how to cite in a dissertation

How do I cite a dissertation in MLA style?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

A dissertation is a unique type of source. It is a finished, stand-alone work written under the auspices of an institution. In a change from the previous edition of the MLA Handbook ,    we do not distinguish between published and unpublished dissertations. To cite a dissertation, include in the entry the author, title, and date of publication as core elements. As an optional element, list the institution granting the degree and a description of the work.

Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting . 2010. Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.

If you accessed the dissertation through an online repository, include this fact as the title of the second container:

Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting . 2010. Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.  ProQuest , search.proquest.com/docview/305212264?accountid=7432.

• Joyner Library
• Laupus Health Sciences Library
• Music Library
• Digital Collections
• Special Collections
• North Carolina Collection
• Teaching Resources
• The ScholarShip Institutional Repository
• Country Doctor Museum

APA Citation Style, 7th Edition: Dissertations & Thesis

• APA 6/7 Comparison Guide
• New & Notable Changes
• Student Paper Layout
• Journal Article with One Author
• Journal Article with Two Authors
• Journal Article with Three or more Authors
• Help?! I can't find the DOI
• One Author/Editor
• Two Authors/Editors
• Chapter in a Book
• Electronic Books
• Social Media Posts
• YouTube or other streaming video
• Podcast or other audio works
• Infographic, Powerpoint, or other visual works
• Government Websites & Publications, & Gray Literature
• Legislative (US & State House & Senate) Bills
• StatPearls, UpToDate, DynaMedex
• Dissertations & Thesis
• Interviews & Emails
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Datasets, Software, & Tests
• Posters & Conference Sessions
• Photographs, Tables, & PDF's
• Canvas Posts & Class Discussion Boards
• In-Text Citations & Paraphrasing
• References Page
• Free APA 7th edition Resources, Handouts, & Tutorials

Citing Dissertations & Theses in APA Format

Dissertations & Theses

Dissertations and theses are formatted the same way in APA 7th edition. Theses are generally the culminating work for a master's or undergraduate degree and dissertations are often original research completed by doctoral students. Here are examples of a dissertation & a thesis, and how they would be formatted: 

Examples: 

Dissertation found in Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global: 

Reference:  

Banks, B. (2020). Addressing institutional racism in healthcare: A case study (Publication No. 28154307) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota]. Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global. 

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):  

(Banks, 2020).

In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):

(Banks, 2020, p. 157).

Master's thesis from a University scholarship database: 

Sears, L. B. (2017). The public voice and sustainable food systems: Community engagement in food action plans [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Kansas.  https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/26899  

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Sears, 2017). 

(Sears, 2017, p. 24). 

Carrie Forbes, MLS

Pages Referenced

Citation information has been adapted from the APA Manual (7th Edition). Please refer to page 333 of the APA Manual (7th Edition) for more information.

Chat with a Librarian

Chat with a librarian is available during Laupus Library's open hours . 

Need to contact a specific librarian? Find your liaison.

Call us: 1-888-820-0522 (toll free)

252-744-2230

Text us: 252-303-2343

• << Previous: Other Sources
• Next: Interviews & Emails >>
• Last Updated: Jan 12, 2024 10:05 AM
• URL: https://libguides.ecu.edu/APA7

APA Style 6th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation

Standard Format

Various examples.

• Conference Presentations
• Course Documents
• Social Media
• Government Documents
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
• Additional Resources
• Sample Reference Page

Dissertation or thesis available from a database service:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of publication).  Title of dissertation or thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis).  Retrieved from Name of database.  (Accession or Order No.)

For an unpublished dissertation or thesis:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of creation).  Title of dissertation or thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis).  Name of Institution, Location.

See Ch 7 pp. 207-208 APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

Formatting:

• Italicize the title
• Identify whether source is doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis in parentheses after the title
• << Previous: Articles
• Next: Websites >>
• Last Updated: Sep 22, 2022 11:20 AM
• URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/APA-citation-style

• Collections
• Research Help
• Teaching & Learning
• Library Home

Chicago Citation Style Guide

• Get Started With Chicago Style
• Note-Bibliography Basics
• Author-Date Basics
• Citing Journal Articles
• Citing Newspaper Articles
• Citing Magazines
• Citing Websites & Blogs
• Sound Recordings
• Radio Program (Podcast)
• Broadcast Radio & TV
• Video Recordings (DVD/VHS)
• TV & Video (Web)
• Images & Art
• Reference Materials
• Religious Texts
• Legal & Government Documents

Theses & Dissertations

Citing a published thesis, citing an unpublished thesis, citing a thesis in online database or repository.

• CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations

Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics . This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books.

The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.

If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, give the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number supplied or recommended by the database.

For dissertations issued on microfilm, see 14.120 . For published abstracts of dissertations, see 14.197 .

Note-Bibliography

First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," (Publisher, Year).

      Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty,” PhD diss., (University of Chicago, 2008).

Short Note:

Last-name, "Title of Thesis."

Choi. “Contesting Imaginaires ."

Bibliography Entry:

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Year.

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University      of Chicago, 2008.

Author-Date

Text Citation:

(Last-name Year)

(Mihwa 2008)

Reference Entry:

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."

Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting  Imaginaires  in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.”  PhD diss.       University of Chicago.

Note -Bibliography

Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Unpublished thesis type, University. Year.

Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand," PhD diss., (Ghent University, 2010).

Note #. Last-name,"Title of Thesis."

Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes."

Bibliography:

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University. Year.

Hosking, Barry C. "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University, 2010.

(Hosking 2010)

Last-name, First-name.  Year.  "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University.

Hosking, Barry C.    2010.  "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University.

Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Database Name (Identifier if given), Year, Internet address.

      12. Meredith Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus, " Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), 2005, http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

Note #. Last-name, "Title of Thesis."

21. Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects."

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Database Name (Identifier if given), Year. Internet address.

Stewart, Meredith. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222),  2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

(Stewart 2005)

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."  Database Name  (Identifier if given), Internet address.

Stewart, Meredith. 2005. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program  (WMU2005.1222),    http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

• << Previous: Legal & Government Documents
• Next: More Help >>
• Last Updated: Feb 13, 2024 2:03 PM
• URL: https://libguides.wvu.edu/chicago

• AUT Library
• Library Guides
• Referencing styles and applications

APA 7th Referencing Style Guide

• Theses and dissertations
• Referencing & APA style
• In-text citation
• Elements of a reference
• Format & examples of a reference list
• Conferences
• Reports & grey literature
• Figures (graphs and images)

Terminology - Thesis, dissertation or exegesis?

Published theses and dissertations, unpublished theses and dissertations.

• Audio works
• Films, TV & video
• Visual works
• Computer software, games & apps
• Lecture notes & Intranet resources
• Legal resources
• Personal communications
• PowerPoint slides
• Social media
• Specific health examples
• Standards & patents
• Websites & webpages
• Footnotes and appendices
• Frequently asked questions

Thesis and dissertation can mean different things depending on where the degree is awarded. Always check the title page, or subsequent pages, to determine exactly what the work is and use the information for your reference. ​

Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities)

• Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree.
• Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours.
• Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work;  e.g., a film, artwork, novel.

Other parts of the world

• In North America and some other countries, dissertation is used for a doctoral degree and thesis for a master's degree.

Theses available in a database, a university archive or from a personal website.

Reference format

Theses published online (e.g. in institutional repositories), theses from proquest dissertations and theses global.

Find how to cite in text on the  In-text citation  page.

 Unpublished thesis or dissertations are usually sourced directly from the university in print form.

 Reference format

• << Previous: Tables
• Next: Audiovisual media >>
• Last Updated: May 10, 2024 8:35 AM
• URL: https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/APA7th

APA 7th Edition Citation Examples

• Volume and Issue Numbers
• Page Numbers
• Undated Sources
• Citing a Source Within a Source
• In-Text Citations
• Academic Journals
• Encyclopedia Articles
• Book, Film, and Product Reviews
• Online Classroom Materials
• Conference Papers
• Technical + Research Reports
• Court Decisions
• Treaties and Other International Agreements
• Federal Regulations: I. The Code of Federal Regulations
• Federal Regulations: II. The Federal Register
• Executive Orders
• Charter of the United Nations
• Federal Statutes

Format for dissertations and theses

Dissertations and theses database.

• Interviews, E-mail Messages + Other Personal Communications
• Social Media
• Business Sources
• PowerPoints
• AI: ChatGPT, etc.

Author last name, first initial. (Year).  Title of dissertation/thesis  (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis, University]. Database. URL

• Author:  List the last name, followed by the first initial (and second initial). See  Authors  for more information.
• Year:  List the year between parentheses, followed by a period.
• Title of dissertation/thesis:  In italics. Capitalize the first word of the title, subtitle, and proper nouns.
• Publication number: Can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as “Dissertation/thesis number.”
• Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis:  List whether it is a dissertation or a thesis.
• University:  List the university associated with the dissertation/thesis.
• Database:  List database the dissertation/thesis was found in, if found in a database.
• URL:  List URL if found on the free Web rather than in a database.

See specific examples below.

Dissertations:

Pecore, J. T. (2004). Sounding the spirit of Cambodia: The living tradition of Khmer music and dance-drama in a Washington, DC community  (Publication No. 3114720) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. 

Master's Theses:

Hollander, M. M. (2017). Resitance to authority: Methodological innovations and new lessons from the Milgram experiment   (Publication No. 10289373) [Master's thesis, University of Wisconsin - Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

APA calls for the citation to include a unique identifying number for the dissertation, labeling it “Publication No.” That number can be found in Dissertations and Theses database, listed in the item record as “Dissertation/thesis number.”

Karamanos, X. (2020). The influence of professional development models on student mathematics performance in New Jersey public elementary schools [Doctoral dissertation, Seton Hall University]. Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs). https://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/2732

Bordo, V. C. (2011). Making a case for the use of foreign language in the educational activities of nonprofit arts organizations [Master's thesis, University of Akron]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1311135640

Caprette, C. L. (2005). Conquering the cold shudder: The origin and evolution of snake eyes  [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University].

Angelova, A. N. (2004). Data pruning  [Master's thesis, California Institute of Technology].

See  Publication Manual , 10.6.

• << Previous: Federal Statutes
• Next: Images >>
• Last Updated: Mar 18, 2024 12:55 PM
• URL: https://libguides.umgc.edu/apa-examples

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / How to Cite a Thesis/Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

How to Cite a Thesis/Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

Academic theses and dissertations can be a good source of information when writing your own paper. They are usually accessed via a university’s database or a third party database, or found on the web. The main difference between a thesis and a dissertation is the degree type they are submitted for:

• Thesis—A document submitted to earn a degree, such as a master’s degree, at a university.
• Dissertation—A document submitted to earn an advanced degree, such as a doctorate, at a university.

This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for theses and dissertations in a variety of formats using the 17th edition of the  Chicago Manual of Style.

Guide Overview

• Citing a thesis or dissertation from a database
• Citing a thesis or dissertation from the web
• Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from a Database

Citation structure.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, Database (Identification Number).

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. Database (Identification Number).

Citation Example

1. Kimberly Knight,  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media” (PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011), 17, MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Knight, Kimberly.  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011. MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from the Web

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, URL.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. URL.

1. Peggy Lynn Wilson, “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011), 25, https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Wilson, Peggy Lynn. “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County.” PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011. https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Citing an Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation

In rare cases, you may need to cite a thesis or dissertation that has not yet been published. This is particularly the case if you want to cite your own work or the work of a colleague.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (unpublished manuscript, Month Day, Year last modified), format.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified Month Day, Year. Format.

1. John Doe, “A Study of Generic Topic” (unpublished manuscript, June 19, 2021), Microsoft Word file.

Doe, John. “A Study of Generic Topic.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified June 19, 2021. Microsoft Word file.

Chicago Formatting Guide

Chicago Formatting

• Book Chapter
• Conference Paper
• Musical Recording

Citation Examples

• Thesis or Dissertation
• Encyclopedia
• Sheet Music
• YouTube Video

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

Chicago Citation Examples

Writing Tools

Citation Generators

Other Citation Styles

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Call Box 9000 Mayagüez, PR 00681     (787) 832-4040 ext. 3810, 2151, 2155    [email protected]

MLA 9th Edition Style Guide: Dissertation/Thesis

• Generic Section Labels
• Inclusive Language
• Publisher Abbreviations
• Formatting your Paper
• Annotated Bibliography
• Social Media
• Audiovisual
• Personal Communication

Dissertation/Thesis

• News Publication
• Classroom Material
• Conference Proceedings and Papers
• Footnotes and Endnotes
• Tables and Figures
• Useful Links

Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting . 2010. Northwestern U,

MA thesis.  ProQuest , search.proquest.com/docview/305212264?accountid=7432.

Dissertation

PhD dissertation.  ProQuest , search.proquest.com/docview/305212264?accountid=7432.

• << Previous: Personal Communication
• Next: News Publication >>
• Last Updated: Apr 3, 2024 3:20 PM
• URL: https://libguides.uprm.edu/MLA9/en

Biblioteca General © 2024 - Universidad de Puerto Rico. Todos los derechos reservados.

Cite A Dissertation in Harvard style

Powered by chegg.

• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Use the following template or our Harvard Referencing Generator to cite a dissertation. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Reference list

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

Popular Harvard Citation Guides

• How to cite a Book in Harvard style
• How to cite a Website in Harvard style
• How to cite a Journal in Harvard style
• How to cite a DVD, video, or film in Harvard style
• How to cite a Online image or video in Harvard style

Other Harvard Citation Guides

• How to cite a Archive material in Harvard style
• How to cite a Artwork in Harvard style
• How to cite a Blog in Harvard style
• How to cite a Broadcast in Harvard style
• How to cite a Chapter of an edited book in Harvard style
• How to cite a Conference proceedings in Harvard style
• How to cite a Court case in Harvard style
• How to cite a Dictionary entry in Harvard style
• How to cite a Dissertation in Harvard style
• How to cite a E-book or PDF in Harvard style
• How to cite a Edited book in Harvard style
• How to cite a Email in Harvard style
• How to cite a Encyclopedia article in Harvard style
• How to cite a Government publication in Harvard style
• How to cite a Interview in Harvard style
• How to cite a Legislation in Harvard style
• How to cite a Magazine in Harvard style
• How to cite a Music or recording in Harvard style
• How to cite a Newspaper in Harvard style
• How to cite a Patent in Harvard style
• How to cite a Podcast in Harvard style
• How to cite a Presentation or lecture in Harvard style
• How to cite a Press release in Harvard style
• How to cite a Religious text in Harvard style
• How to cite a Report in Harvard style
• How to cite a Software in Harvard style

• How it works

How to Cite a Dissertation in Harvard Style

Published by Alaxendra Bets at August 27th, 2021 , Revised On September 25, 2023

What is a Dissertation?

In the UK, countries of Western Europe, as well as New Zealand and Australia, the term ‘ dissertation ’ is used instead of a ‘thesis.’ The majority of the remaining countries in the world prefer to use ‘thesis’ instead of ‘dissertation.’

Both represent the same thing, though: a full-length, academic piece of writing that students must submit after their undergraduate, post-graduate (Master), or PhD studies.

More specifically, a dissertation can refer to:

• Large-scale research as part of a degree.
• An article based on a small-scale study as part of a degree.
• A review of another study, research or an accumulation of both.
• Other full-length body texts are a requirement of the student’s degree program, no matter which level it is.

1.    Basic Format

In Harvard, the following in-text citation format is used for the dissertation:

(Author Surname, Year Published)

For example, ‘Occasionally the talent for drawing passes beyond mere picture-copying and shows the presence of a real artistic capacity of no mean order. (Darius, 2014)’

In Harvard, the following reference list entry format is used for the dissertation:

Author Surname, Author Initials. (Year Published). Title of the dissertation in italics. Level. Institution Name.

For example, reference list entry for the above source would be:

Darius, H. (2014). Running head: SAVANT SYNDROME – THEORIES AND EMPIRICAL FINDINGS . University of Skövde, University of Turku.

However, a slightly different format is also used in some institutions. According to that, in-text citations are done in the following way:

Author surname Year, p.#

For instance, Exelby (1997, p. 3) described the process … OR … processing gold (Exelby 1997, p. 3).

But in the case of reference list entries, these ‘other’ institutions recommend naming the dissertation title not in italics but in single quotation marks. The format would then be:

Author Surname, Initials Year of Publication, ‘Title of thesis in single quotation marks’, Award, Institution issuing degree, Location of the institution.

So, according to this format, the above example’s reference list entry would be:

Exelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of Gold and Mineral Liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld.

Whichever format is followed largely depends on one’s institutional guidelines. The format specified by the university is the one that should be followed. Furthermore, it should be followed consistently throughout a manuscript.

2.    Citing a Dissertation Published Online

The format for both in-text and reference list entries is the same for online and print dissertations. For example:

• In-text citation: (Ram 2012) OR (Ram 2011, p. 130)
• Reference list entry: Ram, R 2012, ‘Development of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities’, PhD thesis, The University of Sydney, viewed 23 May 2014, <http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8208>.

An important point to note: While referencing dissertations published online, the URL may or may not be enclosed within < > symbols. Whichever format is chosen, it should be used consistently throughout the text.

3.    Citing an Unpublished Dissertation

This type of dissertation also uses the same formatting for in-text and reference list entries in Harvard style. For example:

• In-text citation: (Sakunasingha 2006) OR (Sakunasingha 2006, p. 36)
• Reference list entry: Sakunasingha, B 2006, ‘An empirical study into factors influencing the use of value-based management tools’, DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW.

Hire an Expert Writer

Orders completed by our expert writers are

• Formally drafted in an academic style
• Free Amendments and 100% Plagiarism Free – or your money back!
• 100% Confidential and Timely Delivery!
• Free anti-plagiarism report
• Appreciated by thousands of clients. Check client reviews

Frequently Asked Questions

How do i cite my dissertation.

To cite your dissertation, follow your chosen citation style (e.g., APA, MLA). Generally, include author name, year, title, and source details. For APA: Author. (Year). Title. Source. For MLA: Author. “Title.” Degree, University, Year.

You May Also Like

In Harvard referencing style, the basics of in-text citation for personal communications.

Citing encyclopedia article: Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published). Title. In: Publication Title. City: Publisher, p.Pages Used.

If you are using any electronic sources such as images, audios, videos, webpages, etc. you need to acknowledge the sources to avoid plagiarism.

USEFUL LINKS

LEARNING RESOURCES

COMPANY DETAILS

• How It Works

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Reference List: Other Print Sources

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

Important Note: Because the 7 th edition of the APA Publication Manual heavily emphasizes digital and electronic sources, it does not contain explicit instructions for certain less-common print sources that earlier editions covered. For this reason, some of the examples below have been adapted from the instructions for sources with similar attributes (e.g., the conference proceedings example is derived from the instructions the 7 th edition manual gives for citing edited collections). Every example below that has been adapted in this way is accompanied by a note explaining how it was adapted.

Please also note: While this resource contains many examples of citations for uncommon print sources that we think are helpful, it may not account for every possibility. For even more examples of how to cite uncommon print sources, please refer to the 7 th edition of the APA Publication Manual.

Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

The 7 th edition of the APA manual does not provide specific guidance on how to cite physical reference works such as dictionaries, thesauruses, or encyclopedias. Therefore, this citation, as well as the one for an individual author of an entry in a reference work, is modeled on that of a chapter in an edited book or anthology, both which are similar in format to reference works.

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher name.

Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10 th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.

Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an Individual Author

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.

Tatum, S. R. (2009). Spirituality and religion in hip hop literature and culture. In T. L. Stanley (ed.), Encyclopedia of hip hop literature (pp. 250-252). Greenwood.

Work Discussed in a Secondary Source

Provide the source in which the original work was referenced:

Nail, T. (2017). What is an assemblage? SubStance , 46 (1), 21-37. http://sub.uwpress.org/lookup/doi/10.3368/ss.46.1.21

Note: Provide the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Deleuze and Guattari’s work is cited in Nail and you did not read the original work, list the Nail reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation: 

Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of the assemblage (as cited in Nail, 2017)….

Dissertation Abstract

The 7 th edition of the APA manual does not provide specific guidance on how to cite dissertation abstracts. Therefore, this citation models that of a journal article, which is similar in format.

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International , Vol., Page.

Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services. Dissertation Abstracts International, 74 , 03(E).

Dissertation or Master’s Thesis, Published

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive Name.

Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services (Publication No. 3544643) [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Note: If the dissertation or thesis is not published in a database, include the URL of the site where the document is located.

Dissertation or Master’s Thesis, Unpublished

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree. 

Samson, J. M. (2016). Human trafficking and globalization [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

Federal or State Statute

Name of Act, Public Law No. (Year). URL

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Publ. L. No. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119 (2010).  https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-111publ148/pdf/PLAW-111publ148.pdf

Report by a Government Agency or Other Organization

Organization Name. (Year). Title of report. URL

United States Government Accountability Office. (2019). Performance and accountability report: Fiscal year 2019 . https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf

Report by Individual Authors at Government Agency or Other Organization

Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of report . Organization Name. URL

Palanker, D., Volk, J., Lucia, K., & Thomas, K. (2018). Mental health parity at risk: Deregulating the individual market and the impact on mental health coverage . National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/About-NAMI/Publications-Reports/Public-Policy-Reports/Parity-at-Risk/ParityatRisk.pdf  

Conference Proceedings

The 7 th edition of the APA manual does not provide guidance on citing conference proceedings. Therefore, this citation models that of an edited collection, which is similar in format.

Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Eds.). (Year). Title of Proceedings . Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Huang, S., Pierce, R., & Stamey, J. (Eds.). (2006). Proceedings of the 24 th annual ACM international conference on the design of communication . ACM Digital Library. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1166324&picked=prox

How to tackle the PhD dissertation

Finding time to write can be a challenge for graduate students who often juggle multiple roles and responsibilities. Mabel Ho provides some tips to make the process less daunting

• More on this topic

Created in partnership with

You may also like

Popular resources

.css-1txxx8u{overflow:hidden;max-height:81px;text-indent:0px;} Rather than restrict the use of AI, embrace the challenge

Emotions and learning: what role do emotions play in how and why students learn, leveraging llms to assess soft skills in lifelong learning, how hard can it be testing ai detection tools, a diy guide to starting your own journal.

Writing helps you share your work with the wider community. Your scholarship is important and you are making a valuable contribution to the field. While it might be intimidating to face a blank screen, remember, your first draft is not your final draft! The difficult part is getting something on the page to begin with. 

As the adage goes, a good dissertation is a done dissertation, and the goal is for you to find balance in your writing and establish the steps you can take to make the process smoother. Here are some practical strategies for tackling the PhD dissertation.

Write daily

This is a time to have honest conversations with yourself about your writing and work habits. Do you tackle the most challenging work in the morning? Or do you usually start with emails? Knowing your work routine will help you set parameters for the writing process, which includes various elements, from brainstorming ideas to setting outlines and editing. Once you are aware of your energy and focus levels, you’ll be ready to dedicate those times to writing.

While it might be tempting to block a substantial chunk of time to write and assume anything shorter is not useful, that is not the case. Writing daily, whether it’s a paragraph or several pages, keeps you in conversation with your writing practice. If you schedule two hours to write, remember to take a break during that time and reset. You can try:

• The Pomodoro Technique: a time management technique that breaks down your work into intervals
• Taking breaks: go outside for a walk or have a snack so you can come back to your writing rejuvenated
• Focus apps: it is easy to get distracted by devices and lose direction. Here are some app suggestions: Focus Bear (no free version); Forest (free version available); Cold Turkey website blocker (free version available) and Serene (no free version). 

This is a valuable opportunity to hone your time management and task prioritisation skills. Find out what works for you and put systems in place to support your practice. 

• Resources on academic writing for higher education professionals
• Stretch your work further by ‘triple writing’
• What is your academic writing temperament?

Create a community

While writing can be an isolating endeavour, there are ways to start forming a community (in-person or virtual) to help you set goals and stay accountable. There might be someone in your cohort who is also at the writing stage with whom you can set up a weekly check-in. Alternatively, explore your university’s resources and centres because there may be units and departments on campus that offer helpful opportunities, such as a writing week or retreat. Taking advantage of these opportunities helps combat isolation, foster accountability and grow networks. They can even lead to collaborations further down the line.

• Check in with your advisers and mentors. Reach out to your networks to find out about other people’s writing processes and additional resources.
• Don’t be afraid to share your work. Writing requires constant revisions and edits and finding people who you trust with feedback will help you grow as a writer. Plus, you can also read their work and help them with their editing process.
• Your community does not have to be just about writing!  If you enjoy going on hikes or trying new coffee shops, make that part of your weekly habit.  Sharing your work in different environments will help clarify your thoughts and ideas.

Address the why

The PhD dissertation writing process is often lengthy and it is sometimes easy to forget why you started. In these moments, it can be helpful to think back to what got you excited about your research and scholarship in the first place. Remember it is not just the work but also the people who propelled you forward. One idea is to start writing your “acknowledgements” section. Here are questions to get you started:

• Do you want to dedicate your work to someone? 
• What ideas sparked your interest in this journey? 
• Who cheered you on? 

This practice can help build momentum, as well as serve as a good reminder to carve out time to spend with your community. 

You got this!

Writing is a process. Give yourself grace, as you might not feel motivated all the time. Be consistent in your approach and reward yourself along the way. There is no single strategy when it comes to writing or maintaining motivation, so experiment and find out what works for you. 

Suggested readings

• Thriving as a Graduate Writer by Rachel Cayley (2023)
• Destination Dissertation by Sonja K. Foss and William Waters (2015)
• The PhD Writing Handbook by Desmond Thomas (2016).

Mabel Ho is director of professional development and student engagement at Dalhousie University.

If you would like advice and insight from academics and university staff delivered direct to your inbox each week,  sign up for the Campus newsletter .

Rather than restrict the use of AI, embrace the challenge

Let’s think about assessments and ai in a different way, how students’ genai skills affect assignment instructions, how not to land a job in academia, contextual learning: linking learning to the real world, three steps to unearth the hidden curriculum of networking.

Register for free

and unlock a host of features on the THE site

One-Stop Solution for Custom Dissertation Writing Service

Overcome the hurdles of impending deadlines and countless revisions. Live up to academic expectations and set the benchmark with the help of the most reliable dissertation writers

9.5/10 * TrustPilot

4.8/5 * Sitejabber

4.8/5 * Reviews.io

Years on the market

Average quailty score

Returning customers

Writers active daily

Here is How We Take Our Online Dissertation Services to the Next Level

Get to know our finest approach to the dissertation writing process.

Provide an overview of the topic and explain the significance of addressing the question.

Outline the research goal and ensure the objective matches the identified problem.

Describe the research design and provide a concise overview of the data analysis plan.

Briefly explain the topic and context to help readers understand the subject.

State the problem in the existing literature and the importance of addressing this gap.

Raise concise research questions that present the goal of your research.

Rigorous search to collect relevant articles, books, and other relevant materials.

Classify the literature based on themes, concepts, or methodologies.

Analyze each selected source and discuss the implications of the literature for research.

Divide the full dissertation body into distinct chapters and outline the purpose and scope.

Methodology chapter with research design, sampling, data collection, and analysis procedure.

Present findings and discuss the implications of findings. Also, suggest areas for future research.

Provide a concise summary of the main findings from the research.

Highlight the importance of your contribution in the field context.

Offering suggestions for future research and any potential application.

Get ready to hop on a Ph.D. dissertation journey with our professional assistance.

Dissertation Writing US makes certain that your journey is executed precisely, from thorough Research to polished writing. So, trust the synergy of our cheapest dissertation writing service for quality and affordability while we make a way for your achievement.

Students are accessible to a full research package which includes a special database, advanced tools, and collaborative network.

Students can get assistance from skillful writers to improve and polish their dissertation writing process step by step, making it more refined.

The written work will be reviewed by a group of experts who will provide helpful comments and suggestions.

The pool of highly experienced, available dissertation writers for hire lets you jump into the world of originality and light the way with innovative ideas and unique perspectives.

Experience 5+ years

Experience 4 years

Experience 5 years

Emily is an expert Mathematics writer who knows how to turn complex numerical papers into understanding. For students, it’s like having a smart friend helping them understand tricky stuff. She turns every dissertation into a boost to students' marks.

Dissertations written: 66

Total pages written: 4982

Ryan is awesome at making long social sciences papers. Teachers love how he makes confusing things easy to understand. It’s like having a helpful guide that makes learning more enjoyable. He knows every step of crafting a dissertation is more valuable.

Dissertations written: 36

Total pages written: 3563

Rachel is a software engineer with expertise in every programming language. She has an outstanding knowledge of diverse and complex topics. Her knowledge of crafting dissertations goes beyond imagination, hooking readers from top to bottom.

Dissertations written: 10

Total pages written: 2567

Mark has huge geography knowledge and is great at making smart ideas easy to get. For academics, like finding a treasure of knowledge. Learning becomes a delightful experience, like listening to a fantastic intellectual song.

Dissertations written: 70

Total pages written: 8735

Law expert! Lily knows every governmental and business law, and at every moment, she delivers everything smoothly. Readers always find reading her copy interesting and attention-grabbing. From top to bottom, it keeps the attention of every reader.

Dissertations written: 8

Total pages written: 4689

Q1. What criteria should I consider when deciding what is the best dissertation writing service for my academic needs?

Q2. how can i communicate with my assigned writer in an online dissertation service, q3. how to choose the best dissertation writing service that aligns with my academic requirements, q4. can a dissertation service finish my work quickly if i'm in a hurry, q5. is an affordable dissertation paper writing service always the best option, q6. what role does your customer support play during the dissertation writing process.

These carefully curated samples serve as the embodiment of clarity.

Our dissertation writing service US combines careful attention to detail with a commitment to timely delivery, making sure that your academic path reflects excellence from start to end.

Our one-on-one approach ensures that every dissertation is uniquely written to meet the specific needs and objectives of the client.

We provide students with the highest-quality, up-to-date information and material to enrich their dissertations.

Lastly, we ensure the accuracy of work through innovative quality assurance protocols that are more than traditional editing and proofreading.

Voices of Success: Praises and Positivity From Our Value Clients

• Sutton 19 Dec 2023 The expert made my complex ideas easy to understand. Simple language and quick delivery – a perfect combo. My geographical dissertation stress melted away. Highly satisfied and grateful! Surely, I’ll come back here soon for my further dissertation task. Geographical Dissertation
• Oliver 01 Jan 2024 I had no time for writing experience, and due to the help of this website, I just cleared my programming dissertation. The writer of this platform knows the importance of quality writing. I would like to highly recommend this platform for its exceptional service. Programming Dissertation
• Smith 23 Nov 2023 I was shocked by the outstanding assistance. It seems like I could clear that dissertation in a short time. But their exceptional services made me speechless. I would highly recommend this service. And, surely, I will come back to get services again. Dissertation
• Jack 16 Oct 2023 With the help of this agency, I just managed to write an I.T dissertation. They transformed my intricate research into easy-to-understand content. Clear, concise, and efficient. A reliable service for simplifying academic challenges. I.T Dissertation
• Harper 08 Oct 2023 The dissertation writing services of this company exceeded my expectations. They skillfully simplified my research, making the complex seem straightforward—a reliable choice for anyone seeking top-notch academic assistance. Academic Dissertation
• Madison 24 Nov 2023 It was quite tough to write complex numerical physics. But, the team of dissertation.us.com efficiently translated my research into clear, concise language. Stress-free experience from start to finish. Highly recommended for academic clarity. Physics Dissertation
• Willow 05 Dec 2023 I was about to complete my petroleum dissertation, but the short deadline made it complicated for me. But with the help of this platform, I managed to write my dissertation. And eventually, I got surprising results. For their service, I would rate 10 out of 10. Petroleum Dissertation
• Margaret 28 NoV 2023 I was extremely disturbed due to having multiple works at the same time. That’s why I was seeking Mathematics dissertation help. This platform meets my expectations that’s why I would rate this platform as an exceptional writing service. Mathematics Dissertation

Expand Your Horizons to Academic Excellence with Unmatched Dissertation Writing Services

Excelling amidst the competitive world of academia, students are often tangled in the tremendous task of writing a dissertation. While cracking the dissertation code students face many hurdles including complexities in the research process, following the university handbook, and meeting tight deadlines. These difficulties in their way to crafting a compelling dissertation can cast a shadow on students longing for academic success.

Begin your journey to a comprehensive approach that’s beyond basic with our dissertation writing company. A personalized roadmap specifically designed for our potential students. Our online dissertation writer crafts well-written dissertations that are tailored to the requirements of students. For us, the academic help of students is a top priority. Therefore, we ensure thorough research and writing, precise structure, and following intact guidelines.

Keeping in mind the potential challenge of writing a dissertation, our dissertation writing service in the US raises a beacon of hope that offers significance beyond measure. Our team comprises qualified writers who understand that the twisted nature of dissertations can be overwhelming for students. For that reason, they offer expert assistance to empower students to overcome challenges. With their credible help, they turn these roadblocks into stepping stones toward their academic success.

Exploring the Depths of a Dissertation with a Detailed Approach of Our Online Dissertation Writing Service!

The dissertation document usually involves some distinct section and each section plays a crucial role in shaping the complete structure of a dissertation. Our pool of professional dissertation writers are committed to excellence. Our profound team extends to every facet while making sure that each section is carefully written to meet the highest academic standards.

Dissertation.us.com has succeeded in satiating the smooth track record of delivering the most rectified dissertation. Our experts are well known for not leaving any room for errors. From the structure process to tutors' guidelines we take all the measures to ensure guaranteed results. Be it Plagiarism or AI detection, our refined Turnitin checking criteria cover it all.

Chapter 1 –Introduction

A well-written introduction is enough to set the tone of your dissertation. Meanwhile, we start your dissertation with a captivating introduction in which we clearly define the problem statement, objectives, and significance. The introduction we craft is enough to captivate the readers from the outset.

Chapter 2 –Literature Review

The literature review holds great importance as it provides a foundation of knowledge on the topic. In the Literature Review chapter, our writers conduct a thorough exploration of the existing research. They analyze and synthesize relevant studies that showcase a comprehensive understanding of the scholarly world related to your topic.

Chapter 3 –Research Methodology

The key element of this section is precision and well-structured research-oriented approach. Meanwhile, our knowledgeable writers outline the research design, data collection method, and analysis techniques to ensure transparency and credibility in your research approach.

Chapter 4 –Discussions and Results

Presenting your research findings results in a meaningful manner is our motive. We dive deep into the data, conducting a detailed analysis that gives useful insights, supported by clear and concise presentation. Another important section is the section of discussion where we interpret the results, connect them to your research questions, and explore their broader implications. Our writers engage in critical analysis, showcasing the significance of your findings in the academic context.

Chapter 5 –Conclusion and Recommendations

At last, we end the dissertation with a powerful conclusion that appropriately summarizes the key points and focuses on the contribution of your full dissertation to the field. Our goal is to leave a lasting impression on the readers. Our dissertation experts drop remarkable recommendations to leave a lasting impression on your professor.

Outsmart the Dissertation Race with a Unique Edge and Remarkable Factors

We have designed our services to elevate your academics to an exceptional level. What sets us apart is our exceptionalism which gives you a unique edge in your academic pursuits. Our team possesses expert dissertation writers for hire who bring a wealth of experience to the table. They understand the complexities of advanced research and are devoted to guiding you through the intricacies of your written work.

Meanwhile, every student has a different journey and so do their dissertation requirements. We offer a personalized approach and have customized our services in a way that matches your unique needs and research goals. Also, we never compromise on quality and take careful quality control measures to ensure that every aspect of your Ph.D. dissertation meets the highest standards. From research depth to presentation, we leave no room for mistakes.

Excellence on a Dime: Unlock Academic Achievement with Cheapest Dissertation Writing Services

Want to hire a dissertation writer without making a hole in your pocket? End your search right here. Our writer's commitment to academic brilliance is more than just offering you top-notch dissertations at the most reasonable rates. Here is how you can get the best dissertation without compromising your budget:

Competitive Costing:

We understand the financial constraints students often face. Our service offers competitive pricing, ensuring you receive matchless quality without draining your resources.

Customized Dissertation:

You can tailor your dissertation package to suit your budget and needs. Our customizable options allow you to select services that align with your financial parameters while maintaining exceptional quality.

Discounts and Promotions:

Students can take advantage of our periodic discounts and promotions. The dissertation writer in our team believes in making excellence accessible, and our special offers provide opportunities for cost-effective access to top-tier dissertation services.

Transparent Pricing Structure:

We charge no hidden fees. Our transparent structure ensures that you know exactly what you're paying for, encouraging trust and confidence in our commitment to affordability.

Value for Money:

We deliver value for your investment. Our goal is to provide you with the best dissertation services that not only meet but exceed your expectations.

At our platform dissertation writing services US, we believe in simplifying access to academic excellence. You can follow these steps to secure the best dissertation at the lowest cost, making your academic journey both enriching and budget-friendly.

Decoding the Process of Dissertation Writing Step-by-Step

Every dissertation requires a proper structure. To craft a brilliant dissertation it's crucial to follow the never-ending university manual which is a daunting task. To make the whole dissertation writing even more tedious tutors' guidelines play their part. Nevertheless, writing a dissertation from scratch requires a lot of dedication and effort. Handing over your dissertation to the safe hands of our experts can save your grades and time effortlessly.

Dissertationwriting.us.com utterly endorsed the significance of timely completion and submission of a dissertation. Our services are geared towards ensuring that your Ph.D. dissertation is delivered promptly, allowing you to stay on track with your academic schedule. Whatever question or concern you come up with, our support team has a solution for you. We believe in providing prompt support, making sure you feel confident and informed throughout your journey.

• Seasoned writers with vast research experience.
• Tailoring services to your unique needs.
• Rigorous measures during editing and proofreading.
• Ensuring on-time delivery for academic schedules.
• Round-the-clock assistance for confidence and clarity.

So, wait no more and approach our top-tier writers to Write My Dissertation for an unparalleled experience. With these remarkable factors in our service, we set you on a path to academic success that truly stands out.

Fleet of Experienced Writers Crafting Dissertation with Expertise, Precision, and Unwavering Support

During the whole journey, our experienced writers provide expert guidance, ensuring each section reflects academic accuracy, clarity, and originality. With a focus on thorough research, precise formatting, and adherence to guidelines, our approach is tailored to elevate every section of your dissertation, creating a document that stands as a testament to your academic prowess. Our service stands out for its commitment to quality, meeting deadlines, and providing continuous support.

Our user-friendly approach gives you the flexibility to communicate with your assigned writer, making the entire process seamless. Keep your trust in us to navigate the complexities of dissertation writing, guiding you toward remarkable academic achievement. Your success story begins with our dedicated Dissertation Writing Services – the key to unlocking your potential. Further, you can also get the support you need with our dissertation editing help to refine your work and ensure it meets the highest standards.

From concept to compilation –here you will find the answers to all your dissertation concerns. Our high retention rate and satisfied clientele speak for our incredible dissertation help. Here is more:

• Our experts follow a step-by-step guide to ensure accuracy.
• We meet high standards and guidelines within the promised timeline.
• Our dissertation team offers editing help to assist you when you decide to attempt your dissertation on your own.

Your Trustworthy Partner for Expert Guidance and Custom Dissertation Writing Services

We take pride in being your trustable partner, offering expert guidance and delivering exceptional dissertation writing services.

Inclusive Pricing Model

Research Excellence

Citation Assistance

Client Satisfaction

Expert Consultation

Iterative Refinement

Body of man traveling down Colorado River on wooden raft with dog found in Grand Canyon National Park

The victim is thought to be Thomas Robinson, 58, from Santa Fe, New Mexico.

The body of a man who had been traveling down the Colorado River on a wooden raft has been found in Grand Canyon National Park, officials said.

Thomas Robinson, a 58-year-old man from Santa Fe, New Mexico, was believed to have attempted to travel down the Colorado River on a wooden raft with his dog before abandoning the vessel at Lees Ferry, just a few miles south of Arizona’s border with Utah, according to a statement from the National Park Service detailing the incident.

MORE: 2 people and their dog killed when their mobile home explodes in middle of the night

National Park Service personnel were notified of a body in the Colorado River near river mile 6 on Friday.

“Park rangers responded and recovered the body which was transported to Lees Ferry and transferred to the Coconino County Medical Examiner’s Office,” park officials said. “Initial information indicates the body is that of missing person Thomas L. Robison. The Coconino County Medical Examiner will confirm positive identification.”

MORE: Man 'purposely' trying to spread HIV through sex with men and teenage boys sentenced to 30 years

MORE: New genus of tiny, hornless deer that roamed South Dakota 32 million years ago discovered

The circumstances around how Robinson may have died is currently unknown and the investigation into his death is ongoing. Additionally, authorities did not disclose the whereabouts of the dog or whether or not the canine survived.

Related Stories

Paul Skenes strikes out seven in MLB debut as Pirates win

• May 11, 9:49 PM

Knicks' Mitchell Robinson has ankle surgery, sources say

• May 13, 6:39 PM

Mitchell Robinson has surgery on ankle that knocked him out of Knicks' playoff run, AP source says

• May 13, 6:44 PM

Park officials said no additional information regarding this case will be made available at this time.

Target to reduce number of stores carrying Pride-themed merchandise after last year's backlash

• May 10, 9:05 AM

Man pleads guilty in theft of bronze Jackie Robinson statue from Kansas park

• May 10, 6:00 PM

ABC News Live

24/7 coverage of breaking news and live events

Help | Advanced Search

Mathematics > Dynamical Systems

Title: an algorithmic classification of generalized pseudo-anosov homeomorphisms via geometric markov partitions.

Abstract: This thesis provides a classification of generalized pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms up to topological conjugacy using an algorithmic approach. A Markov partition of a generalized pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism is a decomposition of the surface into a finite number of rectangles with disjoint interiors, such that their images intersect with any other rectangle in the Markov partition along a finite number of horizontal sub-rectangles. Every generalized pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism has a Markov partition, and, by using the surface's orientation, we can endow any Markov partition with a geometrization. The geometric type of a geometric Markov partition was defined by Bonatti and Langevin in their book, "Diffeomorphismes de Smale des surfaces", to classify saddle-type basic pieces for structurally stable diffeomorphisms on surfaces. A geometric type is an abstract combinatorial object that generalizes the incidence matrix of a Markov partition. It takes into account not only the number of times the image of a rectangle intersects with any other rectangle in the family but also the order and change of orientation induced by the homeomorphisms. This thesis employs the geometric type of a geometric Markov partition to classify conjugacy classes of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms. The classification is provided by the three main results in this manuscript: I) The geometric type is a complete invariant of conjugation. II) A criterion is provided for determining whether an abstract geometric type is realized by a geometric Markov partition of a pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism. III) An algorithm is described for determining whether two geometric types in the pseudo-Anosov class are realized by generalized pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms that are topologically conjugated or not.

Submission history

Access paper:.

• Other Formats

References & Citations

• Google Scholar
• Semantic Scholar

BibTeX formatted citation

Bibliographic and Citation Tools

Code, data and media associated with this article, recommenders and search tools.

• Institution

arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators

arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.

Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.

Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs .