definition of literature review according to creswell

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Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches

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• Preface Purpose Audience Format Outline of Chapters 1. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS Ch 1. A Framework for Design
• Three Elements of Inquiry
• Alternative Knowledge Claims
• Strategies of Inquiry
• Research Methods
• Three Approaches to Research
• Criteria for Selecting an Approach
• Personal Experiences
• Writing Exercises
• Additional Readings Ch 2. Review of the Literature
• Identifying a Topic
• A Researchable Topic
• Purpose of the Literature Review
• Literature Reviews in Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Research
• Design Techniques
• Example 2.1 Review of a Quantitative Study
• Example 2.2 Review of a Study Advancing a Typology
• Style Manuals
• A Model for Writing the Literature Review
• Additional Readings Ch 3 Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations
• Writing the Proposal Central Arguments to Make Example 3.1 A Qualitative Constructivist/Interpretivist Format Example 3.2 A Qualitative Advocacy/Participatory Format Example 3.3 A Quantitative Format Example 3.4 A Mixed Methods Format
• Writing Tips Example 3.5 A Sample Passage Illustrating the Hook-and-Eye-Technique
• Ethical Issues to Anticipate
• Additional Readings Part 2 DESIGNING RESEARCH Ch 4 The Introduction
• The Importance of Introductions
• Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions
• A Model for an Introduction Example 4.1 Deficiencies in the Literature - Needed Explorations Example 4.2 Deficiencies in the Literature - Few Studies
• Additional Readings Ch 5 The Purpose Statement
• Significance and Meaning of a Purpose Statement
• A Qualitative Purpose Statement Example 5.1 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Phenomenology Study Example 5.2 A Purpose Statement in a Case Study Example 5.3 A Purpose Statement in an Ethnographic Study
• A Quantitative Purpose Statement Example 5.4 A Purpose Statement in a Grounded Theory Study Example 5.5 A Purpose Statement in a Published Survey Study Example 5.6 A Purpose Statement in a Dissertation Survey Study Example 5.7 A Purpose Statement in a Experimental Study
• A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement Example 5.8 A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement, Convergent Strategy of Inquiry Example 5.9 A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement, Sequential Strategy of Inquiry
• Additional Readings Ch 6
• Research Questions and Hypotheses
• Qualitative Research Questions Example 6.1 A Qualitative Central Question From an Ethnography Example 6.2 Central Questions From a Case Study
• Quantitative Research Questions and Hypotheses Example 6.3 A Null Hypothesis Example 6.4 Directional Hypotheses Example 6.5 Nondirectional and Directional Hypotheses Example 6.6 Standard Use of Language in Hypothesis
• Mixed Method Research Questions and Hypotheses Example 6.7 Descriptive and Inferential Questions Example 6.8 Hypotheses and Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study
• Additional Readings Ch 7 The Use of Theory
• Quantitative Theory-Use Example 7.1 A Quantitative Theory Section
• Qualitative Theory-Use Example 7.2 An Example of Theory-Use Early in a Qualitative Study Example 7.3 A Theory at the End of a Qualitative Study
• Mixed Methods Theory-Use Example 7.4 A Transformative-Emancipatory Mixed Methods Study
• Additional Readings Ch 8
• Definitions, Limitations, and Significance
• The Definition of Terms Example 8.1 Terms Defined in a Mixed Methods Dissertation Example 8.2 Terms Defined in an Independent Variables Section in a Quantitative Dissertation
• Delimitations and Limitations Example 8.3 A Delimitation and a Limitation in a Doctoral Dissertation Proposal
• Significance of the Proposed Study Example 8.4 Significance of the Study Stated in an Introduction to a Quantitative Study
• Additional Readings Ch 9 Quantitative Methods
• Defining Surveys and Experiments
• Components of a Survey Method Plan Example 9.1 An Example of a Survey Method Section
• Components of an Experimental Method Plan Example 9.2 Pre-Experimental Designs Example 9.3 Quasi-Experimental Designs Example 9.4 True Experimental Designs Example 9.5 Single-Subject Designs Threats to Validity Example 9.6 An Experimental Method Section
• Additional Readings Ch 10 Qualitative Procedures
• The Characteristics of Qualitative Research
• The Researcher's Role
• Data Collection Procedures
• Data Recording Procedures
• Data Analysis and Interpretation
• Validating the Accuracy of Findings
• The Qualitative Narrative Example 10.1 Qualitative Procedures
• Additional Readings Ch 11 Mixed Methods Procedures
• Components of Mixed Methods Procedures
• The Nature of Mixed Methods Research
• Types of Mixed Methods Strategies
• Alternative Strategies and Visual Models
• Data Analysis and Validation Procedures
• Report Presentation Structure
• Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures Example 11.1 A Sequential Strategy of Inquiry Example 11.2 A Concurrent Strategy of Inquiry
• Additional Readings References Author Index Subject Index About the Author.
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Methodology

• First Online: 01 January 2012

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• Markus B. Baum 2  

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The research strategy consists of the selection of the research design and the systematic plan of required actions. The strategy involves making a decision regarding the method of data collection and analysis (Creswell 2009) and must fit to the research study.

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Baum, M. (2013). Methodology. In: Service Business Costing. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-4444-3_3

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Literature Reviews

Introduction, what is a literature review.

• Literature Reviews for Thesis or Dissertation
• Stand-alone and Systemic Reviews
• Purposes of a Literature Review
• Texts on Conducting a Literature Review
• Identifying the Research Topic
• The Persuasive Argument
• Searching the Literature
• Creating a Synthesis
• Critiquing the Literature
• Building the Case for the Literature Review Document
• Presenting the Literature Review

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• Higher Education Research
• Meta-Analysis and Research Synthesis in Education
• Methodologies for Conducting Education Research
• Mixed Methods Research
• Philosophy of Education
• Politics of Education
• Qualitative Data Analysis Techniques

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Literature Reviews by Lawrence A. Machi , Brenda T. McEvoy LAST REVIEWED: 27 October 2016 LAST MODIFIED: 27 October 2016 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0169

Literature reviews play a foundational role in the development and execution of a research project. They provide access to the academic conversation surrounding the topic of the proposed study. By engaging in this scholarly exercise, the researcher is able to learn and to share knowledge about the topic. The literature review acts as the springboard for new research, in that it lays out a logically argued case, founded on a comprehensive understanding of the current state of knowledge about the topic. The case produced provides the justification for the research question or problem of a proposed study, and the methodological scheme best suited to conduct the research. It can also be a research project in itself, arguing policy or practice implementation, based on a comprehensive analysis of the research in a field. The term literature review can refer to the output or the product of a review. It can also refer to the process of Conducting a Literature Review . Novice researchers, when attempting their first research projects, tend to ask two questions: What is a Literature Review? How do you do one? While this annotated bibliography is neither definitive nor exhaustive in its treatment of the subject, it is designed to provide a beginning researcher, who is pursuing an academic degree, an entry point for answering the two previous questions. The article is divided into two parts. The first four sections of the article provide a general overview of the topic. They address definitions, types, purposes, and processes for doing a literature review. The second part presents the process and procedures for doing a literature review. Arranged in a sequential fashion, the remaining eight sections provide references addressing each step of the literature review process. References included in this article were selected based on their ability to assist the beginning researcher. Additionally, the authors attempted to include texts from various disciplines in social science to present various points of view on the subject.

Novice researchers often have a misguided perception of how to do a literature review and what the document should contain. Literature reviews are not narrative annotated bibliographies nor book reports (see Bruce 1994 ). Their form, function, and outcomes vary, due to how they depend on the research question, the standards and criteria of the academic discipline, and the orthodoxies of the research community charged with the research. The term literature review can refer to the process of doing a review as well as the product resulting from conducting a review. The product resulting from reviewing the literature is the concern of this section. Literature reviews for research studies at the master’s and doctoral levels have various definitions. Machi and McEvoy 2016 presents a general definition of a literature review. Lambert 2012 defines a literature review as a critical analysis of what is known about the study topic, the themes related to it, and the various perspectives expressed regarding the topic. Fink 2010 defines a literature review as a systematic review of existing body of data that identifies, evaluates, and synthesizes for explicit presentation. Jesson, et al. 2011 defines the literature review as a critical description and appraisal of a topic. Hart 1998 sees the literature review as producing two products: the presentation of information, ideas, data, and evidence to express viewpoints on the nature of the topic, as well as how it is to be investigated. When considering literature reviews beyond the novice level, Ridley 2012 defines and differentiates the systematic review from literature reviews associated with primary research conducted in academic degree programs of study, including stand-alone literature reviews. Cooper 1998 states the product of literature review is dependent on the research study’s goal and focus, and defines synthesis reviews as literature reviews that seek to summarize and draw conclusions from past empirical research to determine what issues have yet to be resolved. Theoretical reviews compare and contrast the predictive ability of theories that explain the phenomenon, arguing which theory holds the most validity in describing the nature of that phenomenon. Grant and Booth 2009 identified fourteen types of reviews used in both degree granting and advanced research projects, describing their attributes and methodologies.

Bruce, Christine Susan. 1994. Research students’ early experiences of the dissertation literature review. Studies in Higher Education 19.2: 217–229.

DOI: 10.1080/03075079412331382057

A phenomenological analysis was conducted with forty-one neophyte research scholars. The responses to the questions, “What do you mean when you use the words literature review?” and “What is the meaning of a literature review for your research?” identified six concepts. The results conclude that doing a literature review is a problem area for students.

Cooper, Harris. 1998. Synthesizing research . Vol. 2. 3d ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

The introductory chapter of this text provides a cogent explanation of Cooper’s understanding of literature reviews. Chapter 4 presents a comprehensive discussion of the synthesis review. Chapter 5 discusses meta-analysis and depth.

Fink, Arlene. 2010. Conducting research literature reviews: From the Internet to paper . 3d ed. Los Angeles: SAGE.

The first chapter of this text (pp. 1–16) provides a short but clear discussion of what a literature review is in reference to its application to a broad range of social sciences disciplines and their related professions.

Grant, Maria J., and Andrew Booth. 2009. A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal 26.2: 91–108. Print.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x

This article reports a scoping review that was conducted using the “Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis” (SALSA) framework. Fourteen literature review types and associated methodology make up the resulting typology. Each type is described by its key characteristics and analyzed for its strengths and weaknesses.

Hart, Chris. 1998. Doing a literature review: Releasing the social science research imagination . London: SAGE.

Chapter 1 of this text explains Hart’s definition of a literature review. Additionally, it describes the roles of the literature review, the skills of a literature reviewer, and the research context for a literature review. Of note is Hart’s discussion of the literature review requirements for master’s degree and doctoral degree work.

Jesson, Jill, Lydia Matheson, and Fiona M. Lacey. 2011. Doing your literature review: Traditional and systematic techniques . Los Angeles: SAGE.

Chapter 1: “Preliminaries” provides definitions of traditional and systematic reviews. It discusses the differences between them. Chapter 5 is dedicated to explaining the traditional review, while Chapter 7 explains the systematic review. Chapter 8 provides a detailed description of meta-analysis.

Lambert, Mike. 2012. A beginner’s guide to doing your education research project . Los Angeles: SAGE.

Chapter 6 (pp. 79–100) presents a thumbnail sketch for doing a literature review.

Machi, Lawrence A., and Brenda T. McEvoy. 2016. The literature review: Six steps to success . 3d ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.

The introduction of this text differentiates between a simple and an advanced review and concisely defines a literature review.

Ridley, Diana. 2012. The literature review: A step-by-step guide for students . 2d ed. Sage Study Skills. London: SAGE.

In the introductory chapter, Ridley reviews many definitions of the literature review, literature reviews at the master’s and doctoral level, and placement of literature reviews within the thesis or dissertation document. She also defines and differentiates literature reviews produced for degree-affiliated research from the more advanced systematic review projects.

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Reference Examples

More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual . Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual .

To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article ) and follow the relevant example.

When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.

Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book ) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book ).

Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style’s guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers .

Reference examples are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 10 and the Concise Guide Chapter 10

Related handouts

• Common Reference Examples Guide (PDF, 147KB)
• Reference Quick Guide (PDF, 225KB)

Textual Works

Textual works are covered in Sections 10.1–10.8 of the Publication Manual . The most common categories and examples are presented here. For the reviews of other works category, see Section 10.7.

• Journal Article References
• Magazine Article References
• Newspaper Article References
• Blog Post and Blog Comment References
• UpToDate Article References
• Book/Ebook References
• Diagnostic Manual References
• Children’s Book or Other Illustrated Book References
• Classroom Course Pack Material References
• Religious Work References
• Chapter in an Edited Book/Ebook References
• Dictionary Entry References
• Wikipedia Entry References
• Report by a Government Agency References
• Report with Individual Authors References
• Brochure References
• Ethics Code References
• Fact Sheet References
• ISO Standard References
• Press Release References
• White Paper References
• Conference Presentation References
• Conference Proceeding References
• Published Dissertation or Thesis References
• Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References
• ERIC Database References
• Preprint Article References

Data and Assessments

Data sets are covered in Section 10.9 of the Publication Manual . For the software and tests categories, see Sections 10.10 and 10.11.

• Data Set References
• Toolbox References

Audiovisual Media

Audiovisual media are covered in Sections 10.12–10.14 of the Publication Manual . The most common examples are presented together here. In the manual, these examples and more are separated into categories for audiovisual, audio, and visual media.

• Artwork References
• Clip Art or Stock Image References
• Film and Television References
• Musical Score References
• Online Course or MOOC References
• Podcast References
• PowerPoint Slide or Lecture Note References
• Radio Broadcast References
• TED Talk References
• Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References
• YouTube Video References

Online Media

Online media are covered in Sections 10.15 and 10.16 of the Publication Manual . Please note that blog posts are part of the periodicals category.

• Facebook References
• Instagram References
• LinkedIn References
• Online Forum (e.g., Reddit) References
• TikTok References
• X References
• Webpage on a Website References
• Clinical Practice References
• Open Educational Resource References
• Whole Website References