bsc phd md

BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD - what do they all mean?

BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD (and more) are abbreviations of British degrees.

They reflect the specific level and discipline of a qualification achieved at university.

While most courses are conducted on a full-time basis, there are options for part-time, distance learning and other flexible learning arrangements.

Here is a breakdown of some of the most common qualifications and ones that Aberystwyth University offers.

• BA = Bachelor of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences;
• BSc = Bachelor of Sciences;
• BENG = Bachelor of Engineering (Software, Robotics and Physics);
• LLB = Bachelor of Law.

Achieved after 3 to 4 years of study. The extra year (for a 4 year course) can be from a year studying abroad or a year working in industry.

Integrated-Masters:

• MARTS = Masters of Arts;
• MBIOL = Masters of Biology;
• MCOMP = Masters of Computer Science;
• MENG = Masters of Engineering;
• MMATH = Masters of Mathematics;
• MPHYS = Masters of Physics;
• MSCI = Masters of Sciences and Humanities.

4 years course (3-year Bachelors, 1 year Masters) that enables you to secure a loan for the full duration rather than having to fund a Masters degree separately.

• MA = Masters of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences;
• MSc = Masters of Sciences;
• MBA = Masters of Business Administration;
• MPhil = Masters of Philosophy: Advanced research Masters degree;
• MRes = Masters of Research: Contains some taught and research elements;
• LLM = Masters of Law.

Achieved after graduation from Bachelors level, usually 1-2 years duration.

• PhD = Doctor of Philosophy: for a range of disciplines.

Achieved after graduating from Masters level, usually 3-8 years duration.

A wide range of Undergraduate, Postgraduate and Further-Research courses – across the Arts and Sciences – are available at Aberystwyth.

MD-PhD, Combined Degree

School of medicine, md - phd, combined degree program.

From its inception, the physician-scientist has been a hallmark of Johns Hopkins medicine and the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Indeed, the Hopkins tri-emblem represents the three core values of the institution: teaching, patient care, and research.

The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine offers a variety of opportunities for the training of medical scientists. A combined curriculum leading to both MD and PhD degrees enables students who aspire to careers in academic medicine to obtain intensive training in specialized areas of the biomedical sciences in addition to top-flight medical training. The traditional diversity and flexibility of the educational opportunities at Johns Hopkins permit the design of individualized programs to meet the needs of students with a variety of interests, educational backgrounds, and career goals.

To accomplish our training goals, we expect students to fully commit to medical training while in medical school and research training while in graduate school.  However, we also take important steps to ensure that students are exposed to the intersection of both worlds early in their training, as well as given the professional and career development advice they need to succeed.

In a word, the MD-PhD curriculum at Johns Hopkins is flexible. Most students decide to complete the first two years of medical school before they begin graduate school and finish the last two years of their medical training after completing their thesis work (see the Timeline below). However, students who want more first-hand experience in clinical medicine before beginning graduate work can elect to complete three years of medical school, followed by their graduate training, and then the last year of medical school. This can give them a better appreciation of the potential clinical relevance of their research. In making a choice, trainees consult extensively with the Program Director, the Dean of Students, members of the MD-PhD Committee, prospective research mentors, and their faculty advisors. Students in the MD-PhD Program are automatically accepted to all graduate programs, so decisions regarding graduate training programs can be made with a strong understanding of each program.  The MD-PhD Committee is responsible for program oversight, admissions, and  student mentorship .  Students complete MD-PhD training on average in eight years.

Johns Hopkins interdisciplinary organizational structure means each faculty member may be affiliated with several clinical departments, research sections, and graduate programs. 

Formal graduate programs in the School of Medicine encompass the following areas: Biochemistry; Cellular, and Molecular Biology; Biological Chemistry; Biomedical Engineering; Molecular Biophysics; Functional Anatomy and Human Evolutionary Studies; Cell Biology; Cellular and Molecular Medicine; History of Medicine; Human Genetics; Immunology; Neuroscience; Pathobiology; Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Cellular and Molecular Physiology. Students are also eligible to obtain their PhD in one of the 11 graduate programs at the Bloomberg School of Public Health or the School of Arts and Sciences on the Homewood Campus.  Students may select a thesis mentor from faculty in the Schools of Medicine and Public Health.

The MD-PhD Program also sponsors special seminars and lectures, It also maintains a dedicated library, the Paul Talalay MD-PhD Library, to enrich the educational opportunities of all MD-PhD students. Efforts are made to acquaint MD-PhD candidates with the major advances, concepts, and cutting-edge techniques in contemporary medicine and biomedical sciences.  We also create an environment that promotes a more intimate personal contact with successful medical scientists in this institution.

Admission Procedures.  Individuals who wish to apply for admission to the combined MD-PhD Program of the School of Medicine must submit an application through AMCAS  in which they will indicate the MD-PhD Program.  Once the AMCAS application has been verified and submitted to Hopkins, the applicant will receive an invitation to complete the Hopkins Secondary Application.  Here the applicant will submit the additional materials required for the combined degree.  Johns Hopkins does not allow applicants to apply to both the traditional MD program and the combined program during the same cycle.   

All combined-degree applications are reviewed by a separate  MD-PhD Review Committee  which is comprised of faculty from the basic sciences and clinical arena, as well as faculty from the Bloomberg School of Public Health.  A separate Graduate School application is  not necessary . The MD-PhD Committee determines whether or not an interview is indicated.  In general, the committee is looking for students with a passion for research and a commitment to medicine.  This assessment is based on the applicant’s research experience, letters of recommendation, academic performance and extracurricular activities. The Committee considers standardized test scores only in the context of the applicant’s other credentials. If an interview is granted, the applicant is notified by the MD-PhD Office and after the applicant accepts, the process for scheduling an interview begins.  Interview visits generally occur over two days. Applicants are interviewed by members of the MD-PhD Committee and other faculty members who share their research interests. Applicants have many opportunities to meet with current students and tour the campus during their visit. 

All eligible applicants who are admitted to the MD-PhD Program are funded by the NIH Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) Award.  This program, supported by the National Institutes of Health, provides full tuition, stipend, and medical and dental insurance for students. Due to federal restrictions, only U.S. citizens and permanent residents are eligible for MSTP funding.  Approximately 10-12 MD-PhD students matriculate each year.

Students who matriculate to the traditional MD Program but have a clearly demonstrated interest and experience in scientific research, are eligible to apply to the combined MD-PhD Program.  These students may apply for admission during the fall of their first or second year of medical school.  These qualified applicants are evaluated and placed in the pool for the current application cycle and will be considered for MSTP funding.  

Financial Support.  The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) is supported by a training grant from the National Institutes of Health. A number of exceptional students with unusual accomplishments and commitment to a career in the medical sciences will be selected for traineeships under this program. Such fellowships provide stipend and tuition support for combined medical and graduate study. All students who are admitted to the MD-PhD Program will be considered for these awards. 

Graduates of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine MD-PhD Program have gone on to become leaders in many areas of academic medicine.

Advice on the scope and opportunities offered by these programs may be obtained from the Director or Administrative Director of the MD-PhD Program.

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What's the correct way of writing a higher education title (MSc or M.Sc.) [duplicate]

Possible Duplicate: Should I write “PhD” or “Ph.D.”?

I see that PhD is written PhD while the undergraduate degree is written B.Sc.

What's the reason for this?

Should I write the Master of Science MSc or M.Sc.?

Is Scott Aaronson's CV inconsistent listing his degrees as "B.Sc." and PhD"

• abbreviations

• 1 You will find that PhD Ph.D. BSc B.Sc. MSc and M.Sc. are all found. The question linked to handles this for PhD/Ph.D. but the answer covers the rest. The only thing to add to it is to be consistent, so PhD and BSc or Ph.D. and B.Sc., but not one form together with another in the same piece of writing. –  Jon Hanna Commented Feb 3, 2013 at 1:29
• @JonHanna Thanks. Reason for asking is that this looks inconsistent (B.Sc. + PhD) scottaaronson.com/vita.pdf –  Niklas Rosencrantz Commented Feb 3, 2013 at 1:59
• I agree. If they were to ask the same question here, I'd advise them to pick on or the other unless they had a good reason for being inconsistent (I can't imagine one, but it's good not to assume). –  Jon Hanna Commented Feb 3, 2013 at 14:27

This is strictly style manual stuff. American English generally prefers using periods with abbreviations, and British English generally prefers to omit the periods. Both are "correct", but which one is acceptable is a matter of who is accepting it. It's not grammar or spelling, merely a punctuation convention.

I always omit the periods for academic degrees. If a publisher wants the periods, it has copy editors that can insert them. If it's for your university, check the university's style manual. If there's no manual that you must use, be consistent about including or omitting the periods. It's strictly personal preference unless otherwise indicated, or unless doing it one way or the other causes confusion.

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged abbreviations or ask your own question .

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Medical Schools Offering Combined Baccalaureate-MD Programs, by State and Program Length, 2023-2024

New section.

The list of combined baccalaureate programs, organized by state and by number of program years, is compiled annually for the Official Guide to Medical School Admissions: How to Prepare for and Apply to Medical School.  It was last updated for the 2023-2024 application cycle in November 2023. 

The PDF version of this list can be viewed here .

For questions about combined BA-MD programs in this list, please contact the MSAR® team by emailing [email protected]. 

Medical Schools Offering Combined Baccalaureate-MD Programs, by State, 2023-2024

• University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine
• University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine
• University of Colorado School of Medicine

CONNECTICUT

• University of Connecticut School of Medicine

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

• The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
• Howard University College of Medicine
• Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine
• University of Central Florida College of Medicine  (Note: This program has been discontinued and will not be accepting any further applicants or matriculants.)
• University of Florida College of Medicine
• University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine
• University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine
• Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
• University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine
• University of Illinois College of Medicine
• University of Louisville School of Medicine
• Tulane University School of Medicine

MASSACHUSETTS

• Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine  (Note: This program has been discontinued and will not be accepting any further applicants or matriculants.)
• Wayne State University School of Medicine
• University of Minnesota Medical School
• Saint Louis University School of Medicine
• University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Medicine
• University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine  (Note: This program is under reevaluation and may be discontinued. Please inquire with the university for more information if you plan to apply.)
• Cooper Medical School of Rowan University
• Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
• Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
• University of New Mexico School of Medicine
• Albany Medical College
• CUNY School of Medicine
• Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
• Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University
• State University of New York Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine
• State University of New York Upstate Medical University College of Medicine
• University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
• Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
• University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences
• University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  

PENNSYLVANIA

• Drexel University College of Medicine
• Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University
• Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University

PUERTO RICO

• Ponce Health Sciences University School of Medicine

RHODE ISLAND

• Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

SOUTH CAROLINA

• University of South Carolina School of Medicine - Columbia
• Meharry Medical College School of Medicine
• Baylor College of Medicine
• University of Houston Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine
• Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

WEST VIRGINIA

• Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine

Medical Schools Offering Combined Baccalaureate-MD Programs, by Number of Years, 2023-2024

• Albany Medical College (8-year option available)
• Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine (8-year option available)  (Note: This program may be discontinued and will not be accepting any further applicants or matriculants.)
• The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (8-year option available)
• Meharry Medical College
• The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences (8- and 9-year options available)
• Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School  (Note: This program will continue for 2024 and 2025, only. Please inquire with the university for more information if you plan to apply.)
• State University of New York Upstate Medical University College of Medicine  

The Official Guide to Medical School Admissions: How to Prepare for and Apply to Medical School contains updated and trusted information on medical school admissions information.

MA, MBA, BS, MS, MSW, PhD, PsyD: What Does it All Mean?

The benefits of college degrees, be it associate, B.A., M.A. or Ph.D level, have been touted and restated many times. Despite rising costs, the investment continues to be valuable one for a wide variety of people. That said, back it up a little bit: just what do all those different degree acronyms mean? Beyond that, what differentiates, say, a B.B.A. from a BSN?

To help answer those questions we put together the following list of definitions for what each degree acronym stands for as well as explanations of the meanings behind all the different terminology.

Associate Degrees

An associate degree is typically completed in two years of full-time study, but may take longer for part-time students. These undergraduate programs can be found at community colleges, vocational schools, technical colleges, and some universities. In general, associate degrees fall into three different categories: Associate of Arts (A.A.), Associate of Science (A.S.), or Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S.).

Associate degrees are a great fit for career-oriented students who want to enter a technical or vocational trade that requires some post secondary education. Along with often being the quickest and cheapest route to a formal degree, an associate program can also be a stepping stone to a four-year degree. Many schools offer students the option to apply credits earned from an associate degree, which is generally 60 semester credits, towards a bachelor’s degree.

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A.A. Associate of Arts

The associate of arts is a basic-level undergraduate degree granted upon completion of a two-year program, usually at community or junior college, technical college or trade school. As such, these are typically a jumping off point towards pursuing a full bachelor’s degree.

A.S. Associate of Science

Similar to the A.A., the associate of science degree is the culmination of a two-year academic program. The A.S. is usually awarded to junior college students enrolled in science or tech-related programs.

Associate Degree Related Content

• Associate Degree Overview
• Associate Degree Programs in Medical Assisting
• Associate Degree Programs in Medical Billing & Coding

Bachelor’s Degrees

A bachelor’s degree is the most popular post-secondary degree option, and typically seen as the standard for employment in most professional fields. In most cases, a bachelor’s program takes four years of full-time study to complete. However, some majors may take longer, or schools may offer accelerated programs allowing students to finish their degree in less time.

The two most common types of bachelor’s degrees are the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) and the Bachelor of Science (B.S.). There are a number of other options, though, that coincide with more specific major fields, such as the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (B.S.N.). Generally, a bachelor’s degree consists of 120 semester credits, with half being made up of general education or liberal arts courses. The other half is typically filled with courses geared toward a student’s particular major.

B.A. Bachelor of Arts

The usual degree path for majors in liberal arts, humanities or social sciences such as English, creative writing, fine arts or political science. A B.A. is typically awarded upon completion of a four-year undergraduate program at a traditional school or university.

B.S. Bachelor of Science

The bachelor’s typically awarded to undergraduates in science and technical fields.

B.F.A. Bachelor of Fine Arts

Awarded to majors like art history, theater, film studies and photography.

B.B.A. Bachelor of Business Administration

A business-oriented bachelor’s path, typically associated with management, accounting, marketing, etc.

B.Arch Bachelor of Architecture

A bachelor’s degree geared towards the architecture field.

BSN Bachelor of Science in Nursing

A degree path oriented towards the technical and hands-on training necessary to obtain a nursing license.

B.E. Bachelor of Engineering

Concentrates on engineering fields like electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and computer engineering.

Bachelor’s Degree Related Content

• Bachelor’s Degree Overview
• Bachelor’s Degree Programs in Criminal Justice
• Bachelor’s Degree Programs in Education
• Bachelor’s Degree Programs in Nursing

Master’s Degrees

Master’s degrees are graduate-level programs that typically take two years of additional full-time study after completion of a bachelor’s degree. Because most graduate students are already working professionals, many colleges and universities offer part-time or flexible master’s degree programs. These allow students to maintain their career while completing the degree at their own pace, but generally take longer than two years of study.

In order to apply for a master’s program, students usually must already possess a bachelor’s degree. Most students choose to pursue a master’s degree in order to advance in their chosen profession or enter a field that requires a high level of education. Many programs fall into one of two categories: Master of Arts (M.A.) or Master of Science (M.S.). The Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) is another popular option.

M.A. Master of Arts

The basic graduate-level degree granted to grad students in fields in the humanities, social sciences or fine arts.

M.B.A. Master of Business Administration

The Master of Business Administration is the master-level degree granted upon completion of a business administration or management-oriented program. In contrast to an M.A., M.B.A. programs are typically oriented around subjects more narrowly tailored towards business operations like accounting, marketing and analysis.

M.S. Master of Science

Typically awarded to graduate students in scientific or technical fields.

M.S.W. Master of Social Work

Similar to the M.B.A., the Master of Social Work is narrowly defined master’s degree focused on social work. M.S.W. programs may adhere to either a clinical track or practice track. The clinical track is oriented towards working with patients, while the practice track focuses on politics and policy as well as management.

Master’s Degree Related Content

• Master’s Degree Overview
• Master’s Degree Programs in Business (MBA)
• Master’s Degree Programs in Education
• Master’s Degree Programs in Health Care

Doctoral Degrees

A doctorate is the highest level of academic degree awarded by universities, and can take anywhere from three to eight years (or more) to complete. Some doctoral programs require students to already have a master’s before enrolling, while others can be started directly after completion of undergraduate study.

There are many different types of doctoral degrees, but the most common is the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). Depending on the specific degree awarded, earning a doctorate can qualify graduates to teach at the university level, or work in a position that requires extensive training and education. Psychologists and medical doctors are two examples of professionals who must hold doctoral degrees in order to become licensed to practice in their field.

Ph.D Doctor of Philosophy

Despite what the name might suggest, this isn’t a degree for philosophers exclusively. A Ph.D is the doctorate-level degree granted in a variety of different disciplines. These are typically research-intensive programs pursued by those who’ve already acquired bachelor’s and master-level credentials in their field of study.

Psy.D. Doctor of Psychology

The Psy.D.is similar to a standard doctorate degree, but granted specifically for students pursuing psychology practice.

Doctoral Degree Related Content

• Doctoral Degree Overview
• Doctoral Degree in Psychology & Social Sciences

What do these letters stand for?

There are two parts; one can classify the educational level of the degree: “B” stands for bachelor’s degree; “M” stands for master’s degree; and “D” stands for doctoral degree. The second part denotes the discipline of the degree, like “S” for science, “A” for arts, or “Ph” for Philosophy.

What are the distinctions between arts and science degrees?

Depending on the school you attend and the kind of courses you take, you could earn an arts degree or a science degree. Typically, an “arts” degree means that you focused on a wide area of learning and discussion, while a “science” degree implies a deep, technical understanding of your subject.

What kinds of designations exist for doctoral students?

The highest degree you can earn in most liberal arts disciplines is a PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy. However, clinical and counseling psychologists earn a PsyD, Doctor of Psychology nomenclature; medical students earn M.D. degrees and law students can earn J.D. (Juris Doctor) degrees.

What about some of the other specialized degrees?

Distinctive nomenclature are named after applied disciplines, include Master of Social Work (MSW), Doctor of Social Work (DSW), Master of Education degree (MaEd), Master of Business Administration (MBA), or Doctor of Business Administration (DBA).

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How To Refer To And Punctuate Your Degree Properly

• Are Degrees Capitalized
• Abbreviate Degree Names?
• Degree Punctuation
• Styles For Degrees

For college students, the end of the school year is extra special if it means they finally get to hold their degree. The best part of graduation just might be that moment when a student officially receives the diploma that they worked so hard for. Now that all the hard work is done, they can proudly say that they earned a college degree. But how should they refer to that degree? There are lots of different degrees, and each one has different rules about how to correctly refer to them. Don’t worry, though, because we are offering an exclusive crash course in the correct ways to refer to all of those different college degrees.

⚡️ Commence with the high marks by taking our snappy quiz on the ways to punctuate and refer to degrees here !

Are degrees capitalized?

In general, major style guides agree that the names of specific degrees should be capitalized and the words referring to types of general degrees shouldn’t be capitalized. For example:

• My mother has a master’s degree .
• Jeff earned a Bachelor of Science degree . (A Bachelor of Science is a specific degree, whereas a bachelor’s degree is the more general name or category.)
• Professor Andrews has two doctorates: a Doctor of Fine Arts degree and a Doctor of Music degree . (Similarly, a Doctor of Fine Arts is a specific degree within the general category of doctoral degrees .)

Of course, many universities have their own rules and style guides about how they refer to the degrees that they offer. Because of this, a university may capitalize the names of their degrees differently than the style guide that you use.

Should we abbreviate names of degrees?

In general, the rules around abbreviating names of degrees will depend on the style guide you use. For example, The Associated Press’s style recommends not abbreviating degree names at all and only allows it in order to avoid long sentences that include multiple degrees and people. If you are using AP style, the following example would apply:

❌ Incorrect:  Dr. Smith, who has a Ph.D , taught the class. ✅ Correct:  Dr. Smith, who has a doctorate in philosophy , taught the class.

Other major style guides are typically less strict about using abbreviations. Generally, the important thing is to remain consistent if you decide to use abbreviations or not.

Graduating from a college or a university? Learn the difference between them.

How are degrees punctuated?

If we are using abbreviations, the punctuation will depend on the style guide that you use. According to AP style, degrees that have two-letter abbreviations use periods while longer abbreviations do not. For example, Bachelor of Science would be abbreviated as B.S. while Bachelor of Fine Arts would be abbreviated as  BFA . If you’re using The Chicago Manual of Style , no periods are used in abbreviations of any degree unless it is required or part of tradition. Again, a particular university may also have their own preferences regarding how they punctuate their degree names.

In AP style, abbreviations must follow a person’s full name. For example:

❌ Incorrect: Dr. Nguyen , DDS ✅ Correct: Dr. Angela Nguyen , DDS

Here’s how to style the most common types of degrees

With all of that out of the way, let’s look specifically at how we typically refer to the different types of degrees. In the American university degree system, there are typically four major types of degrees. While the specific names of degrees are usually consistent, the abbreviations will often vary depending on the style guide or university.

Associate degree

An associate degree is an undergraduate degree typically earned in two to three years of study. The name associate’s degree is also commonly used to refer to this degree, but some style guides may consider that incorrect. When written out, the names of associate degrees typically begin with Associate of .

There are many different types of associate degrees. Some common examples include:

• Associate of Science (AS or A.S.)
• Associate of Arts (AA or A.A.)
• Associate of Applied Science (AAS or A.A.S.)

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Bachelor’s degree

A bachelor’s degree is an undergraduate degree that typically takes around four years of study to earn. The name bachelor degree  is also commonly used but may be considered incorrect by style guides. When written out, the names of bachelor’s degrees typically begin with Bachelor of . Unlike the general name, the specific names do not use the possessive bachelor’s .

There are many different bachelor’s degrees. Some examples include:

• Bachelor of Arts (BA/B.A. or AB/A.B.)
• Bachelor of Science (BS/B.S. or SB/S.B or BSc/B.Sc. or ScB/Sc.B.)
• Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA)
• Bachelor of Architecture (B. Arch.)
• Bachelor of Education (B. Ed.)
• Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
• Bachelor of Criminal Justice (BJA)

Master’s degree

A master’s degree is a graduate degree that typically takes at least five years to earn. The name master degree  is also commonly used but style guides may consider this name to be incorrect. Typically, the specific names of master’s degrees begin with Master of . As with bachelor’s degrees, the possessive master’s is not used in specific degree names.

There are many different master’s degrees. Some examples include:

• Master of Arts (MA/M.A. or AM/A.M.)
• Master of Science (MS/M.S. or MSc/M.Sc. or SM/S.M. or ScM/Sc.M.)
• Master of Chemistry (MChem)
• Master of Psychology (MPsych/M.Psych. or PsyM/Psy.M.)
• Master of Engineering (ME/M.E. or MEng/M.Eng.)

A doctorate , also known as a doctoral degree , is typically the highest level degree offered by universities. The specific names of doctorates usually begin with Doctor of .

There are many different doctorates. Some common examples include:

• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D./PhD)
• Doctor of Medicine (M.D./MD)
• Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS)
• Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM or VMD)
• Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D./JD)

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BSc, MSc, PhD vs. B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D

ODO prefers Ph.D. over PhD in US English. But at the same time, there is no B.Sc. and no M.Sc. entry in OED, which leads me into thinking that there is a mismatch: Ph.D. is typically written with periods, but MSc and BSc without in the US English. Am I right? Which forms are most widespread in the US? And in the UK?

• american-english
• british-english
• abbreviations

In the US, the Associated Press style uses periods: B.S., M.S., Ph.D., M.D. , etc. However, other sources may use a different style, (e.g. PhD).

B.Sc. and M.Sc . are not the usual degree abbreviations in the US. Instead use B.S. and M.S.

• 2 To complete the answer, add that in British usage, no periods: PhD, MSc MA BSc BA and so on –  James K Commented Mar 24, 2018 at 23:29

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M.D. Program

Combined degree programs.

M.D./M.B.A. Degree

The curriculum of the M.D./M.B.A. program reflects the requirements and content of the Medical School Genes to Society curriculum. This dual degree program is designed with two basic pathways; each requires a slightly different process.

More about M.D./M.B.A.

M.D./Ph.D. Degree

Approximately 10 percent of students at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine pursue a combined M.D.-Ph.D. degree , which offers unrivaled preparation for careers in academic medicine, government or private research. This six- to eight-year course of study offers extraordinary flexibility and can be individualized in numerous ways depending on the student’s goals and interests. The breadth of Johns Hopkins' basic science endeavors means that students can choose their Ph.D. specialization from almost any area of the biomedical sciences.

For the first two years, M.D.-Ph.D. candidates typically follow much the same course of study as their M.D. candidate classmates. After the students complete one or more clinical clerkships, however, they embark on an uninterrupted three- to four-year program of graduate study. They will return to the hospital later to complete required and elective clinical rotations.

At Johns Hopkins, Ph.D. students work closely with some of the world's leading basic scientists in an environment that is collaborative and collegial. Regular “evening discussions" feature top scientists leading relaxed conversations about career paths. The annual M.D.-Ph.D. retreat enables students to share insights and make presentations. Such a vibrant learning environment yields outstanding results, with recent graduates landing coveted positions on the leading edge of biomedical research.

More about M.D.–Ph.D.

M.D./MS HCM Degree (M.S. in Health Care Management)

The MS in Health Care Management degree gives students the knowledge and experience to apply relevant business skills to this dynamic industry. Through action-based learning and analytical approaches, students deepen their knowledge of the key players within the health care ecosystem. Students who wish to pursue this program must first notify their School of Medicine advisor and will be referred to the Carey Business School to complete their application for admission. The option of taking the masters program between second and third years of medical school or between third and fourth year exists. The decision about which is best for each individual student should be made with the advisor and the office of student affairs. They must complete an application for admission by June 1 of either their second or third year in the MD program in order to be considered for the MS program after their second or third year respectively. View Carey’s application deadlines for the MS Health Care Management programs. 

More about M.D./MS

Other Dual Degree Opportunities:

• Division of Health Sciences Informatics
• Health Innovation & Technology
• Master of Education in the Health Professions
• The History of Medicine
• Master of Bioethics
• Master of Public Health

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Everything You Need to Know About MD-PhD Programs

Posted in: Applying to Medical School

Table of Contents

MD-PhD programs are dual-degree programs for pre-medical students who want to both practice medicine and conduct extensive research.

In an MD-PhD program, the medical education of the MD program is combined with the in-depth research training of a PhD program. Students learn to practice medicine, diagnosing and treating patients all while gaining research experience to investigate medical conditions and diseases.

These programs are more intense than standard medical school. Students take additional coursework, typically in the biomedical sciences, graduate training, rotations in different laboratories, and intensive research.

The extra education gives students the tools to advance in the medical field after graduation. If you are interested in investigating diseases as you treat patients and developing innovative ways to provide care, an MD-PhD path may be for you!

What are MD-PhD programs?

MD-PhD programs are unique dual-degree programs designed for students who have an interest in both patient care and research. In these programs, students complete both a medical degree (MD) and a doctorate (PhD). This prepares graduates to function as physician-scientists, seamlessly bridging the gap between the laboratory and the clinical setting.

What is the difference between an MD and an MD-PhD? The difference between MD and MD-PhD graduates is that while both degrees are conferred to medical doctors, MD programs focus on clinical practice. MD-PhD programs, on the other hand, combine medical education with extensive biomedical research training. 

Is MD-PhD easier than MD? MD-PhD programs are not easier than MD programs. They require a longer time commitment, but in the end, provide graduates with a broader skill set to pursue careers that integrate medicine and scientific research.

How rare is an MD-PhD? Only about 3% of students that enroll in medical school are in MD-PhD programs. There are 122 MD-PhD programs in the U.S. and 13 in Canada listed on the AAMC MD-PhD Degree Programs by State directory .

Graduate programs aren’t confined to a specific area of study. Each school with this type of program has its own options for its PhD degree. PhD students commonly choose to specialize in topics such as:

• Cell biology
• Biochemistry
• Pharmacology
• Neuroscience
• Biomedical engineering

Upon completion of an MD-PhD program, graduates are awarded the dual degree for their proficiency in both clinical practice and research. 

MD-PhD Program Duration

A significant commitment of time is necessary to complete an MD-PhD program, but the career path is rewarding and well-compensated. 

How many years are MD-PhD programs ? Students can expect to spend 7-8 years total between graduate school and med school, but there is no strict timeline for completing an MD-PhD. Some students complete their programs in as little as six years, and others take as long as 10.

Students usually start with the first year to two years of medical school, followed by 3-5 years of research, then finish with another two years of medical training and clinicals. Current students entering into MD-PhD programs are older , on average, than when these programs first began, and many take longer to complete their studies.

How much does an MD-PhD program cost?

Most MD-PhD programs offer enrolled students tuition-free training and a stipend to cover living expenses.

The cost of an MD-PhD program varies widely depending on the institution, but the stipend and tuition-free training makes many of these programs significantly less burdensome financially compared to standalone MD or PhD programs.

Financial support is available through the Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Scholarships are offered that cover tuition and provide a stipend for living expenses, making these intensive dual degree programs more attainable.

Not all MD-PhD programs are funded by the MSTP, but some schools offer similar financial support to their MD-PhD students. For any school you plan to apply to, double-check their program website or call an admissions counselor to see if there are options for financial aid. 

MD-PhD Residencies

MD-PhD residencies provide a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between patient care and research. Graduates often enter residency programs to acquire hands-on training in a particular medical specialty. Some even opt for a fellowship in a subspecialty after that. This training phase can range from 3 -7 years, depending on the specialty.

Although they can enter any medical specialty, they frequently gravitate towards specialties with a strong research component. Here are a few common residencies that MD-PhDs typically enter:

• Internal Medicine: This field covers a broad range of diseases in adults and often involves solving complex medical problems. It’s a popular choice for MD-PhD graduates because of the diversity of patients and conditions, which provides many opportunities for research.
• Neurology: The complexity and the largely untapped understanding of the nervous system provide abundant research opportunities. Advances in neuroimaging, AI , and genetics also offer tools for physician-scientists to explore the nervous system in unprecedented ways.
• Psychiatry: Studying the pathophysiology of mental disorders, exploring new therapeutic interventions, and examining the genetic basis of psychiatric conditions are just a sample of the ways an MD-PhD can continue research in this specialty.
• Pathology: Pathologists often work behind the scenes in medicine, studying the causes and effects of diseases. This field is deeply rooted in medical research, which makes it a good fit for many MD-PhD graduates.
• Pediatrics : Pediatric physician-scientists research a wide array of topics, including childhood diseases, growth and development, pediatric therapies, and many other areas related to child health.

The choice of residency program should align with each graduate’s clinical interests, research interests, and career goals. There is great flexibility in the MD-PhD pathway, and physician-scientists span all specialties in medicine.

MD-PhD Career Path & Salary

Careers for MD-PhD’s often sit at the intersection of healthcare, academic medicine, and industry. Roles vary from practicing physicians, medical researchers, educators, and policy advisors to leaders in biotech and pharmaceutical companies.

After completing their residency, MD-PhDs typically divide their professional time between research and clinical practice. They often work in academic medical centers or research institutions where they can see patients and conduct research. Their research may be basic, translational, or clinical, depending on their interests and training.

MD-PhDs may also grow to take on teaching roles, educating the next generation of physicians and scientists. This path can bring them to leadership roles such as department chair, dean of a medical college, or even hospital CEO with their unique understanding of both medicine and research.

The salary for MD-PhDs does vary depending on the chosen career path. Earning potential is generally high due to the advanced and specialized nature of their training.

On average, physician-scientists in the US earn a median salary that is well above the national average for all occupations. According to Doximity’s 2023 Physician’s Compensation Report , the average salary for physicians in the Pharmaceutical/Industry employment setting is highest at $392,534.

Those working in academia or research may have different salary scales. These salaries are frequently dependent on research grants, but still typically fall within a comfortable range.

An MD-PhD opens up a wide range of career options, particularly in the intersecting areas of healthcare and research. Below are careers someone with an MD-PhD might pursue:

• Academic Physician: They divide their time between seeing patients, conducting research, and teaching students and residents. These professionals usually work at medical schools or teaching hospitals.
• Biomedical Researcher: MD-PhDs often find employment as researchers in the field of biomedical sciences. They can work in research institutions, pharmaceutical companies, or government organizations such as the NIH.
• Clinical Investigator: These are physicians who conduct research involving human subjects (clinical trials). They develop and implement studies to understand the effects of new drugs or therapeutic strategies.
• Pharmaceutical/Biotech Industry Professional : Many MD-PhDs work in the pharmaceutical or biotechnology industry. They may be involved in drug development, clinical trials, regulatory affairs, or medical affairs.
• Medical Director: In this role, an individual would oversee the medical aspect of a healthcare facility, biotech company, or department in a hospital. This position often requires both a medical and research background.
• Science Policy Analyst/Advisor: They can work in government or nonprofit organizations, helping to shape policies that affect scientific research and healthcare.
• Public Health Official: Some MD-PhDs choose to work in the public sector, addressing health issues at the population level. They may work for entities like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or World Health Organization (WHO).
• Medical Science Liaison: This role often involves serving as a bridge between pharmaceutical companies and healthcare professionals, explaining new therapies and scientific findings to physicians, researchers, and other stakeholders.
• Medical Educator: MD-PhDs are uniquely qualified to educate future doctors and researchers, teaching in areas such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, or any other medical specialty. They may design and implement courses, advise students, and contribute to the educational mission of their institution.

These are just a few of the potential career paths. A career choice often depends on an individual’s specific interests, such as which medical specialties they are drawn to, whether they prefer working with patients or in a laboratory, and how they want to contribute to advancing medical science.

Medical Science Training Programs

Some MD-PhD programs in the United States are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through the Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP). This means that students receive full tuition remission, health insurance, and a living stipend throughout their training.

Because of this financial support, admission to an MSTP is very competitive. Many schools have financial support available to MD-PhD students even if they are not part of the Medical Scientist Training Program to allow them to focus on their studies and research.

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4 Benefits of Becoming an MD-PhD

Earning dual degrees in medicine and research is an ambitious endeavor, but the impacts you can make on patient care and scientific research are significant and valuable to public health. An MD-PhD degree comes with some great benefits.

1. Interdisciplinary Perspective

The duality of the MD-PhD training allows graduates the ability to translate clinical observations into research questions, then taking research findings to enhance patient care. You will essentially be a bridge to the gap between the laboratory and the clinic.

2. Career Flexibility

Graduates can become practicing physicians, medical researchers, educators, and/or policy advisors. They may also take on leadership roles within academic institutions, hospitals, biotech companies, or pharmaceutical firms. 

The wide range of possible careers allows the flexibility to pursue a path that aligns with your passion.

3. Influential Impact 

The rigorous training in MD-PhD programs allows graduates to drive innovation in healthcare and medical science. This advanced education will have you asking critical questions and finding answers that can change the course of medical treatment and patient care. 

The potential to make significant contributions to the field of medicine is a rewarding and prestigious aspect of this career path.

4. Community and Mentorship

During their training, MD-PhD students join a tight-knit community of fellow dual-degree students, mentors, and faculty. This network can provide valuable support, guidance, and camaraderie during the demanding years of study. 

Post-graduation, this network continues to serve as a resource for collaboration, mentorship, and career advancement.

Are MD-PhD programs more competitive than MD programs?

In general, yes, MD-PhD programs are more competitive than MD programs. 

The statistics here can be a little confusing, though. 10% of applicants are accepted to an MD-PhD program, which is higher than the 3% that get accepted into MD programs. Acceptance rates are nearly the same as traditional medical programs, too.

But the quality of application for MD-PhD programs is inherently higher than traditional pre-meds. Your GPA and MCAT need to be higher, with well-developed extracurricular experiences and glowing letters of recommendation to have a chance at an MD-PhD program. 

Learn more about how we can help you boost your MCAT score.

Preparing to Apply to MD-PhD Programs

Applying for an MD-PhD program is done through AMCAS, just like MD programs. Preparation is key in the application process .

Being proactive, getting relevant experiences, understanding the requirements, and applying to multiple programs will significantly enhance your chances of success in securing a spot in an MD-PhD program. Applicants must be prepared to showcase themselves as doctor material and make a case for their desire to take part in research.

Here are a few tips for increasing your chances at acceptance.

Make sure you have the right extracurriculars under your belt.

Gaining relevant experiences beyond the classroom is crucial to showcase your commitment to a career in medical research. Admissions committees are looking for candidates with experience in research projects. 

It is absolutely necessary to have taken part in research to have a chance at getting into an MD-PhD program.

Check application requirements well in advance.

You’ll be required to meet all the AMCAS application requirements of MD programs. This includes the prerequisite coursework, your MCAT score and GPA, letters of evaluation, and personal statement . 

There are also two additional essays that are required on MD-PhD applications, which we’ll cover later.

We advise checking with each specific medical school on the requirements for their applications . Non-medical graduate programs may ask for your GRE scores. You want to make sure you’ve taken this test well in advance of the AMCAS open date. 

Our advisors can help you craft a personal statement for your MD-PhD that will stand out.

Apply to several programs.

Because of the limited number of programs and the competitive nature of MD-PhD programs, you should apply to multiple programs. Students who have gotten into these programs report applying to as many as 30 programs for the best chance to be accepted. 

Along with MD-PhD programs, we also recommend applying to some MD programs as well. On your AMCAS application, you can easily designate as an MD candidate or MD-PhD candidate.

Even if you don’t make it into the MD-PhD program of a medical school, you will still have the opportunity to be considered for their MD program.

MD-PhD Application Timeline

Get your medical school application in early — the same goes for MD-PhD applications. In fact, it’s even more important to have your primary application in as soon as possible to give yourself plenty of time to write your secondary essays. 

The MD-PhD application process follows the AMCAS application timeline :

• May: AMCAS application opens. You’ll receive your secondary application shortly after you submit your primary. 
• July-August: Submit your supplemental application within two weeks.
• October-March: Prepare for and attend all scheduled interviews.
• December-March: Application committees make final decisions. For schools with rolling admissions, this may happen shortly after an interview. Other institutions wait until after all interviews are complete to make decisions.
• March-April: Applicant decisions are made.
• June-August: Your MD-PhD begins.

Additional Essays in the MD-PhD Application

The MD-PhD application process includes two additional essays that showcase your commitment to a career as a physician-scientist. 

MD-PhD Essay

The MD-PhD Essay is your opportunity to express why you have chosen the dual-degree path and how it aligns with your career goals. Discuss your motivation for pursuing the ambitious MD-PhD degree. You should explain why both clinical practice and research are integral to your career vision and share personal experiences that ignite your interest in this path.

Describe your career goals and how integrating clinical practice and scientific research will allow you to achieve those goals. If you’re interested in a particular field, discuss how the blend of clinical and research training in the MD-PhD program will enhance your contributions to this field.

Significant Research Experience Essay

This essay is your chance to elaborate on your research experiences and demonstrate your scientific curiosity, perseverance, and ability to work independently. You’ll explain the objectives of the research project you have been involved in, your role in achieving these objectives, and the significance of the research.

You can also write about instances where you faced challenges and had to use your problem-solving skills, perseverance, and critical thinking to overcome them. Highlight your ability to learn from others, like your mentors, how you can collaborate, and contribute to a team-oriented goal.

If your work led to any significant findings, presentations, or publications, be sure to include this. Use this opportunity to communicate your passion for research and how these experiences have prepared you for a career that combines patient care and scientific investigation.

MD-PhD: The career path that moves medicine forward.

MD-PhD candidates have a commitment to both medical practice and research on this path. The journey is long and at times challenging, but for those driven by a passion for both clinical medicine and biomedical research, the reward lies in the unique ability to contribute to the advancement of healthcare as a physician-scientist.

Speak with a member of our enrollment team who can help you prepare your MD-PhD application.

Kachiu Lee, MD

Dr. Lee specializes in BS/MD admissions. She was accepted into seven combined bachelor-medical degree programs. She graduated Summa Cum Laude from Northwestern University and proceeded to Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, IL. After completing a dermatology residency at Brown University, Dr. Lee pursued a fellowship in Photomedicine, Lasers, and Cosmetics at Massachusetts General Hospital and was a Clinical Fellow at Harvard Medical School. Academically, she has over 100 peer-reviewed publications and lectures internationally.

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Which research degree should I do—MSc, MD, or PhD?

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Got a career or related problem that needs answering? Can't find the right person to point you in the right direction? Log on to the Advice Zone ( www.bmjcareers.com/advicezone ) for reliable medical careers advice. You can post a question or see if one of our 300 advisers has already answered a similar question. Here is a selection of questions and answers posted on the site.

You should think carefully about what kind of research degree you want. If you want only a taste of research or are doing it only to improve your chances at a specialist registrar interview, go for the MSc. This is usually a one year taught course with an experimental project and is a good way of learning the basics of science. If you wish to do more detailed science and are considering a career in academic medicine, then think about a PhD. This will mean more time commitment (at least three years) and more intellectual commitment. The compromise degrees are the MD or MS. These usually require two years of work and therefore permit more in-depth research than the MSc. The MD or its equivalent is popular among medics. When deciding which degree to go for you should check all the various regulations and also the fees that may be entailed.

At the end of the day the choice is up to you. The key questions are: why are you doing research and how much time and energy do you want to commit to it?

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Intercalated PhD option for Medical Students

Build on your study of Medicine with the chance to complete a PhD as part of your course.

Include a PhD as part of your Medicine degree

Explore research from a range of specialities

Benefit from world-class facilities and collaborate across departments at Imperial

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Course key facts

Qualification, october 2025, ucas course code, apply to a100, not set home, not set overseas, delivered by, school of medicine, south kensington, applications: places, 10 : 1 (2023), course overview.

This course offers exceptional students on the standard Medicine MBBS/BSc degree the opportunity to include a PhD as part of their course.

This consists of three years’ research, taken after completion of the BSc component.

Research within the Department covers a very broad range of specialities, and you will benefit from access to world class facilities and the chance to collaborate with researchers from other departments and faculties at the university.

After your three years of research are complete, you will continue with the remainder of the MBBS programme, graduating with both an MBBS and PhD qualification.

• 4th in the world Medicine, Times Higher Education World University Rankings by Subject, 2024
• Specialist pathways so you can focus on core fields of interest such as neuroscience or mental health.
• Accredited by the General Medical Council Graduate qualified for provisional registration with the GMC
• Phases 1-3 (MBBS/BSc)
• Intercalated PhD

Phase 1 of the course runs over three years. You will undertake an integrated programme covering the scientific basis of medicine and the foundations of clinical practice, with clinical experience from the start.

The third year consists of clinical attachments in hospitals and placements in a primary care setting, supported by structured teaching.

Phase 2 leads to the award of a BSc degree at the end of year four. We have many specialist pathways available, exposing you to research at the cutting edge of the field. You also undertake a supervised research project.

Phase 3 covers the final two years of the MBBS qualification. You rotate through a wide range of clinical specialties, such as obstetrics and gynaecology, psychiatry, general practice and paediatrics.

In the final years, you have the freedom to follow your own interests and undertake an eight-week elective, which you may complete in the UK or overseas.

For full details of each phase, including specific modules, please see the Medicine MBBS/BSc page.

You will initially apply for Medicine MBBS/BSc .

During your fourth or third year of study, you will contact the BSc Programme Officer to apply to undertake an intercalated PhD.

While undertaking a PhD, you will be placed on an interruption of studies from your MBBS medicine course.

Professional accreditation

This course is professionally accredited by General Medical Council .

This means that your education meets a respected and recognised standard, starting your career with skills and attitudes needed to deliver high-quality care.

Associateship

As well as your main Imperial degree, you will also receive the award of the Associateship of the Imperial College School of Medicine (AICSM). This associateship is awarded by one of our historic constituent Colleges.

Teaching and assessment

Teaching methods.

Assessment methods

Your timetable and learning

We use a repeating schedule to allow you to focus on Professional Knowledge, Clinical Skills, Professional Values and Behaviours at specific times.

You will focus on deep and active learning methods, such as flipped classrooms and team-based Learning so you can practise and apply your knowledge and critical thinking. 

Your performance will be assessed by a combination of written and clinical examinations and continuous assessment.

Assessments for the MBBS programme are pass/fail. In-course assessments and examinations relating to the science modules in Phase 2 contribute to the final classification for honours for the BSc element of the MBBS/BSc degree and are graded.

Medical Licensing Assessment

The General Medical Council's Medical Licensing Assessment aims to demonstrate that those who obtain registration with a licence to practise medicine in the UK meet a common threshold for safe practice.

To obtain registration with a licence to practise, you will need to pass both parts of the MLA, pass university finals and demonstrate your fitness to practise.

Student agreement

Due to the unique nature of Medicine courses, which emphasise clinical placements, all students will be asked to sign an agreement upon entry which sets out the responsibilities of both the university and the student.

The agreement complements the university's current policies and procedures, promoting a coherent understanding between students and the Faculty as to what is expected from each and improving the student’s learning experience.‌

Placements and location of study

You will complete a number of placements and clinical attachments throughout your degree. Most of your study will be at our South Kensington and Charing Cross Campuses, however, your studies will also take you off-campus at various points in each academic year.

During phase one, you will undertake community-based experiences at General Practices in London. Practices will be accessible by either bus or train, usually requiring under one hour travel.

The Phase 3 clinical specialities, as well as other opportunities to specialise, may be located at other Imperial campuses such as Charing Cross ,  Chelsea and Westminster ,  Hammersmith ,  Royal Brompton ,  St. Mary’s .

You can expect to complete attachments at the below list of teaching hospitals, provided as a guide:

• Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
• London North West Healthcare NHS Trust – Ealing Hospital
• Hillingdon Hospital NHS Trust
• Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust – Charing Cross, Hammersmith, St Mary's and Western Eye Hospitals
• London North West Healthcare NHS Trust – Northwick Park
• Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust
• West Middlesex University Hospital

We have partnerships with healthcare providers inside and outside of London, and the list above is given as a guide and is not intended to be exhaustive.

The main clinical attachments or training away from South Kensington and Charing Cross are in the Phase 1c, Phase 3a and Phase 3b:

• Phase 1c: three 8-weeks clinical placements (including one in General Practice)
• Phase 3a: dedicated pathology course and a range of clinical specialities
• Phase 3b: range of clinical attachments and elective period

Staff expertise

At Imperial, you will be taught by a range of teachers of all levels from Professors to PhD students, including some who undertake groundbreaking research and are regarded as experts in their field. You may also experience peer teaching and be taught by specialists external to the university.

Entry requirements

We consider all applicants on an individual basis, welcoming students from all over the world.

• Minimum entry requirements
• Foundation programmes

MBBS/BSc requirements

You apply initially to the Medicine MBBS/BSc course. You can find the initial entry requirements to this on the Medicine MBBS/BSc page.

PhD requirements

The eligibility requirements for the PhD programme include:

• Satisfactory performance in the early year(s) of the MBBS course
• Normally no previous examination re-sits
• A BSc classification of at least 2.1

If you meet these requirements and are given permission, you can either apply for one of the advertised MB/PhDs funded by a division in the Faculty or secure the required funding for the three years of the MB/PhD from external sources in collaboration with your proposed supervisor.

Oxbridge students are also eligible once they have completed the first year of their course at Imperial, have had no examination re-sits and a BSc classification of at least 2.1.

Support for widening participation applicants

The School of Medicine invites applicants to interview on the basis of predicted grades and BMAT scores. Applicants with predicted grades of AAA (including Chemistry and Biology) will be considered on the basis of an adjusted BMAT threshold score.

Applicants who meet the adjusted minimum score will be invited to interview and successful widening participation applicants at interview will receive an adjusted offer of AAA at A-level, or an equivalent level qualification.

Find out more about our admissions schemes

Imperial does not offer its own Foundation Programme.

Currently, Medicine courses do not accept UCL UPCSE or Warwick IFP Science and Engineering applications.

How to apply

Apply via ucas.

When applications open, you can start your application via UCAS Hub. You must initially apply for the Medicine MBBS/BSc course (UCAS code A100). On UCAS hub you can add this course as one of your choices and track your application.

UCAS institution code: I50

Admissions test – the UCAT

To be considered for this course for 2025 entry, you will need to sit the Universal Clinical Aptitude Test (UCAT) as part of the application process.

Find out more about the UCAT and how to register for 2025 entry.

Application process

You will initially apply initially for Medicine MBBS/BSc (UCAS code A100).

You must meet certain academic requirements in the early years of your degree to be eligible for the PhD programme, and places are competitive so cannot be guaranteed.

While undertaking a PhD, you will be placed on an interruption of studies from your medical course.

Student visas

If you are an international student, transferring to a different course could have an impact on your student visa.

Find out more from our International Student Support website .

Tuition fees

Overseas fee, as a guide, the home fee for 2024–25 was £9,250 dependent on the year in which you study, inflationary increases.

Your fee is based on the year you enter the College, not your year of study. This means that if you repeat a year or resume your studies after an interruption, your fees will only increase by the amount linked to inflation.

Find out more about our  tuition fees payment terms , including how inflationary increases are applied to your tuition fees in subsequent years of study.

Which fee you pay

Whether you pay the Home or Overseas fee depends on your fee status. This is assessed based on UK Government legislation and includes things like where you live and your nationality or residency status. Find out  how we assess your fee status .

Government funding

If you're a Home student, you can apply for a  Tuition Fee Loan  from the UK government to cover the entire cost of tuition for every year of your course.

You can also apply for a means-tested  Maintenance Loan  to help towards your living costs.

Imperial Bursary scheme

We’re offering up to £5,000 each year through our Imperial Bursary scheme for eligible Home undergraduates.

If your household income remains under £70,000 a year, you’ll automatically qualify for every year of your course.

Find out more about our Imperial Bursary scheme .

As a guide, the Overseas fee for 2024–25 was £50,400 per year

Scholarships, imperial bursary, value per award.

• £1,000–£5,000 per year

Who it's for

• Home students whose household income falls below £60,000 a year

Medicine scholarships

• Students who have Firm Unconditional places to study Medicine at Imperial.

NHS funding

• Full tuition fee support and a means-tested bursary or a tuition fees only bursary.
• Students in the final (clinical) years of their MBBS

How will studying at Imperial help my career as a doctor?

Graduate with the skills and knowledge to enter into a diverse range of careers including clinical medical practice, biomedical research, the pharmaceutical industry, scientific journalism and healthcare management.

Access the specialist careers support from the medical school careers team, alongside the support offered through your personal tutor and other medical school staff. Including one-to-one appointments, talks from doctors in different specialities, skill sessions, networking events and careers fairs, a dedicated careers websites and much more.

Achieving this MBBS provides you with a primary medical qualification (PMQ), entitling you to provisional registration with the GMC and license to practise in approved Foundation Year 1 posts. In your final year, we will support you to apply for a Foundation Year 1 post through the UK Foundation Programme selection scheme.

On successful completion of the Foundation Year 1 programme you can apply for full registration with the GMC before entering Foundation Year 2.

As a doctor you’ll need full registration with a license to practise for unsupervised medical practise in the NHS or UK private practice, although regulations in this area are subject to change. Then, you can train as a specialist through an NHS scheme, choosing from around seventy different specialities.

Further links

Contact the department.

• Telephone: +44 (0)20 7594 7259
• Email: [email protected]

Visit the School of Medicine website

Request info

Learn more about studying at Imperial. Receive useful information about our life in our undergraduate community and download our latest Study Guide.

Events, tasters and talks

Meet us and find out more about studying at Imperial.

Find an event

Terms and conditions

There are some important pieces of information you should be aware of when applying to Imperial. These include key information about your tuition fees, funding, visas, accommodation and more.

Read our terms and conditions

You can find further information about your course, including degree classifications, regulations, progression and awards in the programme specification for your course.

What does BA, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD, DPsych, PGDip mean after a therapist’s name?

These letters refer to the therapist’s professional qualifications.

• BA  – Bachelor of Arts (BA or AB) is a bachelor’s degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the arts and sciences. A Bachelor of Arts is generally completed in three or four years, depending on the country and institution.
• BSc  – A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, SB, or ScB) is a bachelor’s degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years.
• MA  – A Master of Arts (MA or AM) is a master’s degree in the field of humanities and social sciences awarded by universities in many countries.
• MSc  – A Master of Science (MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master’s degree in the field of science awarded by universities in many countries or a person holding such a degree.
• PhD  – A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., DPhil) is the highest university degree that is conferred after a course of study by universities in most countries. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. As an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are usually required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a thesis or dissertation, and defend their work against experts in the field.
• PsyD  – Like a PhD in Psychology, the Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD) prepares trainees to practice psychology in a wide range of clinical settings. A PsyD, however, focuses more on clinical practice and less on research.
• PGDip  – A postgraduate diploma (PgD, PgDip, PGDip, PG Dip., PGD, Dipl. PG, PDE) is a postgraduate qualification awarded after a university degree, which supplements the original degree and awards them with a graduate diploma.

What does PhD, MD, MA, MSc, BA, BSc mean?

What do the abbreviations phd, md, ma, msc, ba, bsc mean if you are wondering, follow the following article of network administrator to find the answer..

• How to Earn a Bachelor's Degree
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In life sometimes you will receive a business card in English with abbreviations like PhD. Or on some foreign university degree will also be the acronyms such as PhD, MD, MA, MSc, BA, BSc. When reading these acronyms printed on a good business card, do you know what these acronyms are for learning? If you are wondering what the meaning of these words is, follow the following Network Administrator article to find the answer.

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PhD (also written as Ph.D, Dphil) is an acronym for Doctor of Physolophy in English, meaning Doctor / Philosopher.

Dr. is the highest student of all levels, it first appeared in Germany, later used by the US and other Western countries. Recent years PhD has been pooled to generalize people with PhDs in all professions.

MD is an acronym for the phrase A medical doctor / physician. This is a degree in medicine that is very popular in many countries. MD learners often learn to practice more than theory.

MA is an acronym for Master of Arts. This word is understood as a literary / social master. These people specialize in social sciences such as media, education, language, literature, geography, history and music.

4. MS or MSc

MS or MSc stands for Master of Science. This word means a master of natural science. This degree is given to individuals after completing a course in natural sciences such as biology, chemistry, engineering, health or statistics. In some places it is often assumed that by MS there is more 'weight' than an MA.

BA stands for Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Arts / Social Studies who are professional in humanities, literature, history, social sciences, media and foreign languages. In addition, BA is an acronym for Business Analyst, this is a professional analyst, who connects customers with business people and technical workers.

BSc (or BS) stands for Bachelor of Science which means the bachelor of natural science. BS diplomas are related to subjects such as engineering, technology, mathematics, computer science, nursing and biochemistry. Although BS degrees are often related to science subjects, many schools also offer BS degrees in some other areas such as music.

In addition to the above acronyms, we also add some acronyms in the table below about the job positions you will often encounter in life. Invite you to consult.

Bc., BS, BS, B.Sc. or BSc

The Bachelor of Science

Bachelor of natural science.

The Bachelor of Business Administration

Bachelor of Business Administration.

The Bachelor of Commerce and Administration

Bachelor of Commerce and Management.

B.Acy., B.Acc. or B. Accty

The Bachelor of Accountancy

Bachelor of accounting.

The Bachelor of Laws

Bachelor of law.

Tập đoàn của công việc và chính sách quản lý

Bachelor of management and public policy.

The Master of Art

Master of social science.

MS, MSc or M.Si

The Master of Science

Master of natural science.

The Master of business Administration

Master of Business Administration.

MAcc, MAc, or Macy

The Master of Accountancy

Master of accounting.

The Master of Science in Project Management

Master in project management.

The Master of Economics

Master of economics.

The Master of Finance

Master of Finance

Doctor of Philosophy

Doctorate (industry in general).

Doctor of Medicine

Doctor of medicine.

Doctor of Science

Doctor of science.

Doctor of Business Administration

Doctor of Business Administration.

The above are the most popular academic courses in the West, and common acronyms in degrees and scientific works. Thus, the above article explained to you what the words PhD, MD, MA, MSc, BA, BSc mean, which words are short.

What are your chances of acceptance?

Calculate for all schools, your chance of acceptance.

Your chancing factors

Extracurriculars.

A Complete List of All BS/MD Programs in 2023

What’s covered:, what are bs/md programs, is a bs/md program right for you, how hard is it to get into bs/md programs, list of all bs/md programs, top 10 bs/md programs.

Are you interested in pursuing a career as a doctor? We have compiled a complete list of all BS/MD degree programs in the U.S. The list includes BS/MD programs offered at private universities, state universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, and other four-year degree programs (such as pharmacy or dental programs) where students are able to participate in dual-degree programs. Check out this complete list to kickstart your journey towards becoming a physician!

BS/MD programs enable students to apply once to earn both a Bachelor of Science (BS) and a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree. Typically, programs span eight years (4 undergrad + 4 med school), seven years (3 undergrad + 4 med school), or, less frequently, six years (2 undergrad + 4 med school).

Most often, the student gains both degrees at one university, but some programs pair degrees from two different schools. Be aware that the vast majority of the joint programs are small and have a very low acceptance rate, so they are not a guaranteed path for any high school student, no matter how strong a candidate the student is.

To learn more about BS/MD programs, watch one of our popular recorded live streams , led by a student in Boston University’s BS/MD program, or take a look at CollegeVine’s list of Best Colleges for Pre Med .

Many students are interested in BS/MD programs, which allow students to complete undergraduate and medical degree studies simultaneously. However, there are some pros and cons of this kind of program that you should consider before applying.

Guaranteed Admittance: Many applicants see themselves as competitive for admission into their school’s MD program. A BS/MD program is an easier path since you are guaranteed to be accepted into the medical school after your undergraduate degree.

Time Efficiency: Medical training can take up to 11 years, starting from four years of undergrad studies and then five years of medical school studies. If you are able to complete both degrees in six or seven years (and get a head start in your medical career), you will save both time and money.

Experience in Medicine: Medical school is extremely difficult, so the earlier you can get real-world experience, the better. You work with patients, doctors and nurses while completing your undergraduate training and gain valuable skills and knowledge that cannot be taught within the classroom alone.

Early Career Position: A BS/MD program offers the possibility to complete medical training one year sooner than students who pursue traditional undergraduate and MD programs. This can open doors for jobs that might otherwise be closed to you, such as working at a pharmaceutical company or becoming an attending physician at a hospital.

Less Freedom in Undergraduate Studies: You might have a very specific field of study that you enjoy and feel that is the best path for your career. A BS/MD program will require you to take requisite pre-med courses, which may not be relevant to your intended profession.

Greater Time Commitment: Not only are there more years required to obtain an undergraduate degree before medical school, but you will also be taking more courses than the average student at the same time. Many BS/MD programs require an extra course or two each semester, which can make it difficult to find the balance between work and play.

High Cost: Undergraduate studies and medical school are generally expensive on their own, so the six or seven years of a BS/MD program could cost even more. There are some scholarships and financial aid options available to students, but awards are often smaller than those in traditional four-year programs where there is still room for financial flexibility.

In a word, extremely. The BS/MD is the most sought after dual-degree program. Incoming classes are typically very small and acceptance rates very low, ranging from 1 to 10 percent.

Remember, many students mature and hit their stride in college, not high school. If your high school grades, test scores, and extracurricular activities are not stellar, the chances of you being accepted to a BS/MD program are much lower. If that description sounds like it could apply to you, perhaps you will be a stronger candidate for medical school after four years of college and on-the-job experience.

Also, most joint programs require interviews for students who make it to the semi-finalist stage of the process, so be sure you are ready to make your case for medical school as a 17-year-old high school student.

Study programs carefully. Note that some are targeted at specific demographics, such as students of color, first-generation students, or students from rural areas. Others pair undergraduate education in the U.S. with medical school in the Caribbean. Some programs do not guarantee admission to med school, but acceptance into the program greatly increases the likelihood of matriculation in the paired med school through exclusive opportunities for early application privileges.

Finally, be aware that all programs require undergrads to earn specific GPAs and some also require certain threshold grades on the MCAT to move on to the paired medical school. This is a long-term commitment! Some may also require specific GPAs and test scores from high school applicants.

If you’re looking for the very best BS/MD programs out there, here are our top 10 picks. This list was created based on:

• Prestige and rank of the undergraduate school
• Prestige and rank of the medical school
• Program selectivity
• Caliber of accepted students
• Length of the program

To see more rankings, see our list of the top 23 BS/MD programs .

1. Program in Liberal Medical Education (PLME)

Undergraduate School: Brown University

Medical School: The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Length: 8 years

Brown University’s eight-year combined medical program, known as Brown Medical School in the Ivy League, is the only one of its kind in the United States. Brown is perhaps best recognized for its implementation of the Open Curriculum, which allows students at the undergraduate institution to only enroll in courses that appeal to them. PLME does not force its students to take the MCAT, so as to provide them with academic freedom. The only academic criterion is that a minimum 3.0 GPA be maintained in biology courses.

The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, one of the most selective medical schools in the United States, offers the Scholarly Concentrations Program, which allows medical students to pursue a subject outside of the regular curriculum. Aging, bioinformatics, integrative medicine, and medical ethics are some of the available disciplines. Alpert also offers multiple M.D. dual-degree programs, including M.D./Ph.D., M.D./M.P.H., M.D./M.P.P. and M.D./M.P.A. programs.

Learn more about Brown University and see your chances of acceptance.

2. Pre-Professional Scholars Program (PPSP) in Medicine

Undergraduate School: Case Western Reserve University

Medical School: Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

CWRU is a private institution located in Cleveland, OH. Students in this CWRU School of Medicine program must have a minimum GPA of 3.63—both overall and in math and science specifically—throughout their undergraduate career to graduate. The MCAT is not necessary, and no summer coursework is required since PPSP is not accelerated.

Students may choose from three different medical degree paths at the CWRU School of Medicine—the University Program (conventional four-year training), the College Program (which integrates research and clinical work), and the Medical Scientist Program (which combines an MD with a PhD).

Learn more about Case Western University and see your chances of acceptance.

3. Guaranteed Admission Program (GAP)

Undergraduate School: University of Pittsburgh

Medical School: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

The Guaranteed Admissions Program (GAP) allows students to be promoted directly to the Pitt School of Medicine. Applicants must apply by November 1st of their senior year and must have a 1490 composite SAT score or 34 ACT score to be considered. Undergraduates in the GAP must maintain a 3.75 GPA in their undergraduate coursework and must seek out medically related experiences throughout their undergraduate years to remain eligible.

Learn more about the University of Pittsburgh and see your chances of acceptance.

4. Baylor 2 Baylor Medical Program

Undergraduate School: Baylor University

Medical School: Baylor College of Medicine

This program is only open to six high school students a year, and all of them are eligible for scholarships ranging from $12,000 to $40,000. Prospective students must have a high school GPA of 3.8 or be in the top 5% of their class. Baylor states that most applicants with above a 1430 on the SAT or 32 on the ACT are accepted, though there are no required scores.

In order to confirm provisional acceptance, Baylor 2 Baylor undergraduates must maintain a 3.5 GPA and achieve a 501-507 MCAT score. Baylor 2 Baylor students must also finish all pre-med requirements while attending college.

Learn more about Baylor University and see your chances of acceptance.

5. Rochester Early Medical Scholars (REMS)

Undergraduate School: University of Rochester

Medical School: University of Rochester School of Medicine

The most competitive combined-admission program at Rochester University, Rochester Early Medical Scholars (REMS), enables students to get a bachelor’s degree in addition to an MD in just eight years. Students who enroll in the REMS program do not have to spend their summer studying and can instead concentrate on research, clinical experience, seminars, and social gatherings. Additionally, because there are no required courses, students may study a wide range of subjects and even double- or triple-major in the REMS program.

Learn more about the University of Rochester and see your chances of acceptance.

6. Connections Dual Admissions (BS/MD) Program

Undergraduate School: University of Cincinnati

Medical School: University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

The Connections Dual Admissions Program offers students the opportunity to be admitted to both the University of Cincinnati’s undergraduate college and the College of Medicine. The program is dedicated to enrolling underrepresented students and is not an accelerated program.

To qualify for admission, applicants must achieve a minimum score of 1300 on the SAT or 29 on the ACT in a single sitting. After being accepted into the Connections Program, undergraduate students are required to maintain a minimum GPA of 3.5 and must take the MCAT exam.

Learn more about the University of Cincinnati and see your chances of acceptance.

7. Penn State Premedical-Medical (PMM) Program

Undergraduate School: Penn State University

Medical School: Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University

Length: 7 years

The PMM program is a seven-year joint program between Penn State University and Thomas Jefferson University’s Kimmel Medical College. The MCAT is a requirement for all PMM students—they must achieve at least a 504 composite on the MCAT (no lower than 126 on each component) and have a 3.5 GPA—to maintain high academic rigor.

Other colleges don’t offer a pre-medicine major; instead, they have separate pre-medical programs. Penn State, however, offers a Premedicine major that is meant to provide prospective medical school students with a wide-ranging interdisciplinary background.

Learn more about Penn State University and see your chances of acceptance.

8. Seven-Year Dual BA/MD Program with GW Columbian College of Arts and Sciences (George Washington University)

Undergraduate School: George Washington University 

Medical School: George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences 

Rather than a bachelor of science, the seven-year combined medical program at George Washington University offers students a bachelor of arts. The program requires students to apply in their senior year of high school. A small number of applicants will be selected to submit a second essay about their motivations for medicine and their interest in GW. Finally, selected applicants will participate in an interview.

Admission into the MD program is provisional rather than guaranteed. To be accepted to the MD program, students must maintain a minimum 3.60 overall GPA, have no grades of C or below in any science courses, provide an MCAT practice exam score from an online MCAT review, and participate in medically related service experiences during their time as an undergraduate at GW.

Learn more about George Washington University and see your chances of acceptance.

9. Temple University Pre-Med Health Scholar Program

Undergraduate School: Temple University

Medical School: Temple University School of Medicine

Length: 8 years, possibly 7 years (see website for more info)

Temple University’s Pre-Med Health Scholar Program can be completed in either 7 or 8 years, depending on your preferences and performance. Accepted Health Scholars can request consideration for the 3+4 accelerated track during their first undergraduate semester.

To be accepted to the Pre-Med Health Scholar Program, high school students must have four years of math and science classes, have an unweighted high school GPA of 3.8, and have demonstrated commitment to service/volunteer activities, as well as time as a volunteer in health care settings.

The program is test-optional and there is no stated SAT/ACT minimum for those who submit test scores. However, undergrads in the program must maintain a GPA of 3.6—both overall and in science courses—and earn a score of at least 509 (with no section less than 126) on the MCAT to confirm their provisional acceptance to the Temple University School of Medicine.

Learn more about Temple University and see your chances of acceptance.

10. Guaranteed Admission Program at Virginia Commonwealth University

Undergraduate School: Virginia Commonwealth University

Medical School: Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

The Medical Program is VCU’s best-known Guaranteed Admissions program. VCU offers an eight-year program with provisional admission to the Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine after four years of undergrad at VCU. High school applicants must have a minimum 3.5 unweighted GPA and an SAT score of 1330 or ACT score of 29. In the past, successful applicants have had an average of 450 hours of experience in medically related fields.

While in undergrad, Guaranteed Admissions Program students must maintain a 3.5 GPA and earn a score of 508 on the MCAT. VCU is also committed to making sure its students have relevant experience, requiring hours of community service and “healthcare related experiences” every semester.

Learn more about VCU and see your chances of acceptance.

Do You Have a Balanced College List?

It’s important to have a balanced college list to maximize your chances of getting into a school with a good fit for you. We recommend that students apply to 8-12 schools, with 25% being safety schools, 40% being target schools, and 35% being reach schools. Since all BS/MD programs are highly selective—and, therefore, reach schools for everyone—you should include some schools that are less competitive on your list.

CollegeVine’s free chancing calculator is a useful tool for gauging your chances of acceptance at over 1,500 schools. Using factors like GPA, test scores, and extracurricular activities, our chancing engine can not only help you assess your odds of acceptance, but also highlight areas for improvement.

While we can’t yet estimate your chances of getting into BS/MD programs, we can help you understand your chances of getting in as a regular undergrad, which can help you build a balanced school list.

Related CollegeVine Blog Posts

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6-Year BSc/MD Program

Our 6-year medical school program allows you to earn both a Bachelor’s degree in Science (BSc) and a Doctor of Medicine degree (MD)

What is the 6-year BSc/MD program?

The 6-Year BSc/MD Program is a 2+4 accelerated medical education program for students who have secondary school credentials (e.g., high school or IGCSE “O-levels”). The 6-semester (2-Year) pre-medical curriculum is offered on-campus or online, including asynchronously, to accommodate students from multiple time zones.  The 6-year MD program is offered three times per year: January, May, and September.

Benefits at a Glance

2 Degrees in 6 Years

Save Money and Time

Grow Your Network

Guaranteed Admittance to Med School

Top Faculty

Admissions requirements.

• American or Canadian High School curriculum
• IGCSE (“O-Levels”): B or better in minimum 6 subjects, which include Biology, Chemistry, Math and English
• Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
• English Proficiency: Since English is the language of instruction at MUA, it is important that applicants be prepared academically to pursue the curriculum and be able to communicate effectively. Applicants whose principal language is not English may be required to take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) or other comparable exam.

Pre-Medical Curriculum

Pre-medical program costs.

Please visit our tuition and fees page for more information.

Get in touch for more information

• Canadian Applicants

Doctoral Program in Biomedical Engineering

PhD Application Deadline DECEMBER 15 View Application Steps

How to Apply

Funding & resources, usc graduate application, dissertation topics, phd alumni snapshot, research topics database.

• USC Biomedical Engineering Research Labs
• Alfred E. Mann Institute for Biomedical Engineering at the University of Southern California (AMI-USC)

Catherine Yunis

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Jonathan Wang

Biomedical Engineering Doctoral Students Citizenship

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Published on June 8th, 2021

Last updated on August 18th, 2023

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Catherine Yunis PhD in Biomedical Engineering

What’s the best piece of advice you’ve ever been given?

Not advice but encouragement generally - I think there have been points in my life when I have been unsure about a big decision or the course of some work I've done and hearing positive encouragement from a professor has given me a huge boost in my confidence in myself and the work I'm doing.

What do you consider your greatest accomplishment?

Graduating MIT. Getting through undergrad at MIT is very difficult.

What's your favorite impulse purchase from the past 12 months?

A backflow incense burner. I love watching the smoke trickle downwards and I've found some nice smelling new incense as a result.

Please describe a little about your research and what excites you about it.

In short, I study the relationship between touch, vision and walking. I am excited to learn the neuroscience between movement - how sensory inputs of the peripheral nervous system can influence commands sent by the brain to the body. 

If you could choose any other profession outside of engineering or computer science, what would it be? 

I'd be an artist.

What are some factors that helped you decide to pursue your PhD at USC?

The location (love Los Angeles and California and the access to the medical device industry in SoCal), the potential for tech transfer from research to industry and the emphasis on and support for diversity at the school.

If you were to recommend to an incoming student 3 places to go in California/Los Angeles, what would they be?

Barnsdall Park in LA for the view, Point Lobos National Park south of San Francisco for the gorgeous scenery and a beach in Santa Barbara to feel like you're on vacation.

What is a memory you'll cherish about your time at USC?

Being able to eat lunch with my friends/classmates in the Engineering Quad before covid changed the policies about who can be on campus.

What's one thing about you that might surprise me?

I am very tall - about 5'9". It's hard to tell over Zoom. I also like to change my hair color about every month or two.

What are your plans after graduation?

To work for a research group at a large tech company or to start my own business.

Hometown (city, country):

Chicago, IL, USA

Personal Website (if any):

I am due to update this but for now I like to share this work from when I was in college:  https://neuralfashion. blogspot.com/  or you can look me up on LinkedIn.

Faculty Advisor:

Dr. James Finley and Dr. Heather Culbertson.

Jonathan Wang PhD in Biomedical Engineering

I would say the best piece of advice given is that: there is never a “perfect” time to start reaching for a goal. It will always be fruitful to start consistent progress towards a target, instead of waiting for a “perfect” scenario. This shifted my mentality to accept difficult times and problems that arise, and recognize it is a normal part of life. The successful ones are the people that just don’t quit on their goals.

I would say a very recent one, which is obtaining my PhD. I am the first PhD student under my advisor, Professor Eun Ji Chung, so I started my project from scratch and followed it through until publications. I was able to switch from a mechanical engineering focused undergrad into a biomedical engineering topic while learning all new skills and scientific workflows. In the end, I won the “best research assistant in biomedical engineering” award from Viterbi, which demonstrated that my contributions to the lab were recognized by the whole department. It was a great feeling to have that recognition, and put the lab in a position for future success.

Not a very expensive one, but my girlfriend and I wanted to buy some Pokemon cards that were getting popular during COVID. We suddenly decided one weekend to look for them, and we went to 4-5 stores before finding them. A Target had them restricted behind the customer service desk, and we bought all three packs they had left that day.

My research aims to use nanoparticles to treat disease, specifically a genetic condition called polycystic kidney disease. Nanomedicine in general was once very obscure in the eyes of the general public, but now it is reaching more widespread appeal due to the COVID vaccines being nanoparticles. I think many industry research and development roles are now realizing the potential of nanoparticle drug delivery platforms. During my time at USC, I saw the landscape of PKD treatment shift dramatically, which is so exciting to see that I work can directly impact patients receiving treatment in the future.

If you could choose any other profession outside of engineering or computer science, what would it be?

Ideally, (if money weren’t an issue, and I were talented enough), I would want to be on a professional urban dance team. The team I admire the most is called Kinjaz; they are based in Los Angeles so I would strive to make it as a member.

Definitely my advisor, and the energy she brought to all the research topics she presented on. The chance to directly head my own project was a huge draw, as I would be working on the chemistry, cell work, mice work, and all steps in between. It turned out to be true that I gained a huge breadth of skills for my target industry of biologics production.

I would recommend: The Grove/Farmers Market for upscale shopping, Little Tokyo for Asian food, and Santa Monica beaches.

I would say going on each of my academic conferences, particularly the year Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES) trips. It would always be fun traveling with other lab members, and touring each new city.

I ride a motorcycle, and think it is one of the most thrilling/liberating feelings I can have.

Working in the biologics and pharmaceuticals industry in California, I am currently interviewing with a couple companies.

San Jose, CA.

Not personal, but our lab website can be found here:  https://chunglaboratory.com/

Professor Eun Ji Chung

Sue Wang PhD in Biomedical Engineering

The key to success is focus.

I just passed my qualification exam, and I am expecting to earn my Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering in 2022. Besides that, I am also completing a MS degree in Electrical Egineering in December, 2021.

I started to buy stocks and learn about investing last year when stocks were hot on social media. Investing in stocks has been an interesting journey which I enjoyed a lot and also that made me learn a lot not only about economics but also about life and humanity. 

I am working to develop a flexible brain probe used for recording from deep brain to decode the neural signals. I am also designing and characterizing the implantable sensors used to monitor the blood flow for patients with heart disease. I am excited to develop tools to help doctors to better and more efficiently treat patients and help more people. 

Medicine. If I did not pick biomedical engineering, I would have gone to medical school. I want to work in the medical field, because I want to make people live a healthier and better life, so they could enjoy life with their loved ones. 

I have made great friends and partners in class at USC and together, we found a medical device company to help clinicians and patients to administer medicine in a more effective and safer way.

I learned how to ski after I moved from the East Coast to Southern California.

After graduation, I plan to keep working to develop medical devices and tools to help doctors to better treat patients. I will be looking for opportunities both in industry and academia. 

I was born in China (Liao Ning Province).

Prof. Ellis Meng

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What title to put on a professional business card, for a person with a PhD

Is there a correct or preferred format for indicating 'Dr' or 'PhD' (or both) on a professional business card.

Background: I am employed in the industry and I have just earned my PhD (in social science). My company wants to update my business card.

The following are two options:

• Dr Name, PhD, University Name
• Name, PhD, University Name

I am told that it may be a sign of arrogance but I am also told that if you have earned it, you deserve it.

• 6 What country are you located in and what type of company is this? –  Irwin Commented May 7, 2013 at 2:44
• Its Australia and an advocacy company. –  Javeer Baker Commented May 7, 2013 at 3:21
• 2 I read it more of a sign of insecurity rather than arrogance when one seems to feel the need to shove your degree in people's faces. As you've pointed out, there are many feelings about this. I wouldn't do it but many do. –  mako Commented May 2, 2015 at 22:32
• 7 I think that getting a PhD is an accomplishment and people's insecurities are their own issue, not the PhDs'!!!! If in our society we rethought and recognized how much we could learn from someone that is more educated then ourselves; maybe just maybe we could elevate USA right back to the number one nation in the world..... When did we chose to disrespect educated people and why? We are in peril as a country and have uneducated people leading our country, people that can't even balance a budget!!?! So I say USE YOUR PhD!!!! –  user35978 Commented Jun 17, 2015 at 9:37

5 Answers 5

"Dr Name, PhD" is redundant, so this usage is often discouraged. If you are going to indicate the degree, I'd recommend "Name, PhD" rather than "Dr Name" since it's more informative (at the very least it will keep anyone from thinking you are a medical doctor). In the U.S. it's not common to indicate the university, but I think I've seen it more often in other countries.

I'd suggest thinking carefully before indicating your degree on a business card. Some people without PhDs may respond bitterly, like you are bragging about your accomplishments or implying that your expertise is more valuable than theirs. At the same time, some people with PhDs will look down on it as well, in a status hierarchy:

Some insecure people without PhDs feel resentful and don't want to be distinguished from PhD holders.

Some insecure people with PhDs try hard not to be confused with group 1, thereby irritating those people all the more.

Some better-established PhD holders aren't worried about being confused with group 1, but now they don't want to be confused with group 2, so they pointedly denounce emphasizing your degree as being tacky and in poor taste.

As a rule of thumb, I would omit the degree from your business card unless it's important for your credibility (i.e., the skills from your PhD are professionally important and people would otherwise assume you don't have them).

The one situation in which you should absolutely not indicate a degree is if it's irrelevant. For example, if you're an accountant with a PhD in literature, then your business card should not read "Name, PhD."

• 14 This is very dependent on culture. For instance, in Germany the "Dr." is pretty much considered part of your name once you earned it, and higher-ups in industry are said to respond almost irresponsibly well to it. Furthermore, I wonder whether -- if you put your degree on the card -- you should give the field you obtained your degree in (no matter whether PhD or Masters); the distinction may be relevant in interdisciplinary contexts of if your degree is not the obvious fit for your field. –  Raphael Commented Jun 2, 2014 at 23:43
• 3 Nice answer. There's even an econ paper modeling the three-point scenario you describe by Harbaugh and To . –  Corvus Commented May 2, 2015 at 21:44
• 1 If you feel the need to wave around your degree, I might think that you are insecure but I'm not particularly worried about other people confusing me as like you. I'm not going to "pointedly denounce emphasizing your degree" but if you ask a question in an online forum about how to style your name, I'll give you my advice. :) –  mako Commented May 2, 2015 at 22:39

My time in industry is longer than in academia. I would like to provide you with my opinion.

I would suggest

Name, PhD in Discipline name, University name Job title

I think university name is optional. The discipline name is necessary because people want to know what you know. PhD in physics is very different from PhD in social science.

Please be aware of the possible negative effects of adding the PhD title.

There are quite a bit anti-academia attitude in industry. Some people dislike academics. They believe the academians know nothing but theory. They rather do business with non-academians. For me, I deeply respect academics. I believe a company can offer me good quality products if they have PhDs as some of their employees. So, I am more willing to do business with them. However, I think I am minority. Many industry people do not think that way.

If your employer is a consulting company, your title can be helpful. The PhD title can convince your clients you can offer them high value services. If your employeer is a constructing company, you might want to think twice before you update your business card.

• @scaaahu Thanks a lot. I was based in the School of Arts and my dissertation is in the Social Sciences, so is PhD (Social Science) appropriate? Or do I need to mention the specific research area as we do specialise at this level? –  Javeer Baker Commented May 7, 2013 at 5:13
• @JaveerBaker I think PhD in Social Science is enough. If anybody wants to know more, they can ask. Then it's up to you and the timing to talk about it in more details. Some may not be interested in your title, they will just ignore what area in social science. –  Nobody Commented May 7, 2013 at 5:24
• What about Bachelor resp. Master degrees if either is your highest one? –  Raphael Commented Jun 2, 2014 at 23:44
• 1 @Raphael I never saw anyone put master/bachelor title on their business card in the US or my current location(Asia). I don't know about Europe. But, that's just me. –  Nobody Commented Jun 3, 2014 at 2:12
• There are quite a bit anti-academia attitude in industry. Supporting evidence? –  Leon Meier Commented Dec 25, 2017 at 13:31

In your case, I would suggest "Yes, put Javeer Baker, Ph.D " on your card. You could optionally put "in social science" on it if you'd like.

I cannot speak about the culture in Australia, but in the United States and Canada, it is appropriate to put your title (Ph.D) on your business card if the industry generally is supportive of or respects academics, or in which high degrees are not common. I might guess Australia's culture is similar.

Industries that would want to be proud to have a Ph.D on staff especially would be non-profit organizations, advocacy groups, research think-tanks, and consulting. As you said that your employer was an advocacy group, I believe that putting your degree on your business card is beneficial.

Industries in which you would NOT put your degree on your business card would probably be software high-tech (because no one cares) or in academia (not because no one cares, but basically any assistant professor and up basically has a Ph.D and therefore it's not impressive), or, as mentioned above, a construction management company or similar.

(As an aside, a whole bunch of people at a conference I was at rolled their eyes when they saw one of the authors wrote " name , Ph.D" on a paper.)

• 1 Just a remark: I believe I've heard Sergey Brin once mentioning that Google was so successful because it hired many PhD's. –  texnic Commented Jan 28, 2016 at 15:01

In your particular case, working for a advocacy company and being asked to update your business card, you can overlook the snarky comments. I believe that only medical doctors use the Dr honorific on their business card. So John Smith, Ph.D. seems sufficient. There is no reason to to add university nor discipline. It is a nice ice breaker in a conversation when people ask "what is your PhD in?" and you can position your expertise into the context of the meeting.

As for the Dr John Smith, yes by all means that is how you should be addressed on letters and in other contexts, or even simply as Dr Smith.

You have worked hard for your PhD, so you have earned the recognition that goes with it. As for the people with insecurities, it is how you conduct yourself that makes the difference between coming across as a knowledgeable consultant or a pretentious person.

• In the U.S., even medical doctors put the degree on professional cards to let everyone know they're "real doctors." –  Bob Brown Commented Oct 27, 2016 at 11:55
• @BobBrown, thanks for the extra detail. On another forum I was razed for putting the word engineer in scare quotes. The trolls wouldn't accept that unqualified persons using the engineering designation would not want to be treated for medical conditions by persons without suitable medical training and qualifications. So then why should critical infrastructure then be built by unqualified persons without suitable oversight. –  CyberFonic Commented Nov 15, 2016 at 20:45

The style chosen is at the discretion of the one conferred with the doctorate. These are styles are common in the UK - they can include all qualifications, including professional certifications:

• Dr. Name, PhD, MSc, BSc
• Dr. Name, MD, MBChB, BSc DRCOG, MRCGP

The doctorate position and its responsibilities are accompanied with certain rights and privileges including the title and style. You can even have your passport include the Dr. It is a legal right. If you have just earned a doctorate, wear it proudly and congratulations, Dr.

• I didn't know one could include "Dr." in the passport in the UK, thought it was only the German exactness :) –  texnic Commented Jan 28, 2016 at 14:54
• 1 In the UK, post-nominals for academic degree are usually in order of level, lowest first, I.e BSc, MSc, PhD. –  rturnbull Commented Oct 27, 2016 at 9:13

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Forty trainees recognized at annual Yale Child Study Center graduation event

The Yale Child Study Center (YCSC), which serves as the department of child psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine, honored forty trainees in the class of 2024 at an annual departmental commencement event on June 21, 2024. The event was followed by a reception for graduates and their families.

Held in person in the Cohen Auditorium and simulcast via Zoom, the event began with a welcome given by YCSC Chair Linda Mayes, followed by a lively and humble keynote speech delivered by YCSC Professor Michael Bloch, who also serves as co-director of the T32 postdoctoral research fellowship in childhood neuropsychiatric disorders as well as associate program director of the Solnit integrated training program.

Bloch shared details about his personal background and professional journey, along with some of the lessons he is continuing to work on. Relaying a metaphor based on the 2015 online viral image of a dress that some saw as white and gold and others as blue and black, he noted, “There’s an important lesson to learn from this dress, that people can have completely different perceptions of the same image based on previous experience, color, perception, underlying neurobiology.”

He went on to say, “Try to listen, respect, and understand other people’s story, experiences, and opinions. They may be very different from you. They may actually literally see things differently. As we're lucky enough to have an environment with increasing diversity of perspectives, training paths, and experiences – we need to recognize this also as we're treating patients with greater diversity.”

Bloch handed the podium over to Dorothy Stubbe, a professor at the YCSC who also serves as the program director of residency and fellowship training. Before she began the individual recognitions for the child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship graduates, she offered a few remarks.

I think that we all know that working with children and adolescents and families that are struggling with mental health is exhausting. It is depleting, and it is one of the best things you can ever do. But families certainly give their all to help each of our trainees be able to get here, be their authentic selves, and be here every day to see patients and help them with their recovery. Dorothy Stubbe, MD

Michele Goyette-Ewing, associate professor and director of the psychology training program followed Stubbe to recognize psychology fellows. Carolina Rivera Parrott, assistant clinical professor and director of the advanced clinical social work fellowship took the podium next, followed by Associate Professor Michael Crowley for the research training program in in childhood neuropsychiatric disorders and then Associate Professor Helena Rutherford for the graduate program in developmental neuroscience and psychopathology, run in collaboration with the Anna Freud Centre and University College London.

The honorees recognized at the event by training program were as follows.

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

• Matthew Carriero Johnson, MD
• Joseph Albert Knoble, MD
• Allison Michie Lawler, MD
• Maria Ghanbari Motlagh, MD
• Onyi Okeke, MD
• Brittany N. Atuahene Robinson, MD
• Sherab Tsheringla, MD, MBBS

Completion of Psychiatry Residency

• Nora Hassan Abdullah, MD
• Sarah Barbara Abdallah, MD
• Alexis Nicole Benedetto, MD, MPH
• Nelson Jorge Rubio Giraldo, MD
• Kayla Isaacs, MD
• Isaac N.S. Johnson, MD
• Samuel Brady Sondalle, MD, PhD
• Bonnie Yam, MD

Albert J. Solnit Integrated Psychiatry

• Jelena Goldoni MacLeod, MD, MHS

Pre-Doctoral Internship in Psychology

• Marissa Bivona, MEd
• Barbara Storch, MA
• Leah Wang, MA
• Kristina Washington, MEd

Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Psychology

• Saja Almusawi, PhD
• Danielle R. Novick, PhD
• Christine Teal Raffaele, PhD
• Cara Celine Tomaso, PhD

Social Work Program

• Christian Edwards, MSW, LCSW
• Stephanie Salazar, LMSW

Research Training Program in Childhood Neuropsychiatric Disorders

• Alan H. Gerber, PhD
• Jason W. Griffin, PhD
• Jelena G. MacLeod, MD, MHS

M.Res. in Developmental Neuroscience & Psychopathology, Anna Freud Centre and University College London

• Erin Basol, BA
• Jade Bouffard, BSc
• Satvika Char, BSc
• Yulan Chen, BA
• Olivia Cuevas Geiger, BSc
• Bethan Gilligan, BSc
• Maisha Hossain, BA
• Zoe Howell, BSc
• Maria Jelen, BSc
• Gihyun Kim, BA
• Danai Ioakeimidou, BSc
• Tara Ramsay-Patel, BA

Featured in this article

• Linda Mayes, MD
• Michael Bloch, MD, MS
• Dorothy Stubbe, MD
• Michele Goyette-Ewing, PhD
• Carolina Rivera Parrott
• Michael Crowley, PhD
• Helena Rutherford, PhD
• Joseph Knoble
• Allison Lawler, MD, MEd
• Maria Motlagh, MD
• Brittany Atuahene Robinson
• Nora H. Abdullah
• Alexis Benedetto
• Nelson Rubio Giraldo
• Kayla Isaacs
• Isaac Johnson
• Jelena MacLeod, MD, MHS
• Marissa Bivona
• Barbara Storch
• Kristina Washington
• Saja Almusawi
• Danielle Novick
• Christine Teal Raffaele
• Cara Tomaso
• Christian Edwards, BA, MSW
• Stephanie Salazar
• Jason W Griffin, PhD

Related Links

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Elektrostal

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Elektrostal , city, Moscow oblast (province), western Russia . It lies 36 miles (58 km) east of Moscow city. The name, meaning “electric steel,” derives from the high-quality-steel industry established there soon after the October Revolution in 1917. During World War II , parts of the heavy-machine-building industry were relocated there from Ukraine, and Elektrostal is now a centre for the production of metallurgical equipment. Pop. (2006 est.) 146,189.