language and speech distinction

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Difference between speech, language and communication

• 25 September 2020
• Science outreach

In our day-to-day language, the terms speech, language, and communication are often used interchangeably. However, are these words synonyms? As it turns out, no, they are not! 

Here is how to better distinguish these terms:

Speech refers to the way we produce and perceive the consonants and vowels that form all the languages in the world. It can be considered the perceptual and motor components of oral language. More specifically, it includes the following elements:

• Voice. This refers to the way we use our vocal folds (sometimes called cords), in the larynx, and our respiration (especially the expiration) to produce speech sounds. Our voice varies in intensity and pitch – that is, it can be more or less loud and have a higher or lower pitch. These parameters are determined by the contraction and extension of the vocal folds.
• Articulation. It is the way we use our articulators, including our lips and our tongue, to produce speech sounds. For example, our lips are rounded to produce the vowel /o/, while they are stretched to produce the vowel /i/.
• Resonance. This refers to the modification of the sound generated by the vocal folds as it travels through the cavities formed by the pharynx as well as the inside of our nose and mouth. Resonance influences the quality of speech sounds (a nasal vowel such as “an” vs an oral vowel such as “a”) and depends mostly on our capacity to control the amount of air that is expelled from our nose when we speak. To block air from going through the nose, we lift soft palate (also called velopharynx); to allow air going into the nose, we drop the soft palate (see figure 1). For example, too much airflow through the nose results in a nasal voice (Kummer). It should be noted that damage to resonance or to the respiratory system is likely to make speech less natural and intelligible (ASHA). 
• Fluency. This concerns the rhythm of our speech and is characterized by the number of hesitations and repetitions of sounds when we speak. Non fluent speech is associated with communication disorders such as stuttering.
• Perception. The ability to detect and perceive fine variations in the acoustic signal of speech, including variations in intensity and frequency in a locutor’s voice or variations in their speech rate, are also key elements of speech at the receptive level.

Language refers to the comprehension and production of words and sentences to share ideas or information. Language can be oral, written, or signed (e.g. Quebec Sign Language). Below are the different spheres of language (ASHA; Bishop et al, 2017): 

• Phonology. At the interface between speech and language, phonology refers to the ability to identify and use speech sounds to distinguish the words of a language. For example, in English, it is important to distinguish the sounds associated with the letters “b” and “p” since words such as “bay” and “pay” do not have the same meaning.
• Morphology. This refers to the rules that regulate the use of morphemes, the smallest units of language that carry meaning. For example, in oral and written English, the plural is often indicated by adding the morpheme “-s” to a noun (eg. anemones). Some morphemes can be added at the beginning or at the end of a word to slightly modify the meaning. For example, the morpheme ‘’-est’’ in English is used to express the superlative. For example, when we add “est” to the adjective  tall, we  create the word  tallest , meaning the person who is the most tall.
• Lexicology and semantics. These components refer to vocabulary as well as the knowledge of the word meaning (e.g., knowing the word  anemone  and that it refers not only to a marine animal, but also to a colorful perennial plant).
• Syntax. This refers to the rules to combine words to create sentences in a language. For example, the sentence ‘’I love anemones’’ is composed of a subject (I) and a predicate (formed by the verb  love  and the noun  anemones ); the two obligatory components in an English sentence.
• Pragmatics. This refers to the rules about the use of language in a specific communication context. These rules include the respect of the turn-taking or the adjustment of the language level or content based on the interlocutor. It also includes the ability to detect humour, irony and sarcasm.

Communication

Communication refers to the process of exchanging information, including emotions and thoughts (Bishop and al., 2016), with others using speaking, writing, signs, facial expressions and body language. Communication thus incorporates speech and language, but also prosody (linguistic and emotional). Prosody refers to the ability to vary the intonation, rate and voice intensity to either emphasize certain syllables or words when we speak or to draw the attention of our interlocutor to a particular piece of information (linguistic prosody), or to convey our emotions, voluntarily or not (emotional prosody; Wilson & Wharton, 2005). 

Although the words  speech ,  language  and  communication  are often used interchangeably, these words have distinct meanings when used in scientific or clinical contexts. While  communication  is a broad concept,  speech  and  language  have very specific meaning. This is important because communication difficulties can affect speech and language independently. For example, a person with a speech impairment may have difficulty articulating correctly without having any language difficulty. Likewise, a person with a language disorder may have difficulty understanding the meaning of words, forming grammatically sentences, respecting speaking turns during a conversation, etc., while having no difficulty related to speech (normal voice, normal articulation).

Suggested readings:

• The cocktail party explained
• Comic strip about speech
• Speech perception: a complex ability
• What is the most important element of communication?

Speech analysis

What is prosody.

References:

American Speech and Hearing Association (ASHA). (2020, September 1 rst ). What Is Speech? What Is Language? https://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/speech-and-language/

American Speech and Hearing Association (ASHA). (2020, September 1 rst ). Language in brief. https://www.asha.org/Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Spoken-Language-Disorders/Language-In–Brief/

American Speech and Hearing Association (ASHA). (2020, September 23). Dysarthria in Adults. https://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589943481&section=Signs_and_Symptoms

Bishop, D.V.M., Snowling, M.J., Thompson, P.A., Greenhalgh, T., & CATALISE consortium. (2016). CATALISE: A Multinational and Multidisciplinary Delphi Consensus Study. Identifying Language Impairments in Children. PLOS ONE 11 (12): e0168066.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168066

Kummer, A.W. (2020, September 23). Resonance Disorders and Velopharyngeal Dysfunction.  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/- /media/cincinnati%20childrens/home/service/s/speech/patients/handouts/resonance-disorders-and-vpd.pdf?la=en

Wilson, D., & Wharton, T. (2006). Relevance and prosody. Journal of Pragmatics 38 , 1559–1579. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2005.04.012

The peripheral auditory system

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Difference Between Language and Speech

• Categorized under Words | Difference Between Language and Speech

List of languages by number of native speakers

Language vs Speech

Language and speech are two different communicating tools. Language is the tool by which we write, understand, etc., and speech is the tool of communication which is used to verbally communicate with others . Let us elaborate more on both to understand the differences.

Language One of the dictionary meanings of language is the communication of feelings and thoughts through a system of particular signals, like sounds, voice, written symbols, and gestures. It is considered to be a very specialized capacity of humans where they use complex systems for communication. The study of languages is called linguistics.

There are many languages spoken today by humans. Languages have some rules, and they are compiled and used according to those rules for communication. Languages can be not only written, but sometimes some languages are based on signs only. These are called sign languages. In other cases, some particular codes are used for computers, etc. which are called computer languages or programming.

Language has four different rules which are shared socially. First, what a word means, the meaning of the words which is called vocabulary; second, how to make up new words; third, how to put the words together in a sequence and, finally, how to use the sentence in a particular situation. Does it need to be a statement, or does it need to be interrogative, etc.

Language can be either receptive, meaning understanding of a language, and expressive language, which means the usage of the language either orally or in writing. If we simplify everything, language expresses an idea communicated in the message.

Speech One of the dictionary meanings of speech is the act of expressing or the faculty of describing feelings and thoughts or perceptions by words, something spoken or vocal communication. It is a specifically human capacity to communicate verbally or vocally with the use of syntactic combinations from diverse vocabularies.

Each word spoken has a phonetic combination of certain sound units. Speech is created by vocabularies, syntax, and a set of sound units. It is the verbal way of communicating. The following components are a part of speech:

Articulation, which means the way speech sounds are produced. Voice, the breathing process and the vocal folds used to produce sounds. Fluency, the rhythm required to speak without hesitation.

Simplifying the whole concept, speech expresses how a spoken message needs to be communicated.

1.Language is the communication of feelings and thoughts through a system of particular signals like sounds, voice, written symbols, and gestures. However, speech is the act of expressing or the faculty of describing feelings and thoughts or perceptions by words, something spoken or vocal communication. 2.Languages could be human languages, sign languages, or computer languages which use codes while speech is a single concept. It is the physical process used to verbalize language. 3.Languages express the idea that needs to be communicated while speech is the process which shows how the message needs to be communicated.

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Cite APA 7 Kaushik, N. (2017, February 10). Difference Between Language and Speech. Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects. http://www.differencebetween.net/language/words-language/difference-between-language-and-speech/. MLA 8 Kaushik, Nimisha. "Difference Between Language and Speech." Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects, 10 February, 2017, http://www.differencebetween.net/language/words-language/difference-between-language-and-speech/.

it was better to address for the relationship between speech and language

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The differences can be more specifically elaborated as a comparison and this is kind of gross. Hope to see you update it.

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Speaking, writing and reading are integral to everyday life, where language is the primary tool for expression and communication. Studying how people use language – what words and phrases they unconsciously choose and combine – can help us better understand ourselves and why we behave the way we do.

Linguistics scholars seek to determine what is unique and universal about the language we use, how it is acquired and the ways it changes over time. They consider language as a cultural, social and psychological phenomenon.

“Understanding why and how languages differ tells about the range of what is human,” said Dan Jurafsky , the Jackson Eli Reynolds Professor in Humanities and chair of the Department of Linguistics in the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford . “Discovering what’s universal about languages can help us understand the core of our humanity.”

The stories below represent some of the ways linguists have investigated many aspects of language, including its semantics and syntax, phonetics and phonology, and its social, psychological and computational aspects.

Understanding stereotypes

Stanford linguists and psychologists study how language is interpreted by people. Even the slightest differences in language use can correspond with biased beliefs of the speakers, according to research.

One study showed that a relatively harmless sentence, such as “girls are as good as boys at math,” can subtly perpetuate sexist stereotypes. Because of the statement’s grammatical structure, it implies that being good at math is more common or natural for boys than girls, the researchers said.

Language can play a big role in how we and others perceive the world, and linguists work to discover what words and phrases can influence us, unknowingly.

How well-meaning statements can spread stereotypes unintentionally

New Stanford research shows that sentences that frame one gender as the standard for the other can unintentionally perpetuate biases.

Algorithms reveal changes in stereotypes

New Stanford research shows that, over the past century, linguistic changes in gender and ethnic stereotypes correlated with major social movements and demographic changes in the U.S. Census data.

Exploring what an interruption is in conversation

Stanford doctoral candidate Katherine Hilton found that people perceive interruptions in conversation differently, and those perceptions differ depending on the listener’s own conversational style as well as gender.

Cops speak less respectfully to black community members

Professors Jennifer Eberhardt and Dan Jurafsky, along with other Stanford researchers, detected racial disparities in police officers’ speech after analyzing more than 100 hours of body camera footage from Oakland Police.

How other languages inform our own

People speak roughly 7,000 languages worldwide. Although there is a lot in common among languages, each one is unique, both in its structure and in the way it reflects the culture of the people who speak it.

Jurafsky said it’s important to study languages other than our own and how they develop over time because it can help scholars understand what lies at the foundation of humans’ unique way of communicating with one another.

“All this research can help us discover what it means to be human,” Jurafsky said.

Stanford PhD student documents indigenous language of Papua New Guinea

Fifth-year PhD student Kate Lindsey recently returned to the United States after a year of documenting an obscure language indigenous to the South Pacific nation.

Students explore Esperanto across Europe

In a research project spanning eight countries, two Stanford students search for Esperanto, a constructed language, against the backdrop of European populism.

Chris Manning: How computers are learning to understand language​

A computer scientist discusses the evolution of computational linguistics and where it’s headed next.

Stanford research explores novel perspectives on the evolution of Spanish

Using digital tools and literature to explore the evolution of the Spanish language, Stanford researcher Cuauhtémoc García-García reveals a new historical perspective on linguistic changes in Latin America and Spain.

Language as a lens into behavior

Linguists analyze how certain speech patterns correspond to particular behaviors, including how language can impact people’s buying decisions or influence their social media use.

For example, in one research paper, a group of Stanford researchers examined the differences in how Republicans and Democrats express themselves online to better understand how a polarization of beliefs can occur on social media.

“We live in a very polarized time,” Jurafsky said. “Understanding what different groups of people say and why is the first step in determining how we can help bring people together.”

Analyzing the tweets of Republicans and Democrats

New research by Dora Demszky and colleagues examined how Republicans and Democrats express themselves online in an attempt to understand how polarization of beliefs occurs on social media.

Examining bilingual behavior of children at Texas preschool

A Stanford senior studied a group of bilingual children at a Spanish immersion preschool in Texas to understand how they distinguished between their two languages.

Predicting sales of online products from advertising language

Stanford linguist Dan Jurafsky and colleagues have found that products in Japan sell better if their advertising includes polite language and words that invoke cultural traditions or authority.

Language can help the elderly cope with the challenges of aging, says Stanford professor

By examining conversations of elderly Japanese women, linguist Yoshiko Matsumoto uncovers language techniques that help people move past traumatic events and regain a sense of normalcy.

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Speech and Language Developmental Milestones

On this page:

How do speech and language develop?

What are the milestones for speech and language development, what is the difference between a speech disorder and a language disorder, what should i do if my child’s speech or language appears to be delayed, what research is being conducted on developmental speech and language problems.

• Your baby's hearing and communicative development checklist

Where can I find additional information about speech and language developmental milestones?

The first 3 years of life, when the brain is developing and maturing, is the most intensive period for acquiring speech and language skills. These skills develop best in a world that is rich with sounds, sights, and consistent exposure to the speech and language of others.

There appear to be critical periods for speech and language development in infants and young children when the brain is best able to absorb language. If these critical periods are allowed to pass without exposure to language, it will be more difficult to learn.

The first signs of communication occur when an infant learns that a cry will bring food, comfort, and companionship. Newborns also begin to recognize important sounds in their environment, such as the voice of their mother or primary caretaker. As they grow, babies begin to sort out the speech sounds that compose the words of their language. By 6 months of age, most babies recognize the basic sounds of their native language.

Children vary in their development of speech and language skills. However, they follow a natural progression or timetable for mastering the skills of language. A checklist of milestones for the normal development of speech and language skills in children from birth to 5 years of age is included below. These milestones help doctors and other health professionals determine if a child is on track or if he or she may need extra help. Sometimes a delay may be caused by hearing loss, while other times it may be due to a speech or language disorder.

Children who have trouble understanding what others say (receptive language) or difficulty sharing their thoughts (expressive language) may have a language disorder. Developmental language disorder  (DLD) is a language disorder that delays the mastery of language skills. Some children with DLD may not begin to talk until their third or fourth year.

Children who have trouble producing speech sounds correctly or who hesitate or stutter when talking may have a speech disorder. Apraxia of speech is a speech disorder that makes it difficult to put sounds and syllables together in the correct order to form words.

Talk to your child’s doctor if you have any concerns. Your doctor may refer you to a speech-language pathologist, who is a health professional trained to evaluate and treat people with speech or language disorders. The speech-language pathologist will talk to you about your child’s communication and general development. He or she will also use special spoken tests to evaluate your child. A hearing test is often included in the evaluation because a hearing problem can affect speech and language development. Depending on the result of the evaluation, the speech-language pathologist may suggest activities you can do at home to stimulate your child’s development. They might also recommend group or individual therapy or suggest further evaluation by an audiologist (a health care professional trained to identify and measure hearing loss), or a developmental psychologist (a health care professional with special expertise in the psychological development of infants and children).

The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) sponsors a broad range of research to better understand the development of speech and language disorders, improve diagnostic capabilities, and fine-tune more effective treatments. An ongoing area of study is the search for better ways to diagnose and differentiate among the various types of speech delay. A large study following approximately 4,000 children is gathering data as the children grow to establish reliable signs and symptoms for specific speech disorders, which can then be used to develop accurate diagnostic tests. Additional genetic studies are looking for matches between different genetic variations and specific speech deficits.

Researchers sponsored by the NIDCD have discovered one genetic variant, in particular, that is linked to developmental language disorder (DLD), a disorder that delays children’s use of words and slows their mastery of language skills throughout their school years. The finding is the first to tie the presence of a distinct genetic mutation to any kind of inherited language impairment. Further research is exploring the role this genetic variant may also play in dyslexia, autism, and speech-sound disorders.

A long-term study looking at how deafness impacts the brain is exploring how the brain “rewires” itself to accommodate deafness. So far, the research has shown that adults who are deaf react faster and more accurately than hearing adults when they observe objects in motion. This ongoing research continues to explore the concept of “brain plasticity”—the ways in which the brain is influenced by health conditions or life experiences—and how it can be used to develop learning strategies that encourage healthy language and speech development in early childhood.

A recent workshop convened by the NIDCD drew together a group of experts to explore issues related to a subgroup of children with autism spectrum disorders who do not have functional verbal language by the age of 5. Because these children are so different from one another, with no set of defining characteristics or patterns of cognitive strengths or weaknesses, development of standard assessment tests or effective treatments has been difficult. The workshop featured a series of presentations to familiarize participants with the challenges facing these children and helped them to identify a number of research gaps and opportunities that could be addressed in future research studies.

What are voice, speech, and language?

Voice, speech, and language are the tools we use to communicate with each other.

Voice is the sound we make as air from our lungs is pushed between vocal folds in our larynx, causing them to vibrate.

Speech is talking, which is one way to express language. It involves the precisely coordinated muscle actions of the tongue, lips, jaw, and vocal tract to produce the recognizable sounds that make up language.

Language is a set of shared rules that allow people to express their ideas in a meaningful way. Language may be expressed verbally or by writing, signing, or making other gestures, such as eye blinking or mouth movements.

Your baby’s hearing and communicative development checklist

Birth to 3 months, 4 to 6 months, 7 months to 1 year, 1 to 2 years, 2 to 3 years, 3 to 4 years, 4 to 5 years.

This checklist is based upon How Does Your Child Hear and Talk ?, courtesy of the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association.

The NIDCD maintains a directory of organizations that provide information on the normal and disordered processes of hearing, balance, taste, smell, voice, speech, and language.

Use the following keywords to help you find organizations that can answer questions and provide information on speech and language development:

• Early identification of hearing loss in children
• Speech-language pathologists

For more information, contact us at:

NIDCD Information Clearinghouse 1 Communication Avenue Bethesda, MD 20892-3456 Toll-free voice: (800) 241-1044 Toll-free TTY: (800) 241-1055 Email: [email protected]

NIH Publication No. 00-4781 September 2010

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What is speech, language and communication.

Speech: When we use the term ‘speech’, we are referring to the production of sounds to form words.  

Language: In the simplest sense, we think of language as being the understanding and use of words, sentences and grammar. This involves both receptive language (understanding) and expressive language (use of language).

Communication: Communication involves conveying thoughts, needs, wants and ideas to another person or people. We communicate using language but also non-verbal means such as gesture, facial expression, body language, eye contact etc. Speech is not essential.

Children develop their Speech, Language and Communication skills at different rates and ages. Typically, children will do this through the development of the skills represented in the Communication Pyramid below.

The skills at the bottom of the pyramid act as the foundations for the skills at the top. 

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The Difference Between Speech and Language

Is there a difference between speech and language.

The terms speech and language are thrown around, almost interchangeably. But did you know there are actually a few key distinctions between these two different skills? If you have a child that has been referred to a Louisville speech pathologist , this is information is especially important.

Speech is the sounds you make in order to communicate. This includes articulation (how speech sounds are made), voice (use of the vocal cords and breathing to produce sound) and fluency (the rhythm of speech). A speech disorder occurs when a child is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or has problems with their voice.

For children, an important component to developing proper speech is being able to hear the sounds they and others are making. If a child is suffering from undiagnosed hearing loss, they are at risk of delayed speech development. Hearing loss is not the only disorder that can compromise a child’s ability to develop speech skills. An issue with the physiological components of speech (their lungs, vocal cords and mouth, including the tongue, lips, jaws and teeth) can also cause an issue with speech development.

Language is made up of the socially shared rules that include:

• What words means.
• How to conjugate words to make new words.
• How to correctly put words in order.
• What combinations of words are best in specific social situations.

If your child has trouble understanding other when they speak (receptive language) or sharing ideas, thoughts or feelings (expressive language) then they are suffering from a language disorder. Many children with these types of disorders suffer from learning disabilities.

The best way to treat a speech or language disorder is to identify it early. One of your (many, many, many) jobs as a parent is to pay close attention your child’s development and language milestones in comparison to other children their age. If an issue is caught early, your Louisville speech pathologist can enroll your child in the correct preschool or kindergarten program.

If you think your child may be suffering from a speech or language problem, don’t wait. Contact your local Louisville speech pathologist today.

Understanding the Distinction: Language vs. Speech

Language and speech are two terms that are often used interchangeably, but they actually refer to distinct aspects of communication. Understanding the difference between language and speech is essential to gaining a deeper insight into how we communicate and express ourselves.

When we talk about language, we are referring to a complex system of symbols, rules, and structures that allow us to communicate meaning. It encompasses both spoken and written forms, and it is a fundamental aspect of human culture. Language provides us with the ability to convey thoughts, ideas, and emotions, and it is a shared system that allows us to connect with others.

On the other hand, speech refers specifically to the physical act of producing sounds and words. It is the motor aspect of communication that involves the coordination of various muscles and organs, such as the vocal cords, tongue, and lips. Speech is the way in which we orally express language, allowing us to articulate and convey meaning through spoken words.

Language is the broader system of communication that encompasses both spoken and written forms, while speech refers specifically to the physical act of producing sounds and words. Understanding this distinction is crucial for studying and analyzing the intricacies of human communication.

Post Contents

• 1 Key Takeaways
• 2 Overview of Language and Speech
• 3.1 Language as a Symbolic System
• 3.2 Rules and Structures of Language
• 3.3 Language and Culture
• 3.4 Language Development
• 3.5 The Power of Language
• 4 Components of Language
• 5 Importance of Language in Communication
• 6 Understanding Speech
• 8 Components of Speech
• 9 Importance of Speech in Communication
• 10 Difference Between Language and Speech
• 11 Conclusion
• 12.1 What is the difference between language and speech?
• 12.2 Why is it important to understand the difference between language and speech?
• 12.3 How can mastering language and speech benefit us?

Key Takeaways

• Language and speech are two distinct aspects of communication. Language refers to the system of symbols, rules, and structures that allow us to communicate meaning, while speech specifically refers to the physical act of producing sounds and words.
• Language encompasses both spoken and written forms, while speech focuses on oral expression.
• Understanding the difference between language and speech is essential for studying and analyzing human communication.
• Language is a shared system that connects us with others and enables us to convey thoughts, ideas, and emotions.
• Speech involves the coordination of various muscles and organs to orally express language and articulate meaning through spoken words.
• Components of language include phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, while components of speech include oral expression, phonetics and phonology, articulation and pronunciation, prosody, and fluency and coherence.
• Language and speech are interconnected but not synonymous. Language provides the framework, and speech is the mechanism through which language is expressed and conveyed.
• Both language and speech are essential for effective communication and can be improved to enhance one’s communication skills.

Overview of Language and Speech

Language and speech are two fundamental aspects of human communication that work together to convey meaning. Understanding the distinction between the two is vital for studying and analyzing how we interact with one another through verbal and written expression.

Language can be defined as a complex system of symbols, rules, and structures. It is a shared system that connects us with others and allows us to convey thoughts, ideas, and emotions. With language, we are able to communicate meaning both verbally and in written form. It is a tool that enables us to express ourselves and understand the world around us.

Speech , on the other hand, specifically refers to the physical act of producing sounds and words. It involves the coordination of various muscles and organs, such as the vocal cords, tongue, and lips. Through speech, we orally express language and convey meaning through spoken words. It is the way we communicate verbally and engage in real-time conversations.

While language and speech are interconnected, it’s important to note that they are not synonymous. Language provides us with the overall framework of communication, whereas speech is the mechanism through which language is expressed and conveyed. It’s similar to how a computer’s programming language provides the structure, and the output is generated through the computer’s hardware and system.

Studying language and speech allows us to explore the intricate ways in which humans communicate. Linguists, psychologists, and speech-language pathologists delve into the various components of language, such as grammar, syntax, and semantics. They also examine the physical processes involved in speech production, such as articulation and phonetics.

By understanding the difference between language and speech, we can gain insights into how we communicate and develop strategies to enhance our communication skills. Whether it’s in a professional setting, social interactions, or personal relationships, having a grasp of language and speech enables us to express ourselves clearly, connect with others, and foster effective communication.

So, let’s dive deeper into the fascinating world of language and speech and unravel the mysteries behind human communication.

Understanding Language

Language is a fascinating and intricate system that enables us to communicate with one another. As a linguist, I find studying language to be an endless journey of discovery. Let’s delve into the intricacies of language and explore what makes it so unique and essential to human communication.

Language as a Symbolic System

At its core, language is a symbolic system. It uses a series of sounds, words, and gestures to represent meanings, ideas, and concepts. Through language, we can convey our thoughts, emotions, and experiences to others, forming connections and building relationships. It’s incredible to think about how a seemingly arbitrary combination of sounds or marks on a page can carry so much depth and meaning.

Rules and Structures of Language

Language is not just a random assortment of symbols; it also follows specific rules and structures. These rules govern how words are formed, how sentences are constructed, and how meanings are conveyed. Without these rules, communication would become chaotic and confusing. Imagine trying to understand a language with no grammar or syntax!

Language and Culture

Language is deeply intertwined with culture. It reflects the values, beliefs, and traditions of a community or society. Different languages have unique ways of expressing concepts and ideas, offering a window into the worldviews and perspectives of different cultures. Language allows us to connect with others, bridging gaps between individuals and fostering understanding and empathy.

Language Development

From the moment we are born, we are surrounded by language. It shapes our thoughts and understanding of the world. Language development begins early in life, as infants start to absorb the sounds and rhythms of their native tongue. As we grow, we acquire more words, grasp complex grammatical structures, and gain fluency in expressing ourselves.

The Power of Language

Language is more than a tool for communication. It has the power to shape our perceptions, beliefs, and even our actions. It can inspire, motivate, and persuade. Words have the ability to incite emotions, spark revolutions, and change the course of history. It’s remarkable to witness the impact that language can have on individuals and societies.

Understanding the intricacies of language allows us to appreciate its role in human communication fully. From its symbolic nature to its connection with culture and its developmental journey, language is a remarkable system that empowers us to express ourselves and connect with others. As we explore further in this article, we’ll continue to unravel the fascinating distinction between language and speech.

Components of Language

As a complex system of symbols, rules, and structures, language relies on various components to communicate meaning effectively. These components work together seamlessly, allowing us to express our thoughts, ideas, and emotions. Let’s explore the key components of language:

• Phonetics and Phonology : Phonetics refers to the study of speech sounds, while phonology focuses on how these sounds are organized and used in languages. Understanding the phonetics and phonology of a language helps us pronounce words correctly and distinguish between different sounds.
• Morphology : Morphology deals with the structure and formation of words. It examines how words are built from smaller units called morphemes. For example, in English, the word “unhappiness” consists of three morphemes: “un-” (a prefix meaning “not”), “happy” (a root word), and “-ness” (a suffix denoting a state or quality).
• Syntax : Syntax investigates how words are combined to form grammatically correct sentences. It explores the rules that govern sentence structure, such as word order, verb agreement, and use of articles and prepositions. Syntax ensures that language conveys meaning unambiguously.
• Semantics : Semantics focuses on the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences. It studies how linguistic symbols represent specific concepts and how these symbols relate to the real world. Semantics allows us to express nuanced meaning and understand the intended message.
• Pragmatics : Pragmatics examines the way language is used in social contexts. It refers to the practical, day-to-day aspects of language, such as understanding implied meanings, using appropriate tone and gestures, and adapting communication style based on the situation. Pragmatics enables effective communication and facilitates social interaction.

Understanding these components of language helps us comprehend the intricacies of human communication. It allows us to appreciate the structure, organization, and meaning behind the words we use. By studying language, linguists, psychologists, and speech-language pathologists can enhance communication skills, support language development, and improve overall understanding of how language shapes our world.

Now that we have explored the components of language, let’s delve into the fascinating world of speech and its role in linguistic communication.

Importance of Language in Communication

Language plays a vital role in communication. It is the medium through which we express our thoughts, ideas, and emotions. Without language, it would be challenging to convey our thoughts and connect with others effectively. Here are a few reasons why language is important in communication:

• Expressing Thoughts and Ideas : Language allows us to express our thoughts and ideas precisely. We can articulate complex concepts, share experiences, and communicate our perspectives through words. Language enables us to convey meaning and emotions, facilitating effective communication.
• Creating Connection : Language creates a connection between individuals. It enables us to relate to one another, understand different cultures, and build meaningful relationships. Through language, we can bridge gaps, find common ground, and form bonds that transcend boundaries.
• Sharing Knowledge : Language is the vehicle for sharing knowledge and information. It facilitates learning, as we use words to explain concepts, teach others, and absorb new ideas. Through language, we can pass down wisdom from generation to generation, ensuring the continuity of our collective knowledge.
• Promoting Understanding : Language promotes understanding by allowing us to interpret and comprehend each other’s messages. It provides a framework for communication, ensuring that our thoughts and intentions are accurately conveyed. Effective language use fosters clarity, reducing the chances of miscommunication and misunderstandings.
• Shaping Culture : Language shapes culture by influencing our beliefs, values, and social norms. It is through language that cultural identities are expressed and preserved. Different languages reflect unique worldviews and perspectives. By understanding and respecting different languages, we can foster inclusivity and cultural diversity.
• Driving Progress : Language is essential for progress and innovation. It enables us to share ideas, collaborate, and solve problems collectively. Language plays a crucial role in fields such as science, technology, literature, and art. Advancements in various disciplines are built upon effective language use.

Language is an indispensable tool in communication. It helps us express our thoughts and emotions, create connections, share knowledge, foster understanding, shape culture, and drive progress. By recognizing the importance of language in communication, we can enhance our ability to connect with others, promote understanding, and build a more inclusive and informed society.

Understanding Speech

Speech is a fundamental aspect of language and is a means by which we express ourselves verbally. It involves the physical act of producing sounds, forming words, and conveying meaning through the use of vocal cords, articulatory organs, and language structures. In this section, I will delve deeper into the concept of speech and its key characteristics.

1. Oral Expression : Speech primarily refers to the oral expression of language. It encompasses the use of sounds, words, phrases, and sentences to convey information, ideas, emotions, and thoughts. As we speak, we engage in a dynamic process that involves selecting the right words and organizing them effectively to communicate our intended message.

2. Phonetics and Phonology : Speech involves the study of sounds in language, known as phonetics, and the organization of those sounds into meaningful units, known as phonology. It explores how sounds are produced, perceived, and organized in different languages, and how they contribute to the meaning and structure of words and sentences.

3. Articulation and Pronunciation : Articulation refers to the physical movements of the vocal and articulatory organs (such as the lips, tongue, and vocal cords) in order to produce speech sounds. Pronunciation, on the other hand, focuses on the correct articulation and production of individual sounds, words, and phrases in a particular language. It plays a key role in ensuring clear and effective communication.

4. Prosody : Prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, intonation, and melody of speech. It adds meaning, emotion, and emphasis to our verbal communication. Prosody helps us convey attitudes, intentions, and emotions, and it enables us to distinguish between statements, questions, commands, and exclamations.

5. Fluency and Coherence : Fluency refers to the smoothness and flow of speech, while coherence refers to the logical and cohesive structure of our spoken language. Fluent and coherent speech allows for effective communication and helps the listener understand our message more easily.

Speech is a dynamic and complex process that allows us to express ourselves through language. By understanding the key aspects of speech, we can improve our oral communication skills, enhance our ability to convey meaning effectively, and build stronger connections with others. Keep reading to learn about the relationship between language and thought.

Components of Speech

Speech is a complex and fascinating aspect of language that involves various components working together seamlessly. Understanding these components can help us improve our communication skills and become more effective in expressing ourselves. Let’s explore the key components of speech:

1. Oral Expression: Oral expression refers to the process of articulating thoughts and ideas through spoken words. It involves using the vocal organs, such as the mouth, tongue, and vocal cords, to produce sounds.

2. Phonetics and Phonology: Phonetics is the study of the physical sounds of human speech, while phonology focuses on the way sounds function within a particular language. These two disciplines help us understand the sounds and sound patterns used in speech.

3. Articulation and Pronunciation: Articulation refers to the physical movements of the mouth and vocal organs to produce specific sounds. Pronunciation, on the other hand, is how we articulate sounds and words within a language. Clear articulation and accurate pronunciation are essential for effective communication.

4. Prosody: Prosody encompasses the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. It includes factors like pitch, volume, and timing, which add nuance and meaning to spoken language. Understanding prosody is crucial for conveying emotions and emphasizing important points in our speech.

5. Fluency and Coherence: Fluency refers to the smoothness and flow of speech, while coherence relates to the logical and organized structure of ideas within a conversation or presentation. Both fluency and coherence contribute to effective communication and help others understand our message.

By understanding and mastering these components of speech, we can enhance our oral communication skills and make a lasting impact on our listeners. Each component plays a vital role in creating clear, engaging, and persuasive speech.

Remember, effective communication is not just about the words we use, but also how we deliver them. So, let’s embrace the art of speech and strive to become great communicators.

Importance of Speech in Communication

As an expert blogger with years of experience, I understand the significance of speech in effective communication. Speech plays a crucial role in conveying our thoughts, ideas, and emotions to others. It goes beyond the mere use of words and encompasses the physical act of producing sounds, forming words, and conveying meaning.

One of the key reasons why speech is important in communication is that it allows us to express ourselves through language. It provides a platform to articulate our thoughts and share them with others. Through speech, we can convey our emotions, desires, and intentions, making our message more impactful and meaningful.

Speech also helps in establishing a connection with our listeners. By utilizing the right tone, pitch, and volume, we can convey our message in a way that resonates with the audience. This connection not only ensures that our message is received and understood but also helps in building rapport and fostering better relationships with others.

Furthermore, speech aids in the interpretation and understanding of language. It involves various components such as oral expression, phonetics and phonology, articulation and pronunciation, prosody, and fluency and coherence. Each of these components contributes to the clarity and effectiveness of our speech, enabling others to comprehend our message more easily.

By mastering these components of speech, we can enhance our oral communication skills and make a lasting impact on our listeners. Whether we are engaging in a professional conversation, delivering a presentation, or participating in a social gathering, the way we speak has a direct influence on how our message is received and perceived by others.

The importance of speech in communication cannot be overstated. It enables us to express ourselves, establish connections with others, and convey our message effectively. By understanding and mastering the components of speech, we can enhance our oral communication skills and build stronger connections with those around us. So, let’s embrace the power of speech and harness it to become more effective communicators.

Difference Between Language and Speech

When it comes to effective communication, it’s essential to understand the difference between language and speech. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings and play different roles in our ability to express ourselves and connect with others.

Language refers to a system of abstract symbols and rules that we use to communicate meaning. It encompasses the vocabulary, grammar, syntax, and semantics of a particular group of people. Language is a shared tool that allows us to express our thoughts, feelings, and ideas using words, sentences, and paragraphs.

On the other hand, speech refers to the physical act of producing sounds, forming words, and conveying meaning through the spoken word. It is the actual vocalization and articulation of language. Speech involves the coordination of our vocal cords, tongue, lips, and other articulatory organs to produce sounds and words that are intelligible to others.

While language is a more abstract and conceptual aspect of communication, speech is its tangible manifestation. Language provides the structure and rules, while speech brings these elements to life through the act of speaking. In other words, language is the underlying framework, and speech is the vehicle that allows us to express and share our thoughts.

Let’s highlight some key differences between language and speech:

• Language is a system of symbols and rules, while speech is the physical act of producing sounds and words.
• Language is a more abstract and conceptual aspect of communication, while speech is its tangible manifestation.
• Language provides the structure and rules, while speech brings these elements to life through the act of speaking.

Understanding the distinction between language and speech is crucial in developing effective communication skills. While language provides the knowledge and structure, speech transforms that knowledge into meaningful communication. By mastering both language and speech, we can better convey our thoughts, connect with others, and make a lasting impact through the power of words.

And now, let’s dive deeper into the key components of speech that contribute to effective communication.

It is important to recognize the distinction between language and speech in order to enhance our communication skills. Language serves as the foundation of our ability to convey meaning through abstract symbols and rules. On the other hand, speech involves the physical act of producing sounds and forming words to communicate our thoughts effectively.

By understanding the difference between language and speech, we can appreciate the complexity of human communication and the power of words. Developing proficiency in both language and speech allows us to connect with others on a deeper level and make a lasting impact through effective communication.

So, whether we are writing an article, giving a presentation, or engaging in a conversation, mastering language and speech enables us to express ourselves clearly and confidently. By harnessing the power of language and delivering it through articulate speech, we can effectively convey our thoughts, connect with others, and leave a lasting impression.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between language and speech.

Language refers to the system of symbols and rules used for communication, while speech is the physical act of producing sounds and conveying meaning through spoken words.

Why is it important to understand the difference between language and speech?

Understanding the distinction helps in developing effective communication skills, as it allows us to better convey our thoughts, connect with others, and make a lasting impact through the power of words.

How can mastering language and speech benefit us?

By mastering language and speech, we can communicate more effectively, express our ideas clearly, and enhance our overall communication skills, leading to better relationships and success in various areas of life.

Language vs Speech: Difference and Comparison

The language of an area is mostly dependent upon its culture, religion, nation, and, most importantly, on history. Some of the languages have changed with time, and some just have vanished into thin air.

It is a very important tool for communication. Another such tool is speech which means the act of expressing. Both of them are important for livelihood. These are similar to communication tools but do not mean they are synonyms.

Key Takeaways Language is a communication system that uses words, symbols, and grammar to convey meaning, while speech refers to producing sounds to convey a message. Language is a complex cognitive process that involves comprehension, expression, and interpretation, while speech is a physical activity that involves the vocal cords, mouth, and lungs. Language is a fundamental aspect of human communication and culture, while speech is one of many ways language can be expressed.

Language vs Speech 

The difference between Language and Speech is Language describes the general idea of the message that need to be communicated and is a tool by which human understand each other, whereas speech describes the way of communicating that particular message verbally, it is the expression of feelings and thoughts. Languages have their rules, codes, signs, and types, but speech does not have any of these. It simply includes speaking.

Language is a very important part of humankind. Because of language, all the development from Stone Age has taken place.

It is a means of communication and is different in different areas. It includes speeches, gestures, writing, etc. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

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If an individual is verbally or vocally communicating by using any language, it is called speech. In this thought, feelings and ideas are interchanged between humans.

It is the easiest and most effective way of communication where direct communication takes place. A very simple and common example of this is two people talking with each other.

Comparison Table

What is language.

Without language, it is not possible to communicate. It is a very important part of life.

Languages have the following characteristics:

• Arbitrary: in language, there is no reason behind the meanings and words of the language. For example, there is no proof or reason why a female is called a woman in English. It is completely arbitrary. But after a certain word is given a meaning, it is fixed and cannot be used for referring to something else.
• Social: through language, humans communicate with each. They try to understand each other and form groups in society. Languages perform as a means of socializing as through this, and people feel connection and relation among each other.
• Symbolic: language not only contains words but also has symbols with meaning. It is very important to know the language to understand the exact meaning of a particular symbol.
• Systematic: all languages have a system with some rules. This system has to be followed to learn and speak the language. For example, various grammar rules must be handled properly in the grammatical system.
• Vocal: earlier language was only vocal later on, writing came into existence. But still, nowadays, some people may not know how to write a particular language but vocally speak the same language fluently.
• Productive and creative: languages are very creative and productive. Words can be arranged in a different sense which is not heard or read before. It is also very flexible as it can be changed as needed by society.

What is Speech?

Speech is the process of conveying a message by using language.

It has certain elements:

• Speaker: it is the person who starts the conversion/communication. A particular person starts communication with a single or group of people. It is important that whatever the speaker is conveying, he should have all the information about that.
• Message: a message is an important part of the speech. This is important that the speaker not only conveys the message but also makes the listener understand the message properly. 
• Channel: the medium through which the message is delivered is known as a channel. It can be written or spoken. With easy internet access, the channel has become more effective and convenient. The message can reach millions in very little time.
• Listener: listener is someone to whom the message is being conveyed. The listener should always pay attention to the speech for better understanding.
• Feedback: feedback is important as it leads to improvising speech. It is healthy to have feedback from the listener about what they think and feel about the speech.
• Interference: interference disturbs the message from delivering to the listener; it can be anything from the fan’s noise or lack of interest.
• Situation: it means the place and time of conveying the message. It is important to understand all the aspects of speech so that a proper message is conveyed without any interference.

Main Differences Between Language and Speech

• Both language and speech are tools of communication, but language is used to write and understand thoughts and feelings or perceptions, whereas, in speech, all the thoughts, perceptions, and feelings are communicated verbally.
• The role of language is to express the idea that needs to be communicated, and in speech, it is shown how the same idea has to be communicated.
• Certain rules of different languages have to be taken care of, but there is no such rule with speech, although it has certain components such as Articulation, Voice, and fluency.
• There are types of language which also include the language of signs, where communication is done in signs only, but in speech, no such type of actual verbal communication must be done.
• Codes are also included in the types of language, especially for the computer, i.e., computer language or programming, but no such codes are included in the speech.

• https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED023656
• https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED150613
• https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED095550
• https://www.jstor.org/stable/24940617
• https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=_KL1y5bRGfAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA253&dq=what+is+speech&ots=kfylSIehNK&sig=X6TMndk00TUr77nxkWlyS1QjRa8
• https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2310402/component/file_2453272/content

Last Updated : 22 June, 2023

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21 thoughts on “language vs speech: difference and comparison”.

The productive and creative nature of languages highlights their ability to evolve and adapt, reflecting the dynamic nature of human expression and communication over time.

Absolutely, language’s dynamic and evolving characteristics offer a fascinating insight into the diversity and richness of human communication, reflecting its profound impact on societal development.

The characteristics of language, such as its arbitrary nature and symbolic elements, underscore the complexity and richness of communication systems employed by human societies.

Indeed, the unique features and characteristics of language contribute to the diversity and richness of different linguistic systems, reflecting the depth of human expression and interaction.

The distinction between language and speech is an interesting one – while language acts as a system of communication, speech is the action of communicating through spoken vocalizations.

Indeed, this differentiation is important, particularly when considering the fundamental role that language and speech play in human expression and interaction.

There is no doubt that language is crucial for communication, and the development of civilizations is closely tied to the development and influence of different languages.

Absolutely, language has played a central role in the development and history of different cultures and societies around the world.

This thorough exploration of language and speech truly emphasizes their profound impact on human interaction and societal development. It’s fascinating to see the interplay between these linguistic and communicative elements.

The significance of language as a fundamental aspect of human communication is underscored by its socio-cultural and historical influences, which emphasize its pivotal role in human societies.

The intricate comparison between language and speech sheds light on their unique characteristics, providing a deeper understanding of their roles in shaping human interaction and societal development.

Completely agree, the detailed examination of language and speech offers valuable insights into their distinct roles as tools of communication, ultimately shaping the way humans interact and form connections.

Indeed, the comprehensive exploration of language and speech unveils their profound impact on human society and highlights the intricate relationship between language and human interaction.

The comparison between language and speech helps us understand the different components and characteristics of each, shedding light on their roles as tools for communication.

Absolutely, the detailed comparison highlights the intricacies and complexities of both language and speech, providing insight into their importance in communication and social structure.

Yes, by examining the parameters of comparison, we can identify the unique functions and rules of language and speech, which are essential to human interaction and society.

The distinct elements of speech, such as the speaker, message, and channel, provide valuable insight into the dynamic nature of human communication, and how language is employed as a tool for conveying information and ideas.

Indeed, the comprehensive exploration of speech components highlights their intricate role in the effective conveyance of information and the dynamic nature of human interaction.

The role of language as a means of communication and socialization, as well as the role of speech in message delivery and conveyance, showcases the intricate relationship between linguistic systems and human interaction.

Completely agree, the detailed examination of language and speech underscores their crucial roles in human society, ultimately shaping the way we interact and communicate with one another.

Absolutely, the interconnectivity between language, speech, and human interaction is a fascinating aspect to explore, and it highlights the depth of human communication and expression.

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FAQ: What’s the difference between speech and language?

A mum (not my own) asked me this question recently. She wanted to know why I’m called a Speech- Language Pathologist. ‘Isn’t that redundant?,’ she asked.  ‘ Aren’t speech and language the same thing?’

Having assessed and treated speech and language disorders as separate beasts for so long, it took me a while to think about how best to respond. It was – and is – a very important question.

1. Speech and language are not the same thing  

Language is the method humans use to communicate with each other, often involving words and symbols used consciously by a group in a structured or conventional way. Languages can be spoken, signed and/or written. We are ‘wired’ for oral language – almost as if it’s an instinct. Language is one of the key ways we differ from other primates. It is an important element in what makes us human.

Speech is the expression of thoughts and feelings by humans through articulated sounds that come out of our mouths and noses (with help from our cranial nerves, lungs, vocal cords, throats, soft palates, teeth, facial and neck muscles and tongues). Speech is one way that we express language.

(Cute fluffy bunnies can neither speak nor use language (with the exceptions of Peter Rabbit, Roger and the Velveteen Rabbits as well as the cast of Watership Down) – though we may just be splitting hares…)

2. Speech and language problems don’t always happen together

For example:

• a child or adult may have normal language skills – she may understand what others are communicating and communicate her thoughts and feelings fully through signs, symbols/pictures or in writing – but be unable to speak clearly or fluently, e.g. because of a cleft palate, apraxia of speech , dysarthria , stutter or other issue; or
• a child or adult may have the physical ability to speak clearly, but have limited language skills that make it hard to communicate with others, e.g. because of a developmental language disorder or as a result of a stroke .

3.  Problems with speech development  can  sometimes affect language development and  vice versa

• a child who can make only a few sounds may struggle to communicate with others. A child who can only say /b/ and /m/ and a few vowels will find it difficult to ask for Daddy’s watch, although she may compensate with gestures, such as pointing ; and
• a child with a vocabulary of fewer than 50 words may not have much opportunity to practice or master some of his speech sounds, which may in turn affect his intelligibility.

Related articles :

• What do speech pathologists do?
• Let’s cut to the chase: when should I seek help from a speech pathologist for my child?
• Language therapy works. But can we make it better?
• Lifting the lid on speech therapy. How we assess and treat children with unclear speech – and why
• “My toddler doesn’t speak at all!” Don’t panic – get informed

Hi there, I’m David Kinnane.

Principal Speech Pathologist, Banter Speech & Language

Our talented team of certified practising speech pathologists provide unhurried, personalised and evidence-based speech pathology care to children and adults in the Inner West of Sydney and beyond, both in our clinic and via telehealth.

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Language therapy works. But can we make it better? (October 2021 update, incorporating important research findings published in 2021)

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Differences between writing and speech

Written and spoken language differ in many ways. However some forms of writing are closer to speech than others, and vice versa. Below are some of the ways in which these two forms of language differ:

Writing is usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been printed/written out.

Speech is usually transient, unless recorded, and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as they go along.

A written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular language and writing system is still understood.

Speech is usually used for immediate interactions.

Written language tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and many subordinate clauses. The punctuation and layout of written texts also have no spoken equivalent. However some forms of written language, such as instant messages and email, are closer to spoken language.

Spoken language tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of speech, such as news reports and scripts for plays and films.

Writers receive no immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication. Therefore they cannot rely on context to clarify things so there is more need to explain things clearly and unambiguously than in speech, except in written correspondence between people who know one another well.

Speech is usually a dynamic interaction between two or more people. Context and shared knowledge play a major role, so it is possible to leave much unsaid or indirectly implied.

Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layout, colours and other graphical effects in their written texts. Such things are not available in speech

Speech can use timing, tone, volume, and timbre to add emotional context.

Written material can be read repeatedly and closely analysed, and notes can be made on the writing surface. Only recorded speech can be used in this way.

Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing, as are some kinds of vocabulary, such as some complex chemical and legal terms.

Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly in speech. These include slang expressions, and tags like y'know , like , etc.

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Literary Theory and Criticism

Home › Literary Terms and Techniques › Langue and Parole

Langue and Parole

By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on October 11, 2020 • ( 1 )

Referring to two aspects of language examined by Ferdinand de Saussure at the beginning of the twentieth century, langue denotes a system of internalized, shared rules governing a national language’s vocabulary, grammar, and sound system; parole designates actual oral and written communication by a member or members of a particular speech community. Saussure’s understanding of the nature of language and his belief that scholarship should focus on investigating the abstract systematic principles of language instead of researching etymologies and language philosophy led to a revolution in the field of linguistics.

The discussion concerning langue and parole was first suggested by Ferdinand de Saussure and popularized in his Cours de Linguistique Générale ( Course in General Linguistics ), a series of Saussure’s university lectures collected by his students and published posthumously in 1916. Abandoning the mindset, goals and objectives of historical linguistics, Saussure advocated a synchronic examination of language. Not interested in studying a particular language or the linguistic habits of any one member of a given speech community, Saussure sought to examine language in general and to identify the systems or rules and conventions according to which language functions. Saussure’s views on language influenced linguistics during the twentieth century, and his imprint can be found in theoretical works discussing phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatics and especially semantics. Indeed, the distinction between langue and parole forms an important part of the theoretical basis of structuralism .

A popular lecturer at the University of Geneva, Saussure suggested ideas and concepts that fascinated his students, yet he did not personally write an authoritative guide to his views. Two colleagues of his, Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye, collected and edited student notes from three occasions during 1906–11 when he delivered his lectures, publishing the assembled remarks under the title Cours de Linguistique Générale in 1916. In the 1990s newly-edited versions of student notes based on Saussure’s lectures, along with translations into English, appeared. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, there is still disagreement about a number of Saussure’s statements, and problems surrounding the fragmented nature of some of the student notes have not been fully resolved.

Through Cours de Linguistique Générale , Saussure’s views concerning language and the study of language were introduced to scholars throughout the world. Saussure rejected the nineteenth-century notion that linguistics should be primarily historical and comparative, and disagreed lanvigorously with the idea that substantial effort should be made to identify, codify and promote the standard form of any national language; he felt it was more worthwhile to focus attention on describing language as it exists at a given point in time, and believed that this activity could be conducted in an impartial manner.

Ferdinand de Saussure/Thoughtco

For Saussure, three aspects of language could be potential objects of consideration in linguistic study, and he used the French words langage , langue and parole to designate these aspects. Langage refers to the anatomical ability and psychological need or urge of humans to create a system of linguistic signs for expressing ideas. Langue represents a system of rules, usages, meanings and structures that are products of the human ability to create language and are shared by members of a specific speech community. Parole is often equated with speech. It is the concrete realisation of a collectively-internalised system and also reflects the personality, creativity and physiological capabilities of an individual speaker.

Overall Saussure paid little attention to langage , considering it the subject matter of other fields of inquiry, and he regarded parole as too idiosyncratic. Instead, he believed that linguistics should study langue in order to gain a picture of the comprehensive, complex, ordered assemblage of sounds, words and syntactical units. Making use of a concept suggested in the writings of the French sociologist and philosopher Émile Durkheim, Saussure viewed language as a social fact. According to Saussure, language is acquired through the socialisation process; it is not created through a speaker’s ingenuity or experimentation. Moreover, he felt that an individual’s potential influence on language is minimal. An individual might create a memorable turn of phrase, but that person is unable to affect the overall structure or sound system of a given language. Finally, speakers can manipulate language in minor ways, but language imposes its rules, order and possibilities on all speakers without exception.

As part of their intuitive knowledge of langue , members of a speech community share possession and comprehension of a body of signs ( signes ). According to Saussure, a sign consists of two components: a signifier ( signifiant ) and a signified ( signifié ). Linguistic signs can encompass words, units of grammar, and expressions. The signifier is a sound or series of sounds, and the signified is the meaning that the sounds represent. Saussure was careful to note that signs are actually linked to clusters of meanings or associations and not to specific things. For example, the word ‘house’ does not refer to a specific object in the world but rather to a concept involving images and associations that speakers have in mind when they say or write the word. Furthermore, the connection between the series of sounds and the cluster of images and emotions is arbitrary. The words ‘girl’, ‘Mädchen’, and ‘niña’ might all refer to a female child, but there is no direct connection between the sounds of each word and the meaning. Even so, speakers form a strong connection in their minds between sounds and meaning.

Saussure stated that langage , the psychological and physiological faculty to produce meaningful language, does not manifest itself solely in the creation of individual sounds, words or units of meaning, and he stressed that parole , individual communication within a speech community, does not take on the form of a string of unrelated utterances. Langage becomes a reality in langue – and ultimately in parole – through the rules governing the use and organisation of signs. These linguistic conventions are expressed in the form of syntagmatic and paradigmatic rules, two types of systems that enable language to convey messages by organising and sequencing the building blocks of sound and meaning. Syntagmatic relationships refer to the limitations governing sequences of sounds, parts of words, and complete words offered by a given national language to create meaning. Paradigmatic relationships concern the existence of words of similar meaning or grammatical form that can substitute for each other in a given context.

Saussure’s views concerning langue and parole , as well as his understanding of the purpose and goals of linguistics, have exerted immense influence on linguists in Europe and North America. Leonard Bloomfield, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir adopted Saussure’s method of objective, synchronic language study as the basis for their descriptive analyses of various North American Indian languages. Bloomfield also incorporated elements of Saussure’s innovative teachings into his writings, most notably Language (1933). Roman Jakobson and other members of the Prague School of Linguistics were inspired by Saussure as they investigated sound systems and developed theories of phonetics and phonology. On occasion, agreement or disagreement with Saussure’s beliefs can be traced back to an individual’s political and philosophical leanings. The Marxist linguist Mikhail Bakhtin disapproved of Saussure’s efforts to distinguish individual production of language ( parole ) from collective knowledge and linguistic awareness ( langue ), a division that, to Bakhtin’s way of thinking, isolates an individual from society; he was much more in favour of a theory of language that portrays speech as dependent on, and a product of, a specific social context. Stimulated by Saussure’s discussion of the sign and its two components – the signified and the signifier – Roland Barthes investigated the contrast between the message of our speech and its form and articulation, and Kenneth Pike advanced his system of tagmemics, a type of grammatical analysis developed in the 1950s. Noam Chomsky, too, responded to Saussure’s ideas when he transformed Saussure’s concepts of langage , langue and parole into ‘language capacity’, ‘competence’ and ‘performance’, and achieved a new understanding of the Saussurean concepts. Twenty-first-century linguists remain attracted to Saussure’s concept of the dual nature of language and to his theory of meaning.

Primary Sources Saussure, Ferdinand de (1996). Premier Cours de Linguistique Générale (1907): d’après les cahiers d’Albert Riedlinger. French ed. Eisuke Komatsu. English ed. and trans. George Wolf. Oxford: Pergamon. Saussure, Ferdinand de (1997). Deuxième Cours de Linguistique Générale (1908– 1909): d’après les cahiers d’AlbertRiedlinger et Charles Patois. French ed. Eisuke Komatsu. English ed. and trans. George Wolf. Oxford: Pergamon. Saussure, Ferdinand de (1993). Troisième Cours de Linguistique Générale (1910– 1911): d’après les cahiers d’Émile Constantin. French ed. Eisuke Komatsu. English ed. and trans. Roy Harris. Oxford: Pergamon. Saussure, Ferdinand de (1966). Course in General Linguistics. Cours de Linguistique Générale. Trans. Wade Baskin. New York: McGraw-Hill. First French edition 1916.

Further reading Chomsky, Noam (1964). Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. The Hague: Mouton. Harris, Roy (1987). Reading Saussure: A Critical Commentary on the ‘Cours de Linguistique Générale’. London: Duckworth. Harris, Roy (2004). Saussure and His Interpreters. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Koerner, E. F. K. (1973). Ferdinand de Saussure: The Origin and Development of His Linguistic Thought in Western Studies of Language. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Sanders, Carol (ed.) (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Saussure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Source: Key Ideas in Linguistics and the. Philosophy of Language. Edited by Siobhan Chapman and Christopher Routledge. Edinburgh University Press. 2009.

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What Is The Difference Between Speech and Language?

by Niagara Therapy, LLC | September 22, 2021

There are major differences in the areas of speech and language. However, both areas are equally important.  Speech is how we produce words and sounds. Language refers to how we use these words in order to communicate our wants and needs. 

There are three different areas to consider when talking about speech: articulation, voice, and fluency.

What is Articulation?

Articulation refers to how we make speech sounds using our tongue, lips, and mouth. We need to be able to produce different sounds in order to form words and communicate. Children or adults can have difficulty with producing speech sounds for a variety of reasons. Speech sound disorders fall into two categories: organic speech sound disorders or functional speech sound disorders. Organic speech sound disorders are the result of a motor/neurological, structural or sensory cause. Examples of motor/neurological speech sound disorders include childhood apraxia of speech and dysarthria. Structural speech sound disorders could be caused by cleft palate or other structural abnormalities of the articulators (lips, tongue, etc.). Sensory speech sound disorders would include hearing impairment. Functional speech sound disorders have no known cause. Functional speech sound disorders are the result of errors in the motor production of sounds or linguistics of speech. Typically, functional speech sound disorders are also known as articulation or phonological disorders . Articulation disorders commonly refer to errors in words like substitutions of one sound for another. Phonological disorders focus on errors in the rules of speech. For example, fronting is considered a phonological disorder. Fronting is where a sound made in the back of the mouth (K,G) is replaced with a sound made in the front of the mouth (T,D). 

What is Voice?

Voice refers to how we combine our vocal cords and breathing in order to make sounds. Our voice can be different volumes and pitches, and just like any other part of the body the vocal cords can be damaged. Voice disorders can occur when the quality, pitch and volume of the voice is considered inappropriate for the individual’s age, gender and culture. Voice disorders can be caused by a variety of different reasons including: organic, structural, neurogenic, and functional. Organic voice disorders result from changes in the respiratory, laryngeal or vocal tracts. Organic voice disorders include structural and neurogenic causes as well. Structural disorders of the voice result from physical changes to the voice cause as vocal nodules. Neurogenic voice disorders are caused by central or peripheral nervous system problems related to how they connect to the larynx. Examples of neurogenic voice disorders include spasmodic dysphonia or paralysis of the vocal cords. Voice disorders can also be functional in nature. This means that the voice disorder is the result of misuse of the vocal cords. Examples of functional voice disorders include muscle tension dysphonia and aphonia. Overlap of the type of voice disorders is common. 

What is Fluency?

Fluency is the rhythm of speech. It refers to how continuous, smooth, and how fast or slow a person speaks.  When someone has difficulty with fluency, there are interruptions in the normal flow of speech. This is often noted by disfluencies (repeating sounds or words, blocks), tension, and atypical rate or rhythm of speech. There are two common types of fluency disorders : stuttering and cluttering. Stuttering is typically characterized by disfluencies such as: repetitions of sounds/words (m-m-m-mom), prolongations of sounds (Sssssssssstay home), or blocks (inability to get sound out). Disfluencies impact the rate and rhythm of speech and can be accompanied by avoidance behaviors (avoiding words, people or situations), escape behaviors (frequent eye blinking, body movements), and physical tension. Often, stuttering begins in early childhood (before 4) and can be sudden or progressive. Stuttering can co occur with other disorders as well. Cluttering is another type of fluency disorder. Cluttering is typically characterized by rapid, irregular speech, excessive disfluencies, omission of syllables, and a breakdown in clarity of speech. Often, individuals are not aware of breakdowns in communication and this can impact social interactions. Typically, children are diagnosed in late childhood or early adulthood. Cluttering can also occur with other diagnoses. 

Receptive Language and Expressive Language

There are two areas of language. Receptive language and expressive language. Receptive language is how we understand what is being said to us. Expressive language is how we share our thoughts, wants, and ideas with others. For example, language includes: 

• What words mean
• How to make new words
• Putting words together
• Understanding concepts like same/ different
• Social communication
• Reading and writing

Individuals with language delays can occur with conditions such as autism, ADHD, TBI, hearing loss, etc. Language disorders can also occur with no other known conditions.  This is referred to as a specific language impairment (SLI). Often, children that have reading and writing difficulties have difficulty with spoken language skills and vice versa. Children with SLI can also have difficulty with pragmatic skills (social interaction and communication). Language disorders can occur early on. Often,  parents notice language disorders around the time their children are starting preschool (3-5). Some signs of language delay in preschool children are difficulty: understanding spoken language, following directions, pointing to named objects, taking turns in conversation and answering questions. Signs of an expressive language delay in preschool aged children are difficulty: naming objects, asking questions, forming sentences, using pronouns correctly, initiating and maintaining conversations. Children that display language disorders early on may continue to have persistent language disorders as they grow up. Some signs of language delays in older children are: difficulty with word  finding, difficulty understanding and using complex sentences and language forms, difficulty with reading and writing, many grammatical errors in speaking and writing, etc.

Niagara Therapy, LLC specializes in speech therapy for both kids and adults in Erie, PA. Our speech therapists offer advanced interventions for assembling thoughts and organizing speech. If you or your child is struggling with speech or language development, contact one of  our speech therapists to schedule a consultation. 

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Thousands of children in East of England waiting for treatment in speech and language crisis

• Bedfordshire
• East Anglia
• Thursday 16 May 2024 at 5:20pm

Teddy is among thousands of children waiting for speech and language therapy, as Neil Barbour reports for ITV News Anglia

Thousands of children who need help from a speech and language are being forced to wait as the service copes with high demand, ITV News research has revealed.

One former NHS speech and language therapist (SLT) described the level of pressure as being "like firefighting" as services struggle to get through the backlog and provide help to young people who need it.

ITV News Anglia submitted Freedom of Information requests to the NHS trusts that provide speech and language services in the East of England.

Around half of those services replied - showing that at least 5,146 children and young people were on the waiting list on 4 April of this year.

Lauren Flannery, a speech and language therapist in the NHS for 10 years who now teaches the next generation at the University of East Anglia, said families were suffering.

"We've got families who are urgently needing our support and we just haven't got the resources to cover it," she said.

"It often feels as a clinician working in that system that you're just firefighting, and it's really difficult to give the children and the families the care that they need."

What's the picture across the region?

ITV News Anglia's figures also highlight the enormous workload facing speech and language therapists.

In some areas of the East of England, patient to therapist ratios are 100:1 or more.

In the area covered by Northamptonshire NHS Healthcare Trust, there are 33 speech and language professionals and a caseload of 5,775 patients, meaning 175 patients to every expert.

A spokesperson for Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust said it was "committed to working with system partners to respond to the challenges", which included a rising case load and staffing pressures.

"These types of challenges are being seen by similar services across the country," added a spokesman.

They pointed to a recovery plan for the service, which has seen a prioritised recruitment process for speech and language therapists introduced, leading to the lowest vacancy rate for the service in several years.

The number of children and young people waiting for 18 weeks or more in the area has also fallen by 27% since April 2023 and the trust also said it was committed to reducing waiting times for those who have been waiting 18 weeks or more.

Cambridgeshire Community Services Trust, which runs SLT services in Cambridge, Bedfordshire, and Norfolk and Waveney , had 2,741 on the waiting list - though it said average waiting times were falling.

A spokesman said it recognised "waiting is frustrating for families who are trying to get their child the support they need in these times of increased demand".

“Our focus has been on getting the right support for families in a timely way. With new ways of working in Cambridgeshire, we’ve been able to reduce the average wait for a speech and language appointment to just a few weeks," adding that it was working to roll out that approach to other areas using extra funding.

In Essex University Partnership Trust, the caseload is 2,353 children, spread across 23 therapists - a ratio of 100:1.

Joanne Page, principal paediatric speech and language therapist for Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust (EPUT), said the trust had seen an increase in demand for its services, and its staff were working with partners "to provide the best care and support to meet children’s individual needs”.

'They see him like a lost cause'

Among those who have been waiting years for SLT are the family six-year-old Teddy, who is autistic and does not speak, whose story ITV News Anglia has been following as part of its Speechless series.

His father Oli Neighbour, from Bedfordshire, said: "We've not seen the service. We could walk past the local speech and language service and they wouldn't know who Teddy is.

"It feels to me as though, because Teddy doesn't speak, they almost see him like a lost cause."

Teddy's mother Jess said: "When people realise he's non-speaking they won't necessarily look at him, they'll just talk to you.

"They won't think there's any point in asking him any questions. [Children like Teddy are] underestimated with their understanding."

Calls for funding

Earlier this year, the Royal College of Speech and Language therapists called on the government to fully fund the service in March's budget.

In February, chief executive Steve Jamieson said: “This must include public health and preventative work, including supporting children’s early language skills, as well as identifying and supporting hundreds of thousands of other people across England who communicate differently or with difficulty, or having eating, drinking, and swallowing difficulties.

“Timely access to speech and language therapy can transform lives – both in the short- and long-term. It reduces inequalities and provides long-term value to the economy.

A Department of Health and Social Care spokesperson said it was working to cut waiting times, which it described as "a priority".

"That’s why NHS England is taking action to ensure local systems improve community services waiting times, including reducing waits for children’s community services.

“The NHS Long Term Workforce Plan sets commitments to grow the community workforce, increasing training places for district nurses and allied health professionals, as well as a renewed focus on retaining our existing staff.

“We will improve access to speech and language therapy through the Change Programme in partnership with NHS England.”

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GenTranslate: Large Language Models are Generative Multilingual Speech and Machine Translators

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have stepped forward the development of multilingual speech and machine translation by its reduced representation errors and incorporated external knowledge. However, both translation tasks typically utilize beam search decoding and top-1 hypothesis selection for inference. These techniques struggle to fully exploit the rich information in the diverse N-best hypotheses, making them less optimal for translation tasks that require a single, high-quality output sequence. In this paper, we propose a new generative paradigm for translation tasks, namely GenTranslate, which builds upon LLMs to generate better results from the diverse translation versions in N-best list. Leveraging the rich linguistic knowledge and strong reasoning abilities of LLMs, our new paradigm can integrate the rich information in N-best candidates to generate a higher-quality translation result. Furthermore, to support LLM finetuning, we build and release a HypoTranslate dataset that contains over 592K hypotheses-translation pairs in 11 languages. Experiments on various speech and machine translation benchmarks (e.g., FLEURS, CoVoST-2, WMT) demonstrate that our GenTranslate significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art model.

• Large Language Models are Efficient Learners of Noise-Robust Speech Recognition
• HyPoradise: An Open Baseline for Generative Speech Recognition with Large Language Models
• It's Never Too Late: Fusing Acoustic Information into Large Language Models for Automatic Speech Recognition
• Whispering LLaMA: A Cross-Modal Generative Error Correction Framework for Speech Recognition