 7 steps
• Presentations
• Review and reflections

Nagappan is an enthusiastic and dynamic trainer, consultant, author and motivation speaker. He has trained an extensive number of business and technical professionals, lecturers, students, and parents on a variety of areas. His personal mission is to train, educate, motivate and empower individuals, teams and organizations in achieving excellence. Nagappan’s areas of training specialty includes a wide spectrum of soft skills. He is the author of the book “The Negotiating Edge: Strategies to create a win-win outcome.”

He has more than 18 years of hands-on experience in education and training, in most of which have been spent on “people development”. He had served as the Group Training Manager for several well-diversified public-listed manufacturing and service companies in Malaysia, where his focus were on personal, professional and organizational development training. Besides that, he has also held the position of Director of Studies for a leading IT educational institution in Malaysia.

Nagappan had obtained his Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Management and Information Technology from the United States (USA) and a MBA from Charles Sturt University (Australia). In addition, he had also undergone a practitioner certification training in NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming), a modern communication psychology certification, in Australia. He actively uses the concepts of NLP (Neuro Linguistic Programming) and ALP (Accelerated Learning Principles) in all training programs that he conducts to enhance the learning outcomes and effectiveness among the participants.

A Certified NLP Practitioner with the IANLP (International Association of NLP, Australia), Nagappan conducts various training programs on personal, professional and organizational development throughout the Malaysia. He has conducted an extensive number in-house programs and public seminars in Malaysia.

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