sample thesis of grade 12 student

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base

Methodology

• How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

• Search for relevant literature
• Evaluate sources
• Identify themes, debates, and gaps
• Outline the structure
• Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes

Table of contents

What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

• Quick Run-through
• Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

• Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
• Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
• Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
• Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
• Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

• Academic style
• Vague sentences
• Style consistency

See an example

Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

• Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
• Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
• Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
• Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

• Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
• Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
• Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

• Your university’s library catalogue
• Google Scholar
• Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
• Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
• EconLit (economics)
• Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

• What question or problem is the author addressing?
• What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
• What are the key theories, models, and methods?
• Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
• What are the results and conclusions of the study?
• How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

• Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
• Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
• Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
• Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
• Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

• Most research has focused on young women.
• There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
• But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

• Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
• Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
• Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

• Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
• Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
• Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
• Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

Open Google Slides Download PowerPoint

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

• To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
• To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
• To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
• To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
• To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other  academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An  annotated bibliography is a list of  source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a  paper .  

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, September 11). How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved June 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/

Is this article helpful?

Shona McCombes

Other students also liked, what is a theoretical framework | guide to organizing, what is a research methodology | steps & tips, how to write a research proposal | examples & templates, "i thought ai proofreading was useless but..".

I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Effects of Parenting Styles on the Academic Performance of Grade 12 Students

Related Papers

International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences

Esben Strodl

Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied …

International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews

Shail Dhaka

The present research aimed to study family environment and academic achievement of boys and girls studying in government and private senior secondary school. The study was carried out on a sample of 100 senior secondary students of district Baghpat in Uttar Pradesh drawn through Stratified Random Sampling Technique. Family Environment Scale (FES) constructed by Dr. Arun kumar and Sundeep Kumar Shrivastava (2016) was used for the collection of data. The findings revealed that there exists no significant difference between boys and girls on their family environment and academic achievement but there exists significant difference between government and private school students on their family environment and academic achievement. It was also revealed that positive correlation exists between family environment and academic achievement among senior secondary school students. It is found that more favourable the family environment, highly the academic achievement.

International Res Jour Managt Socio Human

Family, being the first and major organization of socialization has great influence on the development of a child. Studies have shown that most of the children who are successful or great achievers and well-adjusted come from the families where satisfying healthy relationships exist. Studies have further suggested that a good, supportive environment at home, school and neighbourhood could enhance child's scholastic achievement. This paper presents a study based on a sample of 200 students drawn from different schools of Shimla. The study was planned to evaluate the effect of family environment on the academic performance of High school children. A family environment scale evolved by Moos & Moos was used to assess the quality of family environment. The academic performance was determined with the help of report cards of the students besides other performance records taken from the schools.

Dr Sana Fayyaz

The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of parenting style on adult's academic achievements to explore the relationships of different parenting style on adult academic achievements. The sample was 80. The age range was from 17 years to 22. There was an inclusion criterion regarding the education and level of the university students. The sample was taken from the student of the BS from the Islamia University of Bahawalpur. The student was provided Urdu version scale for their parents; the result finding is that, authoritative parenting style has more effect on student academic achievement as compared to other two authoritarian and permissive parenting styles. The student academic achievements positively correlated with the father parenting style. The students' academic achievements also correlated with mother parenting style but not so strongly, as with father's parenting style. Whereas, the correlation of academic achievements and parenting is highly positive.

Journal of Psychology and Instruction

Indah Desira Swandi

This study aims to determine the role of adversity quotient and authoritative parenting on college students academic achievement. Subjects in this quantitative study were specifically college students in Denpasar, the biggest city in Bali which amounted to 106 people who were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Instruments used were Adversity Quotient Scale, Authoritative Parenting Scale and students GPA. The results of multiple linear regression test showed a significance value of 0.000 (p <0.05) and an R value of 0.832 with a coefficient of determination (R Square) of 0.692, which means that Adversity Quotient and authoritative parenting style together play a role of 69, 2% towards academic achievement. The higher the level of Adversity Quotient and authoritative parenting, the higher the academic achievement of college students

Multidisciplinary Research Journal of European Academic Research

Sanjaya Das

Abstract: Attributed to biological and hormonal changes, adolescence ensures psychosocial, behavioural, and sexual maturation. Adolescents’ performance in academics specifically during preparation for senior secondary examination and competitive examinations is attributed to a significant number of factors that often jeopardize children, adolescents and youths world over. During this phase of life, students are in double bind—being challenged by variety of mental and physiological changes; and being pressurized by substantial amount of academic (disproportionate) loads/burdens due to preparation for senior secondary school examination and competitive examinations. Based on available researches conducted earlier ( being cited later part of the article), it may be concluded that academic stress, anxiety disorder, suicidal ideation and planning, parenting style/pattern, lack of mother-child (healthy) interactions are commonly and frequently studied variables in relation to adolescents depressive disorder by researchers in India and abroad. Interestingly, reviewed literature (from 2001 through 2014) fails to reveal any systematic attempt in which depressive behavior is examined through academic performance across parenting styles/patterns of adolescents who are preparing for competitive examinations. Though academic stress as one of the most frequently studied variables, without analyzing and examining academic load of competitive and regular examinations, it seldom possible to predict any sort of kinship between depression and academic stress— since preparation for senior secondary examination seeks subjective orientations on every concept of each subject undertaken for the studies; and competitive examinations, by and large demand objective orientations of some common subjects (aligned with school curricula) along with some extra papers (these are either subjects or courses/combination of subjects). Drawing experiences from literature (studies that are being cited later part of the article), researchers hypothesize “a significant kinship exists between parenting pattern and depressive disorders of adolescents who are taking up regular and competitive examinations”; which was verified through a study on 300 adolescents of Pathankot city of Punjab. Being designed with descriptive survey method, data were collected with the help of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II;1996) and Parenting Pattern Scale (Bharadwaj et.al.;1995); and collected data were further analyzed with the support of Pearson’s Coefficients of Correlation. The study being documented by Lovely Professional University mentions prevalence of severe and moderate level of depressive disorder demonstrated by 10% and 30% of adolescents respectively. The result of the study established low negative relationship between parenting pattern and depression; and it is implicit that better parenting pattern, lesser is the depressive experiences, and poor parenting pattern leads to depression. Keeping association between parenting pattern/style and depressive disorder, the study recommended that parenting through family life education could help parents in nurturing mental health of adolescents during preparation for competitive examinations. Depressive disorder is pervasive and has become a critical challenge since adolescents and young adults (youth) population is projected to be highest by 2016-20, therefore scholars of this article advocated certain strategies that are believed to be having healing effects and it is concluded that unless policies are well practiced, not only depressive disorders but also other forms of mental disorders will continue to have their ill-effects on our society by raising individuals that cause national wastage, in terms of not being able to produce and seeking support and welfare measures that put unwanted burden on public funds and governance. Key words: Parenting pattern, depression, academic performance, and competitive examinations.

IAEME Publication

This work investigates the academic stress and mental health of Indian high school students and the associations between various psychosocial factors and academic stress. A total of190 students from grades 11 and 12 (mean age: 16.72 years) from three government-aided and three private schools in Chennai India were surveyed in the study. Data collection involved using a specially designed structured questionnaire as well as the General Health Questionnaire. The students reported stress due to academic pressure-with no significant differences across gender, age, grade, and several other personal factors. The degree of parental pressure experienced differed significantly across the educational levels of the parents, mother's occupation, number of private tutors, and academic performance. In particular, children of fathers possessing a lower education level (non-graduates) were found to be more likely to perceive pressure for better academic performance. Academic stress was positively correlated with parental pressure and psychiatric problems, while examination-related anxiety also was positively related to psychiatric problems. Academic stress is a serious issue which affects nearly two thirds of senior high school students in Chennai. Potential methods for combating the challenges of academic pressure are suggested.

Dr Yashpal D Netragaonkar

The purpose of the study was to understand the extent of relationship between academic achiev ement and family climate of adolescents. Present study was conducted on a random sample of 767 adolescents (460 female and 307 male) studying in 10+1 class in Govt. /Private Senior Secondary Schools of Punjab. There is positive significant correlation betw een family climate and academic achievement of adolescents. Thus highly satisfactory the family climate, higher is the academic achievement of adolescents. Significant difference exists in the academic achievement of adolescent due to highly satisfactory f amily climate and highly dissatisfactory family climate. It is also found that academic achievement of adolescent living in highly satisfactory family climate is higher as compared to their counterparts living in highly dissatisfactory family climate. Henc e on the bas is of these results hypothesis that there will be significant difference in the academic achievement of adolescent belonging to highly satisfactory family climate and highly dissatisfactory family climate is retained. As per the results of the present study significant difference is obtained in the academic achievement of male adolescents due to highly satisfactory family climate and highly dissatisfactory family climate. Significant difference exists in academic achievement of female adolescent s due to highly satisfactory family climate and highly dissatisfactory family climate.

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

https://ijshr.com/IJSHR_Vol.6_Issue.4_Oct2021/IJSHR-Abstract.051.html

International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (IJSHR)

Journal of Sociological Research

DR. QAISER SULEMAN

Rajesh Kumar

Frontiers in Psychology

SMART M O V E S J O U R N A L IJELLH

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

Home > ETD > Science Education > ETDM_SCIED

Science Education Master's Theses

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Assessment of students' mathematical ideas in decoding-representing-processing-implementing problem-solving process , John Lemer G. Bravo

The effects of strategic intervention material with Edpuzzle-hosted Video Lesson (EdSIM) as a remediation tool for Grade 9 students in solving problems involving triangle similarity and right triangles , Kim Gabrielle Marin Del Puerto

Analyzing the cognitive academic mathematical communication in an online distance learning for grade 11 , Mary Joyce N. Italia

Ethnomathematical practices in tahiti farming: Integration for a localized and authentic mathematics curriculum , Wrendell Coralde Juntilla

Promoting classroom dialogue through the use of teacher scheme for educational dialogue analysis (T-SEDA) , Aubrey D. Macaspac

Characterizing stem students’ engagement in model-making through the lens of Epistemologies in Practice (EIP) , Shermaine Baylon Pingol

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Problem-posing as an instructional strategy to improve engagement in a flexible learning environment , Randy Apolinario

Virtual simulation and home-based manipulatives: Improving the practice of physics teaching , Anna Carmela B. Bonifacio

The effects of bar model in the students' performance in solving word problems involving fractions , Jireh Anne G. Cancio

Design and implementation of performance-based assessment with metacognitive prompts in mathematics , Pamela Mae Y. Cerrado

Using metacognitive e-modules on cell cycle: Exploring students' conception and self-efficacy , Joyce Ann R. Dacumos

Historical vignettes: An approach to bring back students interest in science , Kristine Joyce G. dela Cruz

The use of model method in the improvement of students' performance in solving problems involving linear equations , Carlos R. Doria

Enhancing student learning in cell cycle using interactive and reflexive E-modules , Ana Marie A. Dungca

Students’ practical flexibility and potential flexibility in performing operations involving fractions , Joy Camille M. Faustino

Supplementing printed modular distance learning with teacher-made video-based learning materials in algebra , Richelle Ann C. Mangulabnan

Implementation of collaborative learning in an online mathematics class , Romyna Fortuna G. Mapile

Investigating students' proving process in geometry through the commognitive theory , Shawn Dale C. Mendoza

Efficacy of differentiated instruction on photosynthesis and cellular respiration using google classroom , Monique Soriano Molina

Enhancing the teaching of astronomy by integrating online interactive historical video vignettes , Sherwin D. Movilla

Enhancing students' conceptual understanding and engagement in learning genetics through mobile-friendly interactive multimedia learning module , Areeya Amor Dequillo Ongoco

Empowering feedback through communication channels to strengthen conceptual learning during modular distance learning , Nathalie Gaile R. Pantoja

Students' conceptual and procedural understanding of conic sections through online guided discovery learning , Rejean Mosuela Papa

A proposed environmental management model of Chemistry laboratory: From procedure awareness and laboratory practices to extent of conformance to environmental management system , Joysol B. Tamio

Discovering Grade 9 students' metacognition in mathematical problem solving: A case study , Jingye Zhan

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Development and validation of a nature of science-based online course in evolution by natural selection , Kenneth Ian Talosig Batac

Photovoice and photo-elicitation: Engaging participatory assessment on chemical reactions and equations towards multifaceted conception , Rick Jasper A. Carvajal

Enhancing conceptual understanding and environmental literacy using online learning modules on ecological systems , Geminna Wel C. del Rosario

Validation and reliability of Filipino Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey (CLASS) , Mikka Angela A. Elviña

Improving students' concepts and confidence level in learning photosynthesis through 3-minute micro-lectures , Leonardo M. Francisco Jr.

Investigating mathematics teachers' perceived design thinking mindset and related factors , Melinda A. Gagaza

Math teachers' implementation of 5E instructional design in online distance learning: A case study , Abigail H. Gaon

Second generation of didactical Engineering: Development of an ethnogeometric teaching resource based on the Kalinga tribe's material culture , Julius Ceasar Hortelano

Students’ mathematics motivation and learning strategies towards academic performance , Angelyn Taberna Natividad

Assessing students' learning competencies and socio-emotional learning skills during online distance learning , Alicia Jane F.. Peras

Implementation and evaluation of home-based virtual learning program (HVLP) in teaching ecosystems , Jojo L. Potenciano

Design, implementation, and evaluation of an asynchronous learning module on symbolic logic for college deaf students , John Joseph E. Rivera

Using expressive writing tasks in reducing students' learning anxieties in an online chemistry class , Angelo Saja

The use of gamified differentiated homework in teaching General Chemistry 1 , Edelito G. Villamor

Basic arithmetic skills intervention for classes (B.A.S.I.C.): Towards improved arithmetic skills for junior high school mathematics , Kenneth Alex R. Villanueva

An investigation of students' van Hiele levels of geometric thinking based on Chinese Mathematics curriculum , Yu Zhang

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Fast feedback methods in G7 physics: Effects on conceptual mastery and intrinsic motivation , Karen R. Alcantara

Representational consistency, normalized gain and scientific reasoning among grade-11 students in physics , John Ray Stephen P. Arcillas

Interactive strategic intervention material (iSIM) in teaching chemistry for senior high school students-at-risk (STAR) , Enrique V. Austria

Grade 8 students’ level of conceptual change through the use of virtual and physical manipulation , Jesserene Prodigalidad Bantolo

Instilling citizenship science skills using project-based learning+1 pedagogy module among grade 9 learners , Stephen C. Capilitan

Technology-enhanced explicit vocabulary instruction in teaching biology: Improving scientific discourse and performance , Abigail A. Eval

Effects of block scheduling on grade 12 STEM students’ academic performance in general physics 1 , Marjorie A. Nariz

Effects of multiple representation in student’s metacognitive awareness and conceptual understanding in physical science: Mechanics , Mark Joseph F. Orillo

Teaching bioenergetics through guided experience approach and mobile devices: Towards meaningful learning , Rodel S. Pendergat

Physics Olympics: An innovative platform of performance tasks to enhance students’ motivation and learning , Fredyrose Ivan L. Pinar

Interactive engagement in rotational motion via flipped classroom and 5E instructional model , Jhoanne E. Rafon

Technology-integrated and brain-friendly teaching of biology: Effects on students' motivation, engagement, retention and understanding , Lourence E. Retone

Addressing learner errors through the S.E.R.O. model wrong answer note system , Ronald Christopher S. Reyes

Addressing the alternative conception of senior high school students in chemical kinetics , Marc Lancer J. Santos

The effectiveness of wait-time and inquiry-based learning in teaching evolution in grade 10 science , Allyza Mae R. Seraspi

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

The effectiveness of using the 7E learning cycle model in grade 10 students' mathematics performance and motivation , Joan Marie T. Alegario

Integration of gamification in teaching grade 10 physics: Its effect on students motivation and performance , Hazel H. Arabeta

The effect of comic-based learning module in mechanics on students' understanding, motivation and attitude towards learning physics , Jeah May O. Badeo

Effects of historical physics vignettes on student's understanding on the nature of science and epistemological beliefs toward learning physics , Marc Vener C. Del Carmen

Improving students' performance, motivation, and learning attitude through influence-embedded physics instruction , Domarth Ace G. Duque

The effects of instructional scaffolding in students conceptual understanding, proving skills, attitudes and perceptions towards direct proofs of integers , Audric Curtis Pe Dy

The efficacy of creative play approach in teaching modern physics , Martin Antonio V. Frias

Using deep learning approach (DLA) in teaching gas laws , May Anne T. Lacse

Exploring senior high school STEM students' critical thinking skills and metacognitive functions in solving non-routine mathematical problems , Meriam J. Lepasana

Use of socio-scientific issues-based module in teaching biodiversity , Camille S. Mandapat

Development and validation of pre-assessment tools in grade 7 physics , Edwin A. Rieza Jr.

Learning molecular genetics in a metacognitive-oriented environment , Richard Deanne C. Sagun

Integration of historical chemistry vignettes on students' understanding of the nature of science , Jan B. Sarmiento

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Investigating the effect of gamifying a physics course to student motivation, engagement and performance , Coleen M. Amado

Scientific reasoning across grades 7-11 in the K-12 curriculum , Isalyn F. Camungol

Describing students' problem-solving in differential calculus through metacognition and attitude in mathematics , Joanne R. Casanova

Teachers implementation of the new grade 7 mathematics curriculum in selected schools: Opportunities for improvement , Anthony C. Castro

Comparative study of students performance in Newtonian physics , Jhoanne Catindig

The impact of the station rotation model in grade 11 STEM students' learning: A blended learning approach to teaching trigonometric functions , Carlo R. Dela Cruz

Use of guided inquiry with interactive simulations to enhance students conceptual understanding and attitude towards learning forces, motion and mechanical energy , Ma. Kristine L. Estipular

Metacognitive awareness and conceptual understanding in flipped physics classroom , Jaypee M. Limueco

The ultimate chemistry experience: A gamified learning system to improve student motivation and learning , Ronadane Narido Liwanag

The impact of a metacognitive intervention using I.M.P.R.O.V.E. model on grade 7 students' metacognitive awareness and mathematics achievement , Napoleon A. Montero III

Use of statistical investigation in assessing student's understanding and performance statistics , Jessica T. Obrial

Assessing the electric circuits conceptions of technical vocational education students , Jasmin Elena Boñon Orolfo

Gamified physics instruction in a reformatory classroom context , Analyn N. Tolentino

The implementation of the mother tongue-based multilingual education policy in mathematics education , Katherine Therese S. Tungul

Effect of vocabulary learning strategies on word and concept retention among different learning styles , Roxanne Diane R. Uy

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Gamification: Enhancing students' motivation and performance in grade 10 physics , Ma. Krisitina B. Dela Cruz

The effectiveness of using the 7E learning cycle model in the learning achievement of the grade 8 learners with different science views , Theresann T. Hernandez

The development and validation of Grade Eight physics test in the K-12 science curriculum , Arnel A. Lorenzana

The laboratory performance, anxiety level, and perceptions of Grade-8 students at Tanza National Trade School toward a guided inquiry physics experiment , Luzette Divina Oraa

Development and implementation of RME-based lessons on sinusoidal functions using geogebra , Maria Celeste R. Rellosa

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Assessing the mathematics performance of grade 8 students as basis for enhancing instruction and aligning with K to 12 competencies , Romee Nicker A. Capate

Mathematics teachers' perceived preparedness in the senior high school modelling program , Von Christopher G. Chua

An assessment of number sense among Grade 7 students of De La Salle University Integrated School , Perlita Torrente Padua

An investigation of the problem posing skills of selected college students in business mathematics , Geoffrey Reuel J. Pasague

Students' conceptions of forces: Similarities and differences among grade six and grade ten students , May R. Ronda

Effects of Geogebra on students' attitudes and achievement in learning quadratic functions, equations and inequalities , John Nico A. Urgena

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Behavior of gases: Describing students understanding pattern and experience variation through phenomenographic approach , Ranie G. Abia

Developing scientific reasoning skills using interactive applications , Genevieve Arizala Pillar

Students' understanding of stoichiometry using BPR holistic approach , Relen-Job M. Tolosa

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

The Development of a Mechanics Science KIT and POGIL-Based laboratory manual for High School Physics , Michael A. Chiao

Students conceptual understanding, metacognitive awareness, and perceived academic self-efficacy in a POGIL-based lesson on organic reactions , Gabriel M. Mozo

Advanced Search

• Notify me via email or RSS
• Collections
• Disciplines
• Colleges and Units

Submissions

• Submission Consent Form
• Animo Repository Policies
• Submit Research
• Animo Repository Guide
• AnimoSearch
• DLSU Libraries
• DLSU Website

Home | About | FAQ | My Account | Accessibility Statement

Privacy Copyright

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Welcome to the Purdue Online Writing Lab

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The Online Writing Lab at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out-of-class instruction.

The Purdue On-Campus Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue Writing Lab serves the Purdue, West Lafayette, campus and coordinates with local literacy initiatives. The Purdue OWL offers global support through online reference materials and services.

A Message From the Assistant Director of Content Development 

The Purdue OWL® is committed to supporting  students, instructors, and writers by offering a wide range of resources that are developed and revised with them in mind. To do this, the OWL team is always exploring possibilties for a better design, allowing accessibility and user experience to guide our process. As the OWL undergoes some changes, we welcome your feedback and suggestions by email at any time.

Please don't hesitate to contact us via our contact page  if you have any questions or comments.

All the best,

Social Media

Facebook twitter.

• Inspiration

What (Exactly) Is A Research Proposal?

A simple explainer with examples + free template.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2020 (Updated April 2023)

Whether you’re nearing the end of your degree and your dissertation is on the horizon, or you’re planning to apply for a PhD program, chances are you’ll need to craft a convincing research proposal . If you’re on this page, you’re probably unsure exactly what the research proposal is all about. Well, you’ve come to the right place.

Overview: Research Proposal Basics

• What a research proposal is
• What a research proposal needs to cover
• How to structure your research proposal
• Example /sample proposals
• Proposal writing FAQs
• Key takeaways & additional resources

What is a research proposal?

Simply put, a research proposal is a structured, formal document that explains what you plan to research (your research topic), why it’s worth researching (your justification), and how  you plan to investigate it (your methodology). 

The purpose of the research proposal (its job, so to speak) is to convince  your research supervisor, committee or university that your research is  suitable  (for the requirements of the degree program) and  manageable  (given the time and resource constraints you will face). 

The most important word here is “ convince ” – in other words, your research proposal needs to  sell  your research idea (to whoever is going to approve it). If it doesn’t convince them (of its suitability and manageability), you’ll need to revise and resubmit . This will cost you valuable time, which will either delay the start of your research or eat into its time allowance (which is bad news). 

What goes into a research proposal?

A good dissertation or thesis proposal needs to cover the “ what “, “ why ” and” how ” of the proposed study. Let’s look at each of these attributes in a little more detail:

Your proposal needs to clearly articulate your research topic . This needs to be specific and unambiguous . Your research topic should make it clear exactly what you plan to research and in what context. Here’s an example of a well-articulated research topic:

An investigation into the factors which impact female Generation Y consumer’s likelihood to promote a specific makeup brand to their peers: a British context

As you can see, this topic is extremely clear. From this one line we can see exactly:

• What’s being investigated – factors that make people promote or advocate for a brand of a specific makeup brand
• Who it involves – female Gen-Y consumers
• In what context – the United Kingdom

So, make sure that your research proposal provides a detailed explanation of your research topic . If possible, also briefly outline your research aims and objectives , and perhaps even your research questions (although in some cases you’ll only develop these at a later stage). Needless to say, don’t start writing your proposal until you have a clear topic in mind , or you’ll end up waffling and your research proposal will suffer as a result of this.

Need a helping hand?

As we touched on earlier, it’s not good enough to simply propose a research topic – you need to justify why your topic is original . In other words, what makes it  unique ? What gap in the current literature does it fill? If it’s simply a rehash of the existing research, it’s probably not going to get approval – it needs to be fresh.

But,  originality  alone is not enough. Once you’ve ticked that box, you also need to justify why your proposed topic is  important . In other words, what value will it add to the world if you achieve your research aims?

As an example, let’s look at the sample research topic we mentioned earlier (factors impacting brand advocacy). In this case, if the research could uncover relevant factors, these findings would be very useful to marketers in the cosmetics industry, and would, therefore, have commercial value . That is a clear justification for the research.

So, when you’re crafting your research proposal, remember that it’s not enough for a topic to simply be unique. It needs to be useful and value-creating – and you need to convey that value in your proposal. If you’re struggling to find a research topic that makes the cut, watch  our video covering how to find a research topic .

It’s all good and well to have a great topic that’s original and valuable, but you’re not going to convince anyone to approve it without discussing the practicalities – in other words:

• How will you actually undertake your research (i.e., your methodology)?
• Is your research methodology appropriate given your research aims?
• Is your approach manageable given your constraints (time, money, etc.)?

While it’s generally not expected that you’ll have a fully fleshed-out methodology at the proposal stage, you’ll likely still need to provide a high-level overview of your research methodology . Here are some important questions you’ll need to address in your research proposal:

• Will you take a qualitative , quantitative or mixed -method approach?
• What sampling strategy will you adopt?
• How will you collect your data (e.g., interviews, surveys, etc)?
• How will you analyse your data (e.g., descriptive and inferential statistics , content analysis, discourse analysis, etc, .)?
• What potential limitations will your methodology carry?

So, be sure to give some thought to the practicalities of your research and have at least a basic methodological plan before you start writing up your proposal. If this all sounds rather intimidating, the video below provides a good introduction to research methodology and the key choices you’ll need to make.

How To Structure A Research Proposal

Now that we’ve covered the key points that need to be addressed in a proposal, you may be wondering, “ But how is a research proposal structured? “.

While the exact structure and format required for a research proposal differs from university to university, there are four “essential ingredients” that commonly make up the structure of a research proposal:

• A rich introduction and background to the proposed research
• An initial literature review covering the existing research
• An overview of the proposed research methodology
• A discussion regarding the practicalities (project plans, timelines, etc.)

In the video below, we unpack each of these four sections, step by step.

Research Proposal Examples/Samples

In the video below, we provide a detailed walkthrough of two successful research proposals (Master’s and PhD-level), as well as our popular free proposal template.

Proposal Writing FAQs

How long should a research proposal be.

This varies tremendously, depending on the university, the field of study (e.g., social sciences vs natural sciences), and the level of the degree (e.g. undergraduate, Masters or PhD) – so it’s always best to check with your university what their specific requirements are before you start planning your proposal.

As a rough guide, a formal research proposal at Masters-level often ranges between 2000-3000 words, while a PhD-level proposal can be far more detailed, ranging from 5000-8000 words. In some cases, a rough outline of the topic is all that’s needed, while in other cases, universities expect a very detailed proposal that essentially forms the first three chapters of the dissertation or thesis.

The takeaway – be sure to check with your institution before you start writing.

How do I choose a topic for my research proposal?

Finding a good research topic is a process that involves multiple steps. We cover the topic ideation process in this video post.

How do I write a literature review for my proposal?

While you typically won’t need a comprehensive literature review at the proposal stage, you still need to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the key literature and are able to synthesise it. We explain the literature review process here.

How do I create a timeline and budget for my proposal?

We explain how to craft a project plan/timeline and budget in Research Proposal Bootcamp .

Which referencing format should I use in my research proposal?

The expectations and requirements regarding formatting and referencing vary from institution to institution. Therefore, you’ll need to check this information with your university.

What common proposal writing mistakes do I need to look out for?

We’ve create a video post about some of the most common mistakes students make when writing a proposal – you can access that here . If you’re short on time, here’s a quick summary:

• The research topic is too broad (or just poorly articulated).
• The research aims, objectives and questions don’t align.
• The research topic is not well justified.
• The study has a weak theoretical foundation.
• The research design is not well articulated well enough.
• Poor writing and sloppy presentation.
• Poor project planning and risk management.
• Not following the university’s specific criteria.

Key Takeaways & Additional Resources

As you write up your research proposal, remember the all-important core purpose:  to convince . Your research proposal needs to sell your study in terms of suitability and viability. So, focus on crafting a convincing narrative to ensure a strong proposal.

At the same time, pay close attention to your university’s requirements. While we’ve covered the essentials here, every institution has its own set of expectations and it’s essential that you follow these to maximise your chances of approval.

By the way, we’ve got plenty more resources to help you fast-track your research proposal. Here are some of our most popular resources to get you started:

• Proposal Writing 101 : A Introductory Webinar
• Research Proposal Bootcamp : The Ultimate Online Course
• Template : A basic template to help you craft your proposal

If you’re looking for 1-on-1 support with your research proposal, be sure to check out our private coaching service , where we hold your hand through the proposal development process (and the entire research journey), step by step.

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Research Proposal Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

You Might Also Like:

51 Comments

I truly enjoyed this video, as it was eye-opening to what I have to do in the preparation of preparing a Research proposal.

I would be interested in getting some coaching.

I real appreciate on your elaboration on how to develop research proposal,the video explains each steps clearly.

Thank you for the video. It really assisted me and my niece. I am a PhD candidate and she is an undergraduate student. It is at times, very difficult to guide a family member but with this video, my job is done.

In view of the above, I welcome more coaching.

Wonderful guidelines, thanks

This is very helpful. Would love to continue even as I prepare for starting my masters next year.

Thanks for the work done, the text was helpful to me

Bundle of thanks to you for the research proposal guide it was really good and useful if it is possible please send me the sample of research proposal

You’re most welcome. We don’t have any research proposals that we can share (the students own the intellectual property), but you might find our research proposal template useful: https://gradcoach.com/research-proposal-template/

Cheruiyot Moses Kipyegon

Thanks alot. It was an eye opener that came timely enough before my imminent proposal defense. Thanks, again

thank you very much your lesson is very interested may God be with you

I am an undergraduate student (First Degree) preparing to write my project,this video and explanation had shed more light to me thanks for your efforts keep it up.

Very useful. I am grateful.

this is a very a good guidance on research proposal, for sure i have learnt something

Wonderful guidelines for writing a research proposal, I am a student of m.phil( education), this guideline is suitable for me. Thanks

You’re welcome 🙂

Thank you, this was so helpful.

A really great and insightful video. It opened my eyes as to how to write a research paper. I would like to receive more guidance for writing my research paper from your esteemed faculty.

Thank you, great insights

Thank you, great insights, thank you so much, feeling edified

Wow thank you, great insights, thanks a lot

Thank you. This is a great insight. I am a student preparing for a PhD program. I am requested to write my Research Proposal as part of what I am required to submit before my unconditional admission. I am grateful having listened to this video which will go a long way in helping me to actually choose a topic of interest and not just any topic as well as to narrow down the topic and be specific about it. I indeed need more of this especially as am trying to choose a topic suitable for a DBA am about embarking on. Thank you once more. The video is indeed helpful.

Have learnt a lot just at the right time. Thank you so much.

thank you very much ,because have learn a lot things concerning research proposal and be blessed u for your time that you providing to help us

Hi. For my MSc medical education research, please evaluate this topic for me: Training Needs Assessment of Faculty in Medical Training Institutions in Kericho and Bomet Counties

I have really learnt a lot based on research proposal and it’s formulation

Thank you. I learn much from the proposal since it is applied

Your effort is much appreciated – you have good articulation.

You have good articulation.

I do applaud your simplified method of explaining the subject matter, which indeed has broaden my understanding of the subject matter. Definitely this would enable me writing a sellable research proposal.

This really helping

Great! I liked your tutoring on how to find a research topic and how to write a research proposal. Precise and concise. Thank you very much. Will certainly share this with my students. Research made simple indeed.

Thank you very much. I an now assist my students effectively.

Thank you very much. I can now assist my students effectively.

I need any research proposal

Thank you for these videos. I will need chapter by chapter assistance in writing my MSc dissertation

Very helpfull

the videos are very good and straight forward

thanks so much for this wonderful presentations, i really enjoyed it to the fullest wish to learn more from you

Thank you very much. I learned a lot from your lecture.

I really enjoy the in-depth knowledge on research proposal you have given. me. You have indeed broaden my understanding and skills. Thank you

interesting session this has equipped me with knowledge as i head for exams in an hour’s time, am sure i get A++

This article was most informative and easy to understand. I now have a good idea of how to write my research proposal.

Thank you very much.

Wow, this literature is very resourceful and interesting to read. I enjoyed it and I intend reading it every now then.

Thank you for the clarity

Thank you. Very helpful.

Thank you very much for this essential piece. I need 1o1 coaching, unfortunately, your service is not available in my country. Anyways, a very important eye-opener. I really enjoyed it. A thumb up to Gradcoach

What is JAM? Please explain.

Thank you so much for these videos. They are extremely helpful! God bless!

very very wonderful…

thank you for the video but i need a written example

Submit a Comment Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Print Friendly

404 Not found

• Grades 6-12
• School Leaders

NEW: Classroom Clean-Up/Set-Up Email Course! 🧽

30 Lesson Plan Examples for Every Grade Level and Subject

Lots of ways to prepare for top-notch learning.

Writing lessons might be a fun activity for you (all the things you’ll do!) or it may be a necessary evil (so many boxes to fill). Either way, it’s an important part of teaching and can make or break your week, month, and year. Whether you’re a brand-new teacher or an experienced educator looking for some new ideas, these lesson plan examples offer inspiration for every subject and every grade level.

Lesson Plan Sections

Preschool lesson plan examples, elementary school lesson plan examples, middle and high school lesson plan examples.

Many lesson plans include some or all of the following sections.

• Objective : These should be specific and measurable. Often they align with Common Core or other learning standards.
• Materials: List any items you’ll need, including worksheets or handouts, school supplies, etc.
• Activities: This is usually the longest section, where you’ll lay out what the lesson and its activities look like. Some teachers write these in great detail. Others include just an overview to help them plan.
• Assessment: How will you assess your students’ learning? This could be a formal assessment or something simple like an exit ticket. ( Get lots of formative assessment ideas here. )
• Differentiation: Describe how you’ll vary the level of difficulty for students at all levels, including any enrichment for early finishers.

Some people think preschool is just playtime, but pre-K teachers know better! Here are some of the ways preschool teachers plan for their lessons.

Weekly Lesson Plan

Venngage/pre-K lesson plan via Venngage.com

Weekly preschool lesson planning helps you plan each day and ensure you’re tackling all the most important skills.

Learn more: Venngage Pre-K Weekly Lesson Plan Template

Pre-K Theme Lesson Plan

Pre-K Printable Fun/Caterpillar and Butterfly Lesson Plan via PreKPrintableFun.com

If you like to plan by theme, try a template like this. It includes space for a variety of activities that fit your topic.

Learn more: Pre-K Printable Fun

Alphabet Letter Lesson Plan

This Crafty Mom/Letter S Lesson Plan via ThisCraftyMom.com

If you’re focusing on a new letter of the alphabet each week, try lesson planning like this. You can see the week at a glance, including all the materials and books you’ll need.

Learn more: Alphabet Letter Lesson Plan by This Crafty Mom

Centers Lesson Plan

Pocket of Preschool/Centers Lesson Plans via PocketofPreschool.com

Your centers need some planning too! Whether you change them out weekly, monthly, or as needed, use plans like these to stay prepared.

Learn more: Pocket of Preschool

Weekly Unit Lesson Plan

This Crafty Mom/weather unit lessons via ThisCraftyMom.com

Adding pops of color and a few images can make it easier to locate the lesson plan you’re looking for in a snap!

Learn more: Weekly Weather Unit Lesson Plan by This Crafty Mom

Since elementary teachers tackle multiple subjects every day, their lesson plans might look like a general overview. Or they may prepare more detailed lesson plans for each topic to help them stay on track. The choice is up to you.

Weekly Overview Lesson Plan

Mrs. Jones Creation Station/lesson plan example via MrsJonesCreationStation.com

Don’t be afraid to write out your lesson plans by hand! A side-by-side setup like this lets you see a whole week at once. We love the use of color to highlight special things like fire drills.

Learn more: Mrs. Jones Creation Station

Yearlong Schedule

Planning a whole year may seem daunting, but it can show you where you’re going to need to stretch a unit and where you can circle back and review. Mrs. D from Mrs. D’s Corner has ideas on how to structure a yearlong lesson plan using Google Sheets.

Learn more: Mrs. D’s Corner

Guided Math Lesson Plan

Tunstall’s Teaching Tidbits/Guided Math lesson plan example via TunstallsTeachingTidbits.com

This example on adding three numbers together can be altered to fit any math lesson plan.

Learn more: Tunstall’s Teaching Tidbits

Art Lesson Plan

Artsy Blevs/lesson plans via TeachandShoot.com

While these are elementary art lesson plan examples, you can easily use this style for teaching art at upper levels too.

Learn more: Artsy Blevs

Special Education Lesson Plans

The Bender Bunch/lesson plan example via TheBenderBunch.com

Lesson planning for special education looks different than general classroom lessons in that the lessons have to cover specific IEP goals and include lots and lots of progress monitoring. The Bender Bunch starts each lesson with independent work (read: IEP practice) and then heads into mini-lessons and group work.

Learn more: The Bender Bunch

Interactive Read-Aloud Plan

The Colorful Apple/interactive read-aloud lesson plan example via TheColorfulApple.com

Interactive read-alouds aren’t something that should be “on the fly.” The Colorful Apple explains how to choose a book, get to know it, and get ready to teach it. Once you’re in the book, sticky notes may be the best lesson-planning tool you have for marking questions and vocabulary words you want to point out to students.

Learn more: The Colorful Apple

Social Studies Lesson Plan

Mrs. Jones’s Class/social studies lesson plan example via MrsJonessClass.com

Including images of your anchor charts is a great idea! That way, you can pull one out and have it ready to go in advance.

Learn more: Mrs. Jones’s Class

5E Lesson Plan for Elementary School

What I Have Learned Teaching/example from 5E lesson planning via WhatIHaveLearnedTeaching.com

The 5Es stand for Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaborate, Evaluate. This type of lesson planning can be helpful for students as they work through each of the 5Es related to the topic you’re studying.

Learn more: What I Have Learned Teaching

Science Lesson Plans

Venngage/Science lesson plan example via Venngage.com

If you like to plan your lessons in more detail, take a look at this elementary science lesson plan example.

Learn more: Venngage Science Lesson Plan Template

Reading Groups Lesson Plan

First Grade Fairy Tales/reading groups lesson plan via TheFirstGradeFairyTales.com

Lots of elementary schools have differentiated reading groups. Use a template like this one to plan for each one, all on one page.

Learn more: The First Grade Fairy Tales

P.E. Lesson Plan

American Coaching Academy/P.E. lesson plan via AmericanCoachingAcademy.com

Gym teachers will love this lesson plan idea, which includes directions for playing the games.

Learn more: American Coaching Academy

Music Class Lesson Plan

Victoria Boler/music lesson plan via VictoriaBoler.com

Plan out the skills and songs you’ll need for a meaningful music class with a lesson plan like this one.

Learn more: Victoria Boler

At the middle and high school levels, teachers often need more detailed plans for each class, which they may teach multiple times a day. Here are some examples to try.

Google Sheets Lesson Plans

Busy Miss Beebe/Google sheets lesson plan example via BusyMissBeebe.com

Google Sheets (or Excel) is terrific for lesson planning! Create a new tab for each week, unit, or class.

Learn more: Busy Miss Beebe

Weekly History Plan

Teachers Pay Teachers/Coaching History lesson plan via TeachersPayTeachers.com

This example shows how you can plan out a week’s worth of lessons at once, and see the entire week all in one spot. This example is for history, but you could use this for math, ELA, or social studies too.

Learn more: Coaching History on Teachers Pay Teachers

Outline and Pacing Guide Lesson Plan

Read it. Write it. Learn it./pacing guide example via ReadItWriteItLearnIt.com

A pacing guide or outline works for both you and your students. Share it at the beginning of a unit to let them know what’s ahead.

Learn more: Read it. Write it. Learn it.

5E Lessons in Middle and High School

Teach Science With Fergy/5E lesson plan via TeachScienceWithFergy.com

5E lesson plans (Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaborate, Evaluate) are great for middle and high school as well. This example is for science, but you can use the 5E structure across all lessons.

Learn more: Teach Science With Fergy

Math Intervention Plans

Lindsay Gould/middle school math lesson plan via TeachersPayTeachers.com

When students are in math intervention, they’re reviewing material they learned last week or last year. Lesson plans need to provide time for them to activate their prior knowledge (and make sure they’re remembering it all correctly) before reteaching and practice.

Buy it: Teachers Pay Teachers

The Sticky-Note Lesson Plan

The Wise & Witty Teacher/sticky note planner via WiseWittyTeacher.com

At some point, you’ll know what students are doing each day, you’ll just need some reminders for questions to ask and key points to cover. The nice thing about using sticky notes for lesson planning is if you get ahead or behind schedule, you can move the entire sticky note lesson to another day.

Learn more: The Wise & Witty Teacher

Read more ways to use sticky notes in the classroom .

Backwards Planning Lesson Plan

Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching/Understanding by Design lesson plan example via cft.vanderbilt.edu

If your school uses Understanding by Design or other backwards planning, you’ll be thinking about the outcome first and working back from there (rather than forward from an activity or task). Backwards planning lesson plans are intensive, but they’re also something you can use over and over, modifying them slightly for each group of students you have.

Learn more: Vanderbilt Center for Teaching

Visual Arts Lesson Plan

Venngage/visual art lesson plan example via Venngage.com

Detailed lesson plans take longer to prepare, but they make it easier on the day (especially if you wind up needing a sub).

Learn more: Venngage Visual Arts Lesson Plan Template

ESL or Foreign Language Lesson Plan

TeachEnglishAbroad.co/ESL lesson plan via TeachEnglishAbroad.co

Whether you’re teaching English as a second language (ESL) or a foreign language to English speakers, this lesson plan style is perfect.

Learn more: Teaching English Abroad

Music Lesson Plan

Melody Soup/lesson plan example via MelodySoup.Blogspot.com

Use a lesson plan like this for choir, orchestra, band, or individual music lessons.

Learn more: Melody Soup

Blended Learning Lesson Plan

Hot Lunch Tray/blended learning lesson plan example via HotLunchTray.com

If your instruction includes both computer-based and in-person elements, this lesson plan idea might be just what you need.

Learn more: Hot Lunch Tray

One-Sentence Lesson Plan

Norman Eng/Introducing the One-Sentence Lesson Plan via CultofPedagogy.com

This kind of lesson planning isn’t for everyone, but the extreme simplicity works well for some. Describe what students will learn, how they will learn it, and how they’ll demonstrate their knowledge.

Learn more: Cult of Pedagogy

Need more help with lesson planning? Come ask for ideas on the WeAreTeachers HELPLINE group on Facebook !

Plus, check out 40 ways to make time for more creativity in your lesson plans ..

WeAreTeachers

You Might Also Like

15 Inspiring Teaching Portfolio Examples (Plus How To Create Your Own)

Show them what you've got. Continue Reading

Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. 5335 Gate Parkway, Jacksonville, FL 32256